PERUPETRO S. A.

TUMBES AND TALARA BASINS HYDROCARBON EVALUATION

by Basin Evaluations Group Exploration Department

Elmer Martnez Senior Coordinator

Justo Fernndez (Project Leader/ Senior Petroleum Geologist) Elmer Martnez (Senior Geophysicist) Ysabel Caldern (Geologist) Wilber Hermoza (Structural Geologist) Carlos Galdos (Geophysicist)

December 2005

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................. 1 FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... 3 TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 7 ENCLOSURES ............................................................................................................ 7 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................. 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................... 10 1.0. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 12 1.1. Regional Basin Description .............................................................................. 14 1.2. Bathymetry ...................................................................................................... 15 2.0. PREVIOUS WORK IN THE STUDY AREA ...................................................... 16 2.1. Talara Basin ..................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Tumbes Basin .................................................................................................. 16 3.0. DATA GATHERING .......................................................................................... 18 3.1. Database .......................................................................................................... 18 4.0. SCOPE OF PROJECT ......................................................................................... 19 5.0. GEOLOGY OF THE TALARA AND TUMBES BASINS .................................. 21 5.1. Regional Geology ............................................................................................ 21 5.1.1. Pre-Andean System ................................................................................... 21 5.1.2. Andean System ......................................................................................... 24 5.2. Geology of the Talara and Tumbes Basins Project Area ................................... 24 5.2.1. Basement .................................................................................................. 26 5.2.2. Paleozoic................................................................................................... 26 5.2.3. Cretaceous................................................................................................. 26 5.2.4. Cenozoic ................................................................................................... 34 5.2.4.1. Tertiary............................................................................................... 34 5.2.4.2. TALARA BASIN............................................................................... 34 5.2.4.3. TUMBES BASIN............................................................................... 38 5.3. Regional Tectonics Settings ........................................................................ 39 5.3.1. Geometric and structural analyses of the Talara and Tumbes forearc basins40 5.3.1.1. Tumbes Basin ..................................................................................... 41 5.3.1.2. Talara Basin ....................................................................................... 44 5.3.1.3. Posters................................................................................................ 46 6.0. GEOPHYSICS .................................................................................................... 47 6.1. Seismic Data .................................................................................................... 47 6.2. Airmagnetometry and Air gravity..................................................................... 48 7.0. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY.................................................................................. 50 7.1.Geochemistry.................................................................................................... 50 7.1.1. General Discussion.................................................................................... 50 7.1.2. Source Rocks and Maturity ....................................................................... 51 7.1.2.1. Tertiary............................................................................................... 52 7.1.2.2. Cretaceous.......................................................................................... 53 7.1.2.3. Paleozoic ............................................................................................ 54 7.1.3. Talara Basin .............................................................................................. 54 7.1.3.1. Sample Analyses ................................................................................ 54 7.1.3.2. Hydrocarbon Analyses........................................................................ 57 7.1.3.3. Oil Families........................................................................................ 58 7.1.3.4. Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock Correlations .......................................... 59 7.1.3.5. Migration and Remigration of Hydrocarbons ...................................... 60 1

7.1.3.6. Hydrocarbon Kitchens ........................................................................ 60 7.1.3.7. Hydrocarbon Occurrences and Petroleum Systems ............................. 61 7.1.3.8. Reservoirs, Seals and Traps ................................................................ 62 7.1.4. Tumbes Basin............................................................................................ 62 7.1.4.1. Sample Analyses ................................................................................ 62 7.1.4.2. Hydrocarbon Analyses........................................................................ 64 7.1.4.3. Oil Families........................................................................................ 65 7.1.4.4. Migration and Remigration of Hydrocarbons ..................................... 65 7.1.4.5. Hydrocarbon Kitchens ........................................................................ 65 7.1.4.6. Hydrocarbon Occurrences and Petroleum Systems ............................. 66 7.1.4.7. Reservoirs, Seals and Traps ................................................................ 66 7.1.5. Temperature Gradient................................................................................ 67 7.2. Thermal Maturity And HC Generation Modeling. ............................................ 70 7.2.1. Introduction............................................................................................... 70 7.2.2. Data Input and Modeling ........................................................................... 70 7.2.3. Talara Basin .............................................................................................. 72 7.2.3.1. Well Lomitos 3585, Negritos Talara High .......................................... 73 7.2.3.2. Well Lomitos 3835, Negritos Talara High .......................................... 76 7.2.3.3. Well La Casita 55X, Bayovar Bay ...................................................... 78 7.2.3.4. Well SBXA, Bayovar Bay .................................................................. 82 7.2.4. Tumbes Basin............................................................................................ 84 7.2.4.1. Barracuda 15-4X Well ........................................................................ 84 7.2.4.2. Corvina 40X Well............................................................................... 86 7.2.4.3. Pseudowell 1 ...................................................................................... 88 8.0. PROSPECTS AND LEADS IN THE TALARA AND TUMBES FOREARC BASINS ..................................................................................................................... 91 8.1. New Prospects and Leads................................................................................. 92 8.1.1. Tumbes Basin............................................................................................ 94 8.1.1.1. Atun Prospect..................................................................................... 94 8.1.1.2. Banco Peru Prospective Area.............................................................. 96 8.1.1.3. Chita Prospect .................................................................................... 99 8.1.1.4. Corvina type lead associated to Chita Prospect ..................................101 8.1.1.5. Deeper Delfin Lead ...........................................................................103 8.1.1.6. Espada Lead ......................................................................................104 8.1.1.7. Jurel Lead..........................................................................................106 8.1.1.8. Lenguado Lead..................................................................................107 8.1.1.9. Merluza Lead ....................................................................................108 8.1.1.10. Paiche Prospect................................................................................109 8.1.1.11. Perico Lead .....................................................................................110 8.1.1.12. Raya Prospect..................................................................................111 8.1.1.13. Toyo Prospect..................................................................................113 8.1.1.14. Zorritos-Piedra Redonda Lead .........................................................116 8.1.2. Talara Basin .............................................................................................116 8.1.2.1. Calamar Lead ....................................................................................117 8.1.2.2. Caballa Prospect................................................................................118 8.1.2.3. Tortuga Prospect................................................................................118 8.1.2.4. Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead..........................................................120 8.1.2.5. Mero Lead.........................................................................................120 8.1.2.6. Tiburon lead ......................................................................................121 8.1.2.7. Other prospects..................................................................................122 2

8.2. Previously Defined Prospects and Leads .........................................................123 9.0. CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................................124 9.1. General ...........................................................................................................124 9.2. Stratigraphy ....................................................................................................124 9.3. Tectonics ........................................................................................................124 9.4. Petroleum Systems and Basin Modeling..........................................................125 9.5. Prospects and Leads ........................................................................................126 10.0. SELECTED REFERENCES.............................................................................128 FIGURES Figure 1. Location Map. NW Coastal Basins with location of the Talara and Tumbes Basins................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2. Stratigraphic Column of the Talara Basin. Figure modified from old IPC files..................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 3. Stratigraphic Column of the Tumbes Basin. Figure modified from OXY (2000)................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 4: Location Map of Cross Sections in The Talara and Tumbes Basins. Enclosures 2....................................................................................................... 25 Figure 5. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 1875 in the Laguna Oil Field.......... 27 Figure 6. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2114-P in the Laguna Oil Field...... 28 Figure 7. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 1885 in the Laguna Oil Field.......... 29 Figure 8. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2294 in the Laguna Oil Field.......... 30 Figure 9. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2323-E in the Laguna Oil Field...... 31 Figure 10. Stratigraphic relationship in formations of early Tertiary age in the Talara Basin. ................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 11: Morphological and structural configuration in the Andean Cordillera, showing the Talara and Tumbes forearc basins. ............................................... 40 Figure 12. Geological and structural map of the onshore portions of the Tumbes and Talara basins and adjacent areas, showing the location of interpreted seismic lines in red and regional cross sections, referred to in this chapter. .................. 41 Figure 13. Structural map of the Tumbes basin and northern part of the Talara basin. For more details see Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3m................................ 42 Figure 14. Seismic interpretation of the line PC 99-01, showing the gravitational structures associated with the Corvina and Barracuda structures. In the Corvina structure note, the importance of the rock units subcropping the base of the Cardalitos unconformity with respect to hydrocarbon exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3a. ................................................. 42 Figure 15. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-49, showing the Delfin structure with its deeper Lead and the Lenguado lead. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3c. ........................................................................... 43 Figure 16. Seismic interpretation of the regional seismic line RIB 93-01, showing the main tectonic elements of the Tumbes Basin. The Banco Peru is on the left and the Tumbes Basin on the right. This seismic interpretation shows two potential prospective structures, the Chita and Paleozoic Banco Peru leads. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3c................................................... 43 Figure 17. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-30, showing the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High to the right, the Deep Piedra Redonda Lead associated with the Eocene series and the Perico and Raya leads to the left. According to the structural and seismic interpretation, the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High is part 3

of a present-day SW- NE horst structure. The western flank (offshore) of this feature is defined by the SW-NE trending Tumbes and Piedra Redonda normal listric faults. The eastern flank (onshore) of this structure is defined by the SWNE trending Tronco Mocho, Cardalitos and Carpitas normal fault system, which dips to the SE. This fault system is related to the ancient structural configuration of the Paleogene Talara basin that was reactivated during the Neogene........... 43 Figure 18. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-12, shows the western boundary of the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High and the Jurel and Perico leads. These structures appear to have considerable potential as exploration targets. More information can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3e............................... 44 Figure 19. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-01. This section shows the shallow and deep platforms, where the Merluza and Mero rollover structures developed with high potential for exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3g. ........................................................................... 45 Figure 20. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-08, showing the potential of the offshore tectonic structures in the shallow and deep marine platforms. The Deeper Lobitos lead is defined to target the Paleozoic series in direct contact with potential Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary source rocks. The Tiburon lead corresponds to new structural leads in ultra deep waters. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3h.............................................................. 45 Figure 21. Seismic interpretation of the regional line RIB 93-16, showing the tectonic elements of the Talara basin. On the left, the subduction trench is seen where the oceanic crust pass under the continental crust. On the right, the shallow platform shows the Calamar rollover structure and the Paleozoic lead. Potential exploration targets in interpreted kitchen areas. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3i. ............................................................................ 45 Figure 22. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-21, showing the Bayovar Bay bounded by the Illescas and Paita Highs. The Bayovar Bay illustrates the many structures associated to rollover anticline structures. According to seismic and structural interpretations, these structures show high potential for exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3j............................... 46 Figure 23. Seismic interpretation of the line PTP 99-23, located in an area where the Talara to Sechura Basin merge. It shows the San Pedro and East San Pedro structures. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3k............ 46 Figure 24. Seismic interpretation of the line PTP 99-24, this section is located in an area where the Talara merges with the Sechura Basin. It also shows the San Pedro and East San Pedro structures. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3l. ............................................................................................... 46 Figure 25. Seismic reference map. ............................................................................ 47 Figure 26. High Density Basement Map in NW Peru (Petrotech, 2001). .................. 49 Figure 27. Correlation between GCMS of a representative oil sample from the Talara Basin and from an extract of a cutting sample of the Heath Formation in the Piedra Redonda Field (Fildani, 2005)................................................................ 51 Figure 28. Gray shales of the Talara Shale offer good visual source rock character in the Mancora area in two sites distanced some 20 Km. away.............................. 53 Figure 29. Total Organic Carbon in the Talara Basin, DGSI Data. ......................... 55 Figure 30. Total Organic Carbon in the Talara Basin, Previous Reports. ................ 55 Figure 31. Oil composition in the Talara and Tumbes Basins based on LC.............. 57 Figure 32. Total Organic Carbon in the Tumbes Basin, data from DGSI................. 63 Figure 33. Total Organic Carbon in the Tumbes Basin, data Perupetro Files.......... 64 4

Figure 34. Hydrocarbon occurrences in wells in the offshore Tumbes Basin........... 66 Figure 35. Temperature Gradient.............................................................................. 68 Figure 36. Basin Modeling in the Talara (La Casita 55X. Lomitos 3585 & 3835 wells) and Tumbes Basins (Barracuda 154X, Corvina 40X & Pseudowell 1). ............. 70 Figure 37. Pre- Cretaceous and post-Cretaceous Maturity burials in the Lomitos 3585 Well. .......................................................................................................... 74 Figure 38. Post-Cretaceous Maturity burial in the Lomitos 3585 Well. .................... 74 Figure 39. Maturity Vs. Depth. 1D Modeling in the Negritos High in the Talara Basin. ................................................................................................................. 75 Figure 40. Post-Cretaceous Maturity burial in the Lomitos 3835 Well. The Upper Cretaceous in the Late Mature Window, the early Eocene interval in the midmature oil window and younger Formations in the early-mature oil window.... 77 Figure 41. Maturity versus Time plot in the Barracuda Lomitos 3835 Well.............. 77 Figure 42. Maturity versus Depth plot in the Lomitos 3835 Well. ............................ 78 Figure 43 and Figure 44. Burial history in Well SBX-A shows the base of the Cretaceous Formation in the Mid Mature Window stage of the oil window and the overlying section in the early mature window. ............................................. 80 Figure 45. Maturity Vs. Depth in Well La Casita 55X............................................... 81 Figure 46. Maturity Vs. Time in Well La Casita 55X. ............................................... 81 Figure 47. Burial history in Well SBX-A shows the base of the Muerto/Pananga formations in the early stages of the oil window and the immature overlying section. ............................................................................................................... 83 Figure 48. Maturity Vs Depth diagram in well SBX-A shows two major burial histories.............................................................................................................. 83 Figure 49. Maturity burial in the Barracuda 15-4X Well shows the possible early Eocene interval in the mid-mature oil window and the late Eocene and the Mancora and Heath Formations in the early-mature oil window...................... 85 Figure 50. Maturity versus Time plot in the Barracuda 15-4X Well.......................... 85 Figure 51. Maturity burial in the Corvina 40X Well shows the bottom possible early Eocene interval in the mid-mature oil window and the late Eocene and the Mancora and Lower Heath Formations in the early-mature oil window........... 87 Figure 52. Maturity versus Time plot in the Corvina 40X Well................................. 87 Figure 53. Maturity burial in the Pseudowell 1 shows modeled stratigraphic units from possible Eocene interval in the Main Gas Generation Window to immature units from the upper Tumbes Formation to younger units. ............................... 89 Figure 54. Maturity versus Time plot in the Corvina 40X Well................................. 89 Figure 55: Prospects and Leads in Tumbes and North Talara Basin........................ 93 Figure 56: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Atun Prospect............................................................................................... 94 Figure 57: Seismic line OXY98-114 showing the east culmination of the Atun structure. ............................................................................................................ 95 Figure 58: Seismic line OXY98-115a showing the west culmination of the Atun structure. ............................................................................................................ 95 Figure 59: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Banco Peru Prospective area. ............................................................................ 96 Figure 60: West to East seismic line Rib 93-01 across the Banco Peru Prospective area .................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 61: Seismic line RIB 93-01 flattened on Zorritos Formation, showing the Banco Peru structure and Tumbes basin ........................................................... 97 Figure 62: Seismic line RIB 93-02 across the Banco Peru structure ........................ 98 5

Figure 63: NW to SE seismic lines OXY 98-221 across the Banco Peru Structure. .. 98 Figure 64. Chita prospect defined by seismic line RIB 93-01, showing the principal exploration targets. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. ........................................................................................................................... 99 Figure 65: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Chita Prospect...................................................................................................100 Figure 66: NW to SE seismic line PC 99-09 across the Chita Prospect....................100 Figure 67: Seismic line AIP 92-29 showing the Chita Prospect and the Barracuda structure. ...........................................................................................................101 Figure 68: Structural 2WT on the top Zorritos Formation map, showing the Chita stratigraphic prospect........................................................................................102 Figure 69: Composite seismic profile A-A1, showing the Chita stratigraphic lead...102 Figure 70: Isopach map of the Corvine Type lead on Zorritos Formation associated to Chita Prospect...................................................................................................103 Figure 71: Deeper Delfn Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-49, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.............................................................104 Figure 72: Two-way time structural map on top Zorritos Formation showing the Espada Lead......................................................................................................105 Figure 73: NW to SE seismic lines AIP92-66 showing the Espada Lead. ................105 Figure 74: Jurel Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-12, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets.............................................106 Figure 75 Lenguado Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-49, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets.............................................107 Figure 76. Merluza Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-05, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. ..........................................................................108 Figure 77: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Paiche Prospect.................................................................................................109 Figure 78: NW to SE seismic lines OXY 98-210 showing the Paiche Structure.......110 Figure 79. Perico Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-12, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. ..........................................................................111 Figure 80: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Raya Prospect..............................................................................................112 Figure 81: Seismic line AIP 92-32 across the Raya Structure..................................113 Figure 82: North to South seismic line AIP 92-10 showing the Raya Structure ......113 Figure 83: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Toyo Prospect..............................................................................................114 Figure 84: SW to NE seismic line PC 99-16 across the Toyo Structure. ..................115 Figure 85: Seismic line AIP 92-41 showing the Toyo Prospect. ...............................115 Figure 86. Zorritos-Piedra Redonda Lead................................................................116 Figure 87. Calamar Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-16, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3. .......................................................................................................118 Figure 88: Two-way time structural map on top of Paleozoic Basement, showing the in the east the Tortuga prospect and in the west part, the Caballa structure.....119 Figure 89: West to East seismic line PTP 98-17, showing the Tortuga and Caballa structure. See location on Figure 34.................................................................119

Figure 90. Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-08, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. .......................................................120 Figure 91. Mero Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-05, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. ..........................................................................121 Figure 92: Tiburon Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-08, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p. ..........................................................................122 TABLES Table 1. Geochemical analyses in the Tumbes Basin. .............................................. 63 Table 2. Porosity and Permeability of Zorritos Formation in the Tumbes Basin. ..... 67 Table 3. Production tests in offshore wells in the Tumbes Basin............................... 67 Table 4. Heat Flow in the Talara.............................................................................. 71 Table 5. Well Sandino 6020 in the Talara Basin. ...................................................... 72 Table 6. Well Lomitos 3585 in the Talara Basin........................................................ 73 Table 7. Well Lomitos 3835 in the Talara Basin........................................................ 76 Table 8. Well La Casita 55X, Bayovar Bay. ............................................................... 79 Table 9. Well SBX-A Formations and Events............................................................ 82 Table 10. Well Barracuda 15-4X in the Tumbes Basin.............................................. 84 Table 11. Well Corvina 40X in the Tumbes Basin. .................................................... 86 Table 12. Pseudowell 1 in the Tumbes Basin............................................................. 88 Table 13: List of Prospect and Leads in Tumbes Basin and South Talara Basins .... 92

ENCLOSURES Enclosure 1a. Tumbes Talara Basins Base Map, North. Enclosure 1b. Tumbes Talara Basins Base Map, South Enclosure 1c. Talara Basin Base Map, South Enclosure 1d. Tumbes Talara Basins Geological Map Enclosure 2a. N-S Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2a-1 and 2. N-S Flattened Stratigraphic Cross Sections Enclosure 2b. E-W Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2b-1, 2, 3 and 4. E-W Flattened Stratigraphic Cross Sections Enclosure 2c. NW-SE Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2c-1. Flattened NW-SE Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2d. NW-SE Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2d-1 and 2. NW-SE Flattened Stratigraphic Cross Sections Enclosure 2e. NE-SW Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section and Enclosure 2e-1 Flattened NE-SW Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2f. NE-SW Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2f-1 and 2. NE-SW Cross Sections Enclosure 2g. NE-SW Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2g-1, 2 and 3. NE-SW Flattened Stratigraphic Cross Sections Enclosure 2h. NW-SE Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2i. WSW-ESE Structural-Stratigraphic Cross Section Enclosure 2i-1, 2 and 3. WSW-ESE Flattened Stratigraphic Cross Sections 7

Enclosure 2j. NW-SE Structural Cross Section S1-S1 Enclosure 2k. NW-SE Structural Cross Section S2-S2 Enclosure 2l. NW-SE Structural Cross Section S3-S3 Enclosure 2m. NW-SE Structural Cross Section S4-S4 Enclosure 2n. N-S Structural Cross Section S5-S5 Enclosure 2o. W-E Stratigraphic Cross Section S6-S6 Enclosure 2p. W-E Structural Cross Section S7-S7 Enclosure 2q. W-E Structural Cross Section S8-S8 Enclosure 2r. SW-NE Structural Cross Section S9-S9 Enclosure 2s. W-E Structural Cross Section S10-S10 Enclosure 2t. SW-NE Regional Cross Section R1-R1 Enclosure 3a. Seismic interpretation line PC 99-01 Enclosure 3b. Seismic interpretation line AIP 92-49 Enclosure 3c. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-01 Enclosure 3d. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-30 Enclosure 3e. Seismic interpretation line AIP 92-12 Enclosure 3f. Seismic interpretation line AIP 92-60 Enclosure 3g. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-05 Enclosure 3h. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-08 Enclosure 3i. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-16 Enclosure 3j. Seismic interpretation line RIB 93-21 Enclosure 3k. Seismic interpretation line PTP 99-23 Enclosure 3l. Seismic interpretation line PTP 99-24 Enclosure 3m. Regional cross section A-A Enclosure 3o. Regional cross section B-B Enclosure 3p. Regional cross section C-C Enclosure 3q. Leads and Structures Map of The Tumbes and North of Talara Basins Enclosure 4a. Top Middle Eocene (North) Tumbes Basin, TWT Structure Map Enclosure 4b. Top Middle Eocene (South) Tumbes Basin, TWT Structure Map Enclosure 4c. Top Middle Eocene (North - South) Tumbes Basin, TWT Structure Map Enclosure 4d. Top Muerto Fm.(Talara Basin), TWT Structure Map Enclosure 4e. Top Zorritos Fm., TWT Structure Map Tumbes Basin Enclosure 4f. Top Cardalitos Fm., TWT Structure Map Tumbes Basin Enclosure 4g. Cardalitos Fm., TWT Isochrone Map. Enclosure 4h. Top Middle Eocene (North), Prospects and Leads TWT Map Enclosure 4i. Top Middle Eocene (South), Prospects and Leads TWT Map. Enclosure 5a. Digital Elevation Model (DEM to 90m) Peruvian Basins. Enclosure 5b. Morphological/Structural Configuration in the Andean Cordillera. Enclosure 5c. Tumbes and Talara Forearc Basin Geometry and Structural Style, I Enclosure 5d. Tumbes and Talara Forearc Basin Geometry and Structural Style, II Enclosure 5e. Tumbes and Talara Forearc Basin Geometry and Structural Style, III Enclosure 6. 1 CD containing Digital Data: a. Report: Text and figures in A4 & A3 format b. Enclosures 1 through 6 in various formats c. Appendices 1 through 5

APPENDICES 1. Compilation: Geochemical Database for the Talara and Tumbes Basins and adjacent Lancones and Sechura Basins. 2. Report: Reconocimiento Geolgico. rea Mncora: Quebrada Seca, Fernndez-Mncora, Cabo Blanco, Ysabel caldern, May 2005. 3. Report: Anlisis de la Geometra y Estilo de Deformacin de las Cuencas Talara y Tumbes: Nuevos Leads de Exploracin, Wilber Hermoza, December 2005. 4. Summary of Previously Defined Prospects and Leads in the Tumbes Basin, after Occidental Petrolera del Per, Inc., Sucursal del Per, Departamento de Exploracin, Cuenca Progreso Tumbes, Per, Block Z-3, Reporte Final, Diciembre 2001. 5. Spread sheet of Wells Logs with LAS format in the Talara and Tumbes Basins.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Talara and Tumbes Basins has been the site of extensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation since the XIX century. The first well in Peru was spudded in Zorritos in 1863 and by year 1920 nearly 1000 wells had been drilled in the basins. To date, eighteen wells have been drilled in the offshore Tumbes Basin and some 13,200 wells in the Talara Basin, including near 1,300 offshore wells. Cumulative production is about 1.4 BBO and 1.7 TCF, mainly from the Talara Basin. Published literature establishes a mean estimated recoverable undiscovered hydrocarbons in the Talara Basin in the range between 2.2 to 1.71 BBO, 5.84 to 4.79 TCFG, and 255 MMB of NGL, of which between 85% to 70% are offshore and between 15% to 30% onshore. Mean estimated recoverable undiscovered oil, gas and natural gas liquids in the Tumbes (Peru) and bordering Progreso Basin (Ecuador) is to 237 MMBO, 255 BCFG, and 32 MMB of NGL. Over 90% of the oil produced come from areas did not count with seismic data. There is a high hydrocarbon potential in the unexplored shallow and deep water for Eocene as well as for the pre-Eocene objectives in the Talara Basin and in the numerous undrilled prospects and leads to target the Oligocene and Miocene objectives in the largely unexplored Tumbes Basin. All hydrocarbon exploration and development in both basins have been performed on the onshore and in the offshore portions of the basins in water depths of less than 120m. The 2005 year San Pedro oil discovery in Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the Bayovar Bay testifies the exploration potential for the undiscovered reserves. The Tumbes and Talara Basins have excellent potential with a variety of opportunities that remain as untested prospects and leads to target extensive stratigraphic columns. In the course of this geophysical and geological evaluation six of them in the Talara Basin and thirteen in the Tumbes Basin have been documented in Chapter 8, in the Regional Tectonic Settings in Chapter 5.3 and in Appendix 3. The areas adjacent to some of them also offer additional exploration opportunities of the pre-Eocene section as the border of the shallow and deep platforms in the Talara Basin. The attractiveness for hydrocarbon exploration of potential Cenozoic and Paleozoic sections in the Banco Peru had never been recognized. This feature has poor seismic definition and it is larger than the Talara Negritos High, which has a cumulative production of over 600 MMBO, most of which was produced in areas with no seismic data. Additionally, oil discovery in the San Pedro 1X well renewed hydrocarbon exploration of the Paleozoic rocks in the whole NW Peruvian basins. Although most areas in these basins are under different exploration stages, there exist prospects and leads of especial interest for future promotion as those defined in open areas or in areas under PEA s (Block Z-34) or under negotiations (Blocks Z-37 and Z38) where license contracts will be signed. Previous studies defined other potential prospects and leads, but with a different untested petroleum system as defined in the present study (Appendix 4). The Talara and Tumbes Basins are two fore-arc basins genetically related to plate tectonics, the action of the South American and the Nazca plates overriding the 10

subduction oceanic crust. Presence of good siliciclastic reservoirs, excellent quality source rocks, trapping mechanism and abnormal high temperature gradient created particular conditions to form a unique giant oil basin. The Talara and Tumbes Basins include thick sedimentary stratigraphic sequences of sediments of Paleozoic to Tertiary age that extend offshore and onshore along the Coastal region. Both basins constitute two fore-arc basins each with very thick sedimentary sections of Paleogene and Neogene ages. Sediment source to the east deposited up to 9,700 m. of sediments of Paleocene, Eocene and early Oligocene ages overlying the Cretaceous in 35 my in the Talara Basin. Thickness of the late Oligocene to Pliocene age in the Tumbes Basin reaches 7100 m., all the sections deposited in approximately 30 my. A major petroleum system accounts for most hydrocarbons in the Talara Basin. Oleanane biomarkers in oils and extracts define source rocks of late Cretaceous to Tertiary age. Formations of Eocene age constitute the main siliciclastic reservoirs with shale seals. Basin modeling interprets the presence of hydrocarbon kitchens originally connected to the area now occupied by the Negritos - Talara High and supposedly similar kitchens must have been connected to the Lobitos and El Alto - Pea Negra Structural Highs. Hydrocarbon generation and migration occurred from possibly offshore kitchens to the west, where source rocks should have better organic contents, since late Eocene to Oligocene time prior to the major complex block faulting with sealing faults characterizing these highs. The extension of the petroleum system to the deep offshore portion of the basins is unknown. Other potential kitchens have been previously defined in the oil and gas windows in the adjacent deep Lagunitos, Malacas and Siches grabens bordering the three major structural highs. A more complex petroleum system, or more than one, is interpreted to be present in the Tumbes Basin to account for the oil produced, the various oil and gas tests and the numerous hydrocarbon shows detected in the Oligocene and Miocene stratigraphic sequences. Source rocks and siliciclastic reservoirs of these ages are documented in the whole section possible superimposed on older petroleum systems. The geochemical analyses, hydrocarbon occurrences and basin modeling indicates the presence of active kitchens in deeper portions of the basin where the various source rocks acquired maturity enough to generate and expulse hydrocarbons. The assemblage of 9,814.55 km. of offshore 2D seismic lines in SEG-Y format and a well database in LAS format of 785 onshore and offshore wildcat and development wells constitute notable accomplishment of this study. 37 synthetic seismograms were created for wells in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. An Excel geochemical database compiled with newly acquired data and all available data of the coastal basins in the Perupetro files is also included in the report as Appendix 1.

