TECHNICAL IEO-TM -97-01

5 Septem ber 1997

M EM ORANDUM
IN TERNA TION AL TELECO M M U NICATIO NS SA TELLITE O RGA NIZA TION
ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE TELECOM MUNICATIONS PAR
ORGANZACION INTERNACIONAL DE T ELECOMUNICACIONES POR

LEASE TRANSM ISSION PLAN PROGRAM

(LST VERSION 4)

Nsense E. M untanga

COPYRIGHT  INTELSAT
ALL RIGHTS
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

(INTELSAT)
Technical Memorandum

IEO-TM-97-01

USER’S GUIDE
LEASE TRANSMISSION PLAN PROGRAM (LST Version 4)
(INTELSAT V, VA, VA(IBS), VI, VII, VIIA,VIII, VIIIA & APR1)

Nsense E. Muntanga
ABSTRACT

In order to assist customers in implementing their leases, INTELSAT developed the

Lease Transmission Plan (LST) program. LST is used by INTELSAT customers to determine their
resource requirements, to size up their HPAs and earth station antennas and to generate transmission
plans. It is a PC-based program which incorporates databases of key parameters, including satellite
technical characteristics and the Leased Transponder Definitions, of all the operational INTELSAT
satellites.
LST Version 4 is a Windows based program prepared under Visual Baler*. This
version includes INTELSAT VIII and INTELSAT APR1 spacecraft parameters.

The program will be updated periodically to incorporate new spacecraft series and
user comments.

Approved:
Frederic J. Rieger Khodadad Betaharon
Manager Director
Communications Systems Communications Engineering
Engineering Dept and Service Development

* Visual Baler is a Trademark of Techtools Inc

COPYRIGHT © INTELSAT 1991 - 1997

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The LST software and User’s Guide are provided “AS IS”. Although INTELSAT has attempted to ensure the
accuracy of the LST software and User’s Guide, it does not accept responsibility for any errors in the LST
software and User’s Guide or in the results obtained from their use.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

LST HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

The following minimum hardware and software are required for LST Version 4:

• IBM PC or compatible.

• double-sided, double-density floppy disk drive.

• Windows 3.1 or Windows 95

To obtain LST software and relevant documentation, directly from INTELSAT contact:

Conference Services
INTELSAT
3400 International Dr.,N.W.
Washington D.C., 20008-3098
U.S.A.

Please specify if you require:

• IESS-410* (Lease Definitions)

• IESS-601* (Standard G earth station)

LST may also be downloaded from INTELSAT’s Internet home page (http://www.intelsat.int). Use
the search engine (Quick Search:) provided on INTELSAT’s home page to locate LST.

Any questions or problems regarding the operation and use of LST may be directed INTELSAT
Customer Service at (202) 944-6835.

* IESS - INTELSAT Earth Station Standards

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1

2.0 LST Version 4 Files ................................................................................................... 2

3.0 Installing LST 4 ......................................................................................................... 2

3.1 Opening LST Files ..................................................................................................... 2

3.2 Entering Data and Running LST 4 ............................................................................ 3

3.3 Uplink and Downlink Carrier

Frequency Assignment .............................................................................................. 7

3.4 Earth Station Elevation Angle ................................................................................... 7

3.5 Transponder Operating Point ..................................................................................... 8

3.6 Adjacent Satellite Interference .................................................................................. 8

3.7 Saving LST Output Files ........................................................................................... 8

3.8 Retrieving LST Output Files ..................................................................................... 9

4.0 Analyzing Plans With More Than Five

Different Links ........................................................................................................... 9

5.0 Earth Station HPA Sizing .......................................................................................... 10

6.0 Printing LST Output .................................................................................................. 10

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE A.1 LIMITS FOR POWER FLUX DENSITY AT ............................................ 16

THE EARTH’S SURFACE

TABLE A.2 Example CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM POWER ............................... 16

POWER DENSITY AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE A.1 TRANSMISSION LINK IMPAIRMENTS .................................................. 15

FIGURE A.2 DETERMINATION OF TV DOWNLINK e.i.r.p. THAT

JUST MEETS THE ITU LIMIT FOR POWER FLUX
DENSITY AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE .................................................. 17

FIGURE A.3 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF POWER FLUX

DENSITY AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE ................................................. 18

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A INTELSAT AND ITU TRANSMISSION CRITERIA .............................. 11

1. Earth Station Antenna Sidelobe Characteristic .......................................... 12

2. Limit for Earth Station Off-axis e.i.r.p. Density ........................................ 13

3. Maximum Power Flux Density at the Earth’s Surface ............................... 14

APPENDIX B ACCOUNTING FOR EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE ............................ 19

1. Earth Station HPA Intermodulation Products ............................................ 20

2. Transponder TWT Intermodulation Products ............................................ 21
3. Co-channel Interference ............................................................................. 22
4. Adjacent Satellite Interference (ASI) ......................................................... 22
5. Terrestrial Interference ............................................................................... 23
6. Other Losses ............................................................................................... 23

APPENDIX C TRANSMISSION LINK AVAILABILITY ............................................... 25

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX D FORMULAS USED IN LST ....................................................................... 29

1. Path Loss Calculation ................................................................................ 30

2. TV/FM Video Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio ........................................ 30
3. FDM/FM Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio ................................................ 31
4. SCPC Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio ..................................................... 32
5. Digital ........................................................................................................ 32

APPENDIX E CALCULATION OF POWER EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH ............... 34

APPENDIX F EXAMPLE LST OUTPUT ........................................................................ 37

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank F. Rieger for his guidance and support during the course of
this work. I am also grateful to the many INTELSAT colleagues who have provided valuable
comments, suggestions and criticism. In particular, the support and assistance of R. Chang, J.
Tehrani, R. Pulupa, F. Freitas, R. Levcovitz, J. Alvarez, V. Zvonar, C. Preza, E. Jiminez, K.
Abimbola, A. Tapuerca and P. Paliza is greatly appreciated.

I am especially thankful to S. Carne who was responsible for many of the

structural improvements to the output format and the menus, F. Ahmed and D. Wirz who tested
the Beta version so many ways and times.

I would also like to thank the many external users who have provided useful
comments and suggestions.

Final thanks are due to G. Gosain who so ably put this document together.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

USER’S GUIDE

LEASE TRANSMISSION PLAN PROGRAM (LST VERSION 4)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

LST4 has been developed to provide LST users with a Windows compatible
environment. In additions to improved menus, LST4 alleviates memory and printer problems
encountered by some users of LST3.

All the analysis algorithms and the operation of LST4 program remain essentially the
same as in LST3. The only difference is in the way it rain margins are handled.

1. In LST3, the link budget analysis stops once the required uplink rain margin is
satisfied regardless of whether the downlink rain margin requirement is met.

2. In LST4, the link budget always satisfies both the uplink and downlink rain margin
requirements. This means that:

• If the available downlink rain margin in LST3 analysis is equal to or greater than the
required downlink rain margin (i.e. link meets both uplink and downlink rain
margins), then LST3 and LST4 will produce the same results.

• If the available downlink rain margin in LST3 is less than the required downlink rain
margin (i.e. link does not meet the required downlink rain margin), then LST4 will
give higher uplink e.i.r.p. and higher lease resource requirements. To obtain the
same results in this case, the required downlink margin in LST4 should be set equal
to the available downlink rain margin in LST3 analysis.

