DESIGN FOR FLEXURE -

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

The design of singly reinforced rectangular cross-sections for flexure may follow one of
several methods. All of the methods described below are based on satisfying the same set
of fundamental equations of equilibrium. Note that it is assumed that the cross-section is
underreinforced, such that the tension reinforcement has yielded before failure.
b
d
h
A
s

s
>
y
.003
c
NA
a=
1
c
.85f

'
c
C = .85

f

'
c
a

b
T = A
s
f
y
Force Equilibrium ("C=T"):
b ' f 85 .
f A
a
c
y s

(1)
Moment Equilibrium (assuming flexural strength provided = required strength):

,
_

2
a
d f A M M
y s n u (2)
Design for Cross-Sections of Known Dimensions
In this case, b and d (or h) are assumed to be known prior to design. These dimensions
may have been established by architectural considerations, or for other reasons (such as
repeating beam dimensions across a span for formwork optimization). This is also
typically the case for one-way slab systems, in which the width is assumed to be a 12-
inch wide strip and the depth is established by shear or deflection criteria.
All three methods involve simultaneously satisfying both of the above equations. For the
case of fixed dimensions, only the parameters a and A
s
are unknown in these equations.
Method 1: Trial and error (iterative) approach
Method 2: Simultaneous algebraic solution
Method 3: Solution by design aids
1
Design Problem
The dimensions of the beam shown below are fixed as 10" x 20" for architectural reasons.
The beam supports an indoor walkway on a 20-foot simply-supported span. The
superimposed dead load is 1000 lb/ft and the superimposed live load is 1000 lb/ft. Select
flexural reinforcement for the beam if the material properties to be used are f
'
c
= 4000 psi
and f
y
= 60,000 psi. (Ignore the presence of any top bars used to facilitate stirrup
placement.)

h=20"
b=10"
LL = 1.00 k/ft
DL = 1.00 k/ft
20 ft.
Beam self-weight (assume concrete weighs 145 pcf):
( )( ) ft / k 20 . 0
ft
k
145 .
in 12
ft 1
. in 20 . in 10 DL
3
2
sw

,
_

,
_

Total factored load:

( ) ( ) ft / k 04 . 3 ft / k 00 . 1 6 . 1 ft / k 20 . 0 00 . 1 2 . 1 w 6 . 1 w 2 . 1 w
L D u
+ + +
Total factored moment (design for maximum moment along span):
( ) ( )
kips . in 1824 kips . ft 152
8
ft 20 ft / k 04 . 3
8
w
M
2 2
u
u


Assume 1.5 in. clear cover, 0.5 in. stirrup, and 1.0" diameter bars d = 17.5"
2
Method 1: Trial and Error (Iterative) Approach
For this method, one of the variables a or A
s
must be assumed, and then Equations 1 and
2 are solved iteratively until convergence.
Typically, a is assumed and A
s
is calculated by Equation 1. Then a is calculated by
Equation 2 using the value for A
s
calculated from Equation 1. The computed value of a is
checked against the original assumption and the process is repeated until convergence. A
typical starting assumption is that a = d/4 for beams a = d/6 for slabs. In most cases,
these will yield slightly conservative values for a, and thus slightly conservative values
for A
s
.
An alternative starting assumption is to assume the moment arm jd, where jd = (d - a/2).
In this case, typical starting assumptions are jd = .875d for beams and jd = .925d for
slabs. Using this process, A
s
is first calculated from Equation 2, and then the assumption
is checked using Equation 1.
Note: When using this method, it is not necessarily required that the designer iterate
until convergence is achieved. If the initial assumption is slightly conservative, then the
result will be a slightly conservative design. The designer may check the capacity of the
section based on the assumption, and if adequate and not overly conservative, complete
the design at this stage. This philosophy is used in the solution below.
Solution by Method 1
Assume jd:
( ) . in 31 . 15 . in 5 . 17 875 . d 875 .
2
a
d jd
,
_

Calculate A
s
from Equation 2:
( )( )( )
2
y
u
s
y s n u
. in 21 . 2
. in 31 . 15 ksi 60 90 .
kips . in 1824
2
a
d f
M
A
2
a
d f A M M

