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CORE NETWORK IN GSM

Core network of GSM consist of following elements Mobile Intelligent Network Mobile Switching Network HLR/HSS Short Massage Service Centre Voice Massage Service Centre MMS Server GGSN/SGSN Over The Air Solution (OTA)

MOBILE INTELLIGENT NETWORK

IN is an architectural concept for the operation and provision of new services quickly, flexibly, economically and efficiently. The IN feature is defined as an architecture where intelligence is separated from core network switches and placed in distributed network nodes. It supports the provision, control and management of multiple telecommunication services. Principle: The IN is an extension to the existing telephone network. The network is organised so that the telephone calls received by the IN are interrupted to query a database in order to determine what to do with the call. The call can then be re-routed based on a number of pre-defined conditions. IN Conceptual Model:Service Plane Global Functional Plane Distributed Functional Plane Physical Plane Distributed functional frame:CCAF: Call Control Access Function

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CCF: Call Control Function SSF: SCF: SRF: SDP: SCEF: SMP: Service Switching Function Service Control Function Special Resource Function Service Data Function Service Creation Environment Function Service Management Function

Physical Plane:Physical Plane contains the PEs and the interfaces between PEs SCE SMP SCP SSP IP Service Creation Environment Service Management Point Service Control Point Service Switching Point Intelligent Peripheral

SMAP Service Management Access Point Global functional plane:CCF (call control function) - this provides the basic call and connection handling in the exchange. It establishes, manipulates and releases the call. SSF (Service switching function)-It enables interaction between CCF and SCF. It recognizes service control triggers, through which it recognizes IN calls. It manages the signaling between the CCF & SCF. SCF (Service Control function) - Directs call control functions during the processing of an IN call. It contains the IN service call processing logic stored in the subscriber databases which specifies how to handle an IN service request. It interacts with the SSF and thje SRF to obtain information required to process an IN call. Sometimes the SCF is split into two functional entities SDF( Service Data Function) --the database SCF (Service Control Function) Call processing and other logic

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Other functions are Collection of traffic and network measurements and sending to SMF Sending of status and service maintenance messages to the SMF Network management controls Sending of Billing Information to the SSF SRF (Specialized Resource Function) It is used whenever an IN call requires direct interaction with the calling party in the speech path. It contains the logic and processing capability to send, receive and convert information It has the following functions Play Announcement Collect digit Voice recognition Voice Back SCEF (Service creation Environment Function) This function enables service developers to develop service logic, create and modify network databases Downloading of service logic to the SMS The purpose of SCEF is to create Service Packages (SPs). An SP is a container for one or more IN Services It contains Service logic Service data and service data schema Specification of which data and statistics to collect during service execution SMF (Service Management Function) This function is responsible for provisioning and managing services created by the SCEF and downloading services & service related data to the SCF equipment Applying changes to the global (service wide) or subscriber data Downloading service logic onto the SCF Collection of service subsciption measurements

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Receiving & logging unsolicited status and service management messages from SCF Producing reports Service data audits The Functional Model defines the entities in terms of functions and not in terms of physical network elements. The network elements which correspond to different functional entities are SCF SRF CCF/SCF SCEF SMF SCP (Service Control Point) IP (Intelligent Peripheral) SSP (Service Switching Point) SCE (Service Creation Environment) SMS (Service Management System) Network structure:-

Fig 2. Mobile Intelligent Network

Network structure:IN service switching functionality (SSF) and CAMEL Service Switching Functionality (gsmSSF) can be included in the network nodes GMSC Server and MSC/VLR Server.The IN service control functionality (SCF) can be co-located in the same physical

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node or in a different node. However, all communication between SSF and SCF will be done through Intelligent Network Application Protocol (INAP).The CAMEL Service Control functionality (gsmSCF) is a separate node in the network located in the subscribers home PLMN. The gsmSCF can be co-located in the same physical exchange or on a separate server. All communication between gsmSSF and gsmSCF is done through CAMEL Application Part (CAP) protocol SSF:- SSF represents the switching functions of the IN network. It detects IN service invocations (ISTs) and interrogates the appropriate SCF for instructions how to handle the call. SSF can be located within the (G)MSC Server. In this case it is not a separate physical node in the network. In case it is located in a separate transit exchange (without mobile functionality), then it is called a (stand-alone) SSP and can be seen as a separate node in the network. The gsmSSF represents the switching functions of the CAMEL Service Environment (CSE). It detects CAMEL calls and interrogates the appropriate gsmSCF for instructions how to handle the call. The gsmSSF is located within the (G)MSC Server and it cannot be a separate physical node in the network. SCF:- SCF is the control function of the IN network. It contains the logic and data of the IN services and executes them accordingly, if requested by the SSF. During execution of an IN service, the SCF orders SSF to perform certain actions as defined by INAP (INAP operations). SCF can be located within a (G)MSC Server or it can be a separate node in the network.The gsmSCF is the control function of the CSE. It contains the logic and data of the CAMEL services and executes them accordingly, if requested by the gsmSSF. During execution of a CAMEL service the gsmSCF orders gsmSSF to perform certain actions as defined by CAP.The gsmSCF is a separate node in the network located in the subscribers home PLMN, except for N-CSI that is located in the visited PLMN.