The LST4 form has five (5) link budget columns. If desired, the form can be used to
generate transmission plans with up to 100 different transmission links by arranging the total number
of links into groups of five and running LST for each group (see paragraph 5.0 on page 11).

Note that it is not always necessary to have a separate link for each carrier in the
plan. A single link can be used to represent a band of similar carriers into similar size receive
earth stations. The total number of carriers in the band must then be entered in paragraph E.5.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

2.0 LST VERSION 4 FILES

LST4 consists of a separate file for each satellite series (i.e., INTELSAT V, VI, VII,
VIIA, VIII and K) for a total of seven (7) files as follows:

Satellite Series LST File Name

1. INTELSAT V V.BWB
2. INTELSAT VI VI.BWB
3. INTELSAT VII VII.BWB
4. INTELSAT VIIA VIIA.BWB
5. INTELSAT VIII VIII.BWB
6. INTELSAT VIIIA VIIIA.BWB
7. INTELSAT APR1 APR1.BWB

3.0 INSTALLING LST 4

LST 4 is provided on a floppy diskette (or downloaded from the Internet) in a

compressed, self extracting format. To install LST from a diskette, insert the diskette into your
floppy drive:

• In Widows 3.1x, from the Program Manager,

1. Select the menu option File|Run

2. Type A:\LSTPGM44.exe where A is the floopy drive
3. Click on the Run button and follow the instructions of the installation program.

• In Widows 95

1. Select the Start button from your taskbar

2. Select Run from the Start menu
3. Type A:\LSTPGM44.exe where A is the floppy drive
4. Click the OK button and follow the instructions of the installation program.

Repeat the procedure to extract the Users Guide.

3.1 Starting LST 4

Assuming LST4 is in C:\LST40 directory, to start it:

1. Open Run again and type C:\LST40\LST

2. Click OK (Windows 95) or Run (Windows 3.1x)
3. Select the desired file from the dialog box list, e.g., VI.BWB.

If LST4 is downloaded from the Internet, use the appropriate path in place of floppy A.
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Alternatively, from the File Manager, double click LST.EXE. The easiest way is to
create a short cut and use an icon for starting the program. LST4 comes with its own icon (LST.ico),
but any other icon could be used.

3.2 Entering Input Data and Running LST

All the input data required for link calculations is normally entered on the LST form
through dialog boxes, edit boxes and data entry screens. If desired some of the input data can be
typed directly on the LST form. There are two types of cells on the LST form; the white cells and the
blue cells:

1. White cells are protected and cannot be updated by the user.

2. Blue cells are unprotected and can be updated.

• -- in a blue cell indicates data that is not used in LST calculations. This data is
required by INTELSAT for further processing of the transmission plan.

• ** in a blue cell indicates that the cell contains a default value.

Select InputData from the LST menu (on the Windows menu bar).

There are two menu options: Newdata and Update.

3.2.1 Newdata

This is a new feature in version 4. This option automatically guides the user, step by
step, through the various dialog boxes, edit boxes and data entry screens. The following are the main
steps in running LST:

Link Parameter To enter data

1. Satellite Select the desired satellite (if applicable) and satellite location
from the list.

2. Upbeam Select the desired uplink beam from the list.

3. Downbeam Select the downlink beam from the list.

4. Gainstep Select the desired transponder gain step or saturation flux density
from the list.
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Link Parameter To enter data

5. Channel Bank Select the channel bank (e.g.,1-2)where the lease will operate. If
the channel is not known, select any midband transponder as
default., e.g. 10 for global or c-band spot beams, 5-6 for hemi,
zone or ku-band spot beams.

6. Bandwidth The next submenu provides three options for specifying the
leased bandwidth:

• Select the required bandwidth if it on the dialog box selection

list (i.e., IESS-410 benchmark bandwidth units, e.g., 9 MHz).

Select LST-Calculated if the required bandwidth is unknown.

Enter all the other input data and then run LST. LST
computes the required lease bandwidth from the total satellite
e.i.r.p. utilized. This option always assumes multicarrier
operation (see Appendix D).

• Select User-Specified if the required lease bandwidth is

known, but is not listed on the menu, e.g., 3.2 MHz). Enter
the leased bandwidth, and LST computes the associated lease
resources. This option assumes multicarrier operation.

7. Earth Stations Provides a data entry screen for the earth station characteristics
and coordinates.

• Type the earth station data in the blue cells.

• You can copy the input data of any link budget column into
any other link budget columns to the right of the column you
are copying from. To do this, the column you are copying to
must have the same earth station as the column you are
copying from. Enter the earth station size of the column you
are copying to. Click on the recalc icon on the toolbar.

8. Carriers To specify the carrier types (e.g.,TV/FM, digital, SCPC,etc.)

for each transmission link in the proposed transmission plan.

• Select link 1 to specify the carrier type for link budget.

• Select the carrier-type and the carrier parameters from the

selection lists.
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Link Parameter To enter data

• Repeat the above steps for each transmission link (i.e., link 2,
link 3, etc.)in the proposed plan.

• Select Done to exit the carrier-type dialog box or Cancel to

step back to the previous link.

9. C/N Threshold Provides a data entry screen for the desired threshold C/N or
Eb/No and the uplink and downlink margins.

• For digital carriers, either the C/N or the Eb/No can be

entered. It is not necessary to enter both.

• If the number of assigned carriers is not specified or is set to

0, LST will perform the link calculations for that link, but the
resources will not be added to the grand totals.

10. Analyze To perform link analysis. There are two analysis options
available:

♦ Analysis Option 1 This analysis option assumes that rain losses do not occur
simultaneously on the uplink and the downlink. LST computes
the uplink e.i.r.p. that will deliver the specified C/N threshold at
the receive earth station when:

• the uplink rain loss is equal to the specified uplink rain

margin assuming clear-sky downlink.

• the downlink rain loss is equal to the specified downlink rain

margin assuming clear-sky uplink.

LST chooses the higher of I and II as required uplink e.i.r.p. for

the link.

♦ Analysis Option 2
This option assumes that uplink and downlink rain losses occur
simultaneously. LST computes the earth station uplink e.i.r.p. that
will deliver the specified overall threshold C/N with simultaneous
uplink and downlink rain losses equal to the specified uplink and
downlink rain margins respectively.

The LST output link analysis consist of two parts, namely the clear-sky and degraded
sky link analyses. When you run LST, the LST form always shows the clear-sky link analysis.
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Link Parameter To enter data

11. Options|Deg-sky If desired, Select Options|Deg-sky to review degraded sky link

analysis. If Analysis Option 1 was used to perform link
calculations:

• Select Uplink to review the degraded sky link budgets with

clear-sky downlink and an uplink rain loss equal to the
required uplink rain margin.

• Select Downlink to review the degraded sky link budgets

with a clear-sky uplink and a downlink rain loss equal to the
required downlink rain margin.

Note: Lease resource usage must always be based on clear-sky

conditions.

3.2.2 Update

This option is intended for updating just some of the input data after the initial run.
Update operates in a similar way to the main menu of Version 3 for DOS. From the Update menu,
the user selects and updates the desired menu item. Clicking on Done returns the user to the Update
menu.

