MEC6422 Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Heat Transfer DATA BOOK overview

MEC6422 Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Heat Transfer DATA BOOK S.
He (2012)

1

MEC6422

Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Heat Transfer
(2012-2013)

DATA BOOK

Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Nuclear Power Generation Fundamentals

MEC6422 Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Heat Transfer DATA BOOK S. He (2012)

2


3
Power density

Specific power

Energy generation

where
) (
)
Decay heat


4

Chapter 4 Thermal analysis of fuel elements


5


6

Thermal conductivity of fuel:
k
,
Loeb equation:

Modified Loeb equation:
, where
is between 2 and 5.
Biancharia model:
, where
2
=1.5.
Temperature distribution in solid and annular fuel:
)]
where

Fuel restructure- Three zone distribution:
Zone 3:

[ (
]
Zone 2:

) (
]
Zone 1

7

) (
)
where

Two zone model
Zone 2:

[ (
]
Zone 1:

)(
){ (
[ (
]}
Gapping effect

Overall temperature distribution in fuel
]

Chapter 5 Heat transfer to coolant single phase
Governing equations
)
Laminar flow

Turbulent flow


8

Blasius relation (Re<30,000):

McAdams relation (30,000<Re<1,000,000):

The Karman-Nikuradse:
()
The empirical Colebrook equation:
]
Bare rod bundles

where

Pressure drop at spacers
DeStordeur model:
)(
)
where Cs can be obtained from Figure 9-26.
Rehme model:
)(

where Cv is the modified drag coefficient, which is again a function of Re. Rehme data show Cv = 9.5 for
Re=10
4
and Cv=6.5 at Re=10
5
.

Expansion and contraction:


9


10


11
Laminar heat transfer
for q=const.
for Tw=const.

The length of the thermal developing region:

An alternative expression due to Bhatti and Savery:

Turbulent heat transfer


12

Non-metallic fluids:
(1) For circular pipe the following expressions are often been used:
- Dittus-Boelter equation:

where n = 0.4 when fluid is heated and n=0.3 when fluid is cooled; 0.7<Pr<100 and Re > 10,000 and L/D>60.
- Seider and Tate equation:

0.7<Pr<120 and Re > 10,000 and L/D>60.
- Colburn equation:

0.7<Pr<100 and Re > 10,000 and L/D>60

(2) Rod bundles
General expression:

where Nuc.t. is correlation for a circular tube, say, Dittus-Boelter.
Presser for infinite arrays:

for triangular array and 1.05P/D2.2, and

for square array and 1.05P/D1.9.

Weisman [51] for water in infinite arrays:

and

for triangular array and
and

for square array and
.
Markocz for a finite array (Fig 10-14):

where Re is based on the hydraulic diameter defined as:

and B=De/D and D is the diameter of the rod


13

(3) Entrance effect
Entrance length:

Mean Nusselt number (McAdams):
[ (
]
for Re >10,000, 0.7<Pr<120 and square-edge entries,
Local Nusselt number:
For uniform velocity and temperature at the inlet:
(

For abrupt entrance:
[ (

Metallic fluids:
(1) Circular tube with constant heat flux along and around the tube:

(2) Circular tube with constant axial wall temperature and uniform radial heat flux:

(3) Parallel plate with constant heat flux through one wall and adiabatic in the other:

(4) Concentric annuli with fully developed flow and the boundary condition of uniform heat flux in the inner
wall, D2/D1>1.4:

(5) Rod bundles
Westinghouse [25]
(


14
For 1.1P/D1.4, 10Pe5000, where P is pitch and D is diameter of the rod.
Schad-modified [25]
[

For 1.1P/D1.5, 150Pe1000 and
[
]
For Pe<150.