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1.0. INTRODUCTION The Talara and Tumbes Basins are located on the NW coast of Peru (Figure 1). Drilling in these basins started a few years after Colonel Drake drilled its first well in Titusville, USA in the XIX century. Before oil production from the Maraon Basin reached the coast in the mid 70 s, all hydrocarbon production was from the Talara Basin. Primary interest to initiate this study is the acknowledgment of the potentiality of the undiscovered hydrocarbons reserves in Talara and Tumbes Basins. As an example of what can be accomplished with very active shallow drilling was provided by the primary production obtained by the intense infill drilling between 1978 and 1982 with Helico and Echino Formations as objectives and secondary recovery afterwards in what is basically the present Block X in the Talara Basin (Organos, Patria, Somatito, Central, Carrizo, Cruz and Folche fields). Under a contract with Petroperu S.A., OXY drilled almost 1,000 wells, which represented completion of one well per day. The oil production for the block increased from 6,500 to 21,000 BOPD. Additionally, both the Talara and Tumbes Basins offshore have not been drilled in water depths deeper than 120 m. There is a high potential in the unexplored deep water in the Talara Basin for Eocene as well as for the pre-Eocene objectives and in the numerous undrilled prospects and leads in the largely unexplored Tumbes Basin.. According to the USGS (Higley, 2001), Mean estimated recoverable undiscovered oil, gas and natural gas liquids in the Talara Basin amounts to 1.71 BBO, 4.79 TCFG, and 255 MMB of NGL. These values represent the mean confidence level, mainly from Eocene-age sandstones and turbidites. Eighty-five percent of the undiscovered resources are in the offshore portion of the basin. Oil production is dominant, but excellent potential is indicated for offshore gas discoveries. Gas resources are mostly untapped because of the limited markets and gas infrastructure. Cumulative Production in the basin to 2003 is 1.416 BBO and 1.7 TCFG. Offshore operator Petrotech numbers are even higher placing the proven undeveloped and undiscoverable recoverable reserves in 2.2 BBO and 5.84 TCFG, of which 70% is offshore and 30% onshore (Gonzales and Alarcon, 2002). Mean estimated recoverable undiscovered oil, gas and natural gas liquids in the Tumbes (Peru) and Progreso (Ecuador) basins amounts to 237 MMBO, 255 BCFG, and 32 MMB of NGL. These are also figures from the USGS (Higley, 2001). The Peruvian Ministry of Energy and Mines groups hydrocarbon statistics for the coastal onshore and offshore producing basins, basically the Talara and Tumbes Basins. MEM total undeveloped, probable and possible reserves amount to 1.35 BBO and 5.3 TCF. Cumulative production for year 2003 in Perupetro S.A. files is set to 1.4 BBO and 1.7 TCF, mainly from the Talara Basin. The emphasis on the current work has been on well and seismic data gathering, quality controlling and correcting the data and in presenting the stratigraphic and structural framework of the basin. The present report is as complete an evaluation of the Talara and Tumbes Basins as the data permitted to accomplish. This study represents an excellent starting point to be continued with a more detailed examination of the basin. Despite receiving additional data sets needed for the interpretation within the last two 12

months of the study to complete the analysis, most of the objectives have been met. The new data was loaded into the database and quality control of it will be needed in the

future.

Figure 1. Location Map. NW Coastal Basins with location of the Talara and Tumbes Basins.

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The SEGY seismic and LAS well data utilized in this project was supplied originally by Perupetro and by the operators of the various licenced blocks involved. The Basin Evaluations Funtional Group of Perupetro S.A. performed the current report.. The 2D seismic was interpreted primarily utilizing Schlumberger Geoframe UNIX based seismic interpretation software. On the geological side, Geographix and DigiRule software were used extensively for mapping, well log editing and cross-section construction. 1.1. Regional Basin Description Peru is divided into four main morphological regions, three onshore and one offshore. The three onshore regions include the Andes Cordillera Region in the center, the SubAndean Region to the east of the Andean Cordillera and the Coastal Region to the west bordering the Pacific Ocean. The Offshore Region encompasses the Pacific Ocean. Nineteen sedimentary basins extend in all these regions with current hydrocarbon production in all including the Andes Region. The Coastal Region is a narrow land strip separating the Andes from the Pacific Ocean. This region incorporates 11 sedimentary basins some of which extend to the Offshore Region as one single basin and others are separated by inferred regional faults parallel to the shoreline. This report will concentrate on the northwestern Coastal Region and NW Offshore Region, which has been the site of extensive hydrocarbon activities for over 130 years in the known Talara and Tumbes Basins. The Talara Basin trends NE-SW parallel and to the W and NW of the Amotape Mountains (Figure 1). The basin is limited to the south at the Paita High by the western extension of the continental E-W trending Huancabamba deflection fault system at its Pacific Ocean termination. The Huancabamba Deflection is a mega-shear running approximately all its way to the east along the Amazon River to the Atlantic Ocean. At its southern border and to the southeast in the Bayovar Bay, the site of the 2005 San Pedro oil discovery, the Talara Basin is partially connected with the Sechura Basin. Further to the north, the basin is bordered by the Amotape Mountains to the east and northeast; these mountains separate the Talara Basin from the Lancones Basin. The Talara Basin merges north into the Tumbes Basin in the Punta Sal Beach area, located some 15 Km. north of the Mancora City. The onshore Talara Basin extends offshore with a topographic character defined below in the Bathymetry section of this report. The bathymetry defines a shallow and a deep platform caused by the listric Talara Fault, a regional mostly NS fault that creates the major rollover anticlinal lead with Cenozoic, Mesozoic and possibly Paleozoic sediments (Enclosure 3p). The Talara Fault extends north to the south end of the Banco Peru Fault. The bulk of drilling and production is focused in the three major structural highs Pea Negra, Lobitos and Talara/Negritos in the Talara Basin. Some 14,000 wells established a cumulative production and the additional proved, probable and possible reserves mentioned above, mostly from Tertiary lower Eocene reservoirs.

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The Tumbes Basin is a tectonic depression with a similar NE-SW trend as the Talara Basin. The basin continues north into Ecuador as the Progreso Basin. The east and NE onshore border approximately coincides with the Zorritos-Piedra Redonda High (Enclosure 3p). This high is limited to the west by a fault system formed by the Piedra Redonda and Tumbes Faults and to the east by a listric fault system that includes the Carpitas and Tronco Mocho faults. The NW border of the Tumbes Basin includes the Banco Peru Structure. This feature is described as a sea mound or tectonic high with a remarkable topographic expression with shallowest expression of some 50 km2 in water depths less than 100 m. and whose composition and origin remains to be established. The Banco Peru Structure is larger than the Talara Negritos High, the largest tectonic high in the Talara Basin. A chaotic sedimentary section of possible Cenozoic and Paleozoic age is present in deep waters west of the Banco Peru Structure (Enclosure 3c). 1.2. Bathymetry The sea bottom was mapped from topographic data acquired from the seismic campaigns (Enclosures 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d). In the Tumbes Basin at the Peru/Ecuador border the 500 m. isobaths extends 100 km. from the coastline west past the western slope of the Banco Peru (Enclosure 1a). Some 50 km2 of the shallow Banco Peru lies above the 100 m. isobaths. The deepest portion of the Tumbes Basin is located to the SE and S of the Banco Peru in water depths that increase from 500 to over 1000m. West of Punta Sal at the southern border of the basin the 500, 1000 m. and 2000 m. isobaths extend 20, 30 and 50 km. from the coastline. All wells in the offshore Tumbes Basin were drilled in water depths shallower than 120 m. Most of the offshore Talara Basin shows two major platforms (Enclosures 1b and 1d). The first platform with water depths shallower than 200 m. extends 8 to 12 km. from the coastline in front of the three main structural highs El Alto/Pea Negra, Lobitos and Talara/Negritos. All wells drilled in the offshore Talara Basin are located on this platform. The second platform is 40 km long by 15 km. wide in water depths in the range between 2200 m. and 3000 m. The eastern border of this platform is located some 20 km. west of the El Alto/Lobitos/Talara coastline. An elongated N-S slope separates the two platforms where the sea bottom drops rapidly from 200 to 2200 m. In the southern Talara Basin, the sea bottom widens conspicuously in front of the Lagunitos, Paita High, Chira Bay and Bayovar Bay (Enclosure 1c). On these bays the 500 m. isobaths extends 20, 30 and 35 km offshore. from the coastline and drops more rapidly beyond this water depth. The same 500 m. isobaths is narrow in front of the offshore extension of the onshore Paita and Illescas Highs.

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2.0. PREVIOUS WORK IN THE STUDY AREA The onshore Talara and Tumbes Basins has been the site of extensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation since the XIX century by several companies. Fabrica de Gas de Lima spudded the first well in Peru in Zorritos in the Tumbes Basin on November 2, 1863. The first cable well was drilled in Negritos in the Talara Basin in 1874 and by year 1920 nearly 1000 wells had been drilled (Travis, 1953). 2.1. Talara Basin Drilling in the Talara Basin started in the late XIX century. In the late half of the XX century active oil companies were Compaia Petrolera Lobitos, the state oil company Empresa Petrolera Fiscal and Exxon s International Petroleum Company until 1970. IPC acquired the Concesiones Lima from the Compaia Petrolera Lobitos in the 1950 s. The state oil company Petroleos del Peru S.A., Petroperu S.A. took over all onshore upstream and downstream operations in NW Peru in the late 60 s. Petroperu abandoned the upstream hydrocarbon business in the 90s. OXY also operated several onshore oil fields between 1978 and 1996 as a secondary recovery project. Production in NW Peru comes mainly from the offshore and onshore Talara basin fields and minor production from small onshore Tumbes Basin fields. Old onshore fields were compartmentalized as smaller production units from the 80s and are currently operated by several oil companies. These companies include the following (Enclosures 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Petrobras Energia Peru S.A. in Block X, Sapet Development Peru Inc., Sucursal Del Peru in Blocks VI and VII, Graa y Montero Petrolera S.A. in Blocks I, and V, Petrolera Monterrico S.A. in Blocks II, XV and XX, Empresa Petrolera Unipetro ABC S.A.C. in Block IX, Cia. Petrolera Rio Bravo S.A. in Block IV, Mercantile Peru Oil & Gas in Block III, Petrotech Peruana S.A. in offshore Block Z-2B Graa y Montero Petrolera in Block XIV, onshore Tumbes Basin,

The offshore extension of the Talara Basin has been in exploration and production since the 1970s as the first offshore operation in South America. Belco Petroleum Corporation originally operated the Talara Basin offshore; Petromar S.A. followed it from the late 1980 s and by Petrotech Peruana S.A from the mid 1990 s. Total 2D seismic amounts to 12,004 Km. and 1584 Km. of 3D seismic. Petrotech currently has the only offshore hydrocarbon producing operation in Peru in Block Z-2B and holds an exploration license with no production in Block Z-6 in the south Talara Basin. 2.2. Tumbes Basin The state oil company Empresa Petrolera Fiscal (Empresa Petrolera Fiscal) carried out extensive field geology work and exploratory and development drilling in the border with the Talara Basin until the late 1960 s. In the early 1960 s there was gravity and aeromagnetic data acquisition by Empresa Petrolera Fiscal in the Los Organos area in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. Graa y Montero Petrolera S.A. also acquired 2D 16

seismic and conducted wildcat and development drilling since the early 1990 s in old Block V in this area. The offshore Tumbes Basin has been covered by several 2D seismic campaigns. In the early 1970 s Petroper and the Joint Venture Petroper & Tenneco-Unin- Champlin acquired 2300 and 1612 Km of 2D seismic. The Joint Venture drilled 9 wells in 4 structures. Belco Petroleum Corporation joined the group, acquired 600 Km of 2D seismic in 1976 and drilled 10 wells (one was a deepening). Belco established oil production in the Albacora field in the early 1980 s. Of the eighteen wells drilled in this period, gas was discovered in the Piedra Redonda and Corvina structures and oil in the Albacora field near the Ecuadorian border. A small oil production was established in the Albacora field and was later abandoned by Belco. All drilling was carried out in maximum water depths of 120m. Gas was also discovered north of Albacora in the Amistad field across the border in Ecuador. Interest in the offshore Tumbes Basin was resumed in the 1990 s. American International Petroleum Company acquired 1850 Km of 2d seismic in 1991. Occidental Petrolera del Peru Inc., Sucursal Del Peru acquired 1759 km of 2D Seismic in 1998 in modern Block Z-3 . OXY made a Geological/Geophysical evaluation of the ex-Block Z3 in 1998 based on new and reprocessed 2D seismic all tied to existing well data in Block Z-1. The 1759 Km. of new 2D seismic covers the westernmost extension of the Tumbes Basin including the Banco Peru; the seismic was spaced 2 Km apart for both the dip lines and the perpendicular tie lines. Additionally, OXY reprocessed 387.55 and 680.1 Km. of seismic acquired by Belco Petroleum Corp. in 1982 km and by AIP between 1992-93, respectively. Good correlation of seismic events tied to stratigraphic units was established in the most of the Z-3 block. Time to Depth conversion was not attempted and was recommended to perform with the future 3D seismic. OXY s evaluation defined a series of Prospects and Leads, which with additional data gathered in the present study are included in Appendix 4. Perez Companc S.A. acquired 1014 Km and reprocessed 1044 km of 2d seismic in modern Block Z-1 in 1999. BPZ holds current exploration licensees in onshore Block XIX and offshore Block Z-1. Most of the remaining areas in the Talara and Tumbes Basins are under either exploration licensees, negotiations for license contracts, TEA s or PEA s. BPZ Energy Inc., Sucursal Peru has currently Block Z-1 under an exploration license in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Present operations in Block Z-1 is to develop existing certified proven gas reserves in the old Corvina and Piedra Redonda gas discoveries to build an electrical plant to generate 160 MW and to export gas to Ecuador. BPZ also holds Area XIV in the Tumbes Basin under a TEA, Gold Oil PLC holds a PEA in Area Z-34 in the offshore Talara Basin. Blocks Z-38 in the main body of the Tumbes Basin and Block Z-37 in front of and to the south of the Bayovar Bay are under negotiations for exploration license contracts. The Sechura and Lancones basins adjacent to the present study have been the subject of exploration and/or TEA s requests in the past 10 years. Most notably are the commercial operations developing dry gas by Olympic Peru Inc., Sucursal del Peru, in Block XIII in the Sechura Basin. Petrotech s oil discovery in the Bayovar bay has renewed interest to target the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks in the area and its landward continuation in the Sechura Basin.

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3.0. DATA GATHERING 3.1. Database A digital database was prepared using available data from various seismic campaigns and wells. A wide range of appropriate seismic coverage of the Talara and Tumbes Basins was thus obtained with all these campaigns. Seismic used in this evaluation includes 9,814.550 Km of digital data in SEG-Y format from the following eight 2D seismic campaigns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. AIPGCP92LZ1 (American International Petroleum Corp.) RIBDGC93LZ1 (Ribiana) OXYWG98LZ3 (Occidental Sucursal del Per). PETPMS98LZ2B (Petro-Tech Peruana) PCOWG99LZI (Perez Companc) PETPET99LZ2B (Petro-Tech Peruana) PETPET00LZ2B (Petro-Tech Peruana) PETPET01LZ2B (Petro-Tech Peruana)

Digital wire-line well logs in LAS format were very limited in the Perupetro files. Numerous wells were not available in digital format for the present evaluation. The Perupetro S.A. Geological and Geophysical Evaluation Group (GFEGG) obtained additional data throughout several requests to the local companies and loaded a total of 785 onshore and offshore wildcat and development wells in its database. In fact, some companies still lack digitized wire-line logs and work only with hard copies and others have 5-6 digitized logs in blocks with several hundred wells. Additionally, only some 50% of the obtained digitized wire-line logs were QC d in time to incorporate them to the project. Some wells lacked several curves completely and others were partially digitized, so that mainly the GFEC completed digitizing them with some Schlumberger support. Perupetro S.A. obtained very good support from the operating companies in both basins. The geological map presented in the northern base maps is a compilation of BPZ data, currently active in the NW Coastal Region (Enclosures 1a and 1b). Some discrepancies are present on the topographic compilations of the seismic and surface geology with mismatch of different sets of data increasing from north to south. We can attribute these discrepancies to the coordinate systems used and possibly to the scanning procedure of the geological map.

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4.0. SCOPE OF PROJECT This project was intended to be a regional geological and geophysical evaluation of the Talara and Tumbes Basins focusing on the identification of new deep pre-Eocene play types supported by seismic data. The focus was to examine the basins through the interpretation of digital seismic and well data sets, with each being tied to one another, using previously completed well datasets. However, reliable well data availability restricted our analysis to newly acquired and newly quality controlled datasets by the group in the offshore region, tied in as many places as possible with onshore well data. A more complete tie was obtained in the Tumbes Basin with seismic data of good quality and all wells completed in LAS format. Based on our past experience with the PARSEP Projects, the more time consuming aspects of this evaluation was the standardization and quality control of the data. Digital curve data was compiled and edited for the available digital wells especially wildcats in the Basin (Enclosures 1a, 1b and 1c). A composite log for each well was constructed, which if available included a Caliper, SP, Gamma Ray, Deep and Shallow Resistivity, Density, Neutron and Sonic curves. These composite logs are available as a LAS file as part of this report. A series of 20 stratigraphic and structural cross-sections shown in Figure 4 were constructed across the basins to standardize and reveal the stratigraphic relationships in the southern and northern Talara Basin and the Tumbes Basin (Enclosures 2a through 2t). Several flattened X-sections were prepared from these stratigraphic-structural cross sections in the Talara Basin and presented as part of these Enclosures. A standardized well database in Access was developed with standardized well tops, well data and other information when available, but it has not been completed on this stage of the project. Regional and detailed geological and geophysical analyses that defined prospects and leads in the Talara and Tumbes Basins were prepared as part of the report. The Regional Tectonic settings in chapter 5.3 of this report is a summary of a more complete and detailed analysis of the tectonics presented in Spanish as Appendix 3. This regional context is a geometric and structural analysis of the two fore-arc basins based on the interpretation of 13 offshore seismic lines, three of which are tied to onshore seismic, well and surface geological data in the area north of the Mancora city (Enclosures 3a through 3p). The detailed seismic interpretation mapped five seismic horizons (Enclosures 4a through 4g) to define the Prospects and Leads Chapter 8.0 in conjunction with the prospects and leads also defined by the regional tectonics mentioned above. A total of 13 and 6 Prospects and Leads are documented with either the appropriate regional geological interpretations of seismic lines and/or seismic structural maps in the Tumbes and Talara Basins, respectively (Figures 55 to 92). In the Petroleum Geology in Chapter 7.0 the report includes a general discussion of available Geochemical data sets used also for burial modeling and attempting to define the petroleum systems. Hydrocarbon occurrences, maturity and analyses of potential source rocks in the different Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene formations are described. Reservoir, seals and traps and potential kitchen areas are also discussed. Thermal maturity and hydrocarbon generation modeling were conducted on four wells in the Talara Basin and two wells and a Pseudowell in the offshore Tumbes Basin

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(Figure 36). Appendix 1 includes a Geochemical database for the Talara and Tumbes Basins and the adjacent Lancones and Sechura Basins. The assemblage of these entire seismic, well, Geochemical data sets is one of the more notable accomplishments of this study. The geophysical analysis counted with good quality modern seismic. The eight surveys of 2D SEG-Y Digital Seismic Data represent coverage throughout most of the Basins (Figure 25 and Enclosures 1a, 1b and 1c). Additionally, the group edited 37 synthetic seismograms for wells in Talara and Tumbes Basins (1 onshore only). The 3D seismic analysis was not performed on the present evaluation.

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5.0. GEOLOGY OF THE TALARA AND TUMBES BASINS 5.1. Regional Geology The Talara and Tumbes Basins include thick sedimentary stratigraphic sequences of sediments of Paleozoic to Tertiary ages that extend offshore and onshore along the Coastal region far beyond the present basins. They merge and are part of the regional sedimentary succession characterizing all the Peruvian territory that eventually pinch out onto the Brazilian and Guyana Shields. The complex geological evolution of all these sequences is controlled by two regional tectonic systems recognized in the basins of Peru. The first, the pre-Andean System, encompasses three cycles of Ordovician, Devonian and Permo-Carboniferous ages overlying the Precambrian basement of the Guyana and Brazilian Shields. The second, the Andean System, was initiated with the beginning of subduction along the western margin of Peru. It encompasses several mega-stratigraphic sequences and numerous minor sedimentary cycles, ranging from Late Permian to the Present. The stratigraphic columns that have been used in the present report are representative of all NW Peru and are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3. They show distinctive imprint of the tectonics and/or sedimentation history that dominated the NW coastal area greatly influenced by various pulses dominating the plate tectonics in this region. The base map presented as Enclosure 1d includes a surface geological map of the Talara and Tumbes Basins, north of the Chira River. This map has been provided by BPZ a current exploration company with licensees in the onshore north Talara Basin, onshore and offshore Tumbes Basin and negotiating a license contract for the whole Lancones Basin. 5.1.1. Pre-Andean System The pre-Andean tectonic cycle includes Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and the PermoCarboniferous cycles all overlying crystalline/metamorphic Basement. This tectonic system preserved discontinuous successions of Ambo/Cabanillas/Contaya and a more continuous Tarma/Copacabana/ and Ene/Red Bed Groups, which reveal complex tectonics. This tectonism includes a possible pre-Cabanillas rifting and peneplanation and a late Permian uplift and erosional episode (PARSEP, 2002). Of all these successions only a portion of the Paleozoic represented by the Tarma Group consisting of 1,500 m. of quartzite, quartzitic sandstones, argillites and slate is preserved in NW Peru, possibly overlying a crystalline Basement. The Permo-Carboniferous cycle overlies unconformable the Devonian and/or Ordovician Cycles and Basement in the uplifted areas. This cycle has a widespread distribution throughout most of the Peruvian basins and neighboring basins bordering the Guyana and Brazilian shields. In the Peruvian basins, the earliest Carboniferous sedimentation is represented by the Ambo Group, which was deposited as continental to shallow marine, fine-grained sandstones, interbedded siltstones, gray shales, and occasional thin coal beds. These sediments are followed vertically by the thin transgressive, clastic-rich Tarma Formation, which is usually conformably overlain by the normally thick, massive dark gray, fossiliferous, shelf carbonates of the Copacabana Formation. The thick sequence of Copacabana limestones (wackestones, packstones and

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grainstones), and thin interbeds of dark gray shales and anhydrites are not recognized in the Talara and Tumbes Basins.

Figure 2. Stratigraphic Column of the Talara Basin. Figure modified from old IPC files.

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Figure 3. Stratigraphic Column of the Tumbes Basin. Figure modified from OXY (2000).

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5.1.2. Andean System The Andean System was initiated simultaneously with the beginning of subduction along the Pacific margin. A major change in the tectonic regime along the northwestern border of the South-American plate promoted isostatic rearrangements. In a global scale, the initial phase of the Andean System developed during the Pangea break up The development of the Andean subduction zone during late Permian to early Triassic times is supported by geological information gathered along the Peruvian Eastern Range, where they recognized a Permo-Triassic continental volcanic arc. (PARSEP, 2002). The Late Permian, Triassic to Jurassic tectono-stratigraphic sequence (equivalent Mitu/Ene, Pucara and Sarayaquillo of the sub-Andean basins) is absent due to nondeposition and/or erosion in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. Tectonic accommodation processes followed the late pre-Andean Tectonics coinciding and merging with a long time episode related to the regional Nevadan unconformity over which lies sediments of Cretaceous age, a generally well recognized regional first order sequence boundary. The Talara fore-arc Basin originated first as an individual basin during late Cretaceous and extended in time throughout Eocene time followed by the Tumbes Basin whose origin as a fore-arc Basin began in early Oligocene time. Inversion processes uplifted the western Marginal High (Amotape Mountains, Paita High, etc.) that restricted early Cretaceous deposition to the west of the Coastal Region. Oldest Cretaceous deposition in the Talara Basin records rocks of Aptian age and was characterized by a westerly wedge of marine to fluvial and marginal clastics. The Cretaceous deposition was again interrupted by non-deposition/erosion between Cenomanian and Santonian. Deposition resumed continuously during late Cretaceous Campanian and Maastrichtian, Paleocene, Eocene and early Oligocene, a long time episode represented by a continuous stratigraphic succession. This succession includes short time breaks marking the arrival of the first pulses of the Andean Orogeny (Peruvian and Incaic Phases) at which time through Eocene and early Oligocene time, siliciclastic-styled deposition dominated the Basin extending. This late sedimentation episode is represented in the Talara and Tumbes Basins from its current borders, which originally extended to the north to the Santa Elena area in Ecuador. Activation of oceanic crust some 26-27 my in the early late Oligocene time created several regional conditions of which we can mention: a) separation of the oceanic crust into the Cocos and Nazca plates, b) activation of the Banco Peru/Guayaquil/Dolores mega shear, c) this later faulting created conditions for the formation of the fore-arc Tumbes Basin in its present location with beginning of sedimentation since late Oligocene, and c) complete erosion of the early Oligocene sequences in the Talara Basin and final uplift to its current location. The continuous deposition since lateOligocene time was punctuated in the Tumbes Basin with similar thick siliciclastic deposition during a time equivalent duration as in the Talara Basin. Locally, this plate tectonics migrated the fore-arc basin and sediments provenance northwards to originate the tectonic depression where the Tumbes Basin was emplaced. 5.2. Geology of the Talara and Tumbes Basins Project Area Detailed descriptions of the stratigraphy of the Talara and Tumbes Basins will be given to the reader. This stratigraphy is dominium of staff mostly working in these localized basins, which extend only into Ecuador and are not like the best-known sub-Andean 24

45 00 00

5000 00

55000 0

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2J

Z-1

2T'
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2K

XIX

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XII

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9

45 00 00

5000 00

55000 0

600 00 0

Figure 4: Location Map of Cross Sections in The Talara and Tumbes Basins. Enclosures 2

basins with continental distribution. Enclosures 2a through 2i and Enclosures 2p through 2s show the stratigraphic sections drilled in the Talara Basin, Enclosures 2j through 2o does so in the Tumbes Basin and Enclosure 2t is a regional section for the Talara and Tumbes Basins. The Enclosures in the Talara Basin also includes flattening in various levels to indicate the basin evolution at various ages. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the stratigraphic columns in both basins. 25

Sediments of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic age must rest over crystalline Basement. Since Paleozoic produce oil in two fields in the Talara Basin, we cannot define Paleozoic as economic Basement in the basin. Locally, it may be considered an effective Basement. 5.2.1. Basement Granites drilled by wells PL-X-2 and PL-X-3 in the Carpitas area in the border of the Talara and Tumbes Basins and in the La Casita 55X in the Bayovar Bay in the south Talara Basin are assumed to correspond to the crystalline Basement. 5.2.2. Paleozoic Paleozoic metamorphic rocks and sediments are exposed in the Amotape Mountains and are known by drilling in the subsurface of the Talara Basin in as far locations as the Chira sub-basin and Bayovar Bay to the south and the Carpitas area to the north. The Paleozoic is locally named the Amotape Formation of Pennsylvanian age, possibly correlating with the Tarma Group of other Peruvian localities. The Paleozoic Sequence is made up of quartzite, slates and argillites intruded by granite in the Amotape Mountains. Prolific reservoirs were found in the Paleozoic section. Production from Paleozoic mainly fractured reservoirs was established on far extreme onshore locations on the north Laguna oil field in the Pea Negra High and south on the Portachuelo oil field and in the recent offshore San Pedro discovery. Detailed descriptions of the Paleozoic drilled in the Laguna Norte oil field were made since early field development in the 70 s due to the excellent producing capacity of the metamorphosed Paleozoic sediments. Paleozoic is covered by shales of Cretaceous age in both onshore Paleozoic fields. Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9 record the detailed Cretaceous and Paleozoic sediments drilled in the Laguna Norte oil field. Quartzites are light gray to white, very coarse to fine grained, sub rounded to subangular grains, fair sorting, with common quartz overgrowths and quartz veins, locally sugary with primary porosity, common micro fractures. Oil shows are observed in micro fractures, geodes and pores. Locally presence of metamorphosed poorly sorted greywacke, dark gray, coarse grained with silicified detrital matrix. Argillite is black to dark gray, normally with slickensides. Slate is gray to dark gray, dark gray green with fair to well developed cleavage. Paleozoic thickness is over 1,500 m. of which 280 m. were drilled in well 2294 the Laguna Norte oil field (Figure 8). 5.2.3. Cretaceous Sediments of Cretaceous age are known from outcrops and subsurface. They outcrop on lapping Paleozoic on the flanks of the Amotape Mountains, bordering the Lancones Basin and are known in subsurface from drilling in all the Talara Basin. Sediments of Cretaceous age have been drilled in the Talara Basin since several decades ago, onshore and offshore. Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9 record the detailed Cretaceous and Paleozoic sediments drilled in the Laguna Norte oil field. In the Carpitas area to the north Cretaceous has not been found, since sediments of early Eocene rest unconformable over sediments of Paleozoic age.

