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OUR RESEARCH
The Faculty of Technology and Science

provides education and research in the fields of technology and natural sciences at Karlstad University.
The faculty offers around thirty engineering degree programmes and a wide range of natural science options. Most programme courses are open to non-programme students. The faculty also offers ten Master-level programmes, primarily in technology. Cooperation with external partners and across disciplines and faculties is integral to our education and research. Faculty activities mainly take place on campus in the technology building, Lake Vnern, but also in suitably equipped facilities in building no 9. Science and technology in cooperation is the overarching faculty research strategy. The strongest areas are in materials engineering, forestry renewal, and energy engineering, but there is also established research in applied modelling. Energy, environmental and sustainable development issues are ongoing aspects of many faculty research fields. One objective of the joint strategy and the three research areas is to strengthen our cooperation with external partners. Faculty research is geared towards cooperation and there are established contacts with clusters, companies and schools in the region. Research is also pursued in conjunction with other faculty disciplines, especially in the service and health care fields. The faculty hosts two research centres: Paper Surface Centre (PSC) and The Centre of Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research (SMEER).
Cover illustration: Images of equations
Our research Ed.: Ingegerd Dirtoft, D.Tech. Print: University Printing Office, Karlstad 2012
www.kau.se/EN
OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science
Table of contents
Foreword, Jan Van Stam, Dean 3 The Faculty of Technology and Science 4 Our Research Strategy in Brief, sa Bergenheim, Vice-Chancellor 5 Research Area: Materials Science, Jens Bergstrm 6 Research Area: Forest Industrial Renewal and Energy Engineering, Ulf Germgrd 7 Research Area: Applied Modelling, Claes Uggla 8 Department of Energy, Environmental And Building Technology 9 Sustainable Packaging Development, Fredrik Wikstrm 10 Research Group for Drying-Related Studies, Torkforsk, Jonas Berghel 11 Environment-Friendly Production of High-Quality Biofuel From Wood, Karin Granstrm13 Research Group for Drying-Related Studies, Torkforsk, Lars Nilsson 15 Drying and Pelletizing Techniques, Roger Renstrm 17 Department of Physics And Electrical Engineering 19 General Relativity Theory and Quantum Cosmology, Claes Uggla 20 Self-Organisation in Molecular Semiconductors For Optoelectronic Applications, Ellen Moons 21 Surface and Semiconductor Physics, Hanmin Zhang 23 Human-Friendly Robots Physical and Cognitive Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Jorge Solis 25 Conformal Quantum Field Theory, Jrgen Fuchs 27 Nanocrystals, Kjell Magnusson 28 Mechanical and Electrical Properties Of Nanostructures, Krister Svensson 29 Low-Dimensional Surface Structures and Molecular Layers on Semi-Conductors, Lars Johansson 31 System Identification, Automatic Control and Statistical Signal Processing, Magnus Mossberg 33 Theoretical High-Energy Physics, Marcus Berg 34 Silicon Solar Cells, Markus Rinio 35 Technology Education, Veronica Bjurulf 37 Department of Chemistry And Biomedical Science 39 Monoclonal Antibodies and Cytokeratines Their Usefulness for Cancer Treatment, Birgitta Sundstrm 40 Biological Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Human Cell Models, Eewa Nnberg 41 Complex Fluids, Jan Van Stam 43