The following paragraph describes the Update menu options.

Link Parameter To enter data

1. Beam Connection Select Beam Connection from the menu to specify the
desired beam connection. From the submenu that appears,
the user can update the satellite, upbeam, downbeam or
transponder gain step setting (saturation flux density).

2. Leased-Bandwidth Select Leased-Bandwidth from the Update menu to Update

your leased bandwidth. Then, proceed as in Step 5 of the
paragraph 3.2.1.

3. Earth Stations Select Earth Stations from the Update menu to update your
earth station characteristics. Then proceed as in Step 7 of
paragraph 3.2.1.
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Link Parameter To enter data

4. Carriers Select Carriers from the Update menu to modify your carrier
characteristics. Then follow Step 8 of paragraph 3.2.1.

5. C/N Select C/N to update your C/N or Eb/No, or the rain margins.

6. Refresh Select Refresh to update the link analysis. See Step 10 of

paragraph 3.2.1.

7. Defaults Provides an easy way to update some of the user-input data. Select
Defaults from the main menu. From the resulting submenu:

• Select the parameter to be updated.

• Make the desired changes.
• Select Done to return to the main menu.

3.3 Uplink and Downlink Carrier Frequency Assignment

LST uses the center frequency of the transponder where the lease is assigned. LST
will assign the uplink and downlink carrier frequencies for the lease when the user selects the
channel slot.

3.4 Earth Station Elevation Angle

LST computes the earth station elevation angle if the user supplies the satellite
location and the earth station coordinates in decimal degrees. If the earth station coordinates are
not supplied, LST assumes a 100 elevation angle.

LST is capable of accepting the earth station location in either east or west longitude.
If west longitude is desired, the program requires a minus sign to be entered.

The earth station elevation angle can also be entered directly on the LST form using
the Update command of the main menu.

• Select E/S elev from the submenu.

• Type the elevation angle in the appropriate cells
• Use the arrow keys to move left and right, or up and down.

3.5 Transponder Operating Point

LST assumes the transponder input/output back off relationships specified in IESS-
410. These relationships cover:
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

• Two equal carriers per transponder operation.

• Three equal carriers per transponder operation.
• Multicarrier operation.

For all other cases that are not covered under IESS-410 transponder operating
conditions, consult INTELSAT.

3.6 Adjacent Satellite Interference And Other Losses

The default values used in LST for adjacent satellite interference (ASI) and Other
losses are given in Appendix B. However, the user can specify any other desired values as follows:

1. ASI is specified as a percentage of the total link noise power. To update the LST
default values:

• Select Default from the main menu.

• Select ASI from the submenu.
• Type the desired percentage
• Or Select Losses from the Default submenu.
• Type the desired margin for ASI in dB in the appropriate cells.

2. Other losses include HPA instability, uplink and downlink tracking, etc. To specify a
margin allowance for Other losses

• Select Default from the main menu.

• Select Losses from the submenu.
• Type the margin allowance, in dB, into the appropriate cell(s).

3.7 Saving LST Output Files

There are two options for saving the LST output:

1. BWB file

A BWB file is a complete workbook including macros, databases, dialog boxes, etc.,.

• Select File from the menu

• Select Save to save to an existing file or (or Save As) to save to a new file.
• Select the file name (if it is an existing file) or type the name.
• Hit OK to save
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

2. BDT file

Another way is to save only the user input data. BDT files are much smaller than the
BWB files and you save on storage space.

• Click on File from the control panel menu

• Click on Put Version
• Type the file name or select from the list of existing BDT files and click on
OK.
• Select Input Cells only
• Hit OK to save

3.8 Retrieving LST Output Files

1. To retrieve a BWD output file:

• Click on File from the control panel menu

• Click on Open
• Select the file name from the list
• Click on OK to open

2. A BDT (data) file is similar to a WKB file in LST3. You load a BDT file into a
corresponding BWB file.

• Click on File from the control panel menu

• Click on Get Version
• Select the desired file from the listed BDT files
• Click on OK to open the file.

4.0 ANALYZING PLANS WITH MORE THAN FIVE DIFFERENT LINKS

LST could be used to analyze transmission plans with up to one hundred (100)
different transmission links (carrier types) by arranging the total number of links into groups of five
and running LST for each group. Once the analysis for group 1 (links 1 through 5) is finalized:

1. Click on Extend-Form. LST automatically saves your file as a BDT file called
Noname 1 and is ready to accept data for links 6 through 10
2. Update the earth station and carrier types data.(Click on EnterData, and choose
Update. Do not choose Newdata)

3. If any of the earth stations and carrier types in the previous run are also involved in
the current run, then their data does not need to be updated.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

4. Any link budgets columns that are not required can be deleted by entering zero
(0) for C/N threshold and zero (0) for total number of assigned carriers
(paragraph E of the LST form).

5. Click on Analyze to perform link analysis.

6. Click on Extend-Form. LST automatically saves your file as a BDT file called
Noname 2 and is ready to accept data for links 11 through 15.

7. Repeat steps 2 through 6 for each subsequent run.

8. Each of the Noname files can be reloaded and edited (click on Data, Retrieve
and then click on Refresh to recalculate).

Note: The grand total resource usage for each subsequent run includes the resource usage for all the
preceding groups.

5.0 EARTH STATION HPA SIZING

A new paragraph has been added to the LST file that can be used for calculating the
required HPA size for each earth station. Note that LST has no way of determining the number of
carriers that are transmitted through a given HPA, so the user must supply this information. For
example, if a single HPA is used for all the carriers in the plan, then, the user must sum up all the
e.i.r.p.’s and enter the total e.i.r.p. in the HPA1 column.

6.0 PRINTING LST OUTPUT AND SUBMITTING TO INTELSAT

To print the LST output, choose File|Print from the menu. There are various print
options, most are standard Windows options such Page Setup, Printer Setup, etc.

Printing the LST4 output may crash the program (you get a General Protection
Fault), if you do not have enough system resources. A work-around is to limit your print job to one
page at a time. You can use the pointer to select the print range or you can specify the print range in
the File|Print dialog box. If the problem persists, contact INTELSAT for help.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX A

INTELSAT AND ITU TRANSMISSION CRITERIA

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX A

INTELSAT AND ITU TRANSMISSION CRITERIA

Figure A.1 provides an overview of some of the impairments which need to be

considered in the design of a satellite transmission link. LST allows the user to account for these
various sources of interference and also checks to ensure that the proposed transmission plan
complies with the criteria for minimizing interference into adjacent satellites and into terrestrial
radio-relay networks.

A.1 EARTH STATION ANTENNA SIDELOBE CHARACTERISTIC

The sidelobe requirement for leases is given in IESS-601 and is based on Rec. ITU-R
S.580-4. The recommended sidelobe envelopes are:

A.1.1 Earth Stations Built Prior to 1996

G = 32-25 log10 P, dBi, 10 ≤ P ≤ 480

where:

G = the sidelobe envelope.

P = the angle in degrees between the main beam axis and the direction being
considered.