26

Figure 5. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 1875 in the Laguna Oil Field

27

Figure 6. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2114-P in the Laguna Oil Field

28

Figure 7 Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 1885 in the Laguna Oil Field

Figure 8. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2294 in the Laguna Oil Field

Figure 8. Paleozoic and Cretaceous in well EA 2294 in the Laguna Oil Field

The sediments of Cretaceous age were deposited in five stratigraphic sequences widely distributed in most of the Peruvian territory. In the Coastal Region, marine to continental and volcanic sequences separated from the eastern Cretaceous sub-Andean sequences by the Maraon Geanticline represent the Cretaceous succession. It is interpreted that the western extension of the Cretaceous sediments in the Coastal Region was partially controlled by a Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian? Marginal high, presently exposed or known as the La Brea/Amotape Mountains, Paita High, Illescas Mountains and several offshore islands. An incomplete organic rich carbonaceous and siliciclastic Cretaceous succession with a composite thickness of some 2500 m. extends west of the Marginal High in the area now occupied by the Talara Basin. The sediments of Cretaceous age are best known from outcrops in the Amotape Mountains Pazul Creek (Enclosure 1b), from drilling in the south offshore Chira sub-Basin (Enclosures 2a and 2b), in the offshore Bayovar Bay (Enclosure 2s) and from scattered drilling in the remaining onshore and offshore Talara Basin (Enclosure 2i). A mainly shale Cretaceous unit with calcareous imprint constitutes the seal for Paleozoic reservoirs in the Laguna oil field. Maximum drilled thickness amounts to 283 m. in this field. Similar dark brown shale with carbonates and conglomerates attributed to the Redondo Formation covers the Paleozoic Amotape Formation in the Portachuelo oil field. Three stratigraphic cycles are recognized in the Talara Basin or the NW Coastal Region west of the Marginal high. Each sequence starts with a basal conglomerate and shallows upward. The earliest Cretaceous sequence is absent. The oldest sequence in the basin is Sequence II represented by a regional transgression that deposited the Muerto Pananga Formations of Albian age. The Pananga Formation onlaps sediments of Paleozoic age, as observed in the Amotape Mountains. It is made of a basal calcareous sandstone and conglomerate unit with quartzite and slate boulders changing to reef-type fossiliferous and neritic crystalline limestones. The sequence culminates with development of widespread anoxic euxinic conditions characterizing the carbonate Muerto Formation. The Muerto Formation is characterized by deposition of black, argillaceous, fossiliferous limestones with strong petroleum odor on fractures and also with pelagic forams. Total thickness for this sequence amounts to 250 m. representing some 15 my. of Albian time deposition. Similar organic rich limestones are also observed in the southern Coastal Region (Pariatambo Formation). It should be mentioned here that the Raya Formation in the sub-Andean basins correlates regionally in age with the sediments of the Muerto Pananga Formations. Black shales, sandstones, occasional black limestones and volcanic rocks of the Copa Sombrero Formation represent sequence III of late Albian/Cenomanian/Turonian/ Coniacian age. This sequence is restricted to the Lancones and Sechura Basins in northwestern Peru, east of the Marginal High. A condensed section could represent sequence III in the Talara Basin. The Muerto Pananga Formations are separated by an unconformity and overlain by Sequence IV and V of Campanian/Maastrichtian age representing a transgression that marks the end of Cretaceous deposition in NW Peru. This upper Cretaceous section is made up of a siliciclastic interval that starts with the basal conglomerate Sandino Formation with round shale pebbles in a red to dark brown sandstone matrix underlying the black to gray and dark brown fossiliferous shales of the Redondo Formation. Sequence IV ends with deposition of sandstones and shales of the Monte Grande Formation. Some thicker sandstone and conglomerate units are interbedded with this 32

formation especially in the Chira sub-basin (south Talara Basin) and in the Sechura Basin where sediment source was close. Maximum thickness for Sandino, Redondo and Monte Grande Formations are 150, 950 and 300 m. deposited possibly in over 10 my. Sands, quartz and chert pebbles make up the conglomerates of the Ancha Formation representing the base of Sequence V of Maastrichtian age. This basal unit rests unconformable on the Monte Grande Formation and is overlain by shales of the Petacas Formation. Thickness for Ancha and Petacas is 250 and 750 m. representing some 5 my. of deposition during Maastrichtian time. In turn, Paleogene sediments superimpose the Cretaceous section in the Talara Basin and a thick stratigraphic column of Neogene sediments overlies the Paleogene and Cretaceous, if present, sediments in the Tumbes Basin. Sediments possibly from the Redondo and/or Muerto Pananga Formations overly meta sediments of Paleozoic age in the onshore Laguna Norte and Portachuelo oil fields, located on the northernmost and southernmost portion of the onshore Talara Basin, respectively (Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9). In the Laguna Norte oil field, the Cretaceous section consists of a sequence of dark brown shales, marls and calcareous sandstone. The Cretaceous section provides an excellent seal for the underlying producing Paleozoic quartzite reservoirs. Maximum thickness drilled is 283m in well 1885 (Figure 7). South from Portachuelo in the offshore Chira sub-Basin and bordering the Paita High, Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. is actively exploring the offshore Chira sub-Basin. Drilling in the 70 s and 80 s discovered a productive Cretaceous siliciclastic and carbonaceous column in a thick Cretaceous section. Seismic acquired in the late 90 s by Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. defined over 1200m. of Cretaceous sediments. In all these occurrences the carbonates of the Muerto and Pananga Formations overly the Paleozoic sediments, possibly preserved from erosion in original grabens, and now representing inverted sections. This Cretaceous section overlying the Muerto Pananga Formations consists of the Sandino conglomerate made of volcanic boulders. Overlying Sandino there is a thick shale and conglomerate sequence made up of quartzite and volcanics attributed to the Redondo Formation. Provenance for the Cretaceous succession is very likely to be the Marginal High described above and represented locally by the Paita High. This structural high has been active or it has been exposed during the basin history. Well PHX-A on the flank of this high has Paleozoic with normal poor oil shows underlying the Salina Formation with all cretaceous section absent and in turn overlain by Verdun Formation. Further south in the Bayovar Bay, the La Casita 55X well drilled the following stratigraphic section underlying a Tertiary Oligocene and Eocene sequence (Enclosure 2s): ? ? Balcones Formation of Paleocene age (top at 2426 m. thickness: 198 m.). ? ? Monte Grande of Maastrichtian age (top at 2621m., thickness: 372m.). ? ? Redondo Fm. of Campanian age (top at 2993m., thickness: 335m.). ? ? All above section overlies what has been described as white quartzites of the Amotape Formation (top at 3322m., thickness: 6m.) and a Plutonic Igneous Basement (top at 3328, thickness: 27 m.) The Monte Grande Formation consists of shales, dark gray, micaceous, carbonaceous with sandstone streaks white, fine to medium grained, sub rounded, well sorted, quartz, 33

feldspars and quartzite grains. Identified by long ranging Cretaceous-Paleocene forams, dominated by arenaceous forams found in the overlying Balcones Formation. Some Cretaceous Redondo Formation micro fauna assemblages occur at the base of the Monte Grande Formation. Palynilogical determinations of Cretaceous assemblage are also found in this formation. Mega fauna represents a shallow marine environment probably deposited in the outer neritic zone. The Redondo Formation is a monotonous thick sequence of shales dark gray, black and dark brown, micaceous, with calcite grains in shales, bedded limestones is not present. Abundant suite of arenaceous and calcareous of the Siphogenerinoides genus predominates in this formation. Campanian-lower Maastrichtian age is given by the joint occurrence of S. bramletti and S. parva and the planktonic glumbelina globulosa. The highly foraminiferal contents and assemblages suggest a single sequence of transgression and regression in a mostly outer neritic environment. The end of Cretaceous deposition marks the initiation of the major uplift episode of the Andean Orogeny. Detailed stratigraphic studies are limited to clearly define the known Cretaceous succession in the Talara Basin. 5.2.4. Cenozoic 5.2.4.1. Tertiary The Talara and Tumbes Basins constitute two fore-arc basins each with a very thick sedimentary section, mostly of different Tertiary ages. The stratigraphy of both basins described in this report will cover only the portions present in Peru, up to Eocene age in the Talara Basin and from late Oligocene to present time in the Tumbes Basin. Basin modeling indicates that an early Oligocene section has been completed eroded in the Talara Basin. Sediment source for the Talara Basin to the east deposited from 9,700 to 7,900 m. of sediments of Paleocene and Eocene ages above the Cretaceous in 30 my. Major tectonic episodes created accommodations of the Cocos and Nazca Plates and in the South American Plate overriding the subduction oceanic crust. The primary result was the changes of sea level and/or uplift of the Talara Basin and the formation of the Tumbes depression that migrated the geographical basin or sediment source for the Post-Eocene sediments northwards to a depression that created the Tumbes Basin. The Tumbes Basin was also the site of very rapid sedimentation of 6,600 m. offshore to 7,200 m. onshore of Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene sediments in 35 my. The Tumbes and Zarumilla Rivers in the Tumbes Basin have currently very active delta fronts near the Ecuadorian border and also smaller creeks carry enormous amounts of sediments into the offshore Talara and Tumbes Basins. Similar proto Tumbes- and Zarumilla-like Rivers possibly were also very active carrying sediments to the Talara Basin during Eocene time before they migrated to their actual location. The stratigraphic descriptions for the sequences of each basin will be treated separately, since age of sediments vary notably from one basin to another. 5.2.4.2. TALARA BASIN In the Talara Basin, the Tertiary Paleocene and Eocene stratigraphic sequences includes sediments from Cone Hill to Mesa Formations (Figure 2). The composite overall thickness of 9,700 m. decreases to 7,900 m. from the south Talara/Portachuelo area to the Pea Negra area to the north. A very thin section, 500 m. between Oligocene and 34

Basement observed in seismic can be attributed to a section of comparable age in the southern offshore Tumbes Basin. The Tertiary section in the Talara Basin was deposited in four major sequences of third order comprising one of Paleocene and three of Eocene ages. ? ? Paleocene Sequence Early Tertiary sedimentation began with deposition of the Mal Paso Group of Paleocene Danian age unconformable overlying the Cretaceous Petacas Formation. The Paleocene Mesa and Balcones constitutes the basal and oldest Tertiary sequence. Previous literature extend down in time the Mal Paso Group to include Cretaceous Sequence V Ancha and Petacas Formations, but in this report the group will only refer to the Paleocene Mesa and Balcones Formations. It should be noted, however, that in some portions of the Talara Basin there existed a rather continuous deposition and transition with relative short time breaks during deposition of the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Paleocene sequences containing the Redondo, Petacas and Balcones Formations, all of them with similar lithology. The Mal Paso Group partially outcrops in the Paita High area, although is best known in subsurface. The group is made up of the basal sandy Mesa Formation underlying the Balcones Formation black shales rich in foraminifer micro fauna. Thickness of the Mal Paso Sequence is 2,000 m. deposited in some 9 my in the south Talara Basin, where is best known. ? ? Eocene Sequences By far the Eocene section constitutes the most important producing interval in the whole Talara Basin. It consists of three stratigraphic sequences totaling some 7,700 m. to 6,000+ m. from south to north where the upper Eocene is mostly absent. Each sequence consists of a basal conglomerate followed by a succession of interbedded silty clays and shales and feldspatic sandstones. The basal Sequence I is of early Eocene age, the 2nd. Sequence II includes the middle and early upper Eocene and the 3rd sequence III is of middle to upper Eocene age. All these stratigraphic successions outcrop almost completely in the Negritos area. Notable thickness and stratigraphic variations and lower order sequences are interpreted in the Eocene sediments. To complicate even further the regional and local distribution of the many stratigraphic units is the contemporaneous deposition and deformation causing hundreds of normal faults with few to hundreds of meters of stratigraphic throws that make the absence of units to be interpreted as stratigraphic variations. o Eocene Sequence I The general stratigraphic relationship between the different formations of the Early Tertiary Sequence I in the Talara Basin is shown in Figure 10. This figure comes from internal International Petroleum Companies files from the 60 s. and has been the basis for many reports published in the last decades. Deposition of Tertiary sediments starts with a basal conglomerate or Salina Basal (Trigal Formation in the Carpitas area) discontinuously over a locally conformable surface of the Paleocene Balcones Formation, to whom it resembles lithologically. A shale facies or San Cristobal Formation overlies the Salina Basal Formation. The whole lower portion of the sequence is also seen to overlap upper Cretaceous sediments to the east of the basin. In general, this lower portion of the sequence has a more marine shale facies followed by 35

the sandier upper facies of the Salina Formation. The Salina Formation with sandy and shale character in the south Talara Basin becomes the coarse and conglomerate Mogollon Formation of the north Talara Basin. Conformable overlying the Salina Formation is the Palegreda Formation, a thick dark, soft, weathering to pink color, fossiliferous shales and few sandstone interbeds, which also changes to a more sandstone character to the north as the Ostrea Formation (Figure 10). Terminating deposition of Sequence I are the Parias and Chacra Formations overlying the Palegreda Formation. The Parias Formation extends south down to the offshore Chira sub-Basin (well NPXB-24X, Enclosure 2a), where the Parias wedge is fault controlled by the post-Cretaceous North Paita Fault (Petro-Tech, 1999). This is a NW dipping fault trending SW-NE offshore; the Parias wedge extends onshore and crosses the NW portion Portachuelo Field. The Parias sands are fine to conglomeratic, quartzose, with good sorting, with few shales interbeds; petrified fossil logs 0.5m. in diameter and 6 m. long were found in this formation. This unit may be subdivided into two units. The main difference is the shale character of the lower unit with poorer reservoir quality. In the northern Talara Basin the Parias Formation is time equivalent to the Clavel and Cabo Blanco Formations. This latter formation is characterized by a fluvial-deltaic facies of coarse sandstone and conglomerates deposited in channels caved on the Clavel Formation. The end of Sequence I is marked by deposition of the Chacra Formation conformably overlying the Parias Formation. The Chacra Formation consists of dark green gray shales wit a fossiliferous lower section capping conformably the Parias Formation. The formation changes to a sandy facies to the north, where the Echinocyamus Formation was deposited as the end of Sequence I. Total composite thickness for sequence I amounts to 2,700 m. in the south increasing considerably to 4,500 m. to the north Talara Basin. This considerable thickness defines a period of rapid sedimentation in 5 my during early Eocene time. o Eocene Sequence II Sequence II of Middle Eocene and early upper Eocene age is made of the Talara Group unconformable overlying the Chacra Formation and on lapping all the lower Eocene units in different parts of the basin. The group has the basal Lomitos Conglomerate/ Terebratula Sandstone Member discontinuously distributed over the basin and overlain by the thick Talara Shale, a fossiliferous unit with characteristic rubble zone produced by contemporaneous deformation. The Talara Shale carries the imprint of gravity sliding of enormous blocks, episodes that created zones with common repetition of various formations. The Talara Shale grades upwards into the sand and shale unit of the Talara Sandstone and finally the light gray shales Pozo Shale ends the sequence. The turbidite sandstone and conglomerate Helico Member develops as a prolific oil producer in some areas as the Carrizo pool in current Block X. Thickness of Sequence II reaches 2000 m. deposited in 12 my in the south Talara Basin; this thickness decreases to 600 to the north, where the Talara Sandstone and the Pozo Shale are absent after a period of considerable erosion at the end of the middle Eocene. o Eocene Sequence III Sequence III consisting of the basal Verdun Formation overlain by the Chira Group characterizes the end of Eocene deposition. The coarse quartzose sandstones of the Verdun Formation was deposited unconformable and on lapping the Talara Group and it is overlain by the basal unit of the Chira Group or Chira Formation, with good exposure in the Chira River valley to the south of the Talara Basin. The lower section of 36

P rieta R ica Z one

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Sequence III has a more regional distribution than the overlain shale, sandstone and conglomerates of the Mirador Formation and the shales of the Cone Hill or Carpitas Formation. The Verdun Formation extends to the Sechura Basin to the southeast, where IPCo discovered dry-gas accumulations in the 50 s. This old discovery is being developed commercially by Olympic in Block XIII since the early 2,000 s. Composite thickness for Sequence III deposited in 4 my. is nearly 3,000 m. in the southern area, whereas it only reaches some 1,300m in the Carpitas area to the north.

S T R A T IGR A P H IC R E L A T ION S H IP S OF T H EL OW E R& M ID D L EE OCE N ER OCK SIN N OR T HW E S T E R NP E R U

Figure 10. Stratigraphic relationship in formations of early Tertiary age in the Talara Basin.

L OW E RE OCE N E

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37

? ? Pleistocene The Tablazo Formation caps the Tertiary sediments west of the Amotape Mountains in the whole Talara Basin. This formation consists of marine calcareous, coquina and very fossiliferous sands overlying sediments of Paleozoic, Cretaceous and Tertiary age. It represents the last stages of sea level changes that left marked erosion surfaces. The Tablazo forms the Talara and Mancora Tablazos, two main distinctive flat to almost horizontally lying topographic units bordering the southern Amotape Mountains east and northeast of the Lagunitos Graben and east of the Negritos Talara High, as seen on the geologic map (Enclosure 1d). The Tablazos are interpreted to absorb most sound waves that causes poor seismic response in the basin. 5.2.4.3. TUMBES BASIN The Tumbes Basin extends onshore and offshore to the north and adjacent to the Talara Basin and continues past the country border as the Progreso Basin in Ecuador. Sediments of late Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene age are more representative of the Tumbes Basin, where a thick stratigraphic column outcrops completely and it is known by drilling and seismic data to extend offshore (Figure 3). Sediments were deposited in at least five stratigraphic sequences resting unconformable over Eocene sediments. The oldest sequence is observed to outcrop onlapping progressively older formations of late and middle Eocene age and Amotape Formation from the Mancora area to the northeast. The Higueron Intrusive intrudes the Tertiary sediments and the Paleozoic Amotape Formation in the NE border of the basin. Thickness of the Oligocene to Pliocene column varies from 7100 m. onshore to 6200 m. offshore, all the section deposited in approximately 30 my. The Banco Peru is seen as a high-density sea mound based on gravity anomaly analysis with dolomite on its margins and evidence of seismic stratification (Shepherd and Moberly, 1981). Presences of a Cenozoic section and possibly a Paleozoic section have been interpreted on Seismic on the current report (Figure 16). Commercial oil occurrence in metamorphic Paleozoic reservoirs in extreme localities in the south and north Talara Basin makes this tectonic feature larger than the Talara Negritos High (over 600 MMBO produced) extremely important for hydrocarbons exploration. ? ? Oligocene and Miocene The basal Sequence I represents a major transgression episode that deposited littoral, near shore and deltaic sediments. This sequence is characterized by great basin subsidence or high sea level rise on the current onshore portion of the basin; thickness onshore greatly exceeds thickness offshore. It starts with deposition of the Mancora Formation of late Oligocene to early Miocene age followed by the Heath Formation of early Miocene age. The Mancora Formation consists of sandstones and shales with a basal unit or Plateritos Member made up of a 40-m. thick quartzose and quartzitic sandstone and conglomerate unit with medium to coarse friable sand matrix and varicolored shales. Sequence I ends with deposition of the organic-rich dark brown to light gray shales, siltstones and some limestones and marls in the upper part of the Heath Formation overlying the Mancora Formation in transitional contact. Sequence I thickens considerably onshore and is considered one of the main objectives in the Tumbes Basin. 38

The Zorritos Formation of early Miocene age constitutes Sequence II that ends a period of rapid thick deposition with minor time breaks. The unit is characterized by deposition of coarse fluvial, deltaic and near shore sandstones and conglomerates with subordinated varicolored shales. This unit is the main reservoir in the basin and also in the offshore Amistad field across the border in Ecuador. The end of deposition of Sequence II during late early Miocene time is followed by a period of sea level fall and erosion of the exposed Zorritos Formation. Deep incised valleys and channel fill sediments are readily distinguished by seismic to correspond to shales of the overlying Cardalitos Formation, or Sequence III deposited unconformable over the Zorritos Formation. Shales of Sequence III were deposited over a very distinctive erosional unconformity, readily distinguished in the basin by proliferation of numerous deep channels. Deltaic and littoral sediments make up the Tumbes and Mal Pelo Formations overlying unconformable the Cardalitos Formation. Each of these formations shows certain degree of erosion or unconformable contact with each other making up individual sequences IV and V. The Tumbes Formation or Sequence IV makes, a marine shallow water coarse clastic deposits onshore grading to fine sands and shales offshore. The late Miocene Sequence VI or Mal Pelo Formation is characterized by deposition of a thick coarse clastic section. The Tumbes Basin is capped by deposition of shale of the Pliocene La Cruz Formation or Sequence VII. This sequence shows local erosion over structurally high areas of the underlying Sequence VI at the base of this formation and the development of sintectonic deposition over growth faults. 5.3. Regional Tectonics Settings This chapter summarizes a more detailed geological and geophysical analysis of the Talara and Tumbes Basins included in Spanish as Appendix 3 (Anlisis de la Geometra y Estilo de Deformacin de las Cuencas de Antepais Talara y Tumbes). The Talara and Tumbes basins correspond to a forearc basin system developed along the northern coastal Peruvian Andes during Paleogene and Neogene times. The modern structural configuration is related to a complex geodynamic history associated with the interaction of the tectonics, eustatic and sedimentary processes that is controlled by the direction and velocity of the relative subduction of the oceanic crust, the aseismic subduction ridge and principally by the Andes Mountain building. The Tumbes basin is bounded on its ocean ward side by a subduction complex wedge and on its landward side by the Amotape Mountains (Figure 11). The main tectonic elements that control the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tumbes basins are as follows: i) the western regions of the Tumbes basin is controlled by the Banco Peru structure, whose eastern border is limited by the Banco Peru fault, a southern projection of the Dolores Guayaquil - Puna Pallantanga megashear. ii) the eastern region of the Tumbes Basin is controlled by the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High and the Amotapes Mountains (Figure 11). The eastern limit of the Paleogene Talara Basin is given by the La Brea Hill and Amotape Mountains, which separates the basin from the Lancones basin. The southeast boundary corresponds to the transition of the Neogene Sechura Basin. In the offshore, the western portion of the Talara Basin is comprised of two marine platforms (deep and shallow platforms), controlled by listric normal faults and ends in an accretionary wedge adjacent to the oceanic trench. 39

The Talara and Tumbes forearc basins are deformed by extensional fault-bend fold and gravitational tectonics, forming the curved and planar rollover structures and gravity slides associated with listric normal faults (Figure 11). The fill of the Talara and Tumbes basins is characterized by different stratigraphic sequences associated with significant tectonic events, which generated erosional surfaces, changes in the depositional environment, rate of sedimentation and depocenter migration. The stratigraphic architecture reflects shifts in basin accommodation space, which derives from the interplay of extensional tectonics, sediment supply, and eustatic sea level acting upon the arc-trench gap. The internal sequence architecture shows the retrogradational, progradational and agradational stacking pattern (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Morphological and structural configuration in the Andean Cordillera, showing the Talara and Tumbes forearc basins.

5.3.1. Geometric and structural analyses of the Talara and Tumbes forearc basins The geometric and structural analysis of the Talara and Tumbes basin is based on seismic interpretation, well correlation and regional tectonic setting (Figure 12). The seismic lines in two way time (TWT) have been calibrated by synthetic seismograms generated by Log Edit software. The synthetic seismograms correspond to acoustic impedance and coefficient reflection calculated from the sonic and density log. The seismic interpretation, regional mapping, and well data have been integrated in twelve offshore seismic sections and three offshore to onshore regional cross sections in the Talara and Tumbes basins (Appendix 3 and Enclosures 3a to 3p). A detailed analysis of the seismic data allows the identification and characterization of the tectonic structures with their associated fault geometries, the erosional surfaces, channel geometries, lateral changes of sedimentary facies, such as growth strata, onlaps, downlap, toplap geometries and truncations. The integration of this data can be used to predict the geometry and style of deformation of the tectonic structures and the potential for significant hydrocarbon accumulations in the Talara and Tumbes basins.

40

Figure 12. Geological and structural map of the onshore portions of the Tumbes and Talara basins and adjacent areas, showing the location of interpreted seismic lines in red and regional cross sections, referred to in this chapter.

The geometry and style of the deformation of the Talara -Tumbes Basins and their structural and stratigraphic components relative to hydrocarbon exploration are explained in Appendix 3 and Enclosures 3a to 3p. 5.3.1.1. Tumbes Basin The structural style of the Neogene Tumbes basin is largely a result of a NW regional tilt associated with the Banco Peru Fault, which is the southern edge of the DoloresGuayaquil megashear zone (Figure 13). It has resulted in gravitational tectonic structures, which have generated curved rollover and planar rollover anticline structures and some rotated fault blocks. These structures are associated to listric normal faults dipping to the NW with detachment level located in the base of the Heath Formation and Pre Mancora series (Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17 and Figure 18). The major period of development for these gravitational structures occurred during the deposition of the Mal Pelo and La Cruz formations (Pliocene Pleistocene times). In the present time, the Tumbes basin corresponds to a major half graben controlled by the

41

Banco Peru Fault. Many of the structures in the Tumbes basin are currently active as indicated by the recent deformation of the younger sedimentary deposits. The Tumbes Basin has numerous excellent leads and tectonic structures that represent excellent opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration. This potential is related to the combination of the rollover anticline structures and subcropping plays at the base of the Cardalitos Formation (Chita, Lenguado, Perico, Raya, Jurel, Merluza and Corvina type leads). The classic primary reservoir target in the basin corresponds to the Zorritos Formation. In this study, we propose a deeper target in the Mancora, pre -Mancora and Eocene formations. This objective has been identified within the Deeper Delfin lead and the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High (Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18, Figure 19).

Figure 13. Structural map of the Tumbes basin and northern part of the Talara basin. For more details see Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3m.

Figure 14. Seismic interpretation of the line PC 99-01, showing the gravitational structures associated with the Corvina and Barracuda structures. In the Corvina structure note, the importance of the rock units subcropping the base of the Cardalitos unconformity with respect to hydrocarbon exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3a.

42

Figure 15. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-49, showing the Delfin structure with its deeper Lead and the Lenguado lead. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3c.

Figure 16. Seismic interpretation of the regional seismic line RIB 93-01, showing the main tectonic elements of the Tumbes Basin. The Banco Peru is on the left and the Tumbes Basin on the right. This seismic interpretation shows two potential prospective structures, the Chita and Paleozoic Banco Peru leads. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3c.

Figure 17. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-30, showing the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High to the right, the Deep Piedra Redonda Lead associated with the Eocene series and the Perico and Raya leads to the left. According to the structural and seismic interpretation, the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High is part of a present-day SW- NE horst structure. The western flank (offshore) of this feature is defined by the SW-NE trending Tumbes and Piedra Redonda normal listric faults. The eastern flank (onshore) of this structure is defined by the SW- NE trending Tronco Mocho, Cardalitos and Carpitas normal fault system, which dips to the SE. This fault system is related to the ancient structural configuration of the Paleogene Talara basin that was reactivated during the Neogene.

43

Figure 18. Seismic interpretation of the line AIP 92-12, shows the western boundary of the Zorritos Piedra Redonda High and the Jurel and Perico leads. These structures appear to have considerable potential as exploration targets. More information can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3e.

5.3.1.2. Talara Basin The present-day structural configuration of the Talara Basin is the result of complex extensional and gravitational tectonics that occurred during Paleocene and mainly during middle Eocene times, with reactivation in Neogene time. The Talara Basin overlies a larger morphological configuration of Cretaceous and Paleozoic tectonic events. The structural style of the Paleogene Talara Basin is characterized by normal faulting, as well as low-angle gravitational faults and large vertical transcurrent faults. This tectonic style has resulted in a number of rollover anticline structures, rotated fault blocks and growth faulting associated with deep listric normal faults. The detachment level is located within the Paleozoic and Basement (Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23 and Figure 24). According to regional mapping and seismic interpretation, faulting is more intense in the onshore portion and shallow offshore platform of the Talara Basin. A regional crosssection in the northern part of the Talara and Tumbes Basins indicates a regional tilting to the west (Enclosure 3o). The sedimentary fill of the Talara Basin is controlled by structural deformation that has produced a complex clastic sedimentary sequence with a wide variation of formation thicknesses throughout the basin. The synsedimentary extensional tectonics is represented by rollover anticline structures associated with high and low-angle listric normal faults. The relative movement of the listric normal faults is directly related to the configuration of Paleozoic and Basement rocks (Figure 19, Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23 and Figure 24). Structural, stratigraphic traps and combined structures with high potential for the hydrocarbon exploration have been identified in the Talara Basin (Figure 19; Figure 20, Figure 21, Figure 22, Figure 23 and Figure 24; Enclosures 3g to 3l). On the deep offshore platform, we have interpreted the new Mero and Tiburon leads related to rollover anticline structures. On the shallow platform of the Talara Basin we find many structural and stratigraphic features, essentials for the hydrocarbon exploration as the Calamar, Caballa rollover anticline leads, the Deeper Paleozoic Lobitos lead and the Paleozoic lead.

44

The geometry and style of the deformation of the Talara Basin and structural and stratigraphic potential for hydrocarbon exploration are explained in Appendix 3 and Enclosures 3a to 3p.

Figure 19. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-01. This section shows the shallow and deep platforms, where the Merluza and Mero rollover structures developed with high potential for exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3g.

Figure 20. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-08, showing the potential of the offshore tectonic structures in the shallow and deep marine platforms. The Deeper Lobitos lead is defined to target the Paleozoic series in direct contact with potential Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary source rocks. The Tiburon lead corresponds to new structural leads in ultra deep waters. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3h.

Figure 21. Seismic interpretation of the regional line RIB 93-16, showing the tectonic elements of the Talara basin. On the left, the subduction trench is seen where the oceanic crust pass under the continental crust. On the right, the shallow platform shows the Calamar rollover structure and the Paleozoic lead. Potential exploration targets in interpreted kitchen areas. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3i.

45

1.66
DELF B 5X DELF B 11CD

1.26

LA CRUZ Z5205

1.55 1.73
CORRAL EPRCX1

1.35

1.44

1.35
RT 59 ZORRITOS RT 48

1.87 2.05

RT 50

2.20
RX67

1.84

PIEDRA RED 14X PIEDRA RED 13X

1.74 1.17

T RIGAL T RX1

0.79

PLAT ER PL X2

1.37
PLAT ER PL X3

CARPIT AS C115

2.23

BARRANCO BAX1

CAPILLA CX 2 T X 35 ORXA 13X 1555

CEREZAL CEX1

1.42
2239 5630 5655 5380 T 17

CAPILLA CX 1

1.85
2010

1.33
XX 11X

1.41

1.85
1875

1910

1.53 1.67
AT ASCADERO 1X

1.30

1.53

0.55

1.80

1.19

PN1 12X 1540 5665 5680 AA 18X LL 115 0.99 1.89 1.32 PN8 17X 1860 1865 1.57 1545 1.52 1.34 1.62 1570 1740 1.46 DD 12X PN3 11X PN2 8X 56681.741.40 1.34 SICH 61X

1.18

1725 6060 1940 131 4690 5080 6035 5505 5340

1.87 1.44 1.10 1.53 2.06

1.68

1.49
CARRIZO 1980

1.36

T 14 1

2.46

1.64

1.30 1.35 1.25

OLLOCOS OX- 2

LO1 9X LO3 22X

LO5 13X

1.48

1855 AX25

MISC SAL 5135

2.51 1.43 1.53

H7 X3

1.20 1.24
FONDO 4800

1.64

1.07 1.67 1.84

LO6 13X

A3 22X

H5S X10

CC X15

1.07

LO10-7X LO10 20A 1.28 A1 6X 5X 1.11 A1 A1 8X

1.70
H9A X1 4875

1.51

0.78 0.91 1.55 1.74

MLX9 15X

1.66

ALV OVE 4835 ALV OVE 3885

1.22

2.26

1.08

7B X1 1.59 1.46 PV15 10 7B X2 1.63 A4 19X 1.08 6B X1 PVX13 6 PVX8 13X

0.64

8A X1

4120

2.64
3835

1.45 1.461.57 1.99 1.53

4000

P26B X1

1.64

1.67 2.81
4015

2.13
NHX1 7X NHX1 19X 1.25 NHX 6

.67 NHX 4 1.32 0.61 NHX 2B 3 X4 EE X3 0.78 1.54 LT 8 11X NHX 7 A5 9X NHX 5 1.84 1.57 0.54 1.28 EX6 6X EX6 2X 1.77EX6 8X 1.79

5325

1.49
5565

1.72

EX4 15X

1.52

NPXB-24X

1.25
10 0 10 20 30 km

Figure 22. Seismic interpretation of the line RIB 93-21, showing the Bayovar Bay bounded by the Illescas and Paita Highs. The Bayovar Bay illustrates the many structures associated to rollover anticline structures. According to seismic and structural interpretations, these structures show high potential for exploration. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3j.