Chapter 6. Two-phase flow
6.1 Fundamentals of two phase flows
f g
W W W + = .
A W G / = , A W G
f f
/ = , A Wg G
g
/ = .
G
G
W
W
x
g g
= = ,
G
G
W
W
x
f f
= = 1
A
A
g
= o ,
A
A
f
f
= = o o 1 .
f
g
u
u
K = ,
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
o
1
1
g
f
x
x
K
f g R
u u u =
H g D
u u u =
g g g g
u A W =
f f f f
u A W =
f g
g
v x K xv
xv
) 1 ( +
= o
f g
f
v x K xv
v x K
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
+

= o
A
Q
j
g
g
= ,
A
Q
j
f
f
=
g g g
u A Q = ,
f f f
u A Q =
f g
g
Q Q
Q
+
= | ,
f g
g
v x xv
xv
) 1 ( +
= |
A
v M
u
g g
g
o
= , ] ) 1 ( [
f g g
v x K xv G u + =

15
A
v M
u
f f
f
) 1 ( o
= , ] ) 1 ( [
f g f
v x K xv
K
G
u + = .

o
g
g
j
u = ,
o
=
1
f
f
j
u .
] ) 1 ( [
f g H
v x xv G u + =

f g m
o o ) 1 ( + =

f g
m
x K x
x K x

/ ) 1 ( /
) 1 (
+
+
=

f g
H
x x

/ ) 1 ( /
1
+
= =

) 1 (
) 1 (
x K x
v x K xv
v
f g
m
+
+
=

f g H
v x xv v v ) 1 ( + = =

2 2 2
0
g
Fg
f
Ff
fo
Ff F
dz
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
dz
dp
| | |
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
1

0
2
0
Ff F
f
dz
dp
dz
dp
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= | , where
(
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
D
v G f
dz
dp
f fo
Ff
2
0
2

Ff F
f
dz
dp
dz
dp
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
| , where
(
(

=
|
.
|
\
|
D
v x G f
dz
dp
f f
Ff
2
)] 1 ( [ 2

Fg F
g
dz
dp
dz
dp
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
| , where
(
(
=
|
.
|
\
|
D
v Gx f
dz
dp
g g
Fg
2
] [ 2

4 / 1
Re 079 . 0

=
fo fo
f ,
4 / 1
Re 079 . 0

=
f f
f ,
4 / 1
Re 079 . 0

=
g g
f

f fo
GD / Re = ,
f f f
D G / Re = ,
g g g
D G / Re = ,

( )
( )
Fg
Ff
f
g
dz dp
dz dp
X
/
/
2
2
2
= =
|
|
.

1
Note that in the lecture notes, sf and f were both used to refer to liquid, e.g, ( ) ( )
Ff sf F
dz dp dz dp / /
,
= and
similarly, sg=g referring to gas, e.g., ( ) ( )
Fg sg F
dz dp dz dp / /
,
=

16
6.2 Flow Patterns
(1) Vertical flow - Hewitt and Roberts (1969)

| |
f
f f
x G
j
2
2
) 1 (
=
| |
g
g g
x G
j
2
2
=

Figure 1. Hewitt and Roberts (1969) map for
vertical flow

(2) Horizontal flow - Baker (1954)

2 / 1
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
w
f
A
g
,
3 / 1
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
f
w
w
f
w
o
o

where
w
= 1000 kg/m
3
;
A
,=1.23 kg/m
3
;
w
= 0.001 Ns/m
2
and
w
= 0.072 N/m.

Figure 2. Two-phase flow pattern map of Baker (1954) for horizontal tubes

17
(3) Taitel and Dukler (1976) unified flow pattern for horizontal flows
( )
( )
Fsg
Fsf
dz dp
dz dp
X
/
/
2
= ,
u

cos Dg
j
Fr
g
g f
g
= ,
2 / 1
cos ) (
) / (
(
(
=
u g
dz dp
T
g f
sf
,
2 / 1
2 / 1
Re
sf
f
f
Fr
v
j D
Fr K =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Figure 3 Taitel and Dukler (1976) flow pattern for horizontal flows


18
6.3 The homogeneous and separated flow model
(1) The homogeneous model
Governing equations:
u A W =
dz
u d
A
W
g
dz
F d
A dz
dp
= u sin
1

dz g
u
d di w q u o o sin
2
2
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
where dp v dE di + = .