A.1.2 Earth Stations Built After 1995

For antennas with D/S < 50,

G = 32-25 log10 P, dBi, 10 ≤ P ≤ 480

For antennas with D/S ≥ 50,

G = 29-25 log10 P, dBi, 10 ≤ P ≤ 200

where:

D = antenna diameter and

S = operating wavelength, both expressed in the same units.

The default in LST is 32-25 log10 P, dBi. If the sidelobe gain of the antenna is different
from the default, select Update from the main menu to update.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

A.1.3 VSATS

For small antennas, 30 may fall within the main lobe or the first sidelobe region. The
sidelobe characteristic is based on ITU Report 391-6. The applicable sidelobe gain envelope used in
LST is:

G(P) = Gmax- 2.5 x 10-3(DP/S)2 , dBi, for 0 < P < Pm

G(P) = G1 , dBi, for Pm < P < Px

where:

Gmax = antenna peak gain , dBi

G1 = gain of first sidelobe = 2 + 15 log D/S, dBi

Pm = 20S/D v(Gmax - G1), degrees

Px = Max (1 or 100S/D) , degrees

A.2 LIMIT FOR EARTH STATION OFF-AXIS e.i.r.p. DENSITY

The proposed transmission plan must comply with the off-axis e.i.r.p. emission limit
of Rec. ITU-R S.524-4. If the limit is exceeded, the user can take one or more of the following
corrective actions:

• Reduce the uplink e.i.r.p. This could be accomplished without reducing the
satellite e.i.r.p. by using a more sensitive gain step.

• For TV/FM, increase the energy dispersal.

• Use a larger transmit or receive earth station or both.

• Check the sidelobe envelope criteria. Antennas that meet the more stringent 29 -
25 log P, dBi, sidelobe criterion can transmit 3 dB more e.i.r.p.

A.3 MAXIMUM POWER FLUX DENSITY AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE

The ITU criteria used in LST are shown in Table A.1(a). The assumed angle of
arrival at the earth’s surface can be updated via the Update option of the main menu. Note that the
carrier e.i.r.p. must meet this limit in all directions over the entire antenna beam coverage.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

If the PFD limit is exceeded, the user can take one or more of the following
corrective actions:

• Reduce the level of downlink carrier e.i.r.p.

• In the case of TV/FM, increase the energy dispersal.

In general, most carriers, when modulated, will meet this criterion without difficulty.
However, TV/FM carriers and unmodulated carriers should be checked more carefully.

Figure A.2 can be used to quickly determine the maximum downlink e.i.r.p for a
TV/FM carrier that just meets the limit shown in Table A-1. Table A-2 provides an example
calculation for power flux density at the earth’s surface. Table A.3 shows an example of the use of
Figure A.2.

LST provides an initial analysis for PFD at the earth’s surface. INTELSAT will
perform a detailed analysis to ascertain compliance with this regulation for all angles of arrival.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

TABLE A.1

LIMITS FOR POWER FLUX DENSITY AT THE EARTH’s SURFACE

(Radio Regulation Article 28)

FREQUENCY BAND* LIMIT IN ANY 4 kHz BAND ANGLE OF ARRIVAL L

(GHz) (dBW/m2/4 kHz) (degrees)
- 152.0 0<L≤5
C-BAND 3.4 - 4.2 - 152.0 + 0.5 (L-5) 5 < L ≤ 25
(RR28-8) - 142.0 25 < L ≤ 90
- 150.0 0<L≤5
10.7 - 11.7 - 150.0 + 0.5 (L-5) 5 < L ≤ 25
- 140.0 25 < L ≤ 90

Ku-BAND 11.7 - 11.95 None at present -

(RR28-9 & 10)

- 148.0 0<L≤5
12.5 - 12.75 - 148.0 + 0.5 (L-5) 5 < L ≤ 25
- 138.0 25 < L ≤ 90

* Frequency bands used by INTELSAT (Actual ITU Radio Regulation

bands may have a wider range of frequencies than shown here).

TABLE A.2

EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF MAXIMUM POWER FLUX DENSITY

AT THE EARTH’S SURFACE
(12.5 GHz and 150 Elevation Angle)

1. Per carrier e.i.r.p. at beam edge 44.0 dBW

2. Assumed angle of arrival at the earth’s surface. 15.0 degrees
3. Antenna pattern advantage toward angle of arrival 3.0 dB
4. Per carrier e.i.r.p. toward 15 degrees 47.0 dBW
5. Energy dispersal of unmodulated carrier 2.0 MHz
6. Conversion to per 4 kHz 27.0 MHz
7. Downlink e.i.r.p. density per 4 kHz 20.0 dBW/ 4 kHz
8. Downlink path loss at 12.5 GHz 206.4 dB
9. Gain of 1 m2 antenna at 12.5 GHz 43.4 dBi/m2
10. Power flux density arriving at the earth’s surface ( 4- 6 - 8 + 9) -143.0 dBW/m2/4 kHz
11. ITU Radio Regulation limit at 15 degree elevation -143.0 dBW/m2/4 kHz
12. Margin (11 - 10) 0.0 dB
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX B

ACCOUNTING FOR EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE AND RAIN ATTENUATION

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

ACCOUNTING FOR EXTERNAL INTERFERENCE AND RAIN ATTENUATION

APPENDIX B

B.1 EARTH STATION HPA INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS

Wideband HPA’s operating under multicarrier conditions can generate IM

products (HPA-IM) over the entire satellite frequency band (500 MHz). Thus, even if the
user’s plan involves only one carrier per HPA, there is still a potential for interference from
HPA-IM products from other earth stations operating multicarrier in the same uplink beam.

On the LST form, HPA-IM interference is accounted for in terms of a

C/T(HPA-IM) value in the link budget calculations. The C/T(HPA-IM is derived from the HPA-IM
limits provided in Tables 4 and 5 of IESS-601 as follows:

HLUS+3$,0 $NG%:N+]DWθHDUWKVWDWLRQHOHYDWLRQDQJOH


$
G%:N+]
ZKHUH
 $ +3$,0HLUSOLPLWDW°HOHYDWLRQDQJOH
N FRUUHFWLRQIDFWRUIRUJHRJUDSKLFDGYDQWDJH

Integrating ’A’ dBW/4 kHz over the carrier’s occupied bandwidth gives the HPA-IM e.i.r.p. level in
terms of the carrier bandwidth (BWocc). Thus:

HLUS 
$
G%:N+]ORJ [ G%+]ORJ %: G%+]
+3$,0 

 RFF

&, +3$,0 HLUS G%:HLUS

(6 G%: +3$,0

 
ZKHUHHLUS LVWKHSHUFDUULHU(6HLUSDWθ
(6

&7 +3$,0  &, +3$,0G%ORJ %: G%+].G%:.+]

 RFF

ZKHUH

. %ROW]PDQQ
V&RQVWDQW

 G%:.+]

Substituting - 228.6 for K gives:

&7 +3$,0 &, +3$,0 G%ORJ %: G%+]G%:.+]

 RFF
 LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

&, G%+]G%:.+]

+3$,0

B.2 TRANSPONDER TWT INTERMODULATION PRODUCTS

For one carrier or two carriers per transponder operation, intermodulation

products (IM) do not need to be considered.