Figure 23. Seismic interpretation of the line PTP 99-23, located in an area where the Talara to Sechura Basin merge. It shows the San Pedro and East San Pedro structures. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3k.

Figure 24. Seismic interpretation of the line PTP 99-24, this section is located in an area where the Talara merges with the Sechura Basin. It also shows the San Pedro and East San Pedro structures. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3l.

5.3.1.3. Posters During preparation of this study the Basin Evaluations Group prepared a series of five technical posters to support Perupetro S.A. promotion overseas (Enclosures 5a to 5e). Enclosure 5a is a Digital Elevation Model DEM to a resolution of 90 m that includes the sedimentary basins and the various current hydrocarbon exploration licensees, TEA s and PEA s. Enclosure 5b is a morphological/structural configuration of the Andean Mountains showing the oceanic Nazca Plate, subduction trench and the south Talara forearc Basin at the Bayovar Bay to the west. To the east the cross section shows the retroforeland basin system (Huallaga and Maraon Basins) with the eastern fore bulge represented by the Iquitos Arch. The forearc and retroforeland basins are the sites of current intensive hydrocarbon exploration, with the interpreted hydrocarbon kitchen for the 2005 oil discovery San Pedro in the former. Enclosures 5c to 5e show geologicalwell-seismic interpretations defining the structural style of the Talara and Tumbes Basins and the various prospects and leads in different portions of the basins. 46

6.0. GEOPHYSICS 6.1. Seismic Data The seismic interpretation is based on 9,814.55 km. of offshore 2D seismic in SEG-Y format from six seismic campaigns listed in Enclosure 6 in Digital Form and shown in Figure 25. Thirty seven (37) synthetic seismograms from selected wells, only one onshore in the Talara Basin, were prepared to tie the seismic interpretation in both basins.

TUMBES BASIN

TALARA BASIN

Figure 25. Seismic reference map.

The digital seismic data utilized in the study was provided by of Perupetro Data Bank. Usually the data as given to GFEC, was as received by Perupetro from the operating company that acquired it. The data quality in the Talara and Tumbes study area is very good. Time shifts between surveys and lines of the same survey are also of very good quality with no big miss ties problems. The type of seismic processing differs from survey to survey. There is one survey reprocessed using AVO (Amplitud Vs Offset) process of American International 47

Petroleum Corporation survey (AIP-1992) and the other surveys correspond to normal reprocessed seismic by Petrotech (1999-2000). The selected seismic events used in the stratigraphic and structural interpretation include the following: 1. Top Mal Pelo Formation Upper Miocene, Tumbes Basin. 2. Top Zorritos Formation Lower Miocene, Tumbes Basin. 3. Top Middle Eocene in the Talara and Tumbes Basins used for regional correlation. 4. Top Cretaceous in the southern Talara Basin. 5. Top Muerto Formation Middle Cretaceous in the Talara Basin. 6. Basement. The following structural maps were prepared on this stage of the project (Enclosures 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e): 1. Top Middle Eocene in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. 2. Top Muerto Formation with presentation of selected seismic lines in the southern Talara Basin. 3. Top Zorritos Formation in the Tumbes Basin. Final presentation will define prospects and leads within and outside current production blocks. 6.2. Airmagnetometry and Air gravity Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. (2001) acquired 5,400 KM Airmagnetometry and Air gravity and 18,500 km of high-resolution Airmagnetometry in 1997 to integrate the information between known productive areas and prospective undeveloped areas in the license contract Block Z-2B. A Petro-Tech Depth to Basement based on the Airmagnetometry and Air gravity interpretation is presented in Figure 26. A correlation between productive structural highs and structural noses and potential adjacent deep areas considered as kitchens is established suggesting short distance hydrocarbons migration. The known deep onshore grabens with thick sediments of Tertiary and Cretaceous age in between the three major structural highs in the Talara Basin are clearly seen to extend offshore in the High Density or Depth to Basement Maps. The delineation and position of these potential kitchens also suggest potential larger distance hydrocarbons migration to the three major structural highs from not only one but from all surrounding deep areas. The extension of the three major structural highs of the Talara Basin and of the Paita High from onshore to offshore past the western border of the Block Z-2B is evident on above maps. A high-density anomaly runs NE-SW off the eastern border of the block west of the Pea Negra High. Two N-S anomalies are also seen west of the Negritos Talara High and to the SW of Negritos. The latter anomaly is mostly across the northern Lagunitos Graben. Two more anomalies are defined WNW and to the WSW of the Paita High.

48

Figure 26. High Density Basement Map in NW Peru (Petrotech, 2001).

49

7.0. PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 7.1.Geochemistry 7.1.1. General Discussion Few modern Geochemical studies have been conducted in the Talara and Tumbes Basins and in the neighboring Trujillo, Sechura and Lancones Basins in an attempt to define the petroleum systems present in the northern Peruvian coastal basins. The effort so far is incomplete to clearly recognize all the elements responsible for the giant oil accumulation in the Talara Basin and the different hydrocarbon occurrences in the Tumbes Basin. Presence of multiple reservoirs in the stratigraphic column mainly in the Eocene sediments of the Talara Basin, the main producing interval in the coastal basin, made the studies to be considered of less importance until the 90 s. Several companies, among them Perupetro (1999), Perez Companc (2000), Repsol (1996), UPPPL (1993), Mobil (1993), Petro-Tech Peruana S.A., and more recently a group of researchers of Stanford University with logistic support from Petrobras (operator of Block X in the onshore Talara Basin) have performed Geochemical analyses on oil samples and outcrops in northwestern Peru (Fildani, A. et.al. 2005). The Perupetro study made a good attempt to fill a major gap conducting its modern Geochemical evaluation that included all coastal and offshore basins. The studies cover geochemistry analyses to evaluate potential source rocks and oil characterization to make oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations and some basin modeling to establish maturity levels and timing of hydrocarbons generation and migration. For a more comprehensive understanding and for detailed information of these reports the reader is referred to the Geochemical reports and database in the Perupetro technical archives. This technical archive contains listing of the Geochemical reports in its files produced by the several oil companies that were active in exploration and development in these various basins in the last decades. Detailed results of all these Geochemical studies are incorporated below, since the present study has not performed any of these analyses. Among the several uncertainties drawn from the major conclusions from these reports are: 1) There is no general agreement as to the identification of the active source rocks for the oils in both basins; oil-source rock correlation with samples from wells and their outcrops in the basins and with outcrops from neighboring basins have provided good and in some cases disappointing results. An exceptional good match is found for the correlation between a Gas Chromatograms from a representative oil sample of the Talara Basin and from a bitumen extract of the Heath Formation of the Piedra Redonda C-13X well interpreted as part of the Tumbes Basin (Figure 27). 2) There is also no well-defined knowledge of the location of hydrocarbons kitchens and timing and migration routes for the known hydrocarbon occurrences in both basins. Maturity levels and organic matter distribution imply a medium to long-range migration routes from the source rock kitchen areas to reservoirs for the accumulations found to date. The geological events placed in assumed local kitchens as in the Lagunitos and Siches grabens do not fully account for the hydrocarbons found in the three major tectonic highs in the 50

Talara Basin, which are complexly faulted with sealing faults. Age of and the tectonism itself may have also prevented postulated migration from kitchens of post-Eocene source rocks in the deep Tumbes Basin to the Talara Basin reservoirs. 3) All oils analyzed apparently correspond to a common origin, possibly pointing to a single oil family, especially in the Talara Basin. It is recommended for future studies that oil sampling must state production level to clearly indicate which reservoir the oils come from, since most wells have multiple reservoirs. Lack of oil or gas samples from the offshore wells in the Tumbes Basin prevents to conduct Geochemical analyses in the Tumbes Basin, as it was the case faced by Perez Companc S.A. (now Petrobras Energa del Per S.A.) in the Evaluation of Block Z-1 in year 2,000.
Talara oil

Oleanane

Intensity

Figure 27. Correlation between GCMS of a representative oil sample from the Talara Basin and from an extract of a cutting sample of the Heath Formation in the Piedra Redonda Field (Fildani, 2005).

Time

Piedra Redonda C-13X Formacin Heath 10,600-10,700

Intensity

Time

The Perupetro S.A. report includes an Excel Geochemical database compiled with newly acquired data and all available data of the coastal basins in the Perupetro files. The portion of this database for the Talara and Tumbes Basins are included as Appendix 1 on the present report; and it also includes the geochemical data from the adjacent Lancones and Sechura Basins,

since some formations are strongly genetically related. A summary of geochemical data categorized by age of the potential hydrocarbon source rock is given in the following sections. 7.1.2. Source Rocks and Maturity There are numerous analyses of the quality of organic matter and less analyses of vitrinite reflectance, Ro indicator, to identify the source rocks and maturity levels in several formations in both basins. Descriptions of samples analyzed are included below under the previous studies and a tabulation of them is presented in Appendix 1. 51

Based on available geochemical information the following formations from Cretaceous to Tertiary age can be identified as main potential source rocks in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. Tertiary ? ? Miocene Cardalitos Formation in the Tumbes Basin. ? ? Miocene Zorritos Formation in the Tumbes Basin ? ? Oligocene/Miocene Heath Formation in the Tumbes Basin ? ? Oligocene Mancora Formation in the Tumbes Basin ? ? Eocene Formations in the Talara and Tumbes (?) Basins. ? ? Paleocene Formations in the Talara Basin Cretaceous ? ? Redondo Formation of Campanian-Maastrichtian age in the Talara Basin ? ? Muerto Formation of Albian age in the Talara Basin and Lancones Basin. ? ? The extension of the Cretaceous section into the Tumbes Basin is unknown. Paleozoic ? ? The Paleozoic sedimentary section consists mainly of a metamorphosed with clear indication of post-maturity conditions. 7.1.2.1. Tertiary Potential source rocks of Tertiary age are limited to the Paleocene and Eocene sequences in the Talara Basin and from the Eocene (?) to Miocene sequences in the Tumbes Basin. Oligocene sequences are likely to constitute the final sedimentation episodes in the Talara Basin before major sediment provenance shifted north into the Tumbes Basin, possibly due to sea level retreat and/or major uplift of the basin. The Oligocene sequences have been completed eroded off in most of the Talara Basin. Vitrinite reflectance data in the Eocene section, however, indicates a maturity degree reached with this post-Eocene overburden. Source rocks from formations of Early Tertiary age, i.e. Eocene and Paleocene, may have contributed to the hydrocarbon accumulation in the Talara Basin from still undrilled deep areas to the west where they may have both better organic contents and best maturity conditions than in the known drilled portions of the basin. Presence of Oleanane in oil samples is indicative of late Cretaceous and/or Tertiary source rocks. Presence of other biomarkers may tend to identify a post-Eocene age for the source rocks in the basin; however, the post-Eocene sequences could have hardly achieved sufficient maturity to generate hydrocarbons in the Talara Basin. Geochemical Analyses of other unknown potential source rocks in the area are in progress. In a recent field trip Perupetro geologist Y. Calderon, a member of our team, visited a 100+ meter-thick dark gray shale outcrop with source rock potential attributed to the Talara Formation in the Mancora Town area (Figure 28 A). This area is some 30 Km to the south of the site modeled by offshore Pseudowell 1; this shale unit also outcrops 20 Km to the east of the Mancora Town preserving its lithological character (Figure 28 B). The geological reconnaissance work is described in Appendix 3 of this report (Y. Calderon, 2005). Geochemical analysis of this unit is in progress by Mr. P. Baby s Perupetro-IRD Group (personal communication). 52

The potential source rocks in the Tumbes Basin are also recognized based on the Geochemical studies from offshore and onshore well cuttings and outcrop samples of the Oligocene and Miocene sequences. Most of the analyses performed on these samples indicate the presence of good quality organic contents in the Mancora, Heath, Zorritos and Cardalitos Formations, but all with poor maturity. They are indicative of the presence of potential source rocks capable of hydrocarbons generation with better maturity conditions, a situation that is present in deeper portions of the basin. It is not known the contribution of the Eocene and pre-Eocene sequences in the petroleum system scenario in the Tumbes Basin. These sequences must be present in deeper intervals as recognized in seismic, especially in the south portion of the basin. No offshore wells have drilled these deep sequences.
Figure 28. Gray shales of the Talara Shale offer good visual source rock character in the Mancora area in two sites distanced some 20 Km. away.

7.1.2.2. Cretaceous The Cretaceous Muerto and Redondo Formations are excellent candidates to have sourced significant amounts of hydrocarbons. The Redondo Formation contains Type II and Type II-III Kerogen with TOC values typically over 1 wt%. The Muerto Formation also contains excellent organic contents mainly Type II and II-III Kerogen in the Talara Basin and adjacent Lancones Basin with TOC values typically in the 1-4.5 wt% range, Tmax: 445 to 460 C and Equivalent Ro between 1 to 1.35 %. It is known that these formations are present in a great portion of the Talara Basin. It is established that Type II Kerogen of Muerto Formation generates much greater quantities of oil than does the Type II/III Kerogen of the other source rocks. As a general statement it can be said that the abundant presence of the biomarker Oleanane points towards a late Cretaceous and/or Tertiary age source rocks. Some Geochemical analyses have been conducted on samples from Cretaceous age in the south portion of the Talara Basin. In the offshore Paita Sub-Basin, samples from undifferentiated Cretaceous in the Paita PHX-O well have TOC between 0.76 and 0.56 and corresponding Tmax between 427 and 423C. Wells Sandino 6020, Mirador 5975 and Lomitos 3835 located on the onshore Negritos High have numerous Geochemical analyses. Well Sandino shows consistent analyses with average TOC of 0.5 wt%, Tmax of 436C (max 446C) and Ro of 0.74 % (six Ro analyses) down to 7500 ft in a section comprising Paleocene and Upper Cretaceous above the Redondo Formation. Three 53

samples from the Redondo Formation in this well have an average TOC of 0.54 wt%, maximum Tmax of 444C and Ro of 0.90%. Fifteen samples from the Redondo Formation in well 5975 have TOC average of 1.02 wt% and average Tmax of 437C. The Muerto Formation in the Sandino well has TOC average of 2.27 wt%, Tmax of 445C and Ro of 0.95%; whereas in the Lomitos 3835 well averages for the TOC analyses are 2.98 wt%, Tmax of 450C and Ro of 0.88%. The Lomitos well has an average TOC of 2.98-wt% and Tmax of 450C in six samples and Ro of 0.88 in one sample from the Muerto Formation. Further south in La Casita 1X well in the Bayovar Bay. 7.1.2.3. Paleozoic The Paleozoic sediments are widely distributed in subsurface and on the eastern borders of the Talara and Tumbes Basins. The Paleozoic sequence is typically made of metamorphic rocks and other rocks with less degree of metamorphism. The Amotape Formation of Paleozoic ages, as well as the pre-Cretaceous formations of Mesozoic age contain an unknown series of geological events, which have been grouped as to represent one (or more than one) major burial episode on this report. Post mature Ro wt% of over 3.0 is described in the Lomitos field in Paleozoic sediments. The commercial production established in Laguna, Portachuelo and San Pedro fields comes from mainly quartzite and argillite reservoirs sealed by shales of Cretaceous or Tertiary age and very likely sourced by same distal source rocks as in the Talara Basin proper. Thus, it defines a late-Cretaceous/Paleozoic petroleum system. 7.1.3. Talara Basin 7.1.3.1. Sample Analyses Perupetro (1999) performed geochemical analyses on samples from 16 wells in the Talara Basin in the following stratigraphic units. ? ? Salina-Negritos Early Eocene ? ? Balcones Late Paleocene ? ? Mesa Early Paleocene ? ? Mal Paso Maastrichtian-Paleocene ? ? Petacas Late Maastrichtian ? ? Monte Grande Early Maastrichtian ? ? Redondo Campanian ? ? Sandino Basal Campanian ? ? Tablones Early Campanian ? ? Pananga-Muerto Middle Albian A distribution of TOC wt% of samples from the Talara Basin is presented on Figure 29 and Figure 30 for DGSI (Perupetro, 1999) and existing data, respectively. One major conclusion drawn from available studies is the recognition of the Cretaceous sediments as the most likely source rock that has generated the hydrocarbons in the Talara Basin. Future studies and analyses should define biomarkers to establish a positive hydrocarbons/source rock correlation.

54

Talara Basin
35 31 30

25

23

Frequency

20 17 15 14

Parias Gr. Salina Paleozoico Gr. Mal Paso Monte Grande Redondo Tablones Muerto Pananga
7 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ms de 5 >

10 5 5 1 1 0 0-0.5 3 0 1 2 0 3 5

9 6

0.5-1

PERUPETRO S.A. DGSI Data

TOC (wt%)

Figure 29. Total Organic Carbon in the Talara Basin, DGSI Data.

Talara Basin
50 45 40 35 43

30 26 25 21 20 15 10 5 0 0-0.5 0.5-1 1-2 2-5 3 2 00 00 4 0 5 0 1 00 6 6 4 1 1 22 0 13 14 12 10 9 7 3 1 11 7 4 00 00 5 0 00 1 9 20

Heath Carpitas Chira Gr. Talara Chacra Clavel Palegreda Gr. Salina Pre-Cretceo Gr. Mal Paso Monte Grande Redondo Muerto Cretceo Indif. Amotape
1 1 0000000 0000 00 ms de 5

Frequency

2 2 1 0 000000 0 00

PERUPETRO S.A. PREVIOUS REPORTS

TOC (w%)

>

Figure 30. Total Organic Carbon in the Talara Basin, Previous Reports.

The Geochemical evaluation conducted by Perupetro S.A. was performed on rock samples and some oils from all onshore and offshore coastal basins. In general, the first stage of the study considered the determination of TOC on selected well and surface samples (with a cut-off of TOC > 0.4-0.5 wt%) distributed along the whole stratigraphic column for additional Geochemical studies. Analyses run on the selected samples were Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, Kerogen, soxhlet extracts, Liquid and Gas Chromatography (LC and GC), Isotope Analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of Saturate (Biomarkers) and Aromatic hydrocarbons. Same analyses were performed on oil samples and additionally API, Sulphur contents and High Resolution 55

Chromatography on the C7 range were analyzed. A 1D Geochemical modeling was performed on the Talara Basin. DGSI, INC, from Woodlands, Texas, USA performed the analytical analyses and the final integration and interpretation were performed by LCV in Argentine. In the adjacent Lancones Basin, the Muerto Formation has been defined as the best source rock for predominantly oil generation and secondary gas generation. TOC from 1 to 4.5 wt%, excellent RockEval character, Type II and II/III Kerogen, Tmax of 445 to 460 C, equivalent Ro is 1 to 1.35 % in the last stages of the oil window and beginning of the gas generation window. Extract analysis shows them to correspond to saturate hydrocarbons, deposited in a marine environment with algal with carbonaceous and poor terrigeneous contribution. Presence of what appears to be the Oleanane biomarker implies an Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary age creating same discussion and observations discussed in samples from the Negritos Talara High. The Redondo Formation constitutes a second Cretaceous source rock with TOC of 1 wt%, Type II/III Kerogen, oil and gas generator with high thermal maturity corresponding to the last stage of the oil window. Extract analyses also show consistent presence of the Oleanane biomarker as in the Muerto Formation and with high saturate hydrocarbons content. The samples also correspond to deposition in a marine environment with common terrigeneous contribution. Well drilling and regional correlation have confirmed the extension of these Cretaceous Muerto and Redondo formations to the onshore and offshore Talara Basin. Source rocks in the Muerto and Redondo Formations are rich enough to have generated the commercial amounts of hydrocarbons already produced in the oil fields of the Talara Basin in addition to a sizeable amount of undeveloped reserves and as of yet, undiscovered reserves onshore and offshore. Regional Geochemical studies were conducted by Repsol attempting to establish an oilsource correlation between the South Talara and Sechura Basins with its hydrocarbon findings while exploring Block Z-29 in the Trujillo Basin. These studies included Geochemical analyses on: 1) Selected cutting samples from wells SBX-1 (SBXA) and La Casita 55X in the Bayovar Bay, 2) Oil samples from the Portachuelo and Lagunitos wells in the South Talara Basin and 3) Extracted oils from water samples from 10 offshore oil seeps in the Trujillo Basin (Repsol, 1996). The study did not conclusively identify the source rocks that generated the oil seeps and the crude oils. Fifteen cutting samples from Maastrichtian 1841-2210 m. (6040-7250 Ft.) in well SBX-1 (should be SBXA) are organic poor with a TOC less than 0.69 wt% and considered to be non-source rocks with immature 0.47% Ro. Three samples from the Cretaceous Monte Grande Formation with TOC greater than 0.5 wt% had very low HI and high OI values and plot as Type IV Kerogen with no hydrocarbon generation potential. Some of the samples show oxidized mixed organic matter. In La Casita 55X well, Geochemical analyses were carried out in eighteen shale samples from Cretaceous Redondo (4 samples), Cretaceous Monte Grande (5 samples), Paleocene Balcones (6 samples) and Eocene Salina (3 samples) Formations. TOC from the Cretaceous and Paleocene formations range from 0.81 to 3.74 wt% with HI of 17-61 mgHC/gTOC that 56

plot in the Type III/IV Kerogen. Visual Kerogen analyses indicate presence of 85% vitrinite with mainly non-fluorescent amorphous organic matter up to 35% and minor amounts of liptinite and inertinite. Vitrinite reflectance shows the Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene Formations in the early stages of the mature window with Ro from 0.71 to 0.55 %. Samples analyzed appear to have marginal potential to generate gas. Cretaceous Muerto/Pananga Formation samples analyzed in the Muerto Creek indicate a mean Ro of 0.51 % (Repsol, 1996). The complete analyses show consistently increasing Ro single less valuable counts in a range between 0.65 to 1.23 % and one single value of 1.82 %. The Quebrada Muerto is located in the Pazul area (basin) where the Lancones Basin joins the Talara Basin. 7.1.3.2. Hydrocarbon Analyses Most recent oil analyses refer to onshore and offshore Talara Basin samples, since hydrocarbon samples from the Tumbes Basin are not available. As discussed below several authors have attempted to identify appropriate biomarkers to establish correlation with the hydrocarbons produced. Perupetro (1999) had six oil samples and two oil seep samples analyzed. One seep sample is from the Tumbes Basin, the remaining samples from the Talara Basin. Analyses show the oils lying on the saturate side (Figure 31). Oil sample analyses show slight to moderate biodegradation, API from 29.5 to 40.7, rich in saturate hydrocarbons, low sulphur content, equivalent Ro of 0.75 to 0.80 %, mix of marine and terrigeneous organic material deposited under marine conditions with high carbonaceous, algal and less terrigeneous input. All oils have moderate to high Oleanane biomarker contents given a very definitive oil-source rock correlation with source rocks of late Cretaceous to Tertiary age.
OIL COMPOSITION
100% NSO+RES+ASPH PERUPETRO S.A. DGSI Data

TUMBES BASIN Cca. Progreso

Cca. Talara TALARA BASIN

50

50

SAT 100%

50

ARO 100%

From the analyses performed on the Perupetro S.A. study there is no clear or definitive oil/source rock correlation. This may imply that oils were generated from distant source rocks of Tertiary or late Cretaceous age that were not sampled in the study. An alternate conclusion could be the acknowledgment of a late Cretaceous age to the Muerto Formation, instead of its recognized Albian age.

Figure 31. Oil composition in the Talara and Tumbes Basins based on LC.

57

Crude oils from the Portachuelo field (five samples from wells 4352, 4912, 5237, 5558 and 5942), from the Inca 5-1 well (Sechura Basin, 1 sample) and from the Lagunitos well 6120 have a common organic source with similar thermal maturities (Repsol, 1996). Biomarker analyses and high concentrations of Oleanane suggest a source with mixed organic algal-bacterial-terrigeneous facies of Tertiary age, likely different than oils from offshore seeps in the Trujillo Basin interpreted as derived from source rocks of mixed organic facies rich in marine algal organic matter possibly of late Cretaceous age. Although these statements differentiate Trujillo and Talara oils, it is clearly indicated a potential correlation with a late Cretaceous origin for the Talara oils, since Oleanane biomarkers are also indicative of this age. Geochemical analyses of three oil samples from the Talara Basin wells and one oil seep from Lobos de Afuera Island further south were carried out by UPPPL (1993). The light crude, low sulfur oil samples correlate to a single oil family genetically related to a source rock with strikingly similar Kerogen composition. Differences between them in API gravity and wax paraffin contents reflect post generation history of alterations caused by slight to moderate biodegradation, water washing and weathering. The oil samples are from the Eocene Parias Formation in well 3927 in the Llano Field, the Eocene Salina-Mogollon Formation in well 7496 in the Mirador Field and the Paleozoic Amotape Formation in well 5166 in the Portachuelo Field. Oil sample analyses show API from 29.5 to 40.7, rich in saturate hydrocarbons and low sulphur content. Kerogen contains predominant Type II oil prone marine organic matter deposited under anoxic conditions with terrestrial contribution. Source rocks were in the main phase of oil generation with thermal maturities equivalents to Ro of 0.7 to 0.8-wt%. A scale can be set up with increasing maturity from least maturity observed in the Llano well, more maturity in the Parias and Portachuelo oils and most maturity in the Mirador well. A major conclusion is that all three oil samples belong to one oil family with low sulfur content and a well-defined Kerogen Type. Biomarker contents point to a shale source rock with influence of carbonates, a marine deltaic slightly reducing environment superimposed over a marine carbonate platform. This Cretaceous or Paleocene carbonate platform would not be the effective source rocks. Similar basin character has been reported in the Santa Elena Eocene Basin in Ecuador, the Niger Delta in Nigeria, the Indonesian Mahakan delta and in the Angola Congo Delta. The light 36-38 API oils are capable of long distance lateral or vertical migration, a migration supported by their low resin and asphalthene contents. All oils have moderate to high Oleanane biomarker contents given a very definitive oil-source rock correlation with source rocks of late Cretaceous to Tertiary age. 7.1.3.3. Oil Families Current data does not permit to group the different oils into major genetic oil families produced and or tested in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. However, there appears to be a consensus to group all Talara Basin oils into one single oil group possibly one family generated from one single source rock. It is difficult to visualize this single source rock to be present outside the proper Talara Basin, although an oil-source rock correlation from Talara oils to Tumbes Basin source rocks is mentioned and recent Geochemical analyses suggest a Tertiary age, possibly the Heath Formation, as source rocks for the Talara oils.

58

7.1.3.4. Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock Correlations Various authors have attempted to establish positive correlation to potential source rocks of the giant oil accumulation in the Talara Basin and of the hydrocarbon occurrences in the Tumbes Basin. These analyses and discussions are also described with some detail above. From the analyses performed on the Perupetro S.A. study there is no clear or definitive oil/source rock correlation. The potential source rocks of Cretaceous to Tertiary age analyzed have not identified them as source rocks to definitely establish a genetic link to the oils analyzed. The biomarker Oleanane is present in all oils analyzed, however, absence of complete similar analyses on most well and surface samples does not allow establishing a definitive oil-source rock correlation. A sample from the Muerto Formation in well Lomitos 3835 in the Talara Basin had a TOC of 3.78 w% Tmax from pyrolysis of 442 C, Type II mature Kerogen. LC, GC, isotopes and biomarker analyses on extracts confirm good oil mostly algal marine source rock presently in the oil window with equivalent estimated 0.9-1.0 Ro. The sample shows a very likely Oleanane peak suggesting a source rock/oil correlation with most of the analyzed oils. The Muerto Formation then is the effective source rock in this part of the basin; however, the Albian age of this unit does not correlate with the abundance of the peak identified as Oleanane that suggests a younger age for the unit. Additional similar analyses are still needed to identify biomarkers to confirm positively the regional oil/source rock correlation established locally in the above well. The Oleanane discussion suggests the existence of source rocks of late Cretaceous and/or Tertiary age in distant kitchens implying distant migration routes. The oil discovered in rocks of Paleozoic age in the San Pedro 1X well in the Bayovar Bay this year testifies this case. This may imply that oils were generated from distant source rocks of Tertiary or late Cretaceous age that were not sampled in the study. An alternate conclusion could be the acknowledgment of a late Cretaceous age to the Muerto Formation, instead of its recognized Albian age. The Oleanane age creates a discussion between some of the authors of Geochemical studies in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. Gonzles and Alarcn (2002) attributes a late Cretaceous age to the abundant presence of Oleanane, supported by high resolution Biostratigraphy, to define the main source rocks as the Redondo Formation. Fildani, et al. (2005) correlates the abundance of this biomarker to only Tertiary age and it goes even further to suggest a correlation to the Heath Formation as the main source rock. More details of these studies are presented in other portions of this report. Mobil (1993) correlates the abundance of this biomarker to a late Cretaceous to Tertiary age and the high heavy isotope composition d13 C derived to mid-Oligocene to younger source rocks. There is also no agreement as to the indications of biomarkers to establish a correlation to a source rock with carbonate contents. Fildani (2005) again rules out the carbonate contents in the source rocks, whereas UPPPL (1993) finds correlation to a source rock with carbonate contents. The potential source rocks with carbonate contents includes the Muerto Formation of Albian age.