,
_

,
_

At this point, iterate further or assume result is acceptable and analyze section:
*We will not iterate, but if we had, we would get a = 3.83 in. and A
s
= 2.17 in.
2
Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
3
Analyze section:
Actual d: d = 20" - 1.5" - 0.5" - 1/2(1.0") = 17.5"
Check reinforcement limits (
b
from Text Table A-5):
( )( )
( )( )( )
) OK ( 319 . 0 ) 85 (. 375 . 0 375 . 0
d
a
239 . 0
. in 5 . 17
. in 18 . 4
d
a
. in 18 . 4
. in 10 ksi 4 85 .
ksi 60 . in 37 . 2
b ' f 85 .
f A
a
1
TCL
t t
2
c
y s

,
_

<

,
_

( )( )
( )
) OK ( 0033 .
f
200
0032 .
psi 60000
psi 4000 3
f
f 3
0135 .
. in 5 . 17 . in 10
. in 37 . 2
bd
A
y y
'
c
min
s

Check section capacity (Equations 1 and 2):

( )( )( )
) OK ( kips . in 1818 kips . in 1972
2
. in 18 . 4
. in 5 . 17 ksi 60 . in 37 . 2 90 .
2
a
d f A M
2
y s n

,
_

,
_

Check spacing and cover:
Minimum spacing = 1" (ACI 7.6.1)
Minimum cover = 1.5" (assume concrete is not exposed to weather)
Assume minimum clear spacing and check cover.
Cover = [b - 2(stirrup dia.) - 3(bar dia.) - 2(spacing)] / 2 sides
= [10" - 2(0.5") - 3(1.0") - 2(1.0")] / 2
= 2" clear cover each side > 1.5 " minimum (OK)
Note: several design aids are available for this step, such as Text
Table A-6.
4
Method 2: Simultaneous Algebraic Solution
For this method, Equations 1 and 2 are solved simultaneously to yield a closed form
solution:
Substitute Equation 1 into Equation 2:

,
_

b f 7 . 1
f A
d f A M
'
c
y s
y s u
(3)
Rearrange Equation 3 into a quadratic form:
[ ]
1
]
1

+
1
1
]
1

u
s y
2
s
'
c
2
y
'
c
2
y
2
s
y s
u
M
A d f A
b f 7 . 1
f
0
b f 7 . 1
f A
d f A
M
Solve the quadratic equation for A
s
(keeping only the root that makes physical
sense):
b f 85 .
f
M
bd f 85 .
2
1 1 d f
A
b f 85 .
f
M
b f 7 . 1
f
4 d f d f
A
'
c
2
y
u
2 '
c
y
s
'
c
2
y
u
'
c
2
y
2 2
y y
s
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

'
c
2
u
y
'
c
s
f 85 .
bd
M
2
1 1
f
f 85 .
bd A
(4)
5
or, in alternative form:
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

'
c
2
u
y
'
c
f 85 .
bd
M
2
1 1
f
f 85 .
(5)
Either Equation 4 or Equation 5 may be used to solve directly for the required amount of
reinforcement.
Solution by Method 2
Solve for required A
s
using Equation 4:
( )( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
s
2 2
u
. in 17 . 2
psi 4000 85 .
psi 662 2
1 1
psi 60000
psi 4000 85 .
. in 5 . 17 . in 10 A
psi 662 ksi 662 .
. in 5 . 17 . in 10 90 .
kips . in 1824
bd
M

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
Check reinforcement limits, analyze section, check cover & spacing as before
Method 3: Solution by Design Aids
This method is identical to the method outlined above (Method 2), except design aids are
used for the solution of the closed form equation.
Repeating Equation 5 from above:
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

'
c
2
u
y
'
c
f 85 .
bd
M
2
1 1
f
f 85 .
(5)
6
Let us define the resistance coefficient R
n
:
2
u
n
bd
M
R

Several design aids have been published which tabulate R

n
as a function of for various
combinations of f
'
c
and f
y
. In using these design aids, R
n
is typically stated in units of psi.
An example of such a design aid is shown below:
From: McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete
Note: MacGregor Text has a similar set of design aid tables (Table A-3), except for one
important difference. MacGregor defines the resistance coefficient as k
n
, which is
identical to R
n
. However, values are tabulated for k
n
, not k
n
. Therefore, one must
essentially enter the tables after calculating M
u
/bd
2
(in units of psi) rather than M
u
/bd
2
.
The MacGregor design aid is shown on the next page:
7
From: MacGregor, Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design
8
To simplify the process, a similar design aid has been published by several authors. This
alternate design aid is a nondimensionalized design aid based on a modified form of
Equation 5. Only one table is needed, regardless of the choice of f
'
c
and f
y
.
Define the reinforcement index :
'
c
y
f
f