Inflammatory Cells and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Tumor Progression, Jonny Wijkander 44 Pharmaceutical Epidemiology, Marianne Byflt Nordqvist 45 Educational Research in Science, Environment And Society (Erses): Cross-Disciplinary Science Education, Shu-Nu Chang Rundgren 46 Edcs And Inflammatory Cellular Mechanisms, Susanne Tornhamre 47 Microbial Breakdown of Oxochlorates, Thomas Nilsson 49 The Fundamental Separation Science Group, Torgny Fornstedt 50 Department of Chemical Engineering 53 Packaging Materials and Printing Surface, Caisa Johansson 54 Surface Treatment of Paper and Carton, Lars Jrnstrm 56 Graphic Technology, Magnus Lestelius 58 Pulp Technology, Ulf Germgrd 60 Department of Mechanical And Materials Engineering 63 The Inner Structures of Materials, Fredrik Thuvander 64 Materials Engineering, Jens Bergstrm 65 Production and Manufacturing Techniques, Leo De Vin 66 Research on The Mechanical Properties of Materials, Nils Hallbck 67 Advanced Materials for Demanding Applications, Pavel Krakhmalev 68 Department of Mathematics 69 Kinetic Theory and Applications, Alexander Bobylev 70 Low Achievement in Mathematics, Arne Engstrm 71 Computer Algebra Systems and Error Correcting Codes, Igor Gachkov 72 Mathematical Analysis, Sorina Barza 73 Structural and Constructive Properties of Functions, Viktor Kolyada 74 SCIENTISTS 75 Keywords 76
Foreword
The Faculty of Technology and Science has earlier published three catalogues in which our doctoral students introduce themselves and present their research projects. The time has come to publish our first Research Catalogue, allowing our senior researchers to do the same. We think that information of their research and networks has a value beyond our immediate circle and that others might benefit from this. Faculty research is multifaceted, but can broadly be divided into two main streams: education, on the one hand, and technology and science, on the other. The subject-specific educational research is pursued in the context of The Centre of Science, Mathematics and Engineering Education Research (SMEER) with an emphasis on Inquiry- and ContextBased Science and Mathematics Education and on Science Education in School Systems. Although not yet extensive, this research is continually expanding. We welcome this very valuable development and broadening of faculty research, which will enrich the more traditional research in technology and science. Faculty research in the main is pursued under the umbrella strategy of Technology and Science in Cooperation, an environment that since 2010 has united researchers in technology and science. The purpose of this research environment is to focus resources on prioritized objectives and find a common direction for research and doctoral programmes. The umbrella covers three instituted research areas, which define the different overarching research themes. The areas are Materials Science, Forest Industrial Renewal and Applied Modelling, which are all further described in the catalogue. The joint cooperation in the research areas is strengthened and each area also cooperates with other research groups at Karlstad University, in Sweden and internationally. An overriding goal of the joint research environment and the three areas is to reinforce our capacity to cooperate with external actors. Such outreach activities will benefit our research in a number of ways, not least in terms of our research students employability as they will be kept abreast of current issues in industry and the public sector. Cooperation also renews and broadens by providing problems that arise in a non-academic environment. Reciprocally, we hope that the academic and scientific approach may enrich our partners operations and contribute to their development. The senior researchers presentations provide, apart from personal information, a good picture of current issues in faculty research. We hope that this will give readers ideas for potential cooperation with us.
We welcome visitors and contacts. The Faculty of Technology and Science aims to be an open and evident part of society, working with others towards new knowledge, sustainable development and a changed future. We believe that our basic and applied
research, based on expertise and committed cooperation, is an important factor for achieving our goals. Enjoy the presentations! Jan van Stam, Dean