59

7.1.3.5. Migration and Remigration of Hydrocarbons Modeling in the Lomitos Field and the distribution of the oil accumulations and potential source rocks in the Talara Basin suggest that the hydrocarbons have followed a local and a regional eastward migration pathway from kitchens in the western offshore portions of the basin to the onshore/offshore Talara Negritos High. The regional implication is that the kitchen areas extend offshore to unexplored areas in deeper water depths than has historically been drilled. Short-range gas and oil migration from deep adjacent depocenters or kitchens known onshore offshore (Lagunitos, Malacas and Siches Grabens) to the north and south of the three major structural highs (TalaraNegritos, Lobitos and El Alto-Pea Negra Highs) is also implied. The recent offshore San Pedro oil discovery announced by PetroTech in the South Talara Basin gives a sound understanding of migration routes. Based on old tests in the offshore Belco s La Casita 55X well, the area is dry-gas prone in the Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs and in the extension of this basin to the onshore Sechura Basin where commercial dry-gas production has been established by Olympic in Block XIIIB. Dry-gas tests in Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs and dry-gas prone source rocks in La Casita well also point to a different distant source rock for the San Pedro oil, a source rock that has not been drilled in the area. The other Belco well in the Bayovar Bay SBXA TD d in the Cretaceous Redondo Formation and was short of drilling a prominent Paleozoic structure some 2Km. to the south with a culmination at 2500 m. subsea. Wells La Casita and SBXA were abandoned in 1975 and 1985, respectively. Remigration is also acknowledged in the Talara Basin caused during extensional faulting and also possibly due to gravity sliding. The tectonism that created the extremely complex normal block faulting occurred after primary migration. Detailed structural work in the basin defines numerous major blocks bounded by sealing normal faults. These major blocks are additionally faulted into smaller blocks where faults are not seals, a condition known for the common oil-water contact affecting all the smaller blocks. Hydrocarbons remigrated within these minor blocks to establish this condition. Adjacent blocks tend to have their own oil-water contacts at different depths. Repetition of large scale wedges caused by gravity sliding is also common, especially on the northern portion of the basin where the Echino Formation and adjacent formations are repeated even three times in some wells. Original hydrocarbon entrapment suffered remigration during this younger gravity phenomenon and it is seen that blocks in shallower wedges have lost original reservoir pressures and very likely have also lost hydrocarbons. As stated on the PARSEP reports HC remigration is not adequately addressed for the Peruvian oil fields. At this stage, it is very early in the exploration history of the Tumbes Basin to address the issue of young or old hydrocarbon recharge or migration patterns caused by remigration. It is a fact that with more than one petroleum system and the several tectonic episodes affecting the basin the presence of mixed petroleum systems cannot be ruled out. 7.1.3.6. Hydrocarbon Kitchens The interpreted tectonic, geologic history, geohistory modeling, oil occurrences and production data point towards the presence of more than one hydrocarbon kitchen, very likely representing major separate kitchens for the Talara and Tumbes Basins and

60

possibly a commingled kitchen where the two basins join and share common geologic events. The hydrocarbon kitchen(s) is (are) interpreted to be more likely present along the western deep and/or offshore portions of the whole Talara Basin or local depocenters where source rocks with adequate organic contents have reached best maturity conditions. Measured vitrinite maturities in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sections mostly do not exceed the late maturity oil window. Source rocks of early Tertiary or Upper Cretaceous age reached a late maturity stage and generated hydrocarbons from late Eocene to early Oligocene time in the Talara Basin. Hydrocarbons were expelled to the east into offshore/onshore traps possibly former anticlines? during Oligocene time before major tectonics faulted the original traps into smaller blocks with sealing faults. Younger age tectonics faulted larger individual blocks into even smaller blocks many of which were downthrown keeping their original oil-water levels at deeper depths. It is emphasized here the nature of the numerous major faulted blocks bounded by normal faults with sealing capacity, all these faulted blocks remained in a virgin state with sealed pressures. A scenario with post-Oligocene source rocks that sourced the hydrocarbons accumulation in the Talara Basin was hard to visualize since 1) they could have hardly reached the oil window stage for lack of appropriate burial depth and 2) a long distance hydrocarbons migration from source rocks in the deep Tumbes Basin must have encountered numerous sealing fault barriers. Oil discovery in Block Z-2B announced recently by Petrotech contrasts with Geochemical data and Basin Modeling in the Bayovar Bay, an area where the South Talara Basin merges with the Sechura Basin. Integration of available data from La Casita 55X and SBXA wells and the San Pedro discovery establishes a long hydrocarbon migration route from pre-Tertiary source rocks possibly of Cretaceous age in hydrocarbon kitchens very likely located to the westernmost portions of the Bayovar Bay. This same condition is the rule in the proper Talara Basin to the north and other Peruvian basins. 7.1.3.7. Hydrocarbon Occurrences and Petroleum Systems The late Cretaceous to early Eocene stratigraphic section includes the most likely source rock of the major petroleum system that accounts for the giant oil accumulation in the onshore and offshore Talara Basin. There are questions that remain to be answered as the correct identification of the main source rock and kitchens in the basin. This main Talara Petroleum System extends from the South Talara Basin in the Bayovar Bay (with the recent oil discovery in well San Pedro 1X) to the North Talara Basin possibly up to the Piedra Redonda-Zorritos Horst area. This petroleum system includes secondary and/or combined petroleum systems with multiple reservoirs present in the whole Cretaceous and Eocene sandstones and in the Paleozoic metamorphic sediments. The most prolific oil accumulations in the numerous oil fields are found in reservoirs of Eocene age. This common source rock that generated the oil accumulated in the Cretaceous-Eocene reservoirs is also responsible for feeding the petroleum system defined with reservoirs in Paleozoic reservoirs. Three prolific oil accumulations of this petroleum system are widely distributed in the Talara Basin from Laguna in the north, Portachuelo in the south both sealed by Cretaceous shales and further to the south in the recent San Pedro oil discovery.

61

The potential source rocks of possible Talara Shale age in the Mancora town area in the north Talara Basin will be investigated with more detail. Presence of coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates within this shale unit are attributed to some still undated deep-sea turbidite deposits. Under favorable conditions the Talara Shale may proved to be a self-contained petroleum system in this portion of the basin. In the Talara Basin to the south, the Talara Shale unit is brown colored and it includes some turbidite units with good reservoir character, as the Helico Member in the Carrizo Field. However, most of the Eocene sequence lacks source rock potential onshore and in the shallow offshore platform. 7.1.3.8. Reservoirs, Seals and Traps The main oil and gas reservoirs are sandstones interbedded with shale seals in the complete Eocene sequence. The Salina, Negritos, Lobitos and Lagunitos Groups consist of fluvial, deltaic to nearshore marine sandstones. Main producing formations include the Basal Salina, Mogollon, Parias Formation, Cabo Blanco and Echinocyamus Formations of Early Eocene age. The Middle and Late Eocene Talara Group include sandstone reservoirs in the Terebratula, Helico, Talara and Verdun Formations. Few fields (Laguna, Portachuelo among others) produce oil and gas from fractured quartzites of the Amotape Formation. Cretaceous production is found in four fields in sandstones and conglomerates of the Redondo, Ancha and the Petacas Formations. Two fields produce from shallow-marine sandstones of the Mesa and Balcones Formations of Paleocene age. It should be noted that slight oil shows were recorded in untested Paleozoic intervals in the offshore Chira sub-basin bordering the Paita High in the South Talara Basin. The short Paleozoic interval drilled between 1965 and 2040 ft in well PHX A consists of 70% gray sandstone and quartzite, with fine to medium grains: 20% white sandstone, occasional green gray, medium to coarse grains, 10% metamorphic rocks. This section had traces of fluorescence bright yellow. The RCX3-15X well had occasional oil shows in cuttings from the Amotape with some fast streaming fluorescence and cut. Primary seals are interbedded and overlying marine shales. Hydrocarbons fields are normally found as numerous block-faulted traps caused mainly by extensional structural normal faulting in the onshore and offshore Talara Basin. Other faulting includes lowangle gravitational slide faults and large vertical transcurrent faults. 7.1.4. Tumbes Basin 7.1.4.1. Sample Analyses Geochemical analyses were performed on surface samples from the following units in the Tumbes Basin (Perupetro, 1999). ? ? Cardalitos Middle Miocene ? ? Mancora Late Oligocene-Early Miocene ? ? Heath Early Miocene Outcrops samples from some levels of the Heath Formation are the only rocks found with good potential hydrocarbons generative capability under more mature conditions. These samples have TOC of 2.61 and 1.78 wt% with good S2 pyrolysis peaks, immature Tmax 415 and 412 C derived from pyrolysis, amorphous organic material

62

with fluorescence deposited in anoxic marine conditions with terrigeneous contribution based on chromatography of extracts. Organic rich sediments are more common in the Heath, Zorritos and Cardalitos Formations with good to excellent hydrocarbon generation attributes from Type II and III Kerogen and subordinated Type I. Perez Companc S.A. (2000) conducted some detailed investigations in 22, out of 72 cutting samples from offshore wells in an Argentinean laboratory. Their results are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Geochemical analyses in the Tumbes Basin.

FM. Heath

TOC (wt%) Range Avg. 1.31-1.93 1.72

Kerogen Oil $ Gas

Comments

Corvina wells: Beginning early generation window Albacora and Delfin wells: good Zorritos 0.78-3.45 2.00 Type I, II and I to very good generation potential. Low maturity Cardalitos 0.84-2.55 2.36 Delfin and Barracuda wells
TUMBES BASIN
7 6 6

Cardalitos Heath Mancora

Frequency

2 1 1 0 0 0 0.5-1 1-2 0 0 2-5 0 0 0 ms> de 5 0 1 1 1 1 1

PERUPETRO S.A. DGSI Data

0-0.5

TOC (wt%)

Figure 32. Total Organic Carbon in the Tumbes Basin, data from DGSI.

Rock-Eval indicates predominant Kerogen Type III to III/IV with poor to fair potential for gas generation in the offshore Tumbes Basin (Perez Companc, 2000). Exceptions were found in wells Delfin 39X-1 in the Cardalitos Fm. interval 1372-1463 m. (45004800 Ft) and in the Zorritos Fm. interval 1774-1856 m. (5820-6090 Ft.) with mixed potential to generate oil and gas. Thermal maturity shows Tmax of less than 430 C. The Barracuda 15X-1 well interval 2469-2569 m. (8100-8430Ft) in the Cardalitos Formation shows predominant amorphous organic matter with fair golden brown fluorescence, with marine and continental palinomorphs and apparent gas potential based on Rock-Eval. Interval 4151-4179m. (13620-13710 Ft.) in the Zorritos Fm. is more terrigeneous with abundant presence of higher plant remains. Well Corvina 4010X has also low/moderate potential for gas generation. 63

TUMBES BASIN
30 25 25 22 20 20

15

14

10

5 1 0 2

4 1 2

5 3 2 3 11 00 0

4 1

5 2 0

5 2 2 0 0 2 0

4 11 1 1 1 2 00 0000 22 0 1

Plio-Pleist. Plioceno Cardalitos Cardalitos-Zorritos Zorritos Heath Heath-Mancora Mancora Chira Verdn Gr. Talara Chacra Palegreda Gr. Salina 3
000000 0000 000000000 ms > de 5

Frequency

PERUPETRO S.A. PREVIOUS REPORTS

0-0.5

0.5-1

1-2

2-5

TOC (wt%)

Figure 33. Total Organic Carbon in the Tumbes Basin, data Perupetro Files.

Shallow formations in the offshore Tumbes Basin also show high organic content as in well Albacora 8X-1 (Sunmark, 1978). TOC s from 12 shale and clay samples from the Pliocene La Cruz and from 14 samples from the upper Miocene Mal Pelo average 2.81 and 0.81 wt%, respectively. Although organically rich and with excellent oil potential these formations were found thermally marginally immature for the generation and migration of liquid hydrocarbons. Previous analyses by Graa y Montero Petrolera S.A. and American International Company also found TOC highest average of 2.78 wt% in Zorritos from samples in the entire section of the Tumbes Basin. Other older reports as in the onshore well RT-65 indicate that the dark fine-grained shales of the Heath Formation from 3990 to 4320 m (13,090-14,180 Ft) may be source for oil and associated gas. TOC varies from 1 to 2wt%. This same interval may be considered a better source potential for oil and associated gas and/or gas alone in a deeper portion of the basin (ESSO, 1967). In summary, the Mancora and Heath Formations in the Tumbes Basin have potential to generate hydrocarbons. Data analyses from these source rocks from the sampled sites of both formations indicate that they are not mature enough. Hydrocarbons occurrences and thermal maturity, however, suggests existence of adjacent effective source rocks in kitchen areas with deep depocenters. 7.1.4.2. Hydrocarbon Analyses The Tumbes Basin lacks gas analyses to determine its origin, generation and correlation with potential source rocks. Previous reported analyses show gas composition with near 98% methane and 2% of ethane, propane and CO2 in the Piedra Redonda and Corvina gas wells.

64

7.1.4.3. Oil Families Current data does not permit to group the different oils into major genetic oil families produced and or tested in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. 7.1.4.4. Migration and Remigration of Hydrocarbons A more complex migration pattern is interpreted in the Tumbes Basin due the presence of more complex petroleum systems to account for all the hydrocarbons in the basin. Basin modeling emphasizes the presence of the hydrocarbons kitchens in the deepest undrilled portions of the Tumbes Basin bordering to the southeast and south of the Banco Peru. At depths of 4.5 sec. the three or four main potential source rocks have generated oil and gas. Hydrocarbons migration then occurred from these kitchens into the shallow offshore platform and to the onshore basin to the east and northeast where drilling has proved the hydrocarbons presence. Lateral migration distances of less than 50 km from the main kitchen areas or even shorter distances from local kitchens controlled by the complex fault systems is established. This HC migration pathway takes into account the lack of maturity conditions observed in all potential organic reach source rocks defined in the offshore and onshore well cuttings and outcrops. Vertical migration from pre-Mancora sequences, possibly of Eocene age, is also an additional source for some of the hydrocarbons tested in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Well Delfin 39-1X drilled to a TD of 2500 m. encountered the Zorritos and Heath Formations at 1550 and 2200 m., respectively, and tested pure oil from both formations and gas in the Zorritos Formation. Similarly, some oil was also tested in addition to the gas in Piedra Redonda. These two structures have potential to have received some of their hydrocarbons through vertical migration pathways. A recent paper defined the dry gas occurrence in the Amistad Gas Field in Ecuador just across the Peru-Ecuador border and north of the Albacora Oil Field as being biogenic in origin (Deckelman, et.al., 2005). As stated on the PARSEP reports HC remigration is not adequately addressed for the Peruvian oil fields. At this stage, it is very early in the exploration history of the Tumbes Basin to address the issue of young or old hydrocarbon recharge or migration patterns caused by remigration. It is a fact that with more than one petroleum system and the several tectonic episodes affecting the basin the presence of mixed petroleum systems cannot be ruled out. 7.1.4.5. Hydrocarbon Kitchens The interpreted tectonic, geologic history, geohistory modeling, oil occurrences and production data point towards the presence of more than one hydrocarbon kitchen, very likely representing major separate kitchens for the Talara and Tumbes Basins and possibly a commingled kitchen where the two basins join and share common geologic events. A more complex scenario is present for the hydrocarbon kitchens in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Source rocks and reservoirs are present in most of the stratigraphic column in the onshore and the shallow offshore wells drilled in the Tumbes Basin. Oil and gas were produced and tested in the Zorritos Formation in the Albacora field, pure oil was also produced and tested in the Heath and Zorritos Formations in the Delfin well, oil was tested in the Cardalitos Formation in the Barracuda well and pure gas was 65

produced in long duration tests in the Mancora and Zorritos Formations in the Piedra Redonda and Corvina fields, respectively. However, all these known hydrocarbon occurrences are present where potential source rocks from Eocene to Miocene age lack adequate maturity conditions to have generated hydrocarbons. Basin modeling points towards the presence of best maturity conditions in these various source rocks in deeper portions of the basin bordering the eastern and southern limits of the Banco Peru. A recent paper presented in INGEPET 2005 described the commercial dry-gas accumulation in the Amistad Field in the Progreso Basin north of the Albacora Field in Ecuador (Deckelman, J., 2005). 7.1.4.6. Hydrocarbon Occurrences and Petroleum Systems Hydrocarbon occurrences and maturity values for the different source rocks analyzed in the Oligocene to present stratigraphic section also define a second major complex postEocene petroleum system in the offshore Tumbes Basin. It is suspected that the Talara Petroleum System also extends to some portions of the Tumbes Basin. Presence of oil in reservoirs of the Zorritos Formation (Albacora field and Delfin well 39X), the Heath Formation (Delfin well 39X) and gas and condensates in reservoirs of the Zorritos Formation (Corvina field) and in the Mancora Formation (Piedra Redonda well 18X) correlate to a petroleum system different than the one present in the Talara Basin (Figure 1). The good source rocks identified in various post-Eocene formations point towards a complex timing for the hydrocarbon generation, migration and trapping mechanisms for the postulated post-Eocene petroleum system. However, absence of reliable and consistent Geochemical analyses of oils and the unreliable identification and definition of the pre-Oligocene stratigraphic sequences puts some questioning in the definition of a unique petroleum system in this basin. Available reports indicate unsuccessful attempts to locate oil samples for analyses from the Tumbes Basin to establish oil to source rock correlations.

Figure 34. Hydrocarbon occurrences in wells in the offshore Tumbes Basin.

7.1.4.7. Reservoirs, Seals and Traps Main reservoirs in the Tumbes Basin are included in the Oligocene and Miocene Mancora, Zorritos and Tumbes Formations. All these formations have considerable 66

thick sequences of coarse clastics at various levels, even though they exhibit great thickness variations. Sandstones of the Mancora Formation with porosity of near 13% have been drilled onshore and offshore in the basin. Over 1000 m. of this formation thins offshore with potential to develop seafloor fans and/or turbidite deposits. Production tests in the offshore Piedra Redonda structure were between 2.2 to 6.8 MMCFD, with estimated Open Flow Rate of 21 MMCFD. Gas analysis yield 95% methane. Following in the stratigraphic succession are conglomerates and quartzose sandstones of the Zorritos Formation. It is considered the main reservoir in the basin based on petrophysical character and measured permeability as observed in Table 2. Common porosity between 16% and 25% and permeability up to 172 Md are measured and interpreted in the offshore wells. Drilled thickness varies between 700 m. in Corvina to 1700m. in Barracuda. Well Corvina 40-15X tested 16 MMCFG from an interval at 1900m. with 23% porosity.
Table 2. Porosity and Permeability of Zorritos Formation in the Tumbes Basin.
POROSITY PERMEABILITY SWC LOGS (Md)
25.00 24.75 18.46 24.50 11.08 25.90 18.3 40 72 6.9 51.2 1.17 172

Oil was produced and tested from Zorritos reservoirs as shown in Table 3. Oil 7.9 production was established 15.7 from the Albacora field with production rates varying from 22.9 120 to 5250 BOPD from various intervals at depths 3,600 to 4,500 m. The field cumulative production was nearly 100 MBO in its short production history. The Delfin 39-5X well tested 269 BOPD of 37 API.
Albacora 8-X-2 Albacora 8-X-3 Barracuda 15-X-1 Delfin 39-5X Delfin 39-11X Corvina CX-12 Corvina 40-15-X

WELLS

Table 3. Production tests in offshore wells in the Tumbes Basin.

Some reservoirs of Eocene age may extend in the border WET with the Talara Basin in the 37 BPD 50% OIL 37 API southern portion of the 1,440 BOPD basin, where seismic data TIGHT 269 BOPD 36 API indicates presence of 16.6 MMCFD (5/8"") sediments of Eocene age. 8 MMCFD (1/2") Some indications of hydrocarbons were found in sandstones with porosity up to 13% in the Chira Formation in the Piedra Redonda structure.
FM TUMBES CARDALITOS ZORRITOS ZORRITOS ZORRITOS ZORRITOS MANCORA WELL Albacora 8-X-2 Barracuda 15-X-1 Albacora 8-X-2 Barracuda 15-X-1 Delfn 39-5-X Corvina 40-15-X Piedra Redonda C18-X TESTS

7.1.5. Temperature Gradient A Temperature Gradient Map was prepared in the Talara and Tumbes Basins using digital data from selected wells (Figure 35). In general, the Talara Basin has higher temperature gradient than the Tumbes Basin. The temperature gradient increases from offshore to the onshore areas as expected. Highest temperature gradient is present in the Talara Negritos High.

67

480000

520000

ALBACO 8CD ALBACO 12CD ALBACO 9CD ALBACO 7CD

1.14 0.89 1.23 ALBACO 8 3C 1.13 1.17

BARR 15 4X

1.55

ZORRITOS RT65 CX12 16X

560000

1.36
CORV 40 10X

CORV CX13 18X CORV 41 6X

1.29

ZORRITOS 5200

1.03
LA CRUZ Z5215 LA CRUZ Z5205

1.27

1.66

1.26

9600000

DELF B 5X DELF B 11CD

1.55 1.73

1.35

1.44

9600000
CORRAL EPRCX1

1.35
RT59 ZORRITOS RT48

1.87
RX67

2.05

RT50

2.20

1.84

PIEDRA RED 14X PIEDRA RED 13X

1.74 1.17

TRIGAL TRX1

0.79

PLATER PL X2

1.37
PLATER PL X3

9560000

CARPITAS C115

9560000

2.23

BARRANCO BAX1

CAPILLA CX 2 TX 35 ORXA 13X 1555

CEREZAL CEX1

1.42
2239 5630 5655 5380 T 17

CAPILLA CX 1

1.85 1.33
XX 11X 2010

1.41

1.85
1875

1910

1.53 1.67
ATASCADERO 1X

1.30

1.53

0.55

1.80

1.19

PN1 12X 1540 5665 5680 1.18 AA 18X LL 115 0.99 1.89 1.32 PN8 17X 1860 1865 1.57 1545 1.52 1.34 1.46 DD 12X 1.62 1570 1740 PN3 11X PN2 8X 5668 1.741.40 SICH 61X 1.34

1725 6060 1940 131 4690 5080 6035 5505 5340

9520000

1.87 1.44 1.10 1.53 2.06

1.68

1.49

1.36 T14 1 1.64

2.46

9520000

CARRIZO 1980 LO1 9X LO3 22X LO5 13X

1.30 1.35 1.25

OLLOCOS OX- 2

1.48

1855 AX25

MISC SAL 5135

2.51 1.43 1.53

H7 X3

1.20 1.24
FONDO 4800

1.64

1.07 1.67 1.84

LO6 13X

A3 22X

H5S X10

CC X15

1.07

LO10-7X LO10 20A 1.28 A1 6X A1 5X 1.11 A1 8X

1.70
H9A X1 4875

1.51

0.78 0.91 1.55 1.74

MLX9 15X

1.66

ALV OVE 4835 ALV OVE 3885

1.22

2.26

1.08

A4 19X

1.45 1.461.57 1.99 1.53

NHX1 7X NHX1 19X 1.25 NHX 6

7B X1 1.59 1.46 PV15 10 7B X2 1.63 PVX13 6 1.08 6B X1 PVX8 13X P26B X1

0.64

8A X1

4120

2.64
3835

4000

1.64

1.67 2.81
4015

2.13

9480000

0.67 NHX 4 1.32 0.61 NHX 2B 3 X4 EE X3 0.78 1.54 LT8 11X NHX 7 A5 9X NHX 5 1.84 1.57 0.54 1.28 EX6 6X EX6 2X 1.77EX6 8X 1.79

9480000
5325

1.49
5565

1.72

EX4 15X

1.52

NPXB-24X

1.25
10 0 10 20 30 km

9440000

9440000

CASITA 55X

1.53

9400000

SBX A

9400000

1.54

480000

520000

Figure 35. Temperature gradient in the Talara and Tumbes basins

560000

7.1.6. Geochemical Analysis. Sea Bottom Microbial Geochemical Analysis Petrotech in Block Z-2B conducted Sea Bottom Microbial Geochemical Analysis. Information gathered by this method was rated as successful as it confirmed prospectivity previously detected in the area by seismic and Airmagnetometry and Air gravity studies. Two hundred and seven samples (out of 311 attempts) were recovered in a program run in the offshore Paita High area in the southern half of Block Z-2B in 1999. Samples consisted of 3-6 taken at distances between 1 and 2 km. in water depths of 50 to 500 .

69

7.2. Thermal Maturity And HC Generation Modeling. 7.2.1. Introduction The present study completed basin modeling in the onshore-offshore Talara and offshore Tumbes Basins using interpretation of the regional geology and limited geochemical analytical data from geochemical reports. Basin modeling was conducted using software BasinMod 1D Version 7.81 from Platte River Associates. Inc., Denver, USA licensed to Perupetro S.A. Basin modeling was conducted on four wells in the Talara Basin and two wells and a pseudowell in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Modeling was aimed to determine the regional geothermal history in the basin and the timing of hydrocarbon migration. Burial history diagrams, maturity versus depth and/or time charts are presented for modeled wells. The four wells in the Talara Basin include two onshore wells in the Talara-Negritos High (Lomitos 3585 and Lomitos 3835 wells) and two offshore wells in the South Talara Basin (La Casita 55X well) where it merges with the Sechura Basin (Figure 36). The Corvina 40X and Barracuda 15-4X wells and Pseudowell 1 were modeled in the Tumbes Basin.
Figure 36. Basin Modeling in the Talara (La Casita 55X. Lomitos 3585 & 3835 wells) and Tumbes Basins (Barracuda 154X, Corvina 40X & Pseudowell 1).

7.2.2. Data Input and Modeling Data input for modeling were collected from studies filed in the Perupetro Technical Archive and dated mainly from the 90 s, as those mentioned above. The status of each parameter used as data input in the modeling, arranged in tables for each well, is discussed below. Vitrinite Reflectance Ro wt% data is still scarce and more analyses and data estimates are needed to refine basin modeling in both basins. Selected wells in the Talara Basin had a good collection of vitrinite reflectance data which was used to fit maturity models, whereas the Tumbes Basin wells had scarce vitrinite analysis. Ro information and trends were used to fit thermal modeling where available. Consistent Ro data in the Paleozoic and in the Cretaceous to Tertiary intervals were found in very few wells in northwestern Peru. Among them are in three Talara Basin wells used for modeling, whereas all the offshore Tumbes Basin wells had insufficient Ro data. Early Mature to Main Gas Generation Window characterize the Cretaceous and post70

Cretaceous sequences, whereas High post-mature values of Ro characterize the Paleozoic metamorphosed sediments in the Lomitos oil field in the Talara Basin. This same high Ro character in Paleozoic sediments is projected to Paleozoic sections in all other Talara Basin localities, since Paleozoic sediments exhibit similar degree of metamorphism where present. Metamorphosed Paleozoic sediments were drilled in subsurface, as in Laguna and Portachuelo fields located on both north and south basin extreme locations and it outcrops in the Amotape Mountains. A Paleozoic section is suspected to be present in the core of the Banco Peru High in the Tumbes Basin. Cretaceous and lower Tertiary (mainly Eocene) Formations and their geological events are recognized and defined from detailed stratigraphic and biostratigraphic studies produced during intense development and exploration of the numerous oil fields mainly in the last 50 years in the Talara Basin. Additionally, extensive field geological work and onshore/offshore drilling also have provided valuable biostratigraphic data to date the post-Eocene thick stratigraphic column in the Tumbes Basin. The pre-Oligocene sequences are not well recognized in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Although a clear break should be present between Eocene and Oligocene, there is not enough data to determine clearly the Eocene, Cretaceous and Paleozoic stratigraphic units that form the core within shallow structural highs or the deep depocenters below the Mancora Formation. Erosion depths of the different formations in the whole sedimentary section are good estimates to better-fit regional thickness and sedimentation and erosion rates.
Table 4. Heat Flow in the Talara and Tumbes Basins.

The Present Day Surface Temperature used for the modeling varies from 20 to 22 C in the Talara Basin and a consistent 22 C is used in the Tumbes Basin. Heat Flow used in the modeling varies considerably in various portions of both basins. Present Day Heat Flow ranges from 32 to 37 and from 32 to 39 mW/m in the Talara and Tumbes Basins, respectively. Table 4 presents the estimated historical Heat Flow used for modeling in both basins. These estimated values lie consistently within ranges assumed for the various geological episodes that characterized the basins in its geological development. Areas to the south in the Bayovar Bay have a thin sedimentary section of Tertiary age onlapping the local Basement made of intrusive and/or Paleozoic sediments. This sedimentary cover thickens considerably westward and northward as additional Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments onlaps the Paleozoic Basement, which in turn overlies what has been interpreted as a deep Crystalline Basement. See both Basements on interpreted seismic line RIB 93-08 in the Lobitos area on Enclosure 3h. Kerogen composition or Kerogen kinetics are not used in the modeling. Modeling results in the offshore portion of the Tumbes Basin completes the definition of three main burial histories to account for the known hydrocarbon accumulations and 71

Talara Basin Time Heat Flow (my) (mW/m) 24 30-40 28 35-48 51 30-40 52 35-48 57 30-45 90 30-40 150 50-60 240 90 280 60-70

Tumbes Basin Time Heat Flow (my) (mW/m) 3 40-28 9.5 25-20 10 40-25 14 28-25 15 40-28 30 30-20 57 40 90 50

occurrences in the North western coastal basins in Peru. The oldest burial history of preCretaceous age is recognised in the Talara Basin where it is masked by metamorphism of the Paleozoic sequences and by the unknown both geological history and of the complete stratigraphic column and geological events of lower Mesozoic and Paleozoic ages. Post-maturation of the pre-Cretaceous section accounts for the high vitrinite reflectance Ro ranging from 3.8 to 5.0 wt% found in Paleozoic sediments in the onshore South Talara Basin. Paleozoic sediments are known to present different degrees of metamorphism in north western Peru. No hydrocarbons of Paleozoic age are recognized nor interpreted to be present in the study area of the Talara and Tumbes Basins. A second major burial episode is reflected in the existing Cretaceous to Eocene sequences in the Talara Basin. 7.2.3. Talara Basin The burial modeling performed in the Talara Basin outlines the regional maturity conditions of the source rock sequences of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic ages. Lack of sufficient data does not allow preparing of regional maps of the modeled maturities in the Basin. Most of the stratigraphic section in the Talara Basin was subjected to continuous burial and subsequent maturation during Cretaceous to Oligocene time. This maturation history is superimposed on an old pre-Cretaceous maturation burial of a thick Paleozoic section and an unknown Lower Mesozoic section regionally identified underlying the Cenozoic section of the Basin.
Table 5. Well Sandino 6020 in the Talara Basin.