SGSN
Introduction The WCDMA Systems is a third generation (3G) mobile system that supports both PS and CS communication. WCDMA Systems increase the packet data transmission speed between an MS and any PDN.GPRS is the packet data service in both GSM and WCDMA Systems. The SGSN supports Dual Access, that is, simultaneous GSM and WCDMA Systems radio access within one SGSN. CS and PS services can be used either simultaneously or one at the time, depending on the capabilities of the MS and the radio networks.The SGSN supports dual transfer mode, which enables an MS in class B mode of operation to transfer both voice over the CS network and data over the PS network simultaneously; that is, the MS acts as an MS in class A mode of operation. The SGSN handles the communication with MSs and the establishment of the connection between an MS and the PDN. It forwards IP packets between all GPRS-attached

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MSs within that SGSN service area and the GGSN. Connections between the SGSN and the MS and between the SGSN and the GGSN are handled through session management, that is, through the activation, modification, and deactivation of PDP contexts. Mobility management in the SGSN keeps track of the RA within the SGSN service area in which an MS is located, allows an MS to register in the network, and minimizes service interruptions at change of RA. It also supports roaming and handover within and between operator networks. Subscriber data management in the SGSN enables the operator to charge, identify, and authorize subscribers. It also enables differentiated services, for example, different Quality of Service (QoS). Charging information for each MS, that is, information about the packet transfer, is collected by the SGSN and sent to the charging system. An SGSN also supports transfer of SMS messages through the GPRS network. A Dual Access SGSN can be accessed simultaneously from both the GSM and WCDMA Systems radio networks. It allocates Simultaneously Attached Users (SAU) and PDP resources dynamically between GSM and WCDMA Systems. The SGSN detects new combinations of International Mobile Equipment Identity Software Version (IMEI-SV) and International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) (that is, when a new SIM card is inserted in an MS) and writes those as an entry in the ADC Trigger File together with some subscription parameters. An entry is also written if the IMSI is unknown in the SGSN, for example, when a roaming MS first attaches to a new SGSN.
Short Message Mobile Terminated-CDR (S-SMT-CDR) contains charging data related to the transfer of an MS-terminated SMS message. 2. The SGSN forwards IP packets according to the destination address in the IP header. Destination IP addresses or subnets are associated with next hop IP addresses. The next hop to which the IP packet should be forwarded can be statically configured, or the information can be retrieved from a dynamic routing protocol. The SGSN supports both dynamic routing and static routing.

An SGSN supports IPsec in tunnel or transport mode or GRE tunnels, when communicating with other nodes in the network. All routers also support IP packet filtering, which enables filtering of inbound and outbound IP traffic.
3.

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Interfaces:Gd Interface: The main purpose of the Gd interface is to transfer Mobile-Originated (MO) short messages from the SGSN to the SMS-IWMSC and Mobile-Terminated (MT) short messages from the SMS-GMSC to the SGSN. The Gd interface can be used for SMS and Enhanced short Message Service (EMS The Gd interface supports the following main features: Forwarding of MO short messages. The Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network Number (MSISDN) of the sender and the receiving SMS center address are included.

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Forwarding of MT short messages. The sending SMS center address and the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) of the receiver are included Ge Interface:The Ge interface connects the SGSN to a Service Control Point (SCP) with Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL), and grants the SCP real-time control over subscriber service usage on the SGSN. The Ge interface enables the SCP to have real-time control over subscriber service usage on the SGSN Gf Interface:The Gf interface connects the SGSN to the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). Information is exchanged over the Gf interface through signals as specified in the SS7 signaling standard and in the Mobile Application Part (MAP) standard Gn Interface:The Gn interface is also used for mobility signaling between SGSNs, such as transfer of Mobility Management (MM) context and PDP context at inter-SGSN Routing Area (RA)update, inter-SGSN Serving Radio Network Subsystem (SRNS) relocation, inter-SGSN Packet-Switched (PS) handover, and inter-SGSN inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) PS The Gn interface connects the SGSN to other GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN Gp Interface:the Gp interface connects the SGSN to the GSNs in other Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs). The Gp interface allows an MS to roam between PLMNs (inter-PLMN roaming Gr interface:The Gr interface connects the SGSN to Home Location Registers (HLRs The main purpose of the Gr interface is to support roaming of Mobile Stations (MSs) by allowing the HLR to keep track of their locations and to provide the SGSN with subscriber and authentication data Gs Interface:The Gs interface connects the SGSN to the databases in the Mobile Switching Center, Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR).