TOTAL INCOME: SEK 216 million (in 2011) EMPLOYEES: 191 (in 2012) DOCTORAL STUDENTS: 60 (incl. industrial doctoral students, in 2012) PROFESSORS: 25 (in 2012) ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS: 21 (in 2012) DOCTORAL DISCIPLINES: 8 (in 2012) STUDENTS (full-time equivalents): 1435 (in 2011) MAIN FIELDS OF STUDY: 11 at undergraduate and 10 at masters level (in 2012) SIX DEPARTMENTS: energy, environmental and building technology physics and electrical engineering chemistry and biomedical science chemical engineering mechanical and materials engineering mathematics DEAN: Jan van Stam DEPUTY DEAN: Monica Schagerholm HEAD OF ADMINISTRATION: Jan Hkanson
OUR RESEARCH STRATEGY IN BRIEF

At Karlstad University research is pursued in traditional as well as multidisciplinary fields, on the basis of longterm and short-term societal needs. But how do we endeavour to improve the quality of our research? The answers are as many as the people involved in research. My view is that our development as a research actor rests on two key strategies: Clear priority of high quality through long-term financial investments in excellent individuals and our strategic environments Broad research environments for growth, quality assurance and scientific excellence If we work with these aspects, Karlstad University will develop into a creative, strong and broad research environment. Implementing strategic recruitment, prioritisation, systematic follow-up, and structured quality assurance will increase the scientific quality and quantity of production. This will provide good opportunities for the present top-level research at our university. As part of the efforts to develop our role as a research actor, we have identified a number of strategic environments that will receive long-term financial support. The continued work at the university will be based on the expectation that the eight environments will give rise to excellent research groups. The eight environments are Service Research Center, CTF DigiCom-sphere Health Gender Cultural studies Region building Technology and science in cooperation Education Through this work we will create a viable university environment with broad and excellent research. A living and active research milieu, also guarantees quality assurance. Research is basically a collective process, in which peer reviewing and a critical approach ensure that top-level research is maintained. This is also the environment in which future top scientists are fostered. We know that they can be found even at a small university. We aim to take that further. sa Bergenheim, Vice-Chancellor
RESEARCH AREA:
MATERIALS SCIENCE
The Materials Science area gathers research groups in materials engineering, mechanical engineering, materials physics, physical chemistry, and chemical engineering. The materials science research area is highly multidisciplinary and there is a broad range of research projects from basic research to applied industrial research. It spans a scale from the atomic, nano, and micro level to the macro level of research on steel and manufacturing, carbon nanotubes, semiconductors, polymer-based solar cells, polymer and nanoparticle composites, paper fibres and nanostructured paper packaging surfaces. At the nano and micro level, analysis and characterisation of the properties of materials take place, and this materials science groups emphasis. It forms the basis for understanding the behaviour of materials on the macro level and the function in applications, thus enabling materials modelling. Material models and simulation can then be used for different technological applications. The applied research is particularly connected to the steel, manufacturing and paper industries. Research activities are based on four overarching subareas, typical of the field: synthesis (materials production), materials analysis and characterisation, modelling and applications. Some thirty projects are carried out in these areas (as of March 2012). The materials science research area is well furnished with good experimental resources in a new, creative and modern environment with equipment for materials analysis, electric performance, and mechanical testing. There is also a mechanical workshop. With the materials science area as a base we are building a materials and design centre (MKC), pooling technological infrastructure and competence for cooperation in research, product, and process development. The purpose of MKC is to strengthen the university and regional industry and their attraction on national and international markets. It cooperates with the industry cluster Steel & Workshop, aiming to stimulate regional industries and in particular small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Jens Bergstrm
RESEARCH AREA:
FOREST INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