Vitrinite reflectance data reveals the original presence of an important post-Eocene overburden to account for the extrapolated maturity values encountered in the Talara Negritos High. In addition to the Lomitos well, the Sandino 6020 well has similar Ro data to place the Paleocene and Cretaceous sections within the oil window as shown in Table 5. The San Pedro 1X oil discovery in Block Z-2B by PetroTech contrasts with Geochemical results and Basin Modeling conducted in wells SBX-A and La Casita 72

Well Sandino 6020 FM. TOP M. Ro% Gr. Mal Paso 151 0.74 Gr. Mal Paso 167 0.75 Gr. Mal Paso 1036 0.62 Gr. Mal Paso 1311 0.71 1692 0.74 Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso 1783 0.74 1859 0.80 Monte Grande Monte Grande 2073 0.80 2286 0.89 Redondo Redondo 2362 0.90 2545 0.90 Redondo Muerto 2609 0.93 Muerto 2621 0.97 Muerto 2637 0.96 TD 2763

Modeling was performed in four wells including the onshore Lomitos 3585 and Lomitos 3835 wells located on the Talara Negritos High within current Block VII and the offshore La Casita 55X and SBX-A wells located on current Block Z2AB operated by SAPET and PetroTech, respectively, all in the south Talara Basin. The Lomitos wells are located on the onshore TalaraNegritos High, whereas offshore wildcats La Casita 55X and SBX-A were drilled in the Bayovar Bay in the South Talara Basin where it merges with the Sechura Basin. These two wells are located 25 Km north and 20 Km NW of well San Pedro 1X, the recent 35 API oil discovery by PetroTech.

55X. This discovery and burial modeling interpretation establish a long hydrocarbon migration path in this part of the basin as in other Peruvian basins. Well SBXA found dry gas (Methane) on top of both the Eocene Salina Formation and on the top of Cretaceous Monte Grande Formation sealed by shales of the Talara and Mal Paso (Balcones?) Formations respectively. The La Casita 55X well with its dry-gas tests is more likely located in a hydrocarbon kitchen related to the onshore Sechura Basin, where dry-gas accumulations were discovered in the 50 s by IPC. This discovery was followed by additional dry-gas discoveries in the exploration campaign in the 90 s by Olympic in current Block XIII-B, where a commercial gas project is under development. 7.2.3.1. Well Lomitos 3585, Negritos Talara High The Lomitos 3585 well was drilled to a total depth of 2595m. in the Amotape Formation. The stratigraphic section penetrated and geological events are presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Well Lomitos 3585 in the Talara Basin.

Current modeling in the Lomitos 3585 well on the FM OR EVENT NAME Negritos Talara High adds TABLAZO additional value to the EROSION8 HEATH/MANCORA ERODED previous modeling performed EROSION7 by Perupetro S.A (Perupetro, C.HILL/MIRADOR/CHIRA/VERD 1999) in this well. The burial EROSION6 TALARA SHALE ERODED history Time Vs. Depth TALARA SHALE 24 500 diagram on Figure 37 shows EROSION5 CHACRA/PAR ERODED two major burial episodes of PALEGREDA/SALINA 524 223 pre-Cretaceous and postEROSION4 Cretaceous ages. The former BALCONES ERODED BALCONES 747 379 burial is less known, whereas MESA 1126 252 a continuous deposition marks EROSION3 the post-Cretaceous burial PETACAS/ANCHA ERODED PETACAS/ANCHA 1378 795 episode from late Cretaceous, REDONDO 2173 281 Paleocene to early Eocene EROSION2 MUERTO ERODED time. An erosion event took MUERTO/PANANGA 2454 114 place during middle Eocene HIATUS followed by thick deposition EROSION1 AMOTAPE ERODED until late Eocene and an AMOTAPE 2568 300 erosive event in the late Eocene to mid-Oligocene. The maturity data show most of the pre-Mesa section frozen in the oil window. The Cretaceous source rocks entered the Early Mature Window during Paleocene and the Mid and Late Mature Windows since late Eocene, where they are at present time. Potential source rocks of early Tertiary age entered the Early Mature Window since late Paleocene time, where they are also at present time. The Talara Group reached the Early Mature Window. The Maturity vs. Depth diagram on Figure 38 supports this model, as seen by the agreement with the measured vitrinite reflectance in the pre- and post Cretaceous burials. The calculated curve is a best fit with the measured vitrinite reflectance data.
WELL LOMITOS 3585 EVENT BEGIN TYPE AGE (my) F 1.6 E 10 D 25 E 32 D 40 E 41 D 42 F 52 E 53 D 55 F 57 E 58 D 59 F 62 F 65 E 66.4 D 68 F 74 F 83 E 90 D 95 F 112 H 245 E 256 D 308 F 322.8 TOP THICKNESS (m) (m) 5 19

73

Figure 37. Pre- Cretaceous and post-Cretaceous Maturity burials in the Lomitos 3585 Well. Figure 38. Post-Cretaceous Maturity burial in the Lomitos 3585 Well.

74

The Lagunitos Graben to the south of the Talara Negritos High is considered one of the onshore kitchens for the Talara Basin. Basin modeling in this deep through must consider preservation of a complete Eocene section in excess of 7,500 m. in addition to the sediments of Paleocene and Cretaceous age. Presence of rich gas is known to occur in the north and south borders of the graben. Based on the Time Vs. Depth burial chart of Figure 38 the source rocks at well Lomitos at the Negritos Talara High were already in the main phase of the oil window and were generating and expulsing oil before uplift and major block faulting. This area acted as an oil kitchen since the late Eocene and this stage was frozen after the uplift that stripped off most of the post-Talara sediments.

Figure 39. Maturity Vs. Depth. 1D Modeling in the Negritos High in the Talara Basin.

75

7.2.3.2. Well Lomitos 3835, Negritos Talara High The Lomitos 3835 well was drilled to a total depth of 2726m. in the Amotape Formation. The stratigraphic section penetrated and geological events are presented in Table 7.
Table 7. Well Lomitos 3835 in the Talara Basin.
WELL LOMITOS 3835 FM OR EVENT NAME EROSION8 HEATH/MANCORA ERODED EROSION7 C.HILL/MIRADOR/CHIRA/VERD EROSION6 TALARA SHALE ERODED TALARA SHALE EROSION5 CHACRA ERODED CHACRA PARINAS PALEGREDA/SALINA EROSION4 BALCONES ERODED BALCONES MESA EROSION3 PETACAS/ANCHA ERODED PETACAS/ANCHA REDONDO EROSION2 MUERTO ERODED MUERTO/PANANGA HIATUS EROSION1 AMOTAPE ERODED AMOTAPE EVENT BEGIN TYPE AGE (my) E 10 D 25 E 32 D 40 E 44 D 50 F 52 E 53 D 53.5 F 54 F 55 F 57 E 58 D 59 F 62 F 65 E 66.4 D 68 F 74 F 83 E 90 D 95 F 112 H 245 E 256 D 308 F 322.8 TOP THICKNESS (m) (m)

75

80 203 488

123 285 272

Modeling in the Lomitos 3835 well on the Negritos Talara High confirms the previous modeling performed in well Lomitos 3585 shown above. The main conclusion is the interpretation of earlier generation and migration as expressed in previous interpretations in the Talara Basin. The burial history Time Vs. Depth diagram on Figure 40 shows a continuous deposition between late Cretaceous and early Eocene time. An erosion event took place during middle Eocene followed by thick deposition until late Eocene and an erosive events in the late Eocene, mid-Oligocene and

760 1356

596 38

1394 2313

919 258

2571

127

2698

200

Pliocene times. The maturity vs. time model shows most of the Muerto-Pananga and Redondo Formations section frozen in the oil window, in the Late Mature Window since Oligocene time, before uplift, where they are at present time Figure 41. The potential source rocks in this Cretaceous interval entered the Early Mature Window during Paleocene and the Mid Mature Windows since early Eocene. Potential source rocks of early Tertiary age entered and remained in the Early Mature Window during Eocene time and the Mid Mature Window since Oligocene time, where they are also at present time. The younger formations reached only the Early Mature Window. Based on this modeling, the source rocks at well Lomitos at the Negritos Talara High were already in the main phases of the oil window and were generating and expulsing oil before uplift. This area acted as an oil kitchen since Eocene time and this condition was frozen after the uplift that stripped off most of the post-Talara sediments. The Maturity vs. Depth diagram on Figure 42 supports this model, as seen by the agreement with the measured vitrinite reflectance. The calculated curve is a best fit with the measured vitrinite reflectance data that clearly shows the two main burial episodes in the Talara Negritos High. 76

Figure 40. Post-Cretaceous Maturity burial in the Lomitos 3835 Well. The Upper Cretaceous in the Late Mature Window, the early Eocene interval in the mid-mature oil window and younger Formations in the early-mature oil window.

Age (my)

Figure 41. Maturity versus Time plot in the Barracuda Lomitos 3835 Well.

77

Figure 42. Maturity versus Depth plot in the Lomitos 3835 Well.

7.2.3.3. Well La Casita 55X, Bayovar Bay La Casita 55X well was drilled in 1974-1975 to a total depth of 3356.5 m. in a Granite Crystalline? Basement. The well drilled 6 m. of Paleozoic quartzites underlying the Cretaceous section and 28 m. of Granite rocks below the quartzites at TD. The MuertoPananga Formations are absent possible due to non-deposition, although they are interpreted to be present in the westernmost portion of the Bayovar Bay where they should overly the Paleozoic sediments. The stratigraphic section penetrated and geological events are presented in Table 8. Burial History, Maturity Vs. Depth and Maturity versus Time plots are presented in Figure 43, Figure 45, and Figure 46. Modelling in the Bayovar Bay includes a regional post-mature pre-Cretaceous burial history, a condition found in the Paleozoic metasediments. The modelling in La Casita well indicates that the bottom of the Redondo Formation entered the mid mature generation window in late Neogene time (last 5my) and the early-mature oil windows in late Paleogene time, in Oligocene time 36my. The upper Cretaceous Formations, upper Redondo and Monte Grande remained in the early-mature window during Oligocene and Miocene time; the Salina interval only reached the early-mature window in the last 5my. 78

There is also a good correlation of the model with Ro wt% as shown in Figure 45. As in other wells in this area, predominantly Kerogen III and III/IV were analysed in the Cretaceous section. Any of the liquid hydrocarbons found in the area must have migrated long distances and have been generated from source rocks with different organic contents than those found in the well. The regional modeling in the Bayovar Bay indicates that the major synclinal area where the La Casita well is located may correspond to a dry gas kitchen that generated the dry gas tested in this well in the Cretaceous a Tertiary sandstone reservoirs and in the onshore Sechura Basin in Verdun (see location map in Figure 36).
Table 8. Well La Casita 55X, Bayovar Bay.
WELL LA CASITA 55X FM. OR EVENT NAME EROSION8 HEATH/MANCORA ERODED HEATH EROSION7 CONEHILLMIRADOR ERODED CHIRA VERDUN EROSION6 TALARA SHALE ERODED TALARA SHALE EROSION5 CHA-PARI-PG ERODED SALINA EROSION4 BALCONES/MESA ERODED EROSION3 PETACAS/ANCHA ERODED PETACAS MONTEGRANDE K REDONDO HIATUS EROSION1 AMOTAPE ERODED AMOTAPE GRANITE TD
TYPE BEGIN AGE TOP (m) (my) THICKNESS (m)

E D F E D F F E D F E D F E D E D F F F H E D F F

5 12 20 33 36 39 40 41 42 52 53 55.5 57 58 65 66.4 67 68 74 83 245 256 308 322.8

116

384

500 1195

695 131

1326

265

1591

584

2175 2623 2993

448 370 329

3322 3328 3356.5

100

79

Figure 43 and Figure 44. Burial history in Well SBX-A shows the base of the Cretaceous Formation in the Mid Mature Window stage of the oil window and the overlying section in the early mature window.

80

Figure 45. Maturity Vs. Depth in Well La Casita 55X.

Figure 46. Maturity Vs. Time in Well La Casita 55X.

81

7.2.3.4. Well SBXA, Bayovar Bay The well SBX-A was drilled in 1974-1975 to a total depth of 2242 m. in the Redondo Formation. The stratigraphic section penetrated, the deep projected stratigraphic section and events are presented in Table 9. The well is located 20 kilometers northwest of the recent Petro-Tech oil discovery well San Pedro 1X.
Table 9. Well SBX-A Formations and Events.
WELL SBXA FM OR EVENT NAME EROSION8 HEATH/MANCORA ERODED HEATH EROSION7 CONEHILLMIRADOR ERODED CHIRA VERDUN EROSION6 TALARA SHALE ERODED TALARA SHALE EROSION5 CHA-PARI-PG ERODED SALINA EROSION4 BALCONES ERODED BALCONES MESA EROSION3 PETACAS/ANCHA ERODED MONTEGRANDE K REDONDO SANDINO EROSION2 MUERTO ERODED MUERTO/PANANGA EVENT BEGIN TYPE AGE (my) E 5 D 12 F 20 E 33 D 36 F 39 F 40 E 41 D 42 F 52 E 53 D 55.5 F 57 E 58 D 59 F 62 F 65 E 66.4 D 68 F 74 F 78 F 83 E 90 D 95 F 112 TOP THICKNESS (m) (m)

87.2

312.8

400 743

343 166

909

450

1359

280

1639 1725

86 80

1805 2112 2242

307 130 29

2271

300

The burial history diagram and Maturity versus Time plots are presented in Figure 47 and Figure 48. This well did not penetrate the bottom of the Cretaceous section. Regional interpretation shows the presence of a thick Cretaceous interval in the westernmost portion of the Bayovar Bay where the Muerto/Pananga Formations overly the Paleozoic sediments. A pre-Cretaceous burial history is interpreted based on the regional presence of the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks where a post-mature condition has been reached. A good fit of vitrinite reflectance Vs Depth supports current

modelling as observed on Figure 48. Modelling in the well SBX-A indicates that the bottom of the undrilled Muerto/Pananga Formations entered the early-mature oil window in late Neogene time (last 5my). The bottom of the Redondo Formation reached only a projected Ro of 0.45 wt% during the same time. All the other younger post-Cretaceous Formations are immature. As in other wells in this area, predominantly Kerogen III and III/IV were found in the Cretaceous section. Any of the hydrocarbons found in the area must have been generated from still undrilled source rocks very likely located further to the west and they have migrated long distances.

82

Figure 47. Burial history in Well SBX-A shows the base of the Muerto/Pananga formations in the early stages of the oil window and the immature overlying section.

Figure 48. Maturity Vs Depth diagram in well SBX-A shows two major burial histories.

83

7.2.4. Tumbes Basin Basin modeling has limitations in the offshore Tumbes Basin. The basin lacks of adequate complete Geochemical analyses and of a reliable recognition of the mostly undrilled pre-Oligocene stratigraphic column and its geological events. An important thick sedimentary section of pre-Oligocene age is recognized in seismic in the Piedra Redonda and Delfin structures and it is very likely that it is also present in the deep Tumbes Basin adjacent to the Talara Basin. This pre-Oligocene section is interpreted in this report as of possible Eocene and pre-Eocene age. For modeling purposes only an Eocene interval has been incorporated in the general stratigraphic sequence. Basin modeling was conducted on three sites, including two wells Barracuda and Corvina wells and a Pseudowell located in the deep portion of the basin. Modeling is limited due to availability of reliable Geochemical data, especially due to limited Geochemical analyses of hydrocarbons and the current absence of hydrocarbon samples from wells for additional analyses. 7.2.4.1. Barracuda 15-4X Well The Barracuda 15-4X well was drilled in 1973 to a depth of 4392m. in the Heath Formation. The stratigraphic section penetrated, interpreted deeper stratigraphy and geological events are presented in Table 10.
Table 10. Well Barracuda 15-4X in the Tumbes Basin.
WELL BARRACUDA 15 4X EVENT BEGIN FM OR EVENT NAME TYPE AGE (my) EROSION12 E 1.6 LA CRUZ ERODED D 3 LA CRUZ F 5.3 MAL PELO F 6.5 TUMBES F 9.5 EROSION10 E 11.2 CARDALITOS ERODED D 12 CARDALITOS F 14 EROSION9 E 16 ZORRITOS ERODED D 17 ZORRITOS F 22 HEATH F 27 MANCORA F 30 EROSION8 E 33 EOCENE ERODED D 40 LATE EOCENE F 48 EARLY EOCENE F 57

The burial history diagram and Maturity versus Time plot are presented in Figure 49 and Figure 50. The 128 562 Oligocene-Miocene Heath 690 378 and Mancora Formations 1068 1118 and a postulated late Eocene interval entered 2186 476 only the early oil window in late Neogene time and the younger Zorritos2662 1100 Cardalitos Tumbes 3762 1000 4762 238 Formations are shown in a very immature stage. An older possible Eocene unit 5000 1000 may have entered the mid6000 700 mature oil window in Pliocene time. Origin of the small oil presence in the Cardalitos Formation is attributed to migration from unknown source rocks from deeper portions of the basin.
TOP THICKNESS (m) (m)

84

Figure 49. Maturity burial in the Barracuda 15-4X Well shows the possible early Eocene interval in the mid-mature oil window and the late Eocene and the Mancora and Heath Formations in the early-mature oil window.

Figure 50. Maturity versus Time plot in the Barracuda 15-4X Well.

85

7.2.4.2. Corvina 40X Well. The Corvina 40X well was drilled in 1974 to a total depth of 3829m in the Mancora Formation. The stratigraphic section penetrated by the well, the interpreted deeper section in the structure and the geological events are presented in Table 11.
Table 11. Well Corvina 40X in the Tumbes Basin.

The burial history diagram and Maturity versus Time plot are EROSION12 presented in Figure 51 and Figure LA CRUZ ERODED 52. The older possibly an early LA CRUZ 140 369 MAL PELO 509 333 Eocene unit may have entered the TUMBES 842 758 mid-mature oil window in Pliocene EROSION10 time. The Oligocene Lower Heath CARDALITOS ERODED CARDALITOS 1600 596 and Mancora Formations and a EROSION9 postulated late Eocene interval ZORRITOS ERODED entered only the early oil window in ZORRITOS 2196 684 HEATH 2880 852 late Neogene time. The younger MANCORA 3732 168 Zorritos, Cardalitos, and Tumbes EROSION8 Formations are shown in a very EOCENE ERODED LATE EOCENE 3900 1000 immature stage. Origin of the gas EARLY EOCENE 4900 700 present in the upper Zorritos Formation in the other Corvina wells is attributed to migration from unknown deeper source rocks in the structure or from source rocks in deeper portions of the basin.
FM OR EVENT NAME EVENT BEGIN TYPE AGE (my) E 1.5 D 3.5 F 5.3 F 6.5 F 9.5 E 10 D 11 F 14 E 16 D 17 F 22 F 27 F 30 E 34 D 40 F 48 F 57 TOP THICKNESS (m) (m)

WELL CORVINA 40X

86

Figure 51. Maturity burial in the Corvina 40X Well shows the bottom possible early Eocene interval in the mid-mature oil window and the late Eocene and the Mancora and Lower Heath Formations in the early-mature oil window.

Figure 52. Maturity versus Time plot in the Corvina 40X Well.

87

7.2.4.3. Pseudowell 1 The Pseudowell 1 is located on the deep SW end of seismic line AIP 92-49. The interpreted stratigraphic section in the Pseudowell and the corresponding geological events are presented in Table 12. All the Zorritos Formation is absent and the Cardalitos Formation overlies directly the Heath Formation.
Table 12. Pseudowell 1 in the Tumbes Basin.

The burial history diagram and Maturity FM OR EVENT NAME versus Time plot are EROSION12 presented in Figure 53 and LA CRUZ ERODED Figure 54. Maturation of LA CRUZ 376 1024 the stratigraphic section MAL PELO 1400 1723 between the Tumbes to TUMBES 3123 1522 EROSION10 early Eocene formations CARDALITOS ERODED from Early, mid and late CARDALITOS 4645 687 Mature Window to Main EROSION9 Gas Generation Window ZORRITOS ERODED occurred during Neogene HEATH 5332 2020 time. Present day maturity MANCORA 7352 500 shows the Eocene interval EROSION8 and the lower Mancora EOCENE ERODED LATE EOCENE 7852 500 Formation in the Main EARLY EOCENE 8352 500 Gas Generation Window, the upper Mancora and lower Heath Formations in the Late Mature Window, the upper Heath and lower Cardalitos Formations in the Mid Mature Window, the upper Cardalitos and most of the Tumbes Formations in the Early Mature Window and all the youngest formations with depths of 3,000m in the immature stage.
EVENT BEGIN TYPE AGE (my) E 0.5 D 1.5 F 5.3 F 8 F 10.4 E 12 D 14 F 16.6 E 19 D 23 F 28 F 30 E 32 D 37 F 48 F 57 TOP THICKNESS (m) (m)

PSEUDOWELL 1

A detailed account of modeling in Pseudowell 1 will be given attempting to understand the geological history and timing of passage of potential source rocks from the various maturation episodes in an area considered one of the potential kitchens of the basin. The Eocene interval entered the Early Mature Window in early Miocene time, the Mid Mature Window during the remaining of the Miocene time, the Late Mature Window in early Pliocene time and it entered the Main Gas Generation Window since late Pliocene time Figure 54. The Mancora and Heath Formations had a similar early burial history; they were in the Early Mature Window during all Miocene time and entered the Late and Mid Mature Windows during Pliocene time. The lower Mancora Formation entered the Main Gas Generation Window during late Pleistocene, but the upper Mancora and the lower Heath Formation remained in the Late Mature Window. The upper Heath Formation stayed in the Mid Mature Window until present time. The Cardalitos Formation entered the Early Mature Window in early Pliocene time and only the lower portion of this formation entered the Mid Mature Window. The upper Cardalitos and most of the Tumbes Formations remained in the Early Mature Window, whereas all the remaining younger formations are immature.

88

Figure 53. Maturity burial in the Pseudowell 1 shows modeled stratigraphic units from possible Eocene interval in the Main Gas Generation Window to immature units from the upper Tumbes Formation to younger units.

Figure 54. Maturity versus Time plot in the Corvina 40X Well.

89

Modeling of Pseudowell 1 places the various potential source rocks in maturity condition to have generated oil and gas on this particular location, a situation tested by the hydrocarbons occurrences in the different offshore wells. Modeling places the Upper Oligocene Lower Mancora Formation and the pre-Oligocene sequence, possibly Eocene, in the Main Gas Generation Window since Pliocene time. The other two potential source rocks Heath and Cardalitos Formations contributed to oil generation in the basin and may be source for some of the tested oils. A portion of the pre-Oligocene sequence may correlate with a Talara Shale unit that outcrops in the onshore Mancora area with source rock potential as described above Figure 28. Hydrocarbons charge contributed by deeper potential source rocks is unknown in the Tumbes Basin.

90

8.0. PROSPECTS AND LEADS IN THE TALARA AND TUMBES FOREARC BASINS The Tumbes and Talara Basins have excellent potential with a variety of opportunities that remain as untested prospects and leads to target extensive stratigraphic columns. In the course of this study six of them in the Talara Basin and thirteen in the Tumbes Basin have been documented in Chapter 8 (Table 13). The areas adjacent to some of them also offer additional exploration opportunities as indicated below. Although most areas in these basins are under different exploration stages, there exist prospects and leads of especial interest for future promotion as those defined in open areas or in areas under PEA s (Block Z-34) or under negotiations (Blocks Z-37 and Z-38) where license contracts are not yet signed. Oil discovery in the San Pedro 1X well renewed hydrocarbon exploration of the Paleozoic rocks in the whole NW Peru. Prospects and leads and areas for additional exploration of Paleozoic include the Calamar Lead and similar areas to the south, west of the Bayovar Bay in areas interpreted as potential hydrocarbon kitchens (Block Z-37). In the very shallow offshore open area west of the Paita High oil shows were found in Paleozoic rocks but were not tested. All these areas are geologically related to the San Pedro discovery and need additional seismic data to fully evaluate their hydrocarbon potential. The Caballa and Tortugas are well-defined structures located near San Pedro in Block Z-2B. Similar geological conditions develop further to the north on the western border of the shallow platform in the border of PEA s Z-34 and Block Z-2B. This area is highly attractive for exploration of pre-Eocene sequences of which the Paleozoic is also the main target. These areas are the offshore western extension of the three main tectonic highs of the Talara Basin. The Deeper Lobitos Lead is defined as an example of what can be defined on this platform. The deep platform of the Talara Basin in Area Z-34 offers a sedimentary section attractive for deep-water exploration that needs extensive additional seismic data. Scarce seismic defines the Tiburon Lead as a large structure. The Mero, Merluza, Paiche, Atun and Banco Peru structures and partially the Lenguado and Espada structures are located in Block Z-38 in the Tumbes Basin. The Jurel, Raya, Perico, Toyo, Chita and Deeper Delfin structures include hydrocarbon prospectivity, which had not been described as potential plays in Block Z-1. The Zorritos-Piedra Redonda High or Lead is another attractive exploration site located in the transition zone between the offshore Tumbes Basin and the onshore Talara and Tumbes Basins. The ZPR Lead runs for 60 Km as a SW-NE trending horst bounded by steeply dipping normal listric faults, that place the structure updip of both offshore and onshore potential kitchens areas. This onshore kitchen also represents a kitchen area for the onshore fields. Previous studies defined other potential prospects and leads, but with a different petroleum system as defined in the present study. This old prospects and leads are described in Appendix 4. The attractiveness for hydrocarbon exploration of potential Cenozoic and Paleozoic sections in the Banco Peru, for instance, had never been recognized. This feature has poor seismic definition and it is larger than the Talara

91

Negritos High, which has cumulative production of over 600 MMBO, most of which was produced with no seismic data. 8.1. New Prospects and Leads The Tumbes and Talara Basins have excellent potential with a variety of opportunities that remain as untested prospects and leads related to: i) gravitational tectonics, which have created planar and curved rollover anticline structures, some of which have developed a compression component affecting the Tertiary, Cretaceous and Paleozoic sections, ii) a major subaereal unconformity SU that has generated important stratigraphic traps. In the Neogene Tumbes Basin, this subaereal unconformity is represented at the base of the Cardalitos Formation (Middle Miocene), while in the Paleogene Talara Basin it is represented at the base of the Talara and Verdun Formations, and iii) the presence of reservoir quality sedimentary sequences that have been produced in deep-water stratigraphic facies and turbidities channels. These deposits have a large potential as hydrocarbon traps. The identification of the reservoir properties of these potential traps requires high-resolution seismic data, extensive seismic reprocessing and knowledge of the depositional characteristics and their architectural elements. In the south Talara Basin, the interpreted seismic of turbidities facies in the Verdun Formation shows up as amplitude anomalies. In the Tumbes Basin, the deep water and turbidite reservoirs are present in the Cardalitos, Heath and Mancora Formations. One of the most important exploration concepts when generating prospects in the Tumbes and Talara Basins is related to a combination and interaction of stratigraphy and tectonic (Table 13). In the Tumbes Basin, the major period of deformation occurred in the Pliocene forming the main rollover structures. The prospects and leads within the pre-Cardalitos section are thus a combination of subcrop edges and structure.
Table 13: List of Prospect and Leads in Tumbes Basin and South Talara Basins

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

PROSPECT AND LEADS TUMBES BASIN Atun TALARA BASIN Banco Peru Area Chita Prospect Deeper Delfin Lead 1 Calamar Lead Espada Lead 2 Caballa Prospect Jurel Lead 3 Tortuga Prospect Lenguado Lead 4 Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead Merluza Lead 5 Mero Lead Paiche Prospect 6 Tiburon Lead Perico Lead Raya Prospect Toyo Prospect Zorritos - Piedra Redonda High

92

Figure 55: Prospects and Leads in Tumbes and North Talara Basin

93

8.1.1. Tumbes Basin 8.1.1.1. Atun Prospect The Atun structure is located 10 km SE of the Banco Peru structure. This structure corresponds to an anticline associated to normal listric faulting with a deep pre-Mancora detachment level (Figure 56, Figure 57, Figure 58). This structure is an elongate E-W structure with two culminations, closure against normal faulting and with very clear structural closure. The Atun structure is related to a gravitational tectonics occurred during the Pliocene times. The exploration target is the Zorritos Formation sealed by transgressive sequences of the Cardalitos Formation. A second target corresponds to deep-water reservoirs in the Heath Formation. Dimensions: ??Length W-E: 5.5 km. ??Width N-S: 2.5 km. Structural Highest point: East Culmination 2.570 ms., West Culmination: 2.580 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 80 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: OXY98-114, OXY98-115a, OXY 98-226, OXY98-225, and API92-12.

Figure 56: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Atun Prospect.

94

Figure 57: Seismic line OXY98-114 showing the east culmination of the Atun structure.

Figure 58: Seismic line OXY98-115a showing the west culmination of the Atun structure.

95

8.1.1.2. Banco Peru Prospective Area The Banco Peru structure is located on the western edge of the offshore Tumbes Basin. This structure has a prospective area of over 50 km in length and 20 km in width partially found in 100 m water depth. The Banco Peru prospective area is defined as a NE-SW horst structure, limited to the East by the Banco Peru normal Fault. This structure could contain Cenozoic sediments overlying possible Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. Within the structure itself other smaller structures can be identified that are also associated to normal faults (Figure 59, Figure 60, Figure 61, Figure 62, Figure 63). The main targets in the Banco Peru structure are Paleozoic and Cenozoic sequences. This area needs additional seismic. Approximate Dimensions of the area: ?? Length NE-SW: 25-30 km. ?? Width E-W: 8-10 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 0.600 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 160 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: 93-20, 93-01, 93-02, 93-00, OXY98-221, OXY98-216, and OXY98-226.

Figure 59: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Banco Peru Prospective area.

96

Figure 60: West to East seismic line Rib 93-01 across the Banco Peru Prospective area

Figure 61: Seismic line RIB 93-01 flattened on Zorritos Formation, showing the Banco Peru structure and Tumbes basin

97

Figure 62: Seismic line RIB 93-02 across the Banco Peru structure

Figure 63: NW to SE seismic lines OXY 98-221 across the Banco Peru Structure.

98

8.1.1.3. Chita Prospect The Chita Prospect is located 8 km south of the Barracuda 15X well. The Chita prospect corresponds to a large rollover anticlinal structure dipping to the SE. This prospect is possibly related to an ancient Eocene structure that was re-activated during the Neogene times. The Chita structure is a good example of a combination trap whose structural and stratigraphic parameters interact, increasing its size potential (Figure 64). The exploration targets are represented by the marine neritic to deltaic sequences of the Tumbes and deep-water pre-Tumbes Formations sealed by the transgressive deposits of the Mal Pelo and Cardalitos Formations (Figure 64). Deep potential targets of this structure are within the deep-water reservoirs of Pre Mancora and/or Eocene series. In the offshore area of the Tumbes Basin, these formations have hydrocarbon potential but as of yet have not even been explored for and constitutes a new exploration target (Figure 64).