Now rewrite Equation 5 in terms of :
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

,
_

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

'
c
2
u
2
'
c
2
u
2
'
c
2
u
2
'
c
2
u
'
c
2
u
f bd
M
7 . 1
85 .
f bd
M
2
85 .
2
85 .
85 .
f bd
M
2
1
85 . 85 .
2 1
85 .
f bd
M
2
1
85 .
1
85 .
f bd
M
2
1 1 85 .
( )

,
_

59 . 0 1
f bd
M
'
c
2
u
(6)
A single table provides values for the term on the left side of the equation as a function of
the reinforcement index w. This table is found in several publications, including PCA's
Notes of 318-99, and is shown below:
9
From: PCA, Notes on ACI 318-99
10
Solution by Method 3
Solve for required using design aids for Equation 5:
( )( )( )
( )( )
psi 596 ksi 596 .
. in 5 . 17 . in 10
kips . in 1824
bd
M
k
or
psi 662 ksi 662 .
. in 5 . 17 . in 10 90 .
kips . in 1824
bd
M
R
2 2
u
n
2 2
u
n

Entering table in MacGregor text (Table A-3) with k

n
= 596 psi, f
'
c
= 4 ksi, f
y
= 60 ksi,
and interpolating linearly:
( )( )( )
2
required
required
, s
required
. in 17 . 2 . in 5 . 17 . in 10 0124 . bd A
0124 .


Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
Check reinforcement limits, analyze section, check cover & spacing as before
Alternatively, using the design aid based on Equation 6:
( )( )( ) ( )
1654 .
ksi 4 . in 5 . 17 . in 10 90 .
kips . in 1824
f bd
M
2 '
c
2
u

Entering PCA Notes table with value of 0.1654, and interpolating linearly:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
2
required
required
, s
y
'
c
required required
required
. in 17 . 2 . in 5 . 17 . in 10 0124 . bd A
0124 .
ksi 60
ksi 4
1858 .
f
f
1858 .

Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
Check reinforcement limits, analyze section, check cover & spacing as before
11
Design for Cross-Sections of Unknown Dimensions
In this case, b and d (or h) are not known prior to design. Therefore, we have three
parameters that the designer must choose - b, h, and A
s
(assuming f
'
c
and f
y
are
established). These three parameters must only satisfy two equilibrium equations, so
there are mathematically an infinite number of possible design combinations. Typically,
an assumption is made regarding one of the parameters, usually A
s
(). Examples of
common design assumptions are:
= 0.5
b
= 0.375
b
(this corresponds to 0.50
max
for previous editions of ACI 318)
= .01 = 1%
The design at this stage is also complicated by the fact that the self-weight of the beam is
unknown.
Once a design assumption is made, the process of beam design generally relies on one of
the design aids presented in the previous section. It is again emphasized that the design
aids are identical to the equations derived in the previous section (Equations 3, 4, 5, & 6),
such that solution by these equations is essentially identical to solution using design aids.
Design Problem (same problem as before with b and d unknown)
The beam below supports an indoor walkway on a 20-foot simply-supported span. The
superimposed dead load is 1000 lb/ft and the superimposed live load is 1000 lb/ft. Select
flexural reinforcement for the beam if the material properties to be used are f
'
c
= 4000 psi
and f
y
= 60,000 psi. (Ignore the presence of any top bars used to facilitate stirrup
placement.)

h
b
LL = 1.00 k/ft
DL = 1.00 k/ft
20 ft.
12
Beam self-weight (assume concrete weighs 145 pcf; assume 12"x24" cross-section):
( )( ) ft / k 29 . 0
ft
k
145 .
in 12
ft 1
. in 24 . in 12 DL
3
2
sw

,
_

,
_

Total factored load:

( ) ( ) ft / k 15 . 3 ft / k 00 . 1 6 . 1 ft / k 29 . 0 00 . 1 2 . 1 w 6 . 1 w 2 . 1 w
L D u
+ + +
Total factored moment (design for maximum moment along span):
( )( )
kips . in 1890 kips . ft 5 . 157
8
ft 20 ft / k 15 . 3
8
w
M
2 2
u
u