In the case of multicarrier operation in the entire transponder, the maximum

permissible levels of IM are given in Table 2 of IESS-410. These values represent typical IM
noise levels under the specified transponder operating conditions and can be used in the link
budget calculations to account for IM interference. The values in IESS-410 are given in
terms of beam edge e.i.r.p. density. That is:

HLUS 7:7,0 #%(SHUFDUULHU 

:
G%:N+]

Integrating ’W’ dBW/4 kHz over the carrier’s occupied bandwidth (BWocc) converts the
intermodulation e.i.r.p. level to the carrier’s occupied bandwidth as follows:

HLUS 7:7,0  
:
G%:N+]ORJ [ G%+]ORJ %: G%+]


 RFF


&,7:7,0  HLUS 6& G%:HLUS 7:7,0G%:

ZKHUHHLUS LVWKHSHUFDUULHUWUDQVSRQGHUHLUS#%(
6&


&7 7:7,0  &, 7:7,0 G%ORJ %: G%+].G%:.+]
 RFF

:KHUH. %ROW]PDQQ
V&RQVWDQW

 G%:.+] 

Substituting - 228.6 for K gives:

 &7 7:7,0  &, 7:7,0 G%ORJ %: G%+]G%:.+]
 RFF

&, 7:7,0 G%+]G%:.+]

During the transmission plan review, INTELSAT will evaluate the actual
level of intermodulation noise based on the expected transponder operating conditions.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

B.3 CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE (DUE TO FREQUENCY-REUSE)

LST uses nominal values of C/I provided in Table 1 of IESS-410. The C/T
co-channel interference can be calculated as follows:

&7&R&KDQQHO 
;
G%ORJ %: G%+]%ROW]PDQQ
V&RQVWDQW
 RFF



;
G%ORJ %:
 RFFF G%+]G%:.+]

ZKHUH
;
&,YDOXHJLYHQLQ,(667DEOH

The user can assume these C/I values as an initial assessment of co-channel
interference. During the transmission plan review, INTELSAT will perform a more detailed
analysis of co-channel interference using the actual frequency plans expected to be operating
in co-frequency transponders.

B.4 ADJACENT SATELLITE INTERFERENCE (ASI)

On the uplink, the source of ASI is the off-axis emission of earth stations
operating with adjacent satellites. ITU.R S.524-4 places a limit on the level of these
emissions as described in paragraph A.2.

On the downlink, the source of ASI is the emissions of carriers operating on

adjacent satellite networks which are received by the sidelobes (or the mainlobe in the case
of VSATS) of the User’s receive earth station.

The ITU has developed recommendations for protection of various types of

services carried by the FSS. These recommendations specify the maximum level of
interference from all adjacent satellite networks due to both the uplink and downlink ASI.
The applicable ITU recommendations, for frequency reuse networks, are described below.
These recommendations have been implemented in LST as defaults. However, if desired, the
user can specify any other level of ASI.

• ITU-R S.466-6 (FDM/FM)

Recommends that the aggregate ASI interference should not exceed 2000
pWOp of total link noise power (1500 pWOp for frequency reuse
networks with an advance publication date prior to the end of 1987).
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

• ITU-R S.483-2 (TV/FM)

Recommends that the aggregate ASI interference should not exceed 10%
of total link noise power.

• ITU-R S.523-4 (8 Bit-PCM)

Recommends that the aggregate ASI interference should not exceed 20%
of total link noise power. (15% for frequency reuse networks with an
advance publication date prior to the end of 1987).

If the ASI noise is X %, then the required margin allowance for ASI in the
link budget calculation is given by:

 ORJ;G%

For example, when X is 20%, the ASI margin allowance is:

 ORJ G%

For simplicity, the margin for ASI used in LST is computed in this manner for all modulation
techniques.

B.5 TERRESTRIAL INTERFERENCE

ITU-R S.558-2 allocates 10% of total noise power for protection from all
terrestrial interference sources into the User’s carriers. Although ITU-R S.558-2 applies only
to 8-Bit PCM, it has been used for all modulation techniques since no other ITU
recommendation has been developed. This allocation equates to:

ORJ G%

In LST, ASI and terrestrial interference are combined together with a total
default noise power allocation of X% + 10%. For X = 20%, the margin equates to:

ORJ G%

B.6 OTHER LOSSES

This margin allowance is for HPA instability, U/L and D/L tracking and E/S
equipment Noise. The calculation of the default margin allowance used in LST is based on
link budget methodology developed for IESS modules. If desired, the user can specify any
other allowance for their specific case:
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

E/S* E/S**
>4.5 m <4.5 m (C-band)
>3.5 m <3.5 m (Ku-band)
HPA instability and U/L tracking 0.5 0.5
D/L tracking loss effect on total 0.2 0.8
E/S equipment noise (5%) 0.2 0.2
Total (root sum square) 0.6 0.9

* Earth stations with auto-tracking

** Earth stations with manual tracking or no tracking

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX C

LINK AVAILABILITY AND RAIN MARGINS

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

LINK AVAILABILITY AND RAIN MARGINS

APPENDIX C

The transmission plan designer has the option of including some margins in
the link budgets to counteract uplink and downlink transmission losses caused primarily by
rainfall, thereby, ensuring a link availability for a minimum percentage time of the year. The
magnitude of the required margins is a trade-off for the transmission plan designer between
service availability and the cost of satellite resources. This Appendix describes the LST link
analysis and how the user specifies the rain margins to achieve the desired link availability.
There are two methods available in LST:

C.1 Assuming Uplink and Downlink Rain Losses do not Occur

Simultaneously

The underlying assumption is that uplink and downlink rain attenuation does
not occur simultaneously. This assumption may be applicable where the transmit and receive
earth station locations are far apart such as in international leases or in some domestic leases.

The following analysis also assumes IESS-410 multicarrier transponder

operating conditions. The user specifies the required:

• threshold C/N, i.e., C/Ntotal,thres or (Eb/N0)total,thres

• uplink rain margin, Lmu, that will provide the desired uplink availability
and LST performs the following three sets of link calculations:

C.1.1 Degraded Sky Uplink, Clear-Sky Downlink

The overall threshold C/N0 for the link can be expressed as follows:

(C/N0)up1 = eirpe/s - Lup - Lmu + (G/T)s/c + 228.6 (1)

(C/N0)dn1 = eirps/c - Ldn + (G/T)e/s + 228.6 (2)
(C/N0)Total,Thres = (C/N0)up1 ⊕ (C/N0)dn1 ⊕ (C/I0)total (3)

where:

eirpe/s = earth station transmit e.i.r.p. that will deliver the specified
threshold C/N at the receive earth station when the uplink rain
loss is equal to the specified uplink margin Lmu (dB)
C/N0 = Carrier-to-noise density ratio (dB)
C/I0 = Carrier-to-interference density ratio (dB)
eirps/c = Satellite downlink e.i.r.p. when the uplink rain loss is equal the
specified uplink margin Lmu (dB)
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Lup = Uplink free-space and atmospheric losses (dB)

Ldn = Downlink free-space and atmospheric losses (dB)
Lmu = Uplink rain margin (dB)
G/T)s/c = G/T of the satellite (dB/K)
(G/T)e/s = G/T of the receive earth station (dB)

In equations (1),(2) and (3), all unknowns can be expressed as functions of

the variable eirpe/s. The required value of eirpe/s is derived by LST.