Figure 64. Chita prospect defined by seismic line RIB 93-01, showing the principal exploration targets. More details can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

99

Dimensions (Figure 65, Figure 66, Figure 67) ?? Length N-S: 5.5 km. ?? Width E-W: 3.5 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 1.710 ms. Structural Closure (Figure 65, Figure 66, Figure 67): +/- 160 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: AIP92-59, AIP92-29, PC99-09, PC99-06 and PC99-08.

Figure 65: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Chita Prospect.

Figure 66: NW to SE seismic line PC 99-09 across the Chita Prospect

100

Figure 67: Seismic line AIP 92-29 showing the Chita Prospect and the Barracuda structure.

8.1.1.4. Corvina type lead associated to Chita Prospect Stratigraphic leads were found on the western area of the Chita structure, associated with Middle Miocene subaerial unconformity (SU, base of the Cardalitos Formation). This play is a combined structural/stratigraphic trap similar in nature to the Corvina play type. The Corvina type lead structure is an elongate N-S structure mapped with two main culminations and with structural four-way dip structural closure (Figure 68, Figure 69, Figure 70). Dimensions (Figure 68, Figure 69, Figure 70) ?? Length N-S: 5.5 km. ?? Width E-W: 2.5 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 2.200 ms. Structural Closure (Figure 68, Figure 69, Figure 70): +/- 150 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: AIP92-10, AIP92-11, AIP92-09, PC99-28, PC99-30 and PC99-26, and OXY98-221.

101

Figure 68: Structural 2WT on the top Zorritos Formation map, showing the Chita stratigraphic prospect.

Figure 69: Composite seismic profile A-A1, showing the Chita stratigraphic lead.

102

Figure 70: Isopach map of the Corvine Type lead on Zorritos Formation associated to Chita Prospect

8.1.1.5. Deeper Delfin Lead This structure is a new lead identified in the Tumbes Basin. The Deeper Delfin Lead is associated with the Delfin structure, which is an ancient feature that was possibly a rollover structure during Eocene time (Figure 71). Nowadays the Delfin feature corresponds to a horst structure. The Delfin 39-X-1 well was drilled on the top of this shallow Delfin structure and reached the top of Heath Formation at 2200 m. and tested a total of 330 BOPD of 37 API in both the Zorritos and Heath Formations. Seismic reveals the presence of an attractive thick sedimentary interval that remains untested below the Delfin wells TD at around 2 seconds TWT. The Deeper Delfin lead has excellent structural geometry and timing for hydrocarbon generation and migration. The deeper targets correspond to Pre-Mancora and are mainly Eocene age series. These sequences could have hydrocarbon accumulations that were generated in different stages of Eocene and Neogene time (Figure 71).

103

Figure 71: Deeper Delfn Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-49, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

8.1.1.6. Espada Lead The Espada lead is located 16 Km SW from the Barracuda structure and it is defined by seismic line AIP 92-66 (Figure 72, Figure 73). It corresponds to the largest rollover anticline structure associated to listric normal faults, apparently with a main culmination and with four-way dip closure. Its main culmination is approximately 600 ms higher than Barracuda. This prominent lead needs new seismic for better definition Dimensions ??Length N-S: 4.0 km. ??Width W-E: 3.0 km. ??Structural Highest point: 1.080 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 250 280 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: OXY98-234a, OXY98-117, OXY98-116a, OXY98-235, AIP92-65, and AIP92-18b.

104

Figure 72: Two-way time structural map on top Zorritos Formation showing the Espada Lead.

Figure 73: NW to SE seismic lines AIP92-66 showing the Espada Lead.

105

8.1.1.7. Jurel Lead The Jurel Lead is located 5 km East of the Perico structure. This lead has an excellent structural geometry for hydrocarbon entrapment as defined by seismic line AIP 92-12 (Figure 74). The Jurel lead corresponds to combination trap with the Middle Miocene subaerial unconformity and Pliocene gravitational tectonic. The main exploration targets for this lead are the reservoirs of the Zorritos Formation, sealed by sequences of the Cardalitos Formation. The secondary reservoir target is the Tumbes Formation, sealed by Mal Pelo.

Figure 74: Jurel Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-12, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets

106

8.1.1.8. Lenguado Lead The Lenguado Lead is located 30 Km to the SW of well Delfin 39-X-1. This structure is an old NW SE trending rollover anticline associated with a listric normal fault defined in seismic line AIP 92-49 (Figure 75). According to the seismic interpretation, the onset of this structure probably began in Eocene time. The Mal Pelo and La Cruz formations show minor syn-sedimentary deformation, implying low tectonic activity during Late Miocene for this structure. The Lenguado Lead has an excellent structural geometry and timing for hydrocarbon generations. The Zorritos Formation is one of the principal reservoir targets in the Tumbes Basin; however, it has been eroded in this area. The exploration targets for this lead are the deep-water reservoirs of Mancora and Pre Mancora or Eocene Series and possibly also in the Cardalitos and Tumbes Formations. These sequences are found at a depth of 3.5 seconds TWT.

Figure 75 Lenguado Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-49, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets

107

8.1.1.9. Merluza Lead The Merluza Lead is in south Tumbes Basin. This Lead is a planar rollover anticlinal structure associated with the Piedra Redonda normal listric fault (Figure 76). This structure has been cut by younger faults, which divide the structure into a number of blocks. The prospective targets for the Merluza lead are the Tumbes and Mancora reservoirs and the Eocene series. The Zorritos Formation in this area has been eroded by the Middle Miocene subaerial unconformity (base of Cardalitos Formation.

Figure 76. Merluza Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-05, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

108

8.1.1.10. Paiche Prospect The Paiche structure is located in the SW portion of the Tumbes basin. It corresponds to an anticlinal structure associated to gravitational tectonics. The Paiche prospect is an elongate West-East structure with a main culmination and with structural closure against faulting (Figure 77, Figure 78). Dimensions. ?? Length W-E: 8.5 km. ?? Width N-S: 4.5 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 2.070 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 250 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: OXY98-113, OXY98-112ab, OXY98-111 and OXY98210, 93-4.

Figure 77: Two-way time structural map on the top Zorritos Formation, showing the Paiche Prospect.

109

Figure 78: NW to SE seismic lines OXY 98-210 showing the Paiche Structure

8.1.1.11. Perico Lead The Perico Lead is located 18 km west of the Piedra Redonda well. This lead is a rollover anticline structure associated with normal faults (Figure 79). The Perico Lead correspond of a combination stratigraphic and structural trap related to the preCardalitos unconformity and Pliocene gravitational tectonic. The target with the highest potential is represented by the sequences of the Zorritos Formation, which is sealed by the Cardalitos Formation. Additionally, the Perico lead presents deeper exploration targets for reservoirs of the Mancora Formation and Eocene sequences.

110

Figure 79. Perico Lead defined by seismic line AIP 92-12, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

8.1.1.12. Raya Prospect The Raya prospect is a robust and elongate N-S structure with two main culminations and with four-way dip structural closure (Figure 80). The structure is associated to the Pliocene gravitational tectonic and subcrop beneath the Cardalitos unconformity occurred in Miocene time (Figure 81, Figure 82). The Tumbes Formation sealed by the Mal Pelo Formation represents the potential reservoir horizons. Dimensions ??Length N-S: 5.5 km. ??Width E-W: 2.5 km. 111

??Structural Highest point: 2.200 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 150 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: AIP92-10, AIP92-11, AIP92-09, PC99-28, PC99-30, PC99-26, and OXY98-221.

Figure 80: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Raya Prospect

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Figure 81: Seismic line AIP 92-32 across the Raya Structure

Figure 82: North to South seismic line AIP 92-10 showing the Raya Structure

8.1.1.13. Toyo Prospect The Toyo prospect is a well-defined structure with one main culmination and closure against faulting (Figure 83). This structure is associated to the gravitational tectonics of Pliocene time and subcrop at the base of the Cardalitos Formation (Middle Miocene). 113

The Toyo prospect corresponds to a rollover anticline structure associated with listric normal faults dipping to the NE (Figure 84, Figure 85). The exploration targets are represented by the marine neritic to deltaic reservoirs of the Tumbes Formation sealed by the Mal Pelo Formation. In this area, the Zorritos Formation was eroded completely. Dimensions ??Length W-E: 8 to 10 km. ??Width N-S: 3.5 to 4.5 km. ??Structural Highest point: 1.43 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 500 to 600 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: AIP92-21, AIP92-22, AIP92-23, AIP92-24, AIP92-41, PC99-12, PC99-14, PC99-16 and PC99-18.

Figure 83: Two-way time structural map on the top Cardalitos Formation, showing the Toyo Prospect.

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Figure 84: SW to NE seismic line PC 99-16 across the Toyo Structure.

Figure 85: Seismic line AIP 92-41 showing the Toyo Prospect.

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8.1.1.14. Zorritos-Piedra Redonda Lead This lead is located in the transition zone between the offshore Tumbes Basin and the onshore Talara and Tumbes Basins (Figure 86). The ZPR Lead is a SW-NE trending horst bounded on the SE and NW flanks by steeply dipping normal listric faults. Internally, other structures can be seen associated with normal faults that set up several other prospective leads. The importance of the Zorritos-Piedra Redonda High is that it is a structure located updip of both offshore and onshore potential kitchens areas (Figure 86). This onshore kitchen also represents a kitchen area for the onshore fields. The seismic interpretation shows the Zorritos-Piedra Redonda High deformed by an older set of faults involving Eocene sequences.

Figure 86. Zorritos-Piedra Redonda Lead.

8.1.2. Talara Basin The offshore Talara Basin is comprised of two Deep and Shallow platforms separated by the Talara and a series of listric normal faults. All exploration and development have been carried out only in the shallow platform. These platforms still have high potential for additional hydrocarbon exploration. In general, all exploration in the Talara Basin requires additional modern seismic and new structural and geological concepts. The Petrotech oil discovery San Pedro 1X has open all the Bayobar Bay and surrounding areas for exploration of Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. Untested Paleozoic intervals exist in nearby areas with and without license contracts, as west and north of La Casita well (Figure 88). Since Paleozoic production extends now from onshore Laguna Field to the north to San Pedro on the offshore south Talara Basin, the whole basin has received renewed interest for hydrocarbon exploration of Paleozoic. 116

Of especial interest is the interpretation of results in well La Casita drilled by Belco in a syncline and that TD d in Crystalline Granite Basement underlying Cretaceous sediments. This well tested dry gas in Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments in a synclinal area as seen on the TWT structural map of Paleozoic in the Bayobar Bay in Figure 88. This area can be interpreted as a potential kitchen for the dry-gas production established in the onshore Sechura Basin to the east. It must be mentioned here that the platform selected to drill the original location could not spudded at the recommended site since a water depth of 80 m. was found. The platform had to be moved to an area with water depth of only 70 m., its maximum operational capacity (Ex-Belco Roger Palomino, personal communication on January 31st, 2006, Houston). As seen in the mentioned figure, the La Casita kitchen area is separated from the Tortuga Prospect by a large normal listric fault that even cuts the Basement. This fault may have served as a barrier for La Casita dry gas migration to the south and/or has served as a barrier for the oil migration from San Pedro oil kitchens to the west and SW. This and other prospects and leads in the area have also been exposed to any liquid hydrocarbons migrated from the same western kitchens. A series of prospects and leads encountered in the Talara Basin are described below from south to north. 8.1.2.1. Calamar Lead The Calamar Lead is located in the south Talara Basin within the western edge of the shallow platform, on the west Bayovar Bay. This lead corresponds to an important anticline structure associated with a listric normal fault (Figure 87). The exploration targets within this lead are sequences of Paleozoic, Cretaceous and Tertiary age closely related to potential Cretaceous and lower Tertiary source rocks within local kitchen areas.

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Figure 87. Calamar Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-16, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3.

8.1.2.2. Caballa Prospect The Caballa structure corresponds to a rollover anticline with four-way dip closure associated with normal listric faults and with very good seismic definition (Figure 88, Figure 89). It is located 22 Km. NW of the San Pedro oil discovery and some 16 Km. to the west of the Tortuga Prospect. Belco drilled wildcat SBXA on the north flank of the structure and TD d in Cretaceous sediments. The main targets are the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. Dimensions ?? Length N-S: +/- 8 km. ?? Width W-E: +/- 4 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 1.530 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 160 to 200 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: PTP98-18, PTP98-38, PTP98-17, 93-22 and PTP99-43. 8.1.2.3. Tortuga Prospect The Tortuga structure is located in the Bayovar Bay 15 Km NW of the San Pedro oil discovery and 6 Km. SE of La Casita Well from which it is separated by a large normal listric fault dipping to the NW. Tortuga is a prominent structural high with a very well closure definition of nearly 100 Km2 (Figure 88, Figure 89). It corresponds to the

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gravitational structures associated with normal and listric faults. The detachment level is connected on the Basement. The main targets are also the Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. Dimensions ?? Length W-E: +/- 12 km. ?? Width N-S: +/- 9 km. ?? Structural Highest point: 1.240 ms. Structural Closure: +/- 180 to 200 ms. Well defined by seismic Lines: PTP98-19, PTP98-39, PTP98-17, PTP98-40, and PTP98-18.

Figure 88: Two-way time structural map on top of Paleozoic Basement, showing the in the east the Tortuga prospect and in the west part, the Caballa structure.

Figure 89: West to East seismic line PTP 98-17, showing the Tortuga and Caballa structure. See location on Figure 34.

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8.1.2.4. Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead This lead is located on the offshore Lobitos High near to the LO9X well; whose TD is within the Paleogene sequence at 1700 m. According to the seismic interpretation and structural analysis, the Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic lead corresponds to anticlines found at 2.5 and 3 seconds TWT, these structures should target the Paleozoic and Cretaceous sequences sealed by Paleogene sequences in or near the Talara Basin kitchen areas (Figure 90).

Figure 90. Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-08, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

8.1.2.5. Mero Lead The Mero Lead is located in ultra deep-water areas west of the Merluza lead where the Talara Basin merges with the Tumbes Basin. This lead represents a new exploratory play in the offshore deep platform of the Talara Basin. The structure corresponds to a curved rollover anticlinal structure, associated to Talara listric normal fault developed 120

mostly in Tumbes Basin Neogene sediments (Figure 91). The potential reservoir targets are in the Tumbes and Zorritos Formations and possibly in the Eocene series. .

Figure 91. Mero Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-05, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

8.1.2.6. Tiburon lead This lead is representative of a new play type in ultra deep-water areas west of the Lobitos High in the Deep Offshore Platform as seen on seismic line RIB 93-08 (Figure 92). The lead has a structural configuration related to a curved rollover anticlinal structure associated with the Talara normal listric Fault. The exploration targets would be within the Tertiary and Cretaceous sequences.

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Figure 92: Tiburon Lead defined by seismic line RIB 93-08, showing the potential structural configuration and explorations targets. More detail can be found in Appendix 3 and Enclosure 3p.

8.1.2.7. Other prospects Towards the south of the Paleogene Talara Basin, within the zone that could be considered to be the transition into the Neogene Sechura Basin, important gravitational rollover structures have been identified that could be highly prospective. These structures are associated with normal listric faults that are connected to a deep detachment in the Paleozoic and Crystalline Basement. The most important structures are the San Pedro, San Pedro Este, rollover anticline and Paleozoic leads. The exploration targets on these structures are mainly Paleozoic and the basal Talara sequences.

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8.2. Previously Defined Prospects and Leads The description of previously defined prospects and leads are included in Appendix 4.

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9.0. CONCLUSIONS 9.1. General ? ? All offshore development and exploratory drilling has been concentrated in maximum water depths of less than 120 m (400 ft) in the Talara and Tumbes Basins. A rough estimate places some 80% of the wells in water depths of less than 90 m in the Talara Basin. Eighteen wells have been drilled in the offshore Tumbes Basin and some 13,200 wells in the Talara Basin, including near 1,300 offshore wells. ? ? Cumulative production is about 1.4 BBO and 1.7 TCF in the Talara Basin and 100 MBO in the Tumbes Basin. Over 90% of the cumulative production was discovered, developed and produced with no seismic data. ? ? Based on published literature mean estimated recoverable undiscovered hydrocarbons in the Talara Basin are in the range between 2.2 to 1.71 BBO, 5.84 to 4.79 TCFG, and 255 MMB of NGL. These estimates are between 85 to 70% offshore and between 15 to 30% onshore. Mean estimated recoverable undiscovered oil, gas and natural gas liquids in the Tumbes (Peru) and bordering Progreso Basins are 237 MMBO, 255 BCFG, and 32 MMB of NGL, respectively. These undiscovered reserves include the 2,005 San Pedro oil discovery whose reserves are being estimated in an area with several other similar structures. 9.2. Stratigraphy ? ? The Talara and Tumbes Basins developed as Paleogene and Neogene basins, respectively. They include thick stratigraphic sequences of Paleozoic to Tertiary ages that extend offshore and onshore along the Coastal region far beyond the present basins. The pre-Tertiary interval is part of the regional sedimentary succession characterizing all the Peruvian territory that eventually pinch out onto the Brazilian and Guyana Shields. Some of the Paleogene Talara Basin extends north under the Neogene Tumbes Basin, past the Peru-Ecuador border into the Santa Elena Peninsula and overlies a regional incomplete Mesozoic Cretaceous basin overlying a Paleozoic and Crystalline Basements best known in the Talara Basin proper. ? ? The fill of the Talara and Tumbes basins is characterized by different stratigraphic sequences associated with significant tectonic events and sea level global changes, which generated erosional surfaces, changes in the depositional environment, rate of sedimentation and depocenter migration. The stratigraphic architecture reflects shifts in basin accommodation space, which derives from the interplay of extensional tectonics, sediment supply and eustatic sea level changes. The internal sequence architecture shows the retrogradational, progradational and agradational stacking patterns. ? ? Sediment source for the Talara Basin to the east deposited from 9,700 to 7,900 m. of sediments of Paleocene and Eocene ages above the Cretaceous in 35 my. An early Oligocene section has been completed eroded off in the Talara Basin. The Tumbes Basin was also the site of very rapid sedimentation of 6,600 m. to 7,200 m. of Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene sediments in 30 my. 9.3. Tectonics ? ? The Talara and Tumbes basins developed as a forearc basin system in the NW coastal Peruvian Andes during Paleogene and Neogene times. The modern structural 124

?? ??

?? ??

??

??

occurrences in the Oligo-Miocene sequences of the Tumbes Basin. Few fields produce from fractured metamorphic and metasediments of the Paleozoic Amotape Formation and sandstones of Cretaceous and Paleocene age in the Talara Basin. The late Cretaceous to early Eocene stratigraphic section dated by biomarker Oleanane includes the most likely source rock of the major petroleum system that accounts for the giant oil accumulation in the Talara Basin. The interpreted geohistory modeling, oil occurrences and production data point towards the presence of more than one hydrocarbon kitchen, very likely representing major kitchens for the Talara and Tumbes Basins. Source rocks are interpreted to contain adequate organic contents and have reached best maturity conditions along the western deep and/or offshore portions of the whole Talara Basin and on deep depocenters to the east and south of the Banco Peru in the Tumbes Basin. Basin modeling was conducted on four wells in the Talara Basin and two wells and a Pseudowell in the offshore Tumbes Basin. Mid to Late Mature Windows characterize the Cretaceous and post-Cretaceous sequences, whereas High post-mature values of Ro characterize the Paleozoic metamorphosed sediments in the Lomitos oil field in the Talara Basin. Modeling suggests that source rocks reached a late maturity stage and generated hydrocarbons from late Eocene to early Oligocene time in the Talara Basin. Hydrocarbons were expelled to the east into offshore/onshore traps, possibly former anticlines, during Oligocene time before major tectonics faulted the original traps into the numerous smaller blocks with sealing faults. Any of the liquid hydrocarbons found in the Bayovar Bay must have migrated long distances and have been generated from source rocks with different organic contents than those found in La Casita 55X well. The regional modeling indicates that the major synclinal area where the well is located may correspond to a dry gas kitchen that generated the dry gas tested in this well in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sandstone reservoirs and in the onshore Sechura Basin in Verdun sands. Basin modeling has limitations in the offshore Tumbes Basin due to lack of complete Geochemical analyses and of reliable recognition of the undrilled preOligocene stratigraphic column and its geological events. Basin modeling in wells Barracuda with oil test in Cardalitos and Corvina with gas in Zorritos yields immature burial for the known source rocks of Oligocene/Miocene ages. A postulated upper Eocene Formation entered the mid mature oil window in late Neogene. Pseudowell 1 in an interpreted kitchen has source rocks of various formations in the Mid Mature to Main Gas Generation Windows, conditions acquired from early Neogene to present.

9.5. Prospects and Leads ? ? Six and thirteen prospects and leads have been documented in offshore portions of the Talara and Tumbes Basins, respectively. They have excellent potential to target extensive stratigraphic columns of Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Eocene and OligoMiocene in or near interpreted kitchen areas and in water depths between 100 to over 2,000m. Of especial interest are those defined in open areas or in areas where exploration license contracts have not been signed yet. ? ? Recent oil discovery in the San Pedro 1X well in the south offshore Talara Basin in conjunction with other existing Paleozoic oil fields as Laguna in the Pena Negra/El Alto High in the extreme north onshore Talara Basin, has renewed interest for hydrocarbon exploration of Paleozoic rocks in the whole NW Peru. There is a highly attractive area for pre-Eocene, Cretaceous and Paleozoic exploration in the 126

configuration is related to a complex geodynamic history associated with the interaction of the tectonics, eustatic and sedimentary processes that is controlled by the direction and velocity of the relative subduction of the oceanic crust, the aseismic subduction ridges and mainly by the Andes Mountain building processes. Both basins have onshore and offshore components and are bounded on their ocean side by a subduction complex wedge and on its landward side by the Amotape Mountains. ? ? The present-day structural configuration of the Talara Basin is the result of complex extensional and gravitational tectonics that occurred since Paleocene and mainly during middle Eocene time, with reactivation in Neogene time. Most of the offshore portion presents a shallow platform where all drilling activity has been carried out and a deep platform, which has little seismic data. ? ? The structural style of the Neogene Tumbes basin is the result of a NW regional tilt associated with the Banco Peru Fault, the south extension of the Dolores-Guayaquil mega shear. The net result is the formation of gravitational tectonic structures, which have generated both curved and planar rollover anticline structures and some rotated fault blocks. These structures are associated to listric normal faults dipping to the NW down to basin, with detachment levels at the base of the Heath Formation and Pre Mancora series. ? ? The major period of development for these gravitational structures occurred during the deposition of the Mal Pelo and La Cruz formations (Pliocene Pleistocene times). In the present time, the Tumbes basin has the configuration of a major half graben with the thickest section controlled by the Banco Peru Fault. Many of the structures in the Tumbes basin are currently active as indicated by the recent deformation of the younger sedimentary deposits. 9.4. Petroleum Systems and Basin Modeling ? ? Few regional Geochemical studies have been conducted in the Talara and Tumbes Basins to clearly define the petroleum systems. This effort is still incomplete to clearly recognize all the elements responsible for the giant oil accumulation in the Talara Basin and the hydrocarbon occurrences in the Tumbes Basin. ? ? Main potential source rocks include the Redondo Formation of CampanianMaastrichtian age, Muerto Formation of Albian age and Paleocene and Eocene Formations in the Talara Basin. The Cretaceous Redondo Formation constitutes a source rock with TOC of 1 wt%, Type II/III Kerogen, oil and gas generator with high thermal maturity corresponding to the last stage of the oil window in the Talara Negritos High. The Muerto Formation has TOC from 1 to 4.5 wt%, excellent RockEval character, Type II and II/III Kerogen, Tmax of 445 to 460 C, equivalent Ro is 1 to 1.35 % in the adjacent Lancones Basin. Source rocks in the Muerto and Redondo Formations are rich enough to have generated the commercial amounts of hydrocarbons already produced in the oil fields of the Talara Basin in addition to a sizeable amount of undeveloped reserves and as of yet, undiscovered reserves onshore and offshore. ? ? Source rocks in the Tumbes Basin include Eocene Formations, Oligocene Mancora Formation, Oligocene/Miocene Heath Formation and Miocene Zorritos and Cardalitos Formations. TOC values in excess of 1.0 wt% are found in samples from these formations with Type II and III Kerogen and subordinated Type I and poor maturity. ? ? The main oil and gas reservoirs are sandstones interbedded with shale seals in both the whole prolific Eocene sequences in the Talara Basin and in the hydrocarbon 125

areas between the shallow and deep platforms in the Talara Basin. The Deeper Lobitos Paleozoic Lead in the Lobitos High and the Calamar Lead west of the Bayovar Bay are two examples on this highly prospective area. ? ? The Banco Peru offers a large prospective area (larger than the Talara Negritos High = 600+ MMBO cumulative production) with a large portion in shallow waters of less than 100m. The Banco Peru has a core with dense rocks, which based on its tectonic history gives potential for exploration of both fractured Paleozoic(?) reservoirs and of the interpreted Cenozoic sequences especially in its eastern border faulted by the Banco Peru Fault. This lead is conveniently located to receive hydrocarbons from the Tumbes Basin kitchens. The stratigraphic sequences west of the Banco Peru show less defined chaotic structures.

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38. Petroperu S.A. (1990). Proyecto Laguna Zapotal, Informe Final, Primera Parte. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive IT 04641. 39. Petroperu S.A., (1990). Proyecto Laguna Zapotal, Informe Final, Segunda Parte. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive IT 04642. 40. Petroperu S.A., (1970). Estudio Geolgico del Basamento Paleozoico en las Montaas Amotape. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive IT 00255. 41. Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. (1999). Evaluacin Geolgica y Geofsica del Cretceo, Area Chira. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive ITP 21795. 42. Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. (2000). Lote Z-2B Evaluacin Geolgica y Geofsica. Area Cabo Blanco-Punta Sal. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive ITP 21797. 43. Petro-Tech Peruana S.A. (2001). Evaluacin Integral de la fase de Exploracin del Lote Z-2B, 1994-2000. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive ITP 21794. 44. Repsol Exploracin, Peru, (1996). Geochemical Evaluation of selected Well, Seep and Oil Samples from Peru, Final Report. CoreLab Report, Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive ITP 20125. 45. Reyes, L. and Vergara, (1987) Evaluacin Geolgica y Potencial Petrolfero Cuenca Lancones. Perupetro Technical Archive No. IT03453. 46. Roperch, P., F. Megard, L.A.J. Carlo, T. Mourier, T.M. Clube, and C. Noblet, (1987). Rotated oceanic blocks in western Ecuador, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 558561; 1. 47. Serra O. (1985) Diagraphies Diffres: Bases de l'interprtation. Tome2: Interprtation des donnes diagraphiques, Elf-Aquitaine/BRGM/TECHNIP 631p 48. Shepherd, Glenn L. and Moberly, Ralph (1981). Coastal Structure of the Continental Margin, Northwest Peru and Southwest Ecuador. The Nazca Plate Crustal Formation and Andean Convergence. Geological Society of America, Memoir 154. 49. Sunmark Exploration Co., Geochemical Group (1978). Organic Geochemistry of the 8-X1 well, Offshore Peru. Perupetro S.A. Technical Archive IT 00526. 50. Travis, R. B. (1953). La Brea Parias Oil Field, Northwestern Peru. AAPG Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 9. 51. Union Pacific Petroleum Peru, Ltd. (1993). Geochemical Oil Correlations for UPPPL Oils and Offshore Oil Seep, Talara Basin, Peru. Perupetro S.A. CoreLab Report, Technical Archive IT 03727. 52. Vail, P.R. (1987). Seismic Stratigraphy Interpretation Using Sequence Stratigraphy: Part I. Seismic Stratigraphy Procedures AAPG Studies In Geology 27, P 1-10. 53. Van Thournout F., Hertogen J. et Quebedo L. (1992). Allochtonous terranes in northwestern Ecuador. Tectonophysics, 205, 205-221 54. Van Wagoner, J. C., Mitchum R.M., Campion K.M. and Rahmanian V.D. (1990). Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy in Well Logs, Cores and Outcrops. AAPG Methods in Exploration Series 7, P. 1-55. 55. Von Huene R. & Lallemand S. (1990). Tectonic erosion along the Japan and Peru convergent margins. Geol. Soc. America Bull., 102, 704-720. 56. Von Huene R. & Scholl D.W. (1991). Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophysics, 20, 279-316. 57. Wortel M.J.R. (1984). Spatial and temporal variations in the Andean subduction zone. J. Geol. Soc., London, 141, 254-286.