Relationships for homogeneous fluid mixture:
f g
u u u = = ,
j v G u = = ,
| o = =
v
xv
g

1
] [ ] ) 1 ( [ = = + = + = =
G
j
xv v v x xv
W
Q
v
fg f f g

Static pressure drop:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
dp
dv
x G
v v x v
g
dz
dx
v
v
v G
v
v
x
D
v G f
dz
dp
g
f fg f f
fg
f
f
fg f TP
2
2
2
1
)] / ( 1 [
sin
1
2
u

Frictional pressure gradient
2
0
fo
Ff F
dz
dp
dz
dp
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|

where
D
v G f
dz
dp
f f
Ff
2
0
0
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
and

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
f
fg
fo
v
v
x 1
2
| (method 1) or

4 / 1
2
1 1

(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
g
gf
f
fg
fo
x
v
v
x
| (method 2)

19
(2) The separated flow model
(i) Static pressure gradient
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
=
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2 2
sin )] 1 ( [
2
o o
o
o
o o
o
o o
u o o |
g f
x
g
g f
p
f g
f g fo
f fo
v x v x
p dp
dv
x
dz
dp
G
v x v x
x
v x xv
dz
dx
G
g
D
v G f
dz
dp

(ii) The Lockhart-Martinelli (1949) correlation
1) Graphic form

Figure 4. Lockhart-Martinelli (1949) correlation

20
2) Analytical form
2
2
1
1
X X
C
f
+ + = | ,
2 2
1 X CX
g
+ + = |
where the value of C is given below for the various flow regimes:
liquid gas C
turbulent turbulent (tt) 20
viscous turbulent (vt) 12
turbulent viscous (tv) 10
viscous viscous (vv) 5
Table 1 Lockhart-Martinelli (1949) correlation constants

(iii) The Friedel correlation (1979)
035 . 0 045 . 0
3 2
1
2
24 . 3
We Fr
A A
A
fo
+ = |
where

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
fo g
go f
f
f
x x A
2 2
1
) 1 (

224 . 0 78 . 0
2
) 1 ( x x A =

7 . 0 19 . 0 91 . 0
3
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
f
g
f
g
g
f
A

2
2
gD
G
Fr =

o
D G
We
2
=
f g
x x
/ ) 1 ( /
1
+
=

21
(iv) The Martinelli-Nelson (1948) correlation

(a) value of
2
fo
| as function of pressure and mass quality

(b) Void fraction as a function of quality and absolute pressure for steam water
Figure 5. Martinelli-Nelson 1948 Correlation

22
(v) The Thom correlation (1964)

23
(iv) The Baroczy correlation (1965)
O =
|
.
|
\
|
= ) 1356 (
2
2
2
G fo
f fo
F
D
v G f
dz
dp
|

Baroczy (1965) model Graph (a)


24

Graph (b)

Figure 6 Baroczy (1965) model

25
(v) Two-phase flow in inclined pipes - Beggs and Brill (1973) model
( )
4 / 1
/ 079 . 0

= GD f where ] ) 1 ( [
f f g g
v x xv + =

Figure 7 Beggs and Brill (1973) model for two-phase flow in inclined pipes


26
Chapter 7 Heat transfer with phase change

Vapour bubbles


27


28


29

Chapter 8 Core thermal-hydraulics analysis

1. One dimensional analysis
)

Single phase:

30
Pressure

Temperature (for power rating
))
[(
) (
)]
) [
}
Two-phase:
Location of onset of boiling:
)]
Mixture properties:

Pressure drop:

where

2. Sub-channel analysis
(1) Continuity equation

(2) Single phase energy equation:

(3) Axial momentum equation
{}
}
(4) Transverse momentum equation
})
}) (
{}) {

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