The total research at Karlstad University in this area is financed via faculty resources and external means from companies and other types of financiers. As a complement to the longterm research, there is a minor faculty funded research activity (as of 2011), controlled and financed by the research council for the Forest Industrial Renewal and Energy Engineering group (SFoET). The SFoET research council consists of internal research leaders and external industrial representatives, who control and evaluate the ongoing research in SFoET, and ensure that the research maintains a high scientific and industrial relevance. This research is to a great extent based on pre-studies where new ideas are tested for a year. If a project turns out to be promising, it usually results in a science article, a conference presentation and/or an application for funding. The research activities in SFoET involve cellulose chemistry, pulp and paper technology, surface treatment of paper, graphic techniques, waste water treatment, biofuel/textile drying, pellet production, and gas purification in pellet production. All these projects are carried out in close cooperation with companies such as Stora Enso, Metso Paper, Metsa Tissue, Eka Chemicals, Asko etc. Organisationally, SFoET spans the three departments 1) Chemical Engineering 2) Energy, Environment and Building Technology, and 3) Chemistry and Biomedical Science. Cooperation between research groups under the faculty umbrella strategy was earlier modest, but through the SFoETs activities, cooperation is gradually increasing as researchers become better and better acquainted. Discovering synergy effects between ongoing projects and identifying potential new project areas has also become easier. This is a most welcome situation since new ideas often arise from areas inbetween the established ones. In the long term this new approach to research will result in more cooperation between all research groups in the faculty regarding interchanging equipment and analysis instruments as well as regular cooperation in joint projects. An example of an ongoing crossdepartmental project is a water purification project for the forest industry, run by researchers from the departments of Energy, Environment and Building Technology, and Chemical Engineering, soon to be joined by chemists and biomedical scientists. A second example is a paper-drying project carried out by researchers from the departments of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Environment and Building Technology. The project aims to reduce the energy consumption in the industrial paper drying process. By increasing internal and external cooperation, we will promote equality and diversity at Karlstad University. This means, for instance, that our female researchers will be able to find senior mentors more easily and women networks will grow stronger. Ulf Germgrd
RESEARCH AREA:
APPLIED MODELLING
The area of Applied Modelling spans a wide field and is relevant to many research activities under the umbrella of Technology and Science in Cooperation in terms of basic as well as applied research. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify several common denominators and needs in the multidisciplinary field, for instance, analysis of conditions, technique and validations methods for modelling; mathematical methods; computer calculations and computer analysis methods, for instance statistical data processing; simulation and optimisation, for instance to improve product properties and increase process efficiency. There are several successful externally funded research projects in the area. A cooperation project with molecular science has recently contributed to attracting funding from the KK-foundation and a number of companies for a research project in analytical chemistry. The project involves developing models and numerical algorithms for optimising environmentally and economically sustainable processes and methods to isolate and produce valuable chemical and pharmaceuticals with the least possible use of dangerous solvents. There are also some projects, financed by the Swedish Research Council, of a basic research character: kinetic gas theory; conformal field theory; general relativity theory and quantum cosmology; string theory. These areas encompass applications regarding everything from the ultimate nature of matter, space and time to the large-scale structure of the universe, but also everyday applications relating to gases, fluids and the properties and application areas of solid materials. The research area has the ambition to extend further and increase cooperation with external partners and other areas under the umbrella of Technology and Science in Cooperation, especially the area of Forestry Renewal and Energy Engineering and the area Materials Science. These areas are both in need of modelling expertise, particularly regarding numerical calculation and simulation concerning the properties of materials at the micro and macro level, for instance, mechanical, electrical and optical properties, but also transport properties (of heat and mass, for example). Claes Uggla
DEPARTMENT of energy, environmental and building technology
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energy, environmental and building technology
SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT

Our research aims at finding solutions that better correspond to human needs, while reducing the total resource consumption. Prices on raw material and energy are rising rapidly globally and will continue to rise. At the levels of society, business and individuals, there is a demand for solutions on how to adapt to these changes. Often, unnecessary resource consumption depends on the fact that different parts of a system are not coordinated but optimised individually. By using systems analytical methods and principles, it is possible to identify improvement potentials in a system. We have successfully combined this with a service perspective in cooperation with the Service Research Center. By identifying and defining the needs to be met, products and adjacent systems can more easily be designed in a resource efficient way. Generally, our work is interdisciplinary. Without considering social and economic dimensions, we will not achieve sustainable development. For the past years, the bulk of the research has been focussed on exploring the potentials of food packaging to reduce the total detrimental impact on the environment and the resource consumption in the food chain, especially as regards the reduction of food waste. We have identified a number of packaging properties that contribute to this reduction. We have also developed a theoretical model for calculating the balance between more/ less packaging materials and changes in food waste, and carried out a survey on attitudes and household food waste. At present, Billerud AB and the KK-foundation finance a doctoral student, who studies how product waste can be reduced in the distribution chain. This research has attracted great attention nationally as well as internationally.
Name: Fredrik Wikstrm TITLE: Associate Professor phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 64 E-mail: fredrik.wikstrom@kau.se subject: Environmental and Energy Systems KEYWORDS: sustainable develop-
ment, packaging
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Billerud AB,
TPA, CTF, Packaging Logistics (Lund University)