C.1.2 Clear-Sky Uplink, Clear-Sky Downlink

With the earth station transmit e.i.r.p. eirpe/s derived in C.1.1, LST computes
the clear-sky (C/N0)clr-sky at the receive earth station, as follows:

(C/N0)up,clr-sky = eirpe/s- Lup + (G/T)s/c + 228.6 (1)

(C/N0)dn,clr-sky = (eirps/c + Lmu) - Ldn + (G/T)e/s + 228.6 (4)

(C/N0)total,clr-sky = (C/N0)up,clr-sky ⊕ (C/N0)dn,clr-sky ⊕(C/I0)total (5)

where ⊕ denotes power summation.

C.1.3 Clear-Sky Uplink, Degraded-Sky Downlink

When the downlink fades and the uplink is clear-sky, with the earth station
transmit e.i.r.p. eirpe/s derived in C.1.1, LST computes (C/N0)Total,Thres at the receive earth
station:

(C/N0)up,clr-sky = eirpe/s - Lup + (G/T)s/c + 228.6 (6)

(C/N0)dn2 = eirps/c- Lmd- Ldn + (G/T)e/s + 228.6 (7)

(C/N0)Total,Thres = (C/N0)up,clr-sky ⊕ (C/N0)dn2 ⊕ (C/I0)total (8)

where:

Lmd = Downlink rain attenuation that will degrade (C/N0)total,clr-sky to the

threshold value, (C/No)total,Thres .
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

LST computes Lmd as the ’available downlink margin’ associated with the e.i.r.p. (eirpe/s)
required to achieve the specified uplink margin.
If Lmd is less than the specified downlink margin, LST will increase uplink
e.i.r.p. until the downlink available margin equals the specified downlink rain margin. This
will result in an uplink ‘available margin’ that is higher than the specified uplink rain margin.

For some links, it is not practical to attempt to achieve both the uplink and
downlink desired availability. For example, if the transmission link is downlink limited, a
high downlink availability could result in excessive lease resource requirements. In such
cases, the appropriate margin is a trade off for the transmission plan designer between the
amount of leased resources and the acceptable service availability.

C.2 ASSUMING UPLINK AND DOWNLINK RAIN LOSSES OCCUR

SIMULTANEOUSLY

This approach assumes that rain losses occur simultaneously on both the
uplink and downlink. This assumption may be more realistic for regions with high rainfall
or where the transmit and receive earth stations are within close proximity of each other.

To perform the link analysis, the user needs to supply the following as part of
his input data:

• threshold C/N, i.e., C/Ntotal,thres or (Eb/N0)total,thres

• uplink rain margin, Lmus, that will provide the desired uplink availability.
• downlink rain margin, Lmds, that will provide the desired downlink
availability.
The transmission link equations for this case are given by:

(C/N0)ups = eirpe/s - Lup - Lmus + (G/T)s/c + 228.6 (9)

(C/N0)dns = eirps/c - Ldn - Lmds + (G/T)e/s + 228.6 (10)

(C/N0)Total,Thres = (C/N0)ups ⊕ (C/N0)dns ⊕ (C/I0)total (11)

For a given threshold C/N, method 2 requires more satellite resources than
method 1.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX D

FORMULAS USED IN LST

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX D

FORMULAS USED IN LST

C.1 PATH LOSS CALCULATION

The formula used in LST to calculate the path loss at the reference frequency, fref
(MHz), is:

Path loss = 36.58 + 20 log10fref + 20 log10Rses + La(fref,I), dB

where:

Rses = range between the satellite and the earth station location in statute miles.

La(fref,I) = atmospheric loss as a function of the reference frequency, fref , and elevation
angle, I.

C.2 CALCULATION OF SIGNAL-TO-WEIGHTED NOISE RATIOS

This Appendix provides the formulas used by LST for the calculation of
Signal-to-Weighted Noise (S/NW) ratio for the following frequency modulated (FM) carriers:

C.2.1 TV/FM Video Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio

The video signal-to-weighted noise ratio of a TV/FM carrier is given by:

 S  12 V 2L f 2d B IF   C
  = 10 log 10  
 + F +   (1)
 Nw  N  IF
WD
 
3
fV

where:

VL = Nominal amplitude of TV luminance component (0.714 Volts for

625/60 TV system and 0.700 Volts for 625/50 TV system)

fd = peak deviation of TV/FM carrier due to a 1.0 Volts peak-to-peak

test-tone at the crossover frequency of the video pre-emphasis network
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

BIF = Receiver IF bandwidth (Hz)

fV = nominal upper frequency (Hz) which limits the noise bandwidth during
measurement of de-emphasized and weighted noise

Fwd = Weighing plus de-emphasis factor (dB) associated with TV

signal-to-weighted noise ratio

(C/N)IF = Receive IF carrier-to-noise ratio, (dB)

(VL)2 is approximately 0.5 for both NTSC and PAL. Thus substituting 0.5 for VL in equation (1)
gives:

 S  6 f 2d B IF   C
  = 10 log 10   + F wd +  
 Nw  fV
3
  N  IF
 C
= 7.8 + 20 log 10 f d - 30 log 10 f v + 10 log 10 B IF + F wd +   (2)
 N  IF

Equation (2) is the formula used in LST.

C.2.2 FDM/FM Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio

The relationship between C/N in the IF and S/N in the baseband is:

 S  C  fP   B IF 
  =   + 20 log 10   + 10 log 10   + P + W + [C] (1)
 N w
 N  IF  f max   2b 

Where:

fp = peak test-tone deviation at 0 dBm0(Hz)

fmax = highest voice channel frequency (Hz)

2b = channel bandwidth (Hz)

BIF = receiver IF bandwidth (Hz)

P = psophometric weighing improvement factor (dB)

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

W = top channel emphasis improvement factor (dB)

C = companding advantage (dB), if used

(C/N)IF = Receive IF carrier-to-noise ratio, (dB)

C.2.3 SCPC/FM Signal-to-Weighted Noise Ratio

The signal-to-weighted noise ratio of a frequency-modulated SCPC system is

given by:

2
 S  C  fd  B 
  =   + 10 log10 3
  + 10 log10  IF  + P + W + C (1)
 N w  N  IF  f max   2Ba 

Where:

fd = peak test-tone deviation at 0 dBm0 (Hz)

fmax = highest voice channel frequency (Hz)

BIF = receiver IF bandwidth (Hz)

Ba = audio noise bandwidth

P = psophometric weighing improvement factor (dB)

W = emphasis improvement factors (dB)

C = companding advantage (dB), if used

(C/N)IF = Receive IF carrier-to-noise ratio, (dB)

C.2.4 Noise Carriers

For digital carrier, the user can enter either the Eb/No or the C/N threshold.
LST computes the C/N from Eb/No or the Eb/No from the C/N using the following relationship:

C/N = Eb/No + 10 œ log10( BW ) + 10 œ log10( info rate + OH), where BW is the noise
bandwidth.

It is important that the correct value of BW in the above formula be used.

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

Historically, INTELSAT has defined the noise bandwidth (referred to as "occupied bandwidth" in
IESS modules) for digital carriers as:

BWocc = 1.2œ (1/Ts), where Ts is the symbol rate.