Assume 1.5 in. clear cover, 0.5 in. stirrup, and 1.0" diameter bars d = h - 2.5"
Design assumption:
( )
( )( )
( )
1605 .
ksi 4
ksi 60 0107 .
f
f
0107 . 0285 . 375 . 0 375 . 0
'
c
y
b

Enter design aid ( design aid used here):
1453 .
f bd
M
'
c
2
u

Solve for required bd

2
:
( )
( ) ( )( )( )
3
'
c
u
required
2
. in 3613
1453 . ksi 4 90 .
kips . in 1890
1453 . f
M
bd

Possible combinations of b and d:

b = 10", d = 19" bd
2
= 3610 in.
3
b = 12", d = 17.5" bd
2
= 3675 in.
3
b = 14", d = 16" bd
2
= 3584 in.
3
Note: This calculation gets us "in the ballpark". Selection of a b-d combination that
gives us less than the calculated requirement of 3625 in.
2
will simply mean that we need a
slightly higher reinforcement ratio. Any of these three combinations will therefore work.
13
Try b = 12", h = 20" (d = 17.5")
Now, proceed as for a design with b and d known.
Beam self-weight (assume concrete weighs 145 pcf):
( )( ) ft / k 242 . 0
ft
k
145 .
in 12
ft 1
. in 20 . in 12 DL
3
2
sw

,
_

,
_

Total factored load:

( ) ( ) ft / k 09 . 3 ft / k 00 . 1 6 . 1 ft / k 242 . 0 00 . 1 2 . 1 w 6 . 1 w 2 . 1 w
L D u
+ + +
Total factored moment (design for maximum moment along span):
( ) ( )
kips . in 1854 kips . ft 5 . 154
8
ft 20 ft / k 09 . 3
8
w
M
2 2
u
u


Assume 1.5 in. clear cover, 0.5 in. stirrup, and 1.0" bars d = 17.5"
Using the design aid based on Equation 6:
( )( )( ) ( )
1401 .
ksi 4 . in 5 . 17 . in 12 90 .
kips . in 1854
f bd
M
2 '
c
2
u

Entering PCA Notes table with value of 0.1401, and interpolating linearly:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
2
required
required
, s
y
'
c
required required
required
. in 16 . 2 . in 5 . 17 . in 12 0103 . bd A
0103 .
ksi 60
ksi 4
1541 .
f
f
1541 .



Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
Check reinforcement limits, analyze section, check cover & spacing as before
(This section works)
14
Design by Simplified Methods
Simplified design methods involve the same basic approach as the methods outlined
previously, but with further simplifications (i.e. assumptions) that reduce the effort
involved in the design process. The method outlined in this section is adapted from the
following references:
Fanella, D. and Ghosh, S.K. (editors), Simplified Design - Reinforced Concrete
Buildings of Moderate Size and Height, Portland Cement Association, Second
Edition, 1993.
Fanella, D., "Time-saving design aids for reinforced concrete," Structural
Engineer, August 2001, pp. 38-41.
Consider the simplifying assumption that
b
375 .
(7A)
A set of design aids (Tables 1A through 5A) have been developed based on this
simplifying assumption.
Note: A second set of design aids (Tables 1B through 5B) have been developed based on
a similar simplifying assumption:
b
2
1

(7B)
Using the assumption of a given as a multiple of
b
, the values of and are tabulated
in Table 1A and 2A (or 1B and 2B) for various combinations of f
'
c
and f
y
.
A constant C
1
can then be calculated where:
( )
kips ft of units in is M and , inches of units in are d and b where
M C bd
u
u 1 required
2

(8)
Equation 8 can be used to help size the cross-section when dimensions have not been
established prior to design.
15
The constant C
1
can be determined by manipulation of Equation 6:
( )
( )
u 1
'
c
u 2
'
c
2
u
M C
59 . 0 1 f
M
bd
59 . 0 1
f bd
M

,
_

( )

59 . 0 1 f
1
C
'
c
1
(9)
Values of C
1
are tabulated in Tables 3A and 3B.
The value of j, where jd is the length of the moment arm between the resultant internal
tensile and compressive forces, can also be computed directly as a function of f
'
c
and f
y
:
d 2
b f 85 .
f A
1 j
d 2
a
1 j
2
a
d jd
'
c
y s