CO-RESEARCHERS: Heln Williams,
Lisa Mattsson
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RESEARCH GROUP FOR DRYING-RELATED STUDIES, TORKFORSK

We have pursued drying-related research and development since 1989. We have experience of the drying of biomass, paper, crops, and clothes, and we are constantly in the process of extending and deepening the knowledge of drying-related research and development. The aim of our research and development is to contribute to the production of energy efficient and environment-friendly drying processes that are conducive to sustainable development. Our resources to achieve this are suitable premises and equipment, staff with different areas of expertise, and well functioning routines for observing and processing the problems that industry and society bring to our attention. Issues can be raised at different system levels. Applied research and development projects predominate, but also curiositydriven research and development play important roles. Problems can be theoretically or empirically based. The research group has an emphasis on the manufacturing of solid biofuels, mass and heat transport during the drying of biofuels, textiles and paper, and on sustainable and energy efficient processes. Group members are experts on the modelling and simulation of mass and heat transport processes, system-overriding models as well as small-scale processes.
Name: Jonas Berghel Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 47 E-mail: jonas.berghel@kau.se
www.kau.se/torkforsk
Subject: Environmental and
Energy System
Keywords: biofuel, energy, paper,
drying, textile, simulation, energy efficiency

Co-researchers: : Professor Lars Nilsson, Ass. Professor Roger Renstrm, Dr. Lena Stawreberg, Dr. Magnus Sthl, Stefan Frodeson, Lecturer
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The research group has a strong position internationally in the area of biofuel drying and close cooperation with branch companies. The group has the laboratory equipment required for the task of conducting controlled studies of the whole production chain from moist biomaterials to the finished product, such as pellets. The pellet research aims to improve the pellet quality and the pelletizing process. In a pilot-scale dryer the group investigates equipment design, energy consumption and the thermodynamics of drying processes along with pelletizing (see figure). The world unique pilot equipment provides the opportunity to monitor and control the whole chain from moist biofuel to finished product.
The research on textile drying is carried out in conjunction with industry with a view to improve drying and make it more energy efficient, for example, by reducing electric heating. In laboratory-scale equipment we study dewatering of paper in a suction box for dwell times, vacuum levels, and basis weights of relevance to the industrial process. The equipment was designed for tissue studies in collaboration with companies, but is also useful for studies linked to other paper qualities. The activities in the research group create opportunities for sharp projects in education close contact with company development strategies and technical solutions, resources in the form of guest lecturers in courses and projects, external partners for major research applications, and increased competitiveness and attraction.
Figur 1. Research equipment for drying and pelletizing.
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ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY PRODUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY BIOFUEL FROM WOOD

My research centres on how to produce high-quality biofuel from wood in an environment-friendly way. How can sawdust be dried and pelletized without too many emission problems? In my doctoral thesis I describe how the emission of different hydrocarbons depends on important drying parameters. The importance of the impact of the drying method on emission from the pellet press is also demonstrated. The thesis moreover describes a new method for measuring hydrocarbon emission from steam dryers. The results were popularized in the manual Hydrocarbon from the wood fuel industry saw mills, wood dryers and pellet presses, which was written in response to calls from municipal environment officers who asked what requirements they should make on pellet producers. Further investigations on what is emitted from wood in the drying process, especially thermal breakdown products and sesquiterpenes, made it necessary to publish an account of what these results entail for the work environment in which wood processing takes place and for the current exposure limits. These results were published in the field of occupational hygiene. I have studied the biological degradation in water from sawdust drying for the purpose of assessing the possibility to purify by means of biological methods. My ongoing
Name: Karin Granstrm Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 65 MobilE: +46 (0) 730-48 45 61 E-mail: karin.granstrom@kau.se Subject: Environmental and Energy Systems Keywords: drying, pellets, wood,
spontaneous combustion, terpenes, hydrocarbons, condensate, sawdust, forest industry, wastewater.

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: SP Sveriges
Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, Hrjedalen Miljbrnsle AB, Stora Enso Timber.

Co-researchers: Jonas Berghel, Roger Renstrm, Maria Sandberg, Magnus Sthl.
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research aims to ascertain how efficient the sand filter purification prescribed for biofuel dryers really is. How can pellets be stored in a safe and environment-friendly way? The storability of pellets is an important problem since wood pellets sometimes spontaneously combust when stored in silos. Breakdown processes also take place that can produce a lack of oxygen in closed spaces. In the process of determining the
causes of spontaneous combustion in wood pellets, I also studied the formation of rancidity products in chippings and pellets. Furthermore, I have studied storability in pellets with lignin or starch additives. Ongoing research involves investigating the effects of adding antioxidants to pellets to reduce the problems. This work is being developed in conjunction with SP Brandteknik, where there are unique possibilities to study flammability and the progress of fires.
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RESEARCH GROUP FOR DRYING-RELATED STUDIES, TORKFORSK

We have pursued drying-related research and development since 1989. We have experience of the drying of biomass, paper, crops, and clothes, and we are constantly in the process of extending and deepening the knowledge of drying-related research and development. The aim of our research and development is to contribute to the production of energy efficient and environment-friendly drying processes that are conducive to sustainable development. Our resources to achieve this are suitable premises and equipment, staff with different areas of expertise, and well functioning routines for observing and processing the problems that industry and society bring to our attention. Issues can be raised at different system levels. Applied research and development projects predominate, but also curiositydriven research and development play important roles. Problems can be theoretically or empirically based. The research group has an emphasis on the manufacturing of solid biofuels, mass and heat transport during the drying of biofuels, textiles and paper, and on sustainable and energy efficient processes. Group members are experts on the modelling and simulation of mass and heat transport processes, system-overriding models as well as small-scale processes.
Name: Lars Nilsson Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 20 99
www.kau.se/torkforsk
E-mail: lars.nilsson@kau.se Subject: Environmental and Energy Systems Keywords: : biofuel, energy,
paper, drying, textile, simulation, energy efficiency

Co-researchers:
Ass. Professor Jonas Berghel, Ass. Professor Roger Renstrm, Dr. Lena Stawreberg, Dr. Magnus Sthl, Stefan Frodeson, Lecturer
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The research group has a strong position internationally in the area of biofuel drying and close cooperation with several companies. The group has the laboratory equipment required for the task of conducting controlled studies of the whole production chain from moist bio materials to the finished product, such as pellets. The pellet research aims to improve the pellet quality and the pelletizing process. In a pilot-scale dyer the group investigates design, energy consumption and the thermodynamics of drying processes along with pelletizing (see figure). The world unique pilot equipment provides the opportunity to monitor and control the whole chain from moist biofuel to finished product. The research on textile drying is carried out in conjunction with industry with a
view to improve drying and make it more energy efficient, for example, by reducing electric heating. In laboratory-scale we study dewatering of paper in a suction box for dwell times, vacuum levels and basis weights of relevance to the industrial process. The equipment was designed for tissue studies in collaboration with companies, but is also useful for studies linked to other paper qualities. The activities in the research group create opportunities for sharp projects in education in close contact with company development strategies and technical solutions, resources in the form of guest lecturers in courses and projects, external partners for major research applications, and increased competitiveness and attraction.
Figur 1. Research equipment for drying and pelletizing.
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DRYING AND PELLETIZING TECHNIQUES

I have pursued drying-related research and development since 1989 and have experience of the drying of biomass, paper, crops, and clothes. The research group is constantly in the process of extending and deepening the knowledge of drying-related research and development. The aim of our research and development is to contribute to the production of energy efficient and environment-friendly drying processes that are conducive to sustainable development. Our resources to achieve this are suitable premises and equipment, staff with different areas of expertise, and well functioning routines for picking up and processing the problems that industry and society bring to our attention. The research group has a strong position internationally in the area of biofuel drying and close cooperation with branch companies. The group has active research members and the laboratory equipment required for the task of conducting controlled studies of the whole production chain from moist biomaterial to the finished product, such as pellets. The activities in the research group create opportunities for sharp projects in education, close contact with company development strategies and technical solutions, resources in the form of guest lecturers in courses and projects, external partners for major research applications, and increased competitiveness and attraction.
Name: Roger Renstrm Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 48 E-mail: roger.renstrom@kau.se Subject: Environmental and Energy Systems Keywords: drying, pelletizing,
systems analysis
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: ASKO
Appliances, STORA, STORA pellets, Metso, Pyry, Vrmestugan
DEPARTMENT of physics and electrical engineering
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physics and electrical engineering
Theoretical Physics
GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY AND QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

Big bang, dark energy, black holes and neutron stars, gravitation waves, GPS, satellite navigation are all examples where general relativity theory plays a central role. Gravitation research is now in its heyday with strong links to other areas of physics: New observations, which can only be explained by Einsteins creation placed in a greater context, require new theoretical developments. We need to reach a better understanding of what happens when we replace one model with another so that we can determine when our predictions are reliable; the impact of the small on the big, for instance, how the properties of the smallest components of matter affect neutron star mass and size, needs a firmer theoretical foundation; non-linear complex equation systems need to be reformulated so that numerical calculations can be made and equation content better understood. These issues are all central to my research and have yielded a number of research findings, for instance, a better understanding of how black holes can form; new insights into how the properties of the smallest matter components affect neutron star mass and size; clarification of the predictions that can be made on the basis of general relativity theory concerning observationally sustainable cosmological models. Einsteins theory combines space and time into a dynamic and plastic unity, spacetime, which at the beginning of the universe and at the centre of the black holes even ceases to be in a spacetime singularity. In conjunction with my research colleagues I have recently succeeded in describing what Einsteins theory has to say on the subject ultimately, spacetime is affected to the point when communication is no longer possible even in principle. This leads to structures that might be used to generalize Einsteins theory to a so-called quantum gravitational theory where needed, that is, where the gravitation is strongest. This would give a better understanding of what space and time really are.
Name: Claes Uggla Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 21 57 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-416 38 33 E-mail: claes.uggla@kau.se Subject: Theoretical Physics Keywords: general relativity theory,
quantum cosmology, black holes

Co-researchers: Prof. John Wainwright (Canada), Prof. George Ellis (South-Africa), Prof. Alan Rendall (Germany), Ass. Prof. Mark Heinzle (Austria), Prof. Abhay Ashtekar (USA), Prof. Robert Jantzen (USA), Dr. Woei Chet Lim (New Zealand), Prof. Sigbjorn Hervik (Norway).
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Materials Physics
SELF-ORGANISATION IN MOLECULAR SEMICONDUCTORS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS

We study self-organisation on the molecular level in thin films of conjugated polymers and in self-assembled monolayers of conjugated molecules for applications in organic photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Our present focus is on morphological studies of thin polymer films produces from solution by spincoating. The layers of special interest are films of conjugated polymer blends with a fullerene derivative, PCBM, which are the most common components of polymer solar cells. During the coating process, the solvent evaporates quickly and phase separation occurs, resulting in a complex morphology. Through microscopic and spectroscopic studies of the composition and structure of such films at the surface and in the bulk, we have reached a better understanding of how the morphology of such thin films is formed and what that means for the solar cell performance. Other areas of study include blends of conjugated polymers with non-conjugated polymers, self-organisation of thiolated conjugated molecules on gold surfaces for use in molecular electronics. Other interests and future studies include blends of conjugated polymers with inorganic nanoparticles, alternative substrates, new transparent electrode materials, and inverted solar cells,
Name: Ellen Moons Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 19 03 Mobil: +46 (0) 708-66 02 09 E-mail: ellen.moons@kau.se Subject: Materials Physics Keywords: conjugated polymers,
optoelectronics, polymer solar cells, morphology, molecular electronics

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Prof. Mats Andersson, Dr. Christian Mller, Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg; Prof. Andrzej Budkowski, Dr. Jakub Rysz, Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow; Dr. hab. Andrzej Bernasik, AGH University, Krakow; Dr. hab. Andreas Opitz, Humboldt University, Berlin; Dr. Barbara Brena, Materials Theory, Uppsala University; Dr. Jasper Michels, Holst Centre, Eindhoven; Prof. Marta Ramos, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. Co-researchers:
Ana Sofia Anselmo, Rickard Hansson

EX Co-researchers: Cecilia
Bjrstrm Svanstrm, Svante Nilsson, Sudam Chavhan, Andrzej Dzwilewski
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alternative coating techniques and methods for morphological characterization. The research spans the disciplinary borders between materials physics and physical chemistry. In collaboration with Professor Andrzej Budkowskis group at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, we study compositional depth profiles of the polymer thin films with dynamic SIMS instruments, and at the synchrotron facility MAXlab in Lund, we use XPS and NEXAFSspectroscopy.
The research on polymer-based solar cells at Karlstad University started in 2002 with the support of the Swedish Research Council and the National Graduate School for Materials Science and then continued with funding form the Swedish Energy Agency (2007 - 2010) and the Swedish Research Council (2011-2013). In 2011, research funding was granted by the Gran Gustafsson Foundation (2012 -).
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Physics
SURFACE AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

The Research Projects are divided into three main parts: a) Clean and metalterminated semiconductor surfaces, including metals and nanostructures on semiconductor surfaces; b) Organic molecular layers on metal/semiconductor surfaces; c) Magnetic thin films grown on semiconductor surfaces. They involve synchrotron radiation (UPS, XPS, and NEXAFS) based studies of atomic and electronic structure of clean and modified overlayers, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) based studies of surface and low-dimensional structures, and surface atomic and molecular manipulation and selforganized growth of nanostructures. The nanometer world where physical phenomena are dominated by quantum effects offers many new possibilities and great scientific challenges as miniaturization continues. The basic objective of this project is the realization of low dimensional systems, including two, one and zero dimensions. Atom deposition on clean or metal-terminated semiconductor surfaces leads in many cases to such structures. Valence band and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy, and STM have been widely used to characterize their atomic and electronic properties. Organic molecular layers on surfaces is an intensely active research field, driven by the large potential for electronics and optoelectronics applications, e.g. OLEDs, OFETs and organic solar cells, but also for applications in catalysis, sensor, energy storage, etc. Supramolecular self-assembly allows for creation
Name: Hanmin Zhang Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 21 20 E-mail: hanmin.zhang@kau.se Subject: Physics Keywords: ST M, Photoemission,
atomic and electronic structure, molecular layers, magnetic semiconductor, surface manipulation
CO-RESEARCHERS: Lars Johansson,
Joakim Hirvonen Grytzelius; Kjell Magnusson, Leif Ericsson
of highly ordered layers, as well as complex molecular structures and networks. In the emerging field of spintronics, magnetic semiconductors, magnetic layers and nanostructures on semiconductor surfaces are important topics. It is, however important to understand the fundamental properties of those materials that are candidates for applications