(BWocc œ T = 1.2 is the so-called BT product.)

Thus, for the following digital modulation techniques in LST, BWocc is computed as follows:

• BPSK: BWocc = 1.2 œ Transmission rate

• QPSK: BWocc = 0.6 œ Transmission rate
• 8-PSK: Bwocc = 0.4 œ Transmission rate

INTELSAT’s assumed noise bandwidth is based on that achievable using analog filters. However,
with modern digital filtering technology, BW œ Ts = 1) is to-day commonly achievable giving a
noise bandwidth BWnbw = BWocc œ (1/1.2).

To avoid any confusion in the link analysis results, we provide the following Recommendations:

a) Entering Eb/No

For digital carriers, it is recommended to enter Eb/No instead of C/N. Then the link budget analysis
is transparent to the noise bandwidth except for those links that are co-channel interference limited.

b) Entering C/N

If it is desired to enter C/N instead of Eb/No, then:

• If the user enters a C/N value from an IESS module, no corrective action is required. LST will
perform the link analysis correctly.
• If the user enters a C/N value that was derived from Eb/No using BWnbw (or any other noise
bandwidth that is different from BWocc), then the user needs to enter the appropriate noise
bandwidth in LST. Use Update|Defaults|Carriers to type in the bandwidth.

Note that calculations of off-axis e.i.r.p density, Gx on-axis e.i.r.p. density and the PFD at earth’s
surface are based on a filter noise bandwidth corresponding to BT = 1.0.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX E

CALCULATION OF POWER EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX E

CALCULATION OF POWER EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH

Leases are offered for any bandwidth for any bandwidth from 100 kHz up to a full
transponder for integer multiples of 100 kHz. In IESS-410, the lease resources are provided for
specific bandwidth units. Resources for bandwidth units that are not included in IESS-410 can be
derived by the user by scaling the resources provided for a 9 MHz lease of the desired beam
connection as shown below.

D.1 COMPUTATION OF REQUIRED BANDWIDTH CAPACITY

To use LST to compute the required leased bandwidth, the user selects LST-
Calculated from the bandwidth submenu. During link calculations, LST will compute the total
e.i.r.p. and power flux density utilized by the transmission plan and will derive the power equivalent
bandwidth by scaling the 9 MHz lease resources from IESS-410 for a given beam connection, as
shown in the following example:

1. e.i.r.p. for 9 MHz = a dBW

2. total e.i.r.p. utilized = b dBW

(from paragraph J.2.f of
the LST form)

3. power equivalent bandwidth = 9 MHz x 10(b-a)/10 (1)

D.2 CONVERSION TO LEASE DEFINITIONS

The bandwidth computed from equation (1) may be greater than, equal to, or less
than the total carrier allocated bandwidth, depending on the size of the receive earth station(s) and
other factors in the transmission plan such as the required C/N. LST compares the bandwidth from
equation (1) with the total carrier allocated bandwidth in the transmission plan and selects the larger
of the two as the required lease bandwidth.

The required bandwidth is then converted to a multiple of 100 kHz. For example, if
the bandwidth selected in D.1 is 323 kHz, LST rounds this to 400 kHz (0.4 MHz) to make it a
multiple of 100 kHz. The 400 kHz is the required Lease Definition bandwidth. LST recalculates the
e.i.r.p. and power flux density resources available from the Leased Bandwidth (400 kHz in this
example) by scaling the 9 MHz resources using the following scaling factor:
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

f = 10 log10 (Leased Bandwidth in MHz) , dB

9 MHz

The factor f is added to the 9 MHz lease e.i.r.p. and power flux density resources.
The G/T value is the same for all lease bandwidth units in a given beam. The computed lease
resources are automatically loaded in paragraph B of the transmission plan form.
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

APPENDIX F

EXAMPLE LST OUTPUT

LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

75$160,66,213/$1)250$7)25/($6(';321'(55(6285&(6
7R 6DOHV6XSSRUW,17(/6$7,QWHUQDWLRQDO'U1::DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
)URP 3DUW\GHVLJQDWHGWRVXEPLWSODQ
6XEM 3URSRVHG7UDQVPLVVLRQ3ODQ)RU/HDVHG7UDQVSRQGHU&DSDFLW\

$ *(1(5$/,1)250$7,21 UNITS

1. Country (transmit/receive) EX1/EX2
2. Beam type (transmit/receive) ZonD/SPT1
3. U/L xponder center frequency 6.1300 GHz
4. D/L xponder center frequency 11.9100 GHz
5. Satellite location 110.5 ° E Longitude
6. Satellite series VII(F9) V, VA, etc.,
7. Assumed adj s/c spacing 3.0 Degrees
8. Xponder number(up/down) 13/63 14/14, 24/24, etc
9. Service activation date 5 Jan 1998 m/d/yr
10. Duration of service 5.0 Yrs
11. SVO-L number 77707 -
% /($6(';321'(5%(5(6285&(6 00
(Inner Coverage) 2 2 1 1 0
1. Table used in IESS 410 -- -
2. Bandwidth 4.2 MHz
3. e.i.r.p. 31.4 dBW
4. Flux density -95.0 dBW/m2
5. G/T -4.8 dB/K
6. Gain step (IESS-410) 0 High, Low, etc.,
& (6&+$5$&7(5,67,&6 12 12 11 11 11
20 link 1 link 2 link 3 link 4 link 5 -
1. Transmit E/S 28 28 30 34 37
a. E/S name tr-1 tr-2 tr-3 tr-4 tr-5 -
b. Antenna diameter 2.50 11.00 3.50 9.00 11.00 meters
c. Voltage axial ratio 1.40 1.06 1.40 1.09 1.06 -
d. Peak antenna gain 42.2 55.1 45.1 53.3 55.1 dBi
e. Sidelobe gain at (deg) 3 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 dBi
f. E/S longitude (+ east, - west) 77.0 88.0 66.0 83.0 66.0 degrees
g. E/S latitude (+ north, - south) 22.0 11.0 44.0 33.0 33.0 degrees
h. S/C pattern advantage at E/S 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 dB
i. Tracking (Yes/No) y y y y y (Yes/No)
2. Receive E/S 42 32 40 34 34
a. E/S name rv-1 rc-2 rc-3 rc-4 rc-5 -
b. Antenna diameter 11.00 2.50 9.00 3.50 3.50 meters
c. Voltage axial ratio 33.00 30.00 33.00 30.00 30.00 -
d. G/T of E/S at 4 or 11 GHz 34.0 23.3 32.3 25.0 34.0 dB/K
e. E/S longitude (+ east, - west) 88.0 77.0 83.0 66.0 77.0 degrees
f. E/S latitude (+ north, - south) 11.0 22.0 33.0 44.0 55.0 degrees
g. S/C pattern advantage at E/S 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 dB
h. Tracking (Yes/No) n n n n n (Yes/No)
i. Peak antenna gain 60.8 48.0 59.1 50.9 50.9 dBi (For Intersystem
j. Sidelobe gain at (deg) 3 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.1 dBi (coordination)
' &$55,(5&+$5$&7(5,67,&6 link 1 link 2 link 3 link 4 link 5 -
1. Carrier type number 1 2 3 4 5 -
2. Carrier type Digital SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC IDR, SCPC, etc.
3. Modulation technique 8-PSK BPSK QPSK QPSK BPSK FM, QPSK, etc.
4. Digital carriers
a. Information rate 6312.0 192.0 192.0 38.4 156.0 kbits/s
b. Overhead 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kbits/s
c. Data rate (Info + OH) 6312.0 192.0 192.0 38.4 156.0 kbits/s
d. FEC code 0.875 0.875 0.750 0.750 0.750 0.5, 0.75, etc.
e. Transmission rate 7213.7 219.4 256.0 51.2 208.0 kbits/s

5. Analog carriers
a. Multichannel r.m.s deviation n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MHz
b. No. of channels per carrier n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a -
c. Peak test-tone deviation n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MHz
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

d. Companding advantage n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a dB

e. Weighting plus emphasis n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a dB
f. EDF of unmodulated TV carrier n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MHz
g. Activity factor (if voice-activated) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 %
h. Maximum baseband frequency n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MHz
i. Type of TV system n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a NTSC,B-MAC,etc.,
6. Carrier’s allocated bandwidth 3.3688 0.3072 0.1792 0.0358 0.2912 MHz
7. Carrier’s noise bandwidth 2.8855 0.2633 0.1536 0.0307 0.2496 MHz
( 5(48,5('&13(5&$55,(5 link 1 link 2 link 3 link 4 link 5 -
1. Carrier type Digital SCPC SCPC SCPC SCPC
2. Carr size (kbit/s (dig), MHz (FM)) 6312.00 192.00 192.00 38.40 156.00 -
3. C/N threshold 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 dB
4. Eb/No threshold (info+OH) 6.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 5.5 dB
5. U/L rain margin 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 dB
6. D/L rain margin 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 dB
7. No. of assigned carriers per link 1 1 20 20 2 -
) 3(5&$55,(58/$1''/HLUSFOHDUVN\ 00 0 0 0 0
1. Transmit E/S elevation angle 44.4 60.9 22.9 41.6 29.1 degrees
2. U/L e.i.r.p. per carrier 59.2 52.4 47.2 42.6 49.4 dBW
3. Path loss at U/L frequency 199.7 199.5 200.2 199.8 200.0 dB
4. Gain of 1 m2 antenna 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 dBi/m2
5. U/L rain loss 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 dB
6. Per carrier FD arriving at S/C -103.3 -109.9 -115.8 -120.0 -113.5 dBW/m2
7. S/C pattern advantage at E/S 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 dB
8. Per carr BE FD arriving at S/C -101.3 -107.9 -113.8 -118.0 -111.5 dBW/m2
9. Xponder BE SFD -78.0 -78.0 -78.0 -78.0 -78.0 dBW/m2
10. Per carrier input back-off -23.3 -29.9 -35.8 -40.0 -33.5 dB
11. S/C TWT I/O backoff difference 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 dB
12. Per carrier output backoff -21.6 -28.2 -34.1 -38.3 -31.8 dB
13. Xponder BE saturation eirp 46.7 46.7 46.7 46.7 46.7 dBW
14. D/L BE eirp per carrier 25.1 18.5 12.6 8.4 14.9 dBW
* /,1.%8'*(76FOHDUVN\ 05 05 05 05 05
1. U/L C/T Per Carrier 59.3 48.564323 47.366447 40.192953 49.050022
a. Per carrier U/L e.i.r.p. 59.2 52.4 47.2 42.6 49.4 dBW
b. Path loss at U/L frequency 199.7 199.5 200.2 199.8 200.0 dB
c. Satellite G/T at BE -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 -4.8 dB/K
d. S/C pattern advantage at E/S 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 dB
e. U/L rain loss 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 dB
f. C/T up, thermal -143.3 -149.9 -155.8 -160.0 -153.5 dBW/K
 +3$,0DW(6HOHYDWLRQDQJOH 18.3 18.0 18.7 18.4 18.6 dBW/4 kHz
C/T E/S HPA-IM per carrier -151.7 -158.2 -164.1 -168.4 -161.8 dBW/K
 6DWHOOLWH7:7$,0DW%( -15.111 -15.1 -15.1 -15.1 -15.1 dBW/4 kHz
C/T TWTA IM per carrier -152.4 -159.0 -164.9 -169.1 -162.6 dBW/K
 '/&7SHU&DUULHUFOHDUVN\ 0 0 0 0 0
a. Receive E/S elevation angle 60.9 44.4 41.6 22.9 20.4 degrees
b. Per carrier D/L BE e.i.r.p. 25.1 18.5 12.6 8.4 14.9 dBW
c. S/C pattern advantage at E/S 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 dB
d. Path loss at D/L frequency 205.3 205.5 205.6 206.0 206.1 dB
e. E/S G/T at D/L frequency 34.7 24.0 33.0 25.7 34.7 dB/K
f. D/L rain loss 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 dB
g. C/T down, thermal -143.5 -161.0 -159.0 -169.9 -155.5 dBW/K
5. C/I co-channel interf. total 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 dB
C/T co-channel interf., total -143.0 -153.4 -155.7 -162.7 -153.6 dBW/K
1 1 1 1 1
 7RWDO&7&1DQG(E1RFOUVN\ 1 1 1 1 1
a. C/T total per carrier -155.8 -164.8 -168.6 -174.4 -166.2 dBW/K
b. Margin for ASI & terrestrial interf. 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 dB
c. Other losses (tracking, etc) 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.9 dB
d. C/T available per carrier -158.0 -167.3 -170.7 -176.9 -168.6 dBW/K
e. Boltzmann’s constant -228.6 -228.6 -228.6 -228.6 -228.6
f. Receiver noise bandwidth 64.6 54.2 51.9 44.9 54.0
g. C/N total (clear-sky) 6.0 7.1 6.0 6.9 6.0
h. Eb/No total (clear-sky) 2.6 8.5 5.0 5.9 8.0
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

i. S/N (Analog) n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

+ 67'*[(621$;,6HLUS/,0,7 38 38 38 n/a n/a
1. Per carrier U/L e.i.r.p. density 31.9 n/a 32.2 n/a n/a
2. Gx U/L e.i.r.p. density limit 37.7 n/a 37.7 n/a n/a
3. Margin 5.8 n/a 5.5 n/a n/a
, 727$/;321'(55(6285&(86$*(
1. Total BE e.i.r.p. Utilized
a. Total e.i.r.p. utilized 29.83
b. Total e.i.r.p. available 34.50
c. Margin 4.70
2. Total Xponder Bandwidth Utilized
a. Total bandwidth Utilized 8.56
b. Total bandwidth available 8.60
c. Margin 0.00

- &$55,(5)5(48(1&<3/$12SWLRQDO

Carrier Carrier Carrier Uplink Frequency

No. Type Type # (MHz)

1 Digital 1 6094.00
2 SCPC/QPSK 2 6097.30
3 SCPC/QPSK 5 6097.48
4 SCPC/QPSK 5 6097.58
5 0 0.00
6 -- 0.00
. -- 0 0.00
. Cband* 3 6097.20 (Beginning freq)
6098.85 (End freq)
n Cband* 4 6098.95 (Beginning freq)
__________________ 6192.60 (End freq)
* Band of carriers
LST Version 4 1 March, 1999

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