130

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) Huasimal 9510750 9510700 9510710 9510400 9489400 9489408 9489200 9489056 9493390 9493160 9492590 9491850 9492330 9509660 9509790 9510210 9509940 9509550 9489810 9484790 9484710 9484750 9484630 804848.4" 804848.4" 804938.8" 804937.7" 804938" 804713.8" 804647.1" 9546 550 9546 550 9546 550 Huasimal Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Pocitos Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Pocitos Venados Venados Venados Verdun Cardalitos Cardalitos Pananga-Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Redondo Redondo Redondo Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Muerto Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Verdun Talara? Talara? Pananga-Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Redondo Redondo Redondo TOC (%) 1.10 1.81 0.92 2.04 2.87 1.89 4.59 4.19 2.64 3.79 2.19 1.37 2.22 0.56 0.39 0.39 0.34 0.23 0.22 0.85 0.63 1.21 0.37 0.82 1.71 1.66 3.07 4.15 2.02 4.32 1.23 1.05 0.91 1.18

2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2262 2263 2264

NOA-98-001 NOA-98-002 NOA-98-003 NOA-98-004 NOA-98-006 NOA-98-007 NOA-98-008 NOA-98-009 NOA-98-010 NOA-98-011 NOA-98-012 NOA-98-013 NOA-98-014 NOA-98-015 NOA-98-016 NOA-98-017 NOA-98-018 NOA-98-019 NOA-98-021 NOA-98-022 NOA-98-023 NOA-98-024 NOA-98-025 NOA-98-026 NOA-98-047 NOA-98-048 NOA-98-049 NOA-98-050 NOA-98-051 NOA-98-052 NOA-98-053 NOA-99-062 NOA-99-063 NOA-99-064

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones

PA-1 Qda. Gramadal Qda. Gramadal Qda. Gramadal Qda. Gramadal Qda. El Cortado Qda. El Cortado Qda. El Cortado Qda. El Cortado Qda. Pocitos Qda. Pocitos Qda. Pocitos (margen izquierda) Qda. Pocitos (margen derecha) Qda. Chapamgo (margen derecha) Qda. Chapamgo (margen derecha) Qda. Chapamgo (margen derecha) Qda. Chapamgo (margen derecha) Qda. Jaguay Negro Afluente Qda. Jaguay Negro Qda. Jaguay de Poechos Qda. Jaguay de Poechos Qda. Jahuay de Poechos Qda. Jaguay de Poechos Qda. Jaguay de Poechos Qda. Corcovado Qda. Corcovado Qda. El Cortado Qda. El Cortado Qda. El Cortado Anticlinal de Pocitos Qda. Pocitos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos

524000 524100 524050 524020 519083 519170 519285 520795 525080 524960 524960 524250 524000 555690 555660 555540 555230 555010 523830 545160 545280 545470 545790 043733.5" 043733.5" 04373.6" 043714.2" 043720.11" 043621.2" 043726.5" 558 745 558 745 558 745

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 558 745 558 745 558 745 558 747 558 747 558 747 558 747 558 747 558 747 558 747 558 750 523 780 523 794 523 837 523 913 524 070 524 751 524 784 524 706 524 760 524 771 556 590 556 620 554 780 0403'28.5'' 040328,5" 035021.8" 035021.8" 035021.8" 034544.7" 034544.7" 035347.9" 534 580 534 590 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 9546 550 9546 550 9546 550 9546 504 9546 504 9546 504 9546 504 9546 504 9546 504 9546 504 9546 550 9494 960 9494 941 9494 988 9494 763 9494 530 9493 834 9493 840 9493 775 9493 807 9493 650 9495 780 9495 710 9493 960 8058'39.2'' 805833,2" 804851.5" 804851.5" 804851.5" 804726.5" 804726.5" 805050.5" 9578 430 9578 450 Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Horquetas Horquetas Muerto (Mb. Superior) Muerto (Mb. Superior) Muerto (Mb. Superior) Muerto (Mb. Superior) Muerto (Mb. Superior) Venados Venados Venados Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath Cardalitos Cardalitos Mancora Heath Heath Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Huasimal Huasimal Huasimal Heath Heath Heath Heath Heath Cardalitos Cardalitos Mancora Heath Heath TOC (%) 1.29 1.88 1.05 1.22 0.81 1.04 1.32 1.02 0.89 0.96 0.80 0.86 0.56 0.36 0.16 0.28 0.74 1.06 1.99 1.28 1.76 0.42 0.27 0.31 2.61 1.78 0.21 0.23 0.19 0.47 0.54 0.68 0.47 0.32

2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2251 2276 2277

NOA-99-065 NOA-99-066 NOA-99-067 NOA-99-068 NOA-99-069 NOA-99-070 NOA-99-071 NOA-99-072 NOA-99-073 NOA-99-074 NOA-99-075 NOA-99-080 NOA-99-081 NOA-99-082 NOA-99-083 NOA-99-084 NOA-99-085 NOA-99-086 NOA-99- 087 NOA-99-088 NOA-99-089 NOA-99-090 NOA-99-091 NOA-99-092 NOA-98-038 NOA-98-039 NOA-98-042 NOA-98-043 NOA-98-044 NOA-98-045 NOA-98-046 NOA-98-041 N0A-99-076 NOA-99-077

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Lancones Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes Tumbes

Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. Cazaderos Qda. oquetes Qda. oquetes Qda. oquetes Qda. oquetes Qda. oquetes Qda. Caballo Muerto Qda. Caballo Muerto Qda. Caballo Muerto Qda. Caballo Muerto Qda. Caballo Muerto Qda. Tamarindo Qda. Tamarindo Carretera Venados - Nvo. Lancones Entre Qdas. Mancora y Plateritos Entre Qdas. Mancora y Plateritos Qda. Lavejal Qda. Lavejal Qda. Lavejal Qda. Cardalitos Rubio y Zorritos Qda. Cardalitos Rubio y Zorritos Desemb. Plateritos margen derecha Qda. Bocapan Qda. Bocapan

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 534 581 534 590 3802 2797 1810 4210 4805 8049 7822 7918 7796 7669 1820 3156 4829 5470 5201 4350 1956 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 9578 512 9578 490 Heath Heath Chira Chira Heath Verdun Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Verdun Chira Verdun Chira Verdun Chira Chira Montera Verdun Chira Chicama Sabila Sabila Sabila La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Heath Heath Chira Chira Heath Verdun Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Copa Sombrero Verdun Chira Verdun Chira Verdun Chira Chira Montera Verdun Chira Chicama Chicama Chicama Chicama La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa La Mesa Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun TOC (%) 0.15 0.84 3.08 1.21 1.05 0.61 0.87 0.82 0.83 1.51 0.12 0.11 2.13 1.12 3.58 1.14 1.69 1.25 0.70 0.12 0.91 0.09 0.97 0.87 0.60 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.37 0.57 0.07 0.06

2278 2279 101 102 103 104 105 201 202 203 204 205 301 302 601 1201 1202 1203 1204 2002 2003 2004 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2252 2253 2254 2255

NOA-99-078 NOA-99-079 NON-98-029 NON-98-028 NON-98-027 NON-98-030 NON-98-031 NON-98-032 NON-98-033 NON-98-034 NON-98-035 NON-98-036 NON-98-037 NON-98-038 NON-98-098 NON-98-094 NON-98-095 NON-98-096 NON-98-097 MR-82-022 MR-82-024 MR-82-034 NOA-98-054 NOA-98-055 NOA-98-056 NOA-98-057 NOA-98-058 NOA-98-059 NOA-98-060 NOA-98-061 NOA-98-027 NOA-98-028 NOA-98-029 NOA-98-030

A A P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Tumbes Tumbes Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura

Qda. Bocapan Qda. Bocapan Viru - 4X -1 Viru - 4X -1 Viru - 4X -1 Viru - 4X -1 Viru - 4X -1 Viru - 5X -1 Viru - 5X -1 Viru - 5X -1 Viru - 5X -1 Viru - 5X -1 Viru - 69X-1 Viru - 69X-1 Venturosa 10-X1 Espectativa 1-X1 Espectativa 1-X1 Espectativa 1-X1 Espectativa 1-X1 Pta. Bayovar Pta. Bayovar Cerro Malabrigo Qda. Sabila Qda. Sabila Qda. Sabila Cerro La Mesa Cerro La Mesa Cerro La Mesa Cerro La Mesa Cerro La Mesa Sur de Punta Blanca (500m.) Sur de Punta Blanca (100m.) Qda. al Este de Pta. Blanca Qda. al Este de Pta. Blanca

8063 7828 7930 7811 7685

4834 5465 5200 4343 1951

054021.5" 054021.5" 054021.5" 051644.2" 051644.2" 051644.3" 051637.3" 051637.3" 490040 490030 491040 491240

794050.6" 794050.6" 794050.6" 805924" 805924" 805924" 805925.3" 805925.3" 9356220 9356350 9356960 9356910

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 491356 488320 488930 488910 489016 492700 8442 8052 7186 5142 4195 5492 5495 5637 5639 3765 9262 7490 7288 7093 6886 6670 6670 6464 6464 6238 6238 6046 6046 5817 5395 5395 5146 5138 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 9356795 9354360 9353790 9353850 9353822 9359130 8450 8071 7201 5150 4212 Core #1 Core #1 5338 5640 3757 9264.3 7497 7293 7100 6894 6684 6684 6470 6470 6258 6258 6066 6066 5828 5406 5406 5160 5146 Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Muerto Redondo * Redondo Petacas Balcones Petacas Petacas Petacas Petacas Redondo Basal Salinas Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Verdun Muerto Redondo Redondo Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Redondo Gr. Salina Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande TOC (%) 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.10 3.78 0.78 0.74 0.62 0.57 0.64 0.19 0.61 0.75 1.40 0.80 0.84 0.77 0.72 0.77 0.68 0.70 0.68 0.69 0.62 0.71 0.49 0.42 0.56 0.57 0.62 0.49 0.67

2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 1 2 3 4 5 401 402 403 404 501 701 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817

NOA-98-031 NOA-98-032 NOA-98-033 NOA-98-034 NOA-98-035 NOA-98-036 NON-98-022 NON-98-023 NON-98-024 NON-98-025 NON-98-026 NON-98-039 NON-98-040 NON-98-041 NON-98-042 NON-98-043 NON-98-078 NON-98-044 NON-98-045 NON-98-046 NON-98-047 NON-98-048 NON-98-049 NON-98-050 NON-98-051 NON-98-052 NON-98-053 NON-98-054 NON-98-055 NON-98-056 NON-98-057 NON-98-058 NON-98-059 NON-98-060

A A A A A A P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Sechura Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara

Qda. al Este de Pta. Blanca Punta Shode Qda. al Sur de Qda. Nunura Qda. al Sur de Qda. Nunura Qda. al Norte de Qda. Nunura Norte C Illescas (Planta oleoducto) Lomitos 3835 Lomitos 3835 Lomitos 3835 Lomitos 3835 Lomitos 3835 Sandino 6020 Sandino 6020 Sandino 6020 Sandino 6020 Peoco 3 - 1 PN-426 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 5138 4997 4997 4997 4787 4482 4104 4104 3895 3484 3269 3168 2958 2958 2772 2511 8395 4510 4510 4510 4153 4153 4153 7310 6889 6889 6889 6538 6538 8740 8508 8435 7857 8374 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 5146 5017 5017 5017 4804 4502 4124 4126 3911 3503 3289 3188 2978 2978 2792 2531 8402 4527 4527 4527 4166 4166 4166 7324 6905 6905 6905 6548 6548 8750 8516 8442 7853 8368 Monte Grande Mal Paso Mal Paso Mal Paso Mal Paso Mal Paso Mal Paso Mal Paso Balcones Balcones Balcones Balcones Balcones Balcones Balcones Balcones Pananga (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo ? (K) Redondo (K) Redondo (K) Redondo (K) Redondo (K) Redondo (K) Redondo Paleozoico Muerto Muerto Tablones Muerto Monte Grande Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Pananga Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Redondo Paleozoico Muerto Muerto Tablones Muerto TOC (%) 0.47 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.52 0.40 0.36 0.54 0.44 0.59 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.36 0.46 0.46 0.43 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.57 0.59 0.52 0.23 0.65 0.65 0.85 0.67 0.33 0.50 1.18 1.66 1.99 0.40

818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 901 902 903 904 905 906 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105

NON-98-061 NON-98-062 NON-98-063 NON-98-064 NON-98-065 NON-98-066 NON-98-068 NON-98-067 NON-98-070 NON-98-071 NON-98-072 NON-98-073 NON-98-074 NON-98-075 NON-98-076 NON-98-077 NON-98-133 NON-98-079 NON-98-080 NON-98-081 NON-98-082 NON-98-083 NON-98-084 NON-98-085 NON-98-086 NON-98-087 NON-98-088 NON-98-089 NON-98-090 NON-98-091 NON-98-092 NON-98-093 NON-98-161 NON-98-160

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara

Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3585 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3770 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3980 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 8399 8411 8451 8477 8516 8590 8650 8654 8687 7126 7126 7126 7279 7279 7279 6616 6616 6616 7696 7696 7696 4334 4334 4334 5962 5962 5962 8611 8166 8166 8275 5196 5509 5619 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 8389 8406 8435 8479 8501 8585 8636 8650 8681 7141 7141 7141 7296 7296 7296 6629 6629 6629 7716 7716 7716 4354 4354 4354 5974 5974 5974 8620 8180 8180 8282 5202 5499 5621 Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Montegrande Montegrande Montegrande Redondo Redondo Redondo Montegrande Montegrande Montegrande Redondo Redondo Redondo Mesa Mesa Mesa Mesa Mesa Mesa Pamanga Redondo Redondo Muerto Salina-Negritos Salina-Negritos Salina-Negritos Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Muerto Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Redondo Redondo Redondo Monte Grande Monte Grande Monte Grande Redondo Redondo Redondo Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Pananga Redondo Redondo Muerto Gr. Salina Gr. Salina Gr. Salina TOC (%) 2.46 0.58 2.10 0.91 2.08 4.48 0.71 0.62 0.62 0.61 0.45 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.57 0.66 0.71 0.67 0.81 0.76 0.56 0.92 0.66 0.80 0.46 0.34 0.43 0.31 0.54 3.94 0.56 0.69 0.66 0.40

1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1401 1402 1403

NON-98-159 NON-98-158 NON-98-157 NON-98-156 NON-98-155 NON-98-154 NON-98-153 NON-98-152 NON-98-151 NON-98-001 NON-98-003 NON-98-002 NON-98-004 NON-98-005 NON-98-006 NON-98-007 NON-98-008 NON-98-009 NON-98-010 NON-98-011 NON-98-012 NON-98-013 NON-98-014 NON-98-015 NON-98-016 NON-98-017 NON-98-018 NON-98-019 NON-98-020 NON-98-021 NON-98-069 NON-98-149 NON-98-148 NON-98-147

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara

Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 3990 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 Lomitos 4000 3635 3635 3635

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 5746 6526 6840 6920 6902 6905 9172 9180 9493 9496 5675 5667 5657 5648 5633 5621 5610 5598 5144 5681 5689 5696 5709 5718 5726 5747 5748 10285 10279 9508 8480 8472 6900 6979 FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 5735 6546 6855 6923 6905 6907 9165 9172 9490 9493 5667 5657 5648 5633 5621 5610 5598 5580 5527 5675 5681 5689 5696 5709 5718 5726 5737 10279 10273 9498 8472 8465 6979 6968 Mal Paso Mal Paso Redondo Paleozoico Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Muerto Muerto Paleozoico Redondo Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Redondo Paleozoico Gr. Mal Paso Gr. Mal Paso Muerto Muerto Muerto Redondo Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico TOC (%) 0.46 0.44 0.75 0.23 0.49 0.25 2.69 3.00 1.62 0.32 0.44 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.54 0.48 0.50 0.38 0.40 0.50 0.34 0.40 0.41 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.46 1.30 0.77 0.60 0.44 0.53 0.57 0.48

1404 1405 1406 1407 1501 1502 1601 1602 1603 1604 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807

NON-98-146 NON-98-145 NON-98-144 NON-98-143 NON-98-099 NON-98-100 NON-98-104 NON-98-103 NON-98-102 NON-98-101 NON-98-123 NON-98-124 NON-98-125 NON-98-126 NON-98-127 NON-98-128 NON-98-129 NON-98-130 NON-98-131 NON-98-122 NON-98-121 NON-98-120 NON-98-119 NON-98-118 NON-98-117 NON-98-116 NON-98-115 NON-98-106 NON-98-107 NON-98-108 NON-98-109 NON-98-110 NON-98-111 NON-98-112

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara

3635 3635 3635 3635 Lomitos 4655 Lomitos 4655 Lomitos 4705 Lomitos 4706 Lomitos 4707 Lomitos 4708 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5164 5237 5237 5237 5237 5237 5237 5237

APPENDIX 1
Geochemical Database Offshore and Onshore DGSI DATA ID N Reg. P/A Basin DGSI original Well/Outcrop SAMPLE Depth (m) / Ident. 6488 6480 5500 8103 0415'18.6'' FORMATION EQUIVALENT FORMATION FORMACIN Original Report (or correction) EQUIVALENTE (o correccin) 6480 6472 5530 8100 8113'33.1'' Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Sandino Cabo Blanco Paleozoico Paleozoico Paleozoico Redondo Parias TOC (%) 0.45 0.38 0.49 0.52 0.40

1808 1809 1901 1951 2228

NON-98-113 NON-98-114 NOC-98-001 NON-98-132 NOA-98-037

P P P P A

Talara Talara Talara Talara Talara

5237 5237 Lomitos 5663 Lomitos 6020 Secuencia intermedia C. Blanco

S1 mg/g 0.12 0.79 0.19 0.46 0.86 0.70 1.25 0.71 0.17 0.86 0.07 0.16 0.74 0.03

S2 mg/g 0.77 2.67 0.59 2.71 4.69 2.68 8.85 7.95 10.56 7.30 0.79 0.59 2.28 0.13

S3 mg/g 0.22 0.26 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.50 0.47 0.43 0.25 0.81 0.54 0.25 0.29

Tmax C 448 454 444 452 452 452 445 444 416 449 444 450 454 484

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.11 0.44 0.21 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.27 0.17 0.06 0.23 0.03 0.12 0.33 0.05 70.00 147.51 64.13 132.84 163.41 141.80 192.81 189.74 400.00 192.61 36.07 43.07 102.70 23.21 IO 20.00 14.36 27.17 14.22 10.45 15.34 10.89 11.22 16.29 6.60 36.99 39.42 11.26 51.79

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 3.50 10.27 2.36 9.34 15.63 9.24 17.70 16.91 24.56 29.20 0.98 1.09 9.12 0.45 0.13 0.23 0.24 0.15 0.15 0.21 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.11 0.08 0.21 0.25 0.19

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

0.89 3.46 0.78 3.17 5.55 V ?1.19 3.38 10.10 B ?1.36 8.66 10.73 8.16 B ?1.42 V ?1.22 0.86 0.75 3.02 0.16

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.24 0.24 0.68 1.58 0.45 1.28 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.46

0.13 0.04 0.07 0.40 5.46 6.35 4.89 8.69 2.56 9.00 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.97

0.27 0.21 0.80 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.49 0.50 0.35 0.50 0.75 0.20 0.22 0.15

498 527 498 489 423 425 446 445 444 446 498 474 436 471

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.22 0.38 0.22 0.30 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.39

15.29 6.35 5.79 48.78 319.30 382.53 159.28 209.40 126.73 208.33 13.01 19.05 18.68 82.20

31.76 33.33 66.12 26.83 14.04 16.27 15.96 12.05 17.33 11.57 60.98 19.05 24.18 12.71

0.48 0.19 0.09 1.82 22.75 23.52 9.98 17.38 7.31 18.00 0.21 1.00 0.77 6.47

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.00 0.23 0.15 0.32

0.13 0.04 0.07 0.49 5.70 V ?0.38 6.59 V ?0.39 5.57 10.27 B ?1.41 3.01 V ?1.48 10.28 B 1.46 0.16 0.26 0.20 1.43

S1 mg/g 0.70 0.14 1.15 0.84 0.46 0.36 1.58 0.87 0.65 0.67 0.05 0.08 0.11

S2 mg/g 0.81 0.53 0.63 0.91 0.47 0.42 1.07 0.90 0.52 0.63 0.05 0.39 0.24

S3 mg/g 0.19 0.51 0.21 0.17 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.24 0.11 0.02

Tmax C 445 466 473 469 477 461 469 469 474 421 350 459 457

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.54 0.07 1.10 0.69 0.57 0.35 1.20 0.85 0.73 0.70 0.06 0.09 0.20 62.79 28.19 60.00 74.59 58.02 40.38 81.06 88.24 58.43 65.63 6.25 45.35 42.86 IO 14.73 27.13 20.00 13.93 16.05 14.42 9.85 11.76 21.35 11.46 30.00 12.79 3.57

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 4.26 1.04 3.00 5.35 3.62 2.80 8.23 7.50 2.74 5.73 0.21 3.55 12.00 0.46 0.21 0.65 0.48 0.49 0.46 0.60 0.49 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.17 0.31 1.51 0.67 1.78 1.75 0.93 0.78 2.65 1.77 1.17 1.30 0.10 0.47 0.35

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%) V ?1.71

V 1.67

0.30 0.03 0.72 0.26 0.15 0.00

0.34 0.19 2.63 0.68 0.75 0.00

0.16 0.45 0.29 0.36 0.46 0.14

454 463 451 445 446 N.A.

0.41 0.03 0.36 0.20 0.09 0.00

45.95 17.92 132.16 53.13 42.61 0.00

21.62 42.45 14.57 28.13 26.14 33.33

2.13 0.42 9.07 1.89 1.63 0.00

0.47 0.14 0.21 0.28 0.17

0.64 0.22 3.35 0.94 0.90 0.00

0.21 0.11

9.64 4.84

0.47 1.36

415 412

0.08 0.06

369.35 271.91

18.01 76.40

20.51 3.56

0.02 0.02

9.85 4.95

0.08 0.03 0.02 0.03

0.22 0.21 0.06 0.15

1.30 0.34 0.05 0.06

438 421 518 433

0.17 0.06 0.03 0.06

46.81 38.89 8.82 31.91

276.60 62.96 7.35 12.77

0.17 0.62 1.20 2.50

0.27 0.13 0.25 0.17

0.30 0.24 0.08 0.18

S1 mg/g

S2 mg/g

S3 mg/g

Tmax C

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH IO

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

0.01 0.31 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.07

0.42 6.04 0.41 0.72 0.21 0.04 0.24 0.09 0.16

0.15 2.13 1.35 1.14 0.61 1.90 0.10 0.07 0.09

472 419 410 438 472 427 494 518 532

0.01 0.10 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.05

50.00 196.10 33.88 68.57 34.43 4.60 29.27 10.84 10.60

17.86 69.16 111.57 108.57 100.00 218.39 12.20 8.43 5.96

2.80 2.84 0.30 0.63 0.34 0.02 2.40 1.29 1.78

0.02 0.05 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.33 0.17 0.25 0.30

0.43 6.35 0.47 0.84 0.24 0.06 0.29 0.12 0.23

V ?0.27

V ?3.20

0.24 0.04 0.39 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.66 0.75 7.49 0.39 2.04 0.70 0.29 0.15 0.01 0.02 0.09

2.15 1.21 4.45 1.70 1.31 1.24 4.42 0.29 0.15 0.25 0.16

405 425 416 419 423 425 467 490 425 429 521

0.11 0.04 0.11 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

77.93 66.96 209.22 34.21 120.71 56.00 41.43 16.48 1.03 2.30 15.00

100.94 108.04 124.30 149.12 77.51 99.20 631.43 31.87 15.46 28.74 26.67

0.77 0.62 1.68 0.23 1.56 0.56 0.07 0.52 0.07 0.08 0.56

0.13 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.90 0.79 7.88 0.43 2.18 0.77 0.31 0.18 0.01 0.02 0.09

V ?0.23 V ?0.34 V ?0.32

V ?0.27

V 4.16

0.00

0.03

0.03

391

0.00

5.26

5.26

1.00

0.00

0.03

S1 mg/g

S2 mg/g

S3 mg/g

Tmax C

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH IO

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

1.64 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.31 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01

5.14 0.53 0.21 0.33 0.09 0.26 0.19 0.20 1.27 0.27 0.24 0.13 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.10 0.28 0.18 0.23 0.21 0.17

0.69 0.33 0.10 0.09 0.12 0.04 0.27 0.38 0.48 0.15 0.23 0.22 0.06 0.29 0.22 0.11 0.28 0.16 0.40 0.18 0.36 0.14 0.14 0.34 0.23 0.08 0.10

442 444 514 566 545 471 510 449 438 435 473 484 482 478 524 479 522 487 483 473 475 454 478 491 504 474 489

0.43 0.26 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.22 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.01

135.98 67.95 28.38 53.23 15.79 40.63 31.15 26.67 90.71 33.75 28.57 16.88 25.00 25.97 33.82 35.71 35.29 36.23 46.77 36.62 55.10 23.81 50.00 31.58 37.10 42.86 25.37

18.25 42.31 13.51 14.52 21.05 6.25 44.26 50.67 34.29 18.75 27.38 28.57 8.33 37.66 32.35 15.71 41.18 23.19 64.52 25.35 73.47 33.33 25.00 59.65 37.10 16.33 14.93

7.45 1.61 2.10 3.67 0.75 6.50 0.70 0.53 2.65 1.80 1.04 0.59 3.00 0.69 1.05 2.27 0.86 1.56 0.73 1.44 0.75 0.71 2.00 0.53 1.00 2.63 1.70

0.24 0.27 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.20 0.16 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.10 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.06

6.78 0.73 0.23 0.33 0.09 0.28 0.20 0.20 1.58 0.32 0.25 0.13 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.27 0.30 0.10 0.32 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.18

B 1.41

V 0.37

V 1.06 V ?1.57

V 1.11 V ?1.37 V 1.01

V 1.24

V 0.78

S1 mg/g 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.34 0.48 0.96 0.02

S2 mg/g 0.24 0.13 0.21 0.24 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.23 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.36 0.10 0.04 1.40 2.57 3.87 0.09

S3 mg/g 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.24 0.31 0.08 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.20 1.08 0.94 0.77 0.61 0.41 0.41 0.27 0.24 0.24 0.45 0.02 0.21 0.34 0.20 0.11

Tmax C 483 481 490 476 479 483 466 475 487 505 479 508 461 486 384 437 435 436 404 442 458 480 449 473 514 493 445 440 436 470

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.29 0.29 0.48 0.05 51.06 23.21 37.50 39.34 23.08 20.00 18.52 27.27 38.98 29.27 32.50 39.02 10.87 23.91 6.98 15.52 20.34 9.26 8.77 18.64 26.92 24.62 27.69 42.35 14.93 8.00 118.64 154.82 194.47 22.50 IO 21.28 37.50 57.14 39.34 59.62 20.00 48.15 63.64 47.46 21.95 22.50 29.27 19.57 19.57 46.51 186.21 159.32 142.59 107.02 69.49 78.85 41.54 36.92 28.24 67.16 4.00 17.80 20.48 10.05 27.50

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 2.40 0.62 0.66 1.00 0.39 1.00 0.38 0.43 0.82 1.33 1.44 1.33 0.56 1.22 0.15 0.08 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.27 0.34 0.59 0.75 1.50 0.22 2.00 6.67 7.56 19.35 0.82 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.10 0.14 0.00 0.29 0.15 0.13 0.27 0.18 0.12 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.27 0.14 0.24 0.27 0.15 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.24 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.16 0.22 0.22 0.41 0.13 0.05 1.74 3.05 4.83 0.11

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

V 0.95

V ?0.74

V 1.42

V 1.34

V ?1.19 V ?.82

S1 mg/g 0.61 0.02 0.50 0.41 1.07 1.08 0.15 0.17 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.00

S2 mg/g 6.69 0.11 4.64 1.52 7.10 11.02 1.57 1.00 0.90 0.13 0.08 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.13 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.30 0.19 0.21 0.86 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.19 0.20 9.63 0.94 0.11 0.14 0.00

S3 mg/g 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.22 0.26 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.36 0.43 0.25 0.14 0.18 0.07 0.24 0.11 0.08 0.95 0.32 0.34 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.34 0.23 0.06 0.14 0.02

Tmax C 436 458 441 436 439 441 441 438 440 487 522 493 486 521 489 485 470 501 471 474 475 433 446 460 438 439 461 438 431 437 471 N.A.

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.25 0.03 0.24 0.45 0.51 0.24 0.21 0.27 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.17 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.00 0.08 0.71 0.01 0.00 0.00 271.95 18.97 220.95 167.03 341.35 245.98 221.13 161.29 145.16 21.31 17.78 31.67 28.57 25.37 22.81 34.85 32.39 31.34 37.04 25.00 37.50 93.48 30.30 28.75 47.83 44.19 37.04 244.42 167.86 15.94 21.21 0.00 IO 8.94 39.66 8.57 16.48 10.58 5.80 11.27 20.97 19.35 59.02 95.56 41.67 22.22 26.87 12.28 36.36 15.49 11.94 117.28 42.11 60.71 23.91 30.30 17.50 13.04 13.95 18.52 8.63 41.07 8.70 21.21 5.00

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 30.41 0.48 25.78 10.13 32.27 42.38 19.63 7.69 7.50 0.36 0.19 0.76 1.29 0.94 1.86 0.96 2.09 2.63 0.32 0.59 0.62 3.91 1.00 1.64 3.67 3.17 2.00 28.32 4.09 1.83 1.00 0.00 0.08 0.15 0.10 0.21 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.15 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.16 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.30 0.08 0.00 7.30 0.13 5.14 1.93 8.17 12.10 1.72 1.17 0.98 0.13 0.08 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.13 0.26 0.27 0.25 0.34 0.22 0.23 1.02 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.20 9.93 1.34 0.12 0.14 0.00

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

V ?1.01

V 0.82

V ?0.85

V 0.57

S1 mg/g 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.71 0.99 0.71 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

S2 mg/g 0.00 0.02 0.26 0.27 7.37 7.63 3.85 0.04 0.13 0.10 0.02 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.02

S3 mg/g 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.07 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.05

Tmax C N.A. 414 428 484 436 438 437 511 516 454 362 517 513 548 N.A. 543 489 519

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.10 0.26 0.33 0.44 0.00 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.55 34.67 55.10 273.98 254.33 237.65 9.09 26.53 21.28 4.35 22.22 8.33 6.00 0.00 26.00 25.00 4.88 IO 15.22 31.82 18.67 14.29 4.83 4.33 7.41 22.73 4.08 4.26 4.35 3.70 8.33 8.00 7.50 12.00 25.00 12.20

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 0.00 0.14 1.86 3.86 56.69 58.69 32.08 0.40 6.50 5.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 0.75 0.00 2.17 1.00 0.40 0.00 0.02 0.28 0.32 8.08 8.62 4.56 0.04 0.15 0.11 0.02 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.13 0.10 0.02

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

0.00 0.07 0.16 0.09 0.11 0.16 0.00 0.13 0.09 0.00 0.08 0.20 0.25

V 0.78 V ?1.29

V ?4.33

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00

0.06 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.05 0.17 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

527 540 547 N.A. 548 N.A. N.A. N.A.

0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00

13.04 0.77 10.39 0.00 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00

10.87 13.08 3.90 5.00 6.82 5.66 5.26 4.17

1.20 0.06 2.67 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.11 1.00 0.00 1.00

0.06 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00

V ?5.04

S1 mg/g 0.00 0.02 0.57 0.00

S2 mg/g 0.02 0.04 1.09 0.11

S3 mg/g 0.02 0.54 0.09 0.28

Tmax C 548 537 432 478

S1/TOC S2/TOC S3/TOC IH 0.00 0.04 1.10 0.00 4.44 8.16 209.62 27.50 IO 4.44 110.20 17.31 70.00

S2/S3 S1/S1+S2 S1+S2 IP 1.00 0.07 12.11 0.39 0.00 0.33 0.34 0.00 0.02 0.06 1.66 0.11

Ro B (%)

Ro V (%)

V 3.87 V ?0.62