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It is based on broadband, narrowband, and Internet Protocol (IP)-carried Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) in the SGSN The Gs interface is used to coordinate the location information of mobile subscribers who are attached to both GPRS and Circuit Switched (CS) networks. A network that supports the Gs interface can coordinate circuit-switched and packet-switched Mobility Management (MM) procedures, such as attaches and location updates. In addition, all CS paging to combined-attached Mobile Stations (MSs) is performed from the MSC/VLR over the Gs interface The Gs interface allows the SGSN to supervise the periodic location updates through Routing Area (RA) updating, instead of Location Area (LA) updates as managed by the MSC/VLR. It also allows the MSC/VLR to summon the SGSN for information about its next radio contact with an MS, for example, when triggering the delivery of a Short Message Service Iu Interface:The Iu interface connects the SGSN to Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) and to Mobile Stations (Mss).The Iu interface connects the SGSN to MSs and RNCs, as IP packets and signaling are transferred between the MSs and the Packet Data Network (PDN), which can be either leased or dedicated. The communication is split into a user plane, Iu-U, for payload traffic, and a control plane, Iu-C, for signaling traffic. The user plane uses the GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User plane (GTP-U) IP tunneling protocol for communication between the RNCs and the SGSN Lg Interface:The Lg interface connects the SGSN to the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC The Lg interface provides forwarding of MS location data to the GMLC The main purpose of the Lg interface is to transfer Mobile Station (MS) location data from the SGSN to the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC). Only the current Cell Global Identity (CGI) or Service Area Identifier (SAI) is sent as location data for GSM and WCDMA Systems, respectively Gb Interface:The Gb interface connects the SGSN to the Base Station System (BSS) and connects the SGSN to the Mobile Stations (MSs). It is based on Frame Relay or Internet Protocol (IP). Gb over Frame Relay and Gb over IP is supported simultaneously, but each BSS must be connected using Frame Relay One Gb interface instance exists between the SGSN and each Packet Control Unit (PCU) in the BSS.The main feature for the Gb interface is to transfer signaling and payload between the SGSN and the BSS, and between the SGSN and the

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Different PIUs are used for Gb over Frame Relay and Gb over IP
Gn interface Connects GPRS Support Nodes (GSNs) within the same Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) over a GPRS backbone network.

Gp interface

Connects the SGSN to GGSNs and SGSNs located in other PLMNs.

Gom interface

Connects Operation & Maintenance (O&M) equipment to the SGSN, making it possible for an operator to communicate with the SGSN. In addition, it can be used to connect the SGSN with billing systems and service nodes residing within its own PLMN. The Gom interface is an Ericsson product. It is not defined in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, but is based on standard Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols.

Gb interface

Connects the SGSN to Base Station Controllers (BSCs) in the GSM for payload transport and signaling. Traffic over the Gb interface can also be transported over Frame Relay, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Iu-U interface

Designates the Iu user plane, connects the SGSN to Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) in the WCDMA Radio Access Network (RAN) for payload transport.

Iu-C interface

Designates the Iu control plane, connects the SGSN to RNCs in the WCDMA RAN for signaling. Signaling over the Iu-C interface can also be transported over broadband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Gr interface

Connects the SGSN to the Home Location Registers (HLRs). Signaling over the Gr interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Gs interface

Connects the SGSN to the Mobile Services Switching Center, Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR). Signaling over the Gs interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Core Network in GSM __________________________________________________________________________________ _ Gd interface Connects the SGSN to both the Short Message Service Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (SMS-GMSC) and the Short Message Service Interworking Mobile services Switching Center (SMS-IWMSC). Signaling over the Gd interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Ge interface

Connects the SGSN to the Service Control Point (SCP) with Customized Applications for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL). Signaling over the Ge interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Gf interface

Connects the SGSN to the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). Signaling over the Gf interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

Lg interface

Connects the SGSN to the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC), providing MS location information from the PLMN. Signaling over the Lg interface can also be transported over broadband and narrowband SS7, but it is not within the scope of this document.

GGSN
The GGSN R5 product is based on the Juniper M20 Router. In the GSM and WCDMA networks, the GGSN provides an interface between the SGSN (towards the MSs) and Packet Data Networks(PDNs), such as the Internet, corporate intranets, and private data networks. Identified by an Access Point Name (APN), PDNs are often referred to as APN networks or just APNs. A single GGSN can be connected to a large number of SGSNs and a large number of APN networks. It performs all of these functions simultaneously for many MSs The GGSN provides the following services: Session Management. That is, connection to a PDN and an SGSN, and dynamic IP address allocation. Payload Handling. That is, end-user information and associated data transfer control procedures, for example, flow control, error detection, error correction, and error recovery.

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Access functions that connects external Internet Service Provider (ISP) functions like routers and Remote Access Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) servers that are used for security purposes. Charging. For each Mobile Station (MS) the GGSN collects charging information, such as the external data network usage and GPRS network resources. Service Aware Charging and Control (SACC). The GGSN uses packet inspection to classify payload into services which are treated individually with regard to authorization and charging. Quality of Service (QoS) control. Enables the GGSN to treat Internet Protocol (IP) packets with respect to their traffic class, or service group.