,
_

7 . 1
1 j


(10)
Values of j are tabulated in Tables 4A and 4B.
Finally, a required quantity of reinforcement can be computed based on the following
expression:
kips ft of units in M and , . in of units in A , inches of units in is d where
d C
M
A
u
2
s
2
u
required
,
s

(11)
16
17
The constant C
2
can be determined by manipulation of Equation 2:
d C
M
jd f
M
A
jd f A
2
a
d f A M
2
u
y
u
s
y s y s u

,
_

j f C
y 2

(12)
Values of C
2
are tabulated in Tables 5A and 5B.
Design Problem (same problem as before with b and d unknown)
Consider the design example solved previously, and use the design assumption:
b
375 . 0
Note that as before, we assume a self weight for the beam such that M
u
= 157.5 ft.-kips:
From Table 1A = .0107
From Table 2A = .1604
From Table 3A C
1
= 23.0
(bd
2
)
required
= 23.0(157.5) = 3623 in.
2
Try b = 12", d = 17.5" (h = 20")
Correcting our self-weight assumption to the values for the selected beams size, we get
M
u
= 154.5 ft.-kips:
From Table 4A j = 0.906
From Table 5A C
2
= 4.08
(A
s
)
required
= (154.5)/[(4.08)(17.5)] = 2.16 in.
2
Try 3 #8 bars (A
s
= 2.37 in.
2
)
Check reinforcement limits, analyze section, check cover &
spacing as before (This section works)
Technically, the designer only needs to look up values in Table 3A and Table 5A. The
values in tables 1A, 2A, and 4A are only provided for reference.
18
40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.0139 0.0103 0.0080 0.0058
3500 0.0162 0.0120 0.0094 0.0068
4000 0.0186 0.0138 0.0107 0.0078
4500 0.0203 0.0150 0.0117 0.0085
5000 0.0218 0.0162 0.0126 0.0091
6000 0.0246 0.0182 0.0141 0.0103
7000 0.0267 0.0198 0.0154 0.0112
8000 0.0284 0.0211 0.0163 0.0119
9000 0.0319 0.0237 0.0184 0.0134
10000 0.0355 0.0263 0.0204 0.0148
11000 0.0390 0.0289 0.0225 0.0163
12000 0.0426 0.0316 0.0245 0.0178
40000 50000 60000 75000 40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.1856 0.1721 0.1604 0.1455 3000 26.9 28.7 30.6 33.4
3500 0.1856 0.1721 0.1604 0.1455 3500 23.0 24.6 26.2 28.6
4000 0.1856 0.1721 0.1604 0.1455 4000 20.2 21.6 23.0 25.1
4500 0.1801 0.1670 0.1556 0.1412 4500 18.4 19.7 21.0 22.9
5000 0.1747 0.1619 0.1509 0.1369 5000 17.0 18.2 19.4 21.2
6000 0.1638 0.1518 0.1415 0.1284 6000 15.0 16.1 17.1 18.7
7000 0.1528 0.1417 0.1321 0.1198 7000 13.7 14.7 15.6 17.1
8000 0.1419 0.1316 0.1226 0.1113 8000 12.8 13.7 14.7 16.0
9000 0.1419 0.1316 0.1226 0.1113 9000 11.4 12.2 13.0 14.3
10000 0.1419 0.1316 0.1226 0.1113 10000 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.8
11000 0.1419 0.1316 0.1226 0.1113 11000 9.3 10.0 10.7 11.7
12000 0.1419 0.1316 0.1226 0.1113 12000 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.7
40000 50000 60000 75000 40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.891 0.899 0.906 0.914 3000 2.67 3.37 4.08 5.14
3500 0.891 0.899 0.906 0.914 3500 2.67 3.37 4.08 5.14
4000 0.891 0.899 0.906 0.914 4000 2.67 3.37 4.08 5.14
4500 0.894 0.902 0.908 0.917 4500 2.68 3.38 4.09 5.16
5000 0.897 0.905 0.911 0.919 5000 2.69 3.39 4.10 5.17
6000 0.904 0.911 0.917 0.924 6000 2.71 3.42 4.13 5.20
7000 0.910 0.917 0.922 0.930 7000 2.73 3.44 4.15 5.23
8000 0.917 0.923 0.928 0.935 8000 2.75 3.46 4.18 5.26
9000 0.917 0.923 0.928 0.935 9000 2.75 3.46 4.18 5.26
10000 0.917 0.923 0.928 0.935 10000 2.75 3.46 4.18 5.26
11000 0.917 0.923 0.928 0.935 11000 2.75 3.46 4.18 5.26
12000 0.917 0.923 0.928 0.935 12000 2.75 3.46 4.18 5.26
TABLE 4a TABLE 5a
f

'
c
(psi)
j
TABLE 3a TABLE 2a
f
y
(psi)
f

'
c
(psi)

(corresponding to
0.375
b
)
C
1
f

'
c
(psi)
C
2
TABLE 1a
f
y
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
f

'
c
(psi)
0.375
b
f

'
c
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
19
40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.0186 0.0138 0.0107 0.0078
3500 0.0217 0.0161 0.0125 0.0091
4000 0.0247 0.0184 0.0143 0.0103
4500 0.0270 0.0200 0.0156 0.0113
5000 0.0291 0.0216 0.0168 0.0122
6000 0.0328 0.0243 0.0189 0.0137
7000 0.0357 0.0264 0.0205 0.0149
8000 0.0378 0.0281 0.0218 0.0158
9000 0.0426 0.0316 0.0245 0.0178
10000 0.0473 0.0351 0.0272 0.0198
11000 0.0520 0.0386 0.0300 0.0218
12000 0.0568 0.0421 0.0327 0.0237
40000 50000 60000 75000 40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.2475 0.2294 0.2138 0.1940 3000 21.0 22.4 23.8 25.9
3500 0.2475 0.2294 0.2138 0.1940 3500 18.0 19.2 20.4 22.2
4000 0.2475 0.2294 0.2138 0.1940 4000 15.8 16.8 17.8 19.4
4500 0.2402 0.2227 0.2075 0.1883 4500 14.4 15.3 16.3 17.7
5000 0.2329 0.2159 0.2012 0.1826 5000 13.3 14.2 15.0 16.4
6000 0.2184 0.2024 0.1886 0.1712 6000 11.7 12.5 13.3 14.4
7000 0.2038 0.1889 0.1761 0.1598 7000 10.6 11.3 12.1 13.2
8000 0.1892 0.1754 0.1635 0.1484 8000 9.9 10.6 11.3 12.3
9000 0.1892 0.1754 0.1635 0.1484 9000 8.8 9.4 10.0 10.9
10000 0.1892 0.1754 0.1635 0.1484 10000 7.9 8.5 9.0 9.8
11000 0.1892 0.1754 0.1635 0.1484 11000 7.2 7.7 8.2 9.0
12000 0.1892 0.1754 0.1635 0.1484 12000 6.6 7.1 7.5 8.2
40000 50000 60000 75000 40000 50000 60000 75000
3000 0.854 0.865 0.874 0.886 3000 2.56 3.24 3.93 4.98
3500 0.854 0.865 0.874 0.886 3500 2.56 3.24 3.93 4.98
4000 0.854 0.865 0.874 0.886 4000 2.56 3.24 3.93 4.98
4500 0.859 0.869 0.878 0.889 4500 2.58 3.26 3.95 5.00
5000 0.863 0.873 0.882 0.893 5000 2.59 3.27 3.97 5.02
6000 0.872 0.881 0.889 0.899 6000 2.61 3.30 4.00 5.06
7000 0.880 0.889 0.896 0.906 7000 2.64 3.33 4.03 5.10
8000 0.889 0.897 0.904 0.913 8000 2.67 3.36 4.07 5.13
9000 0.889 0.897 0.904 0.913 9000 2.67 3.36 4.07 5.13
10000 0.889 0.897 0.904 0.913 10000 2.67 3.36 4.07 5.13
11000 0.889 0.897 0.904 0.913 11000 2.67 3.36 4.07 5.13
12000 0.889 0.897 0.904 0.913 12000 2.67 3.36 4.07 5.13
TABLE 4b TABLE 5b
f

'
c
(psi)
j
TABLE 3b TABLE 2b
f
y
(psi)
f

'
c
(psi)

(corresponding to
0.5 b
)
C
1
f

'
c
(psi)
C
2
TABLE 1b
f
y
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
f

'
c
(psi)
0.5
b
f

'
c
(psi)
f
y
(psi)
( )
kips ft of units in is M and , inches of units in are d and b where
M C bd
u
u 1 required
2

kips ft of units in M and , . in of units in A , inches of units in is d where

d C
M
A
u
2
s
2
u
required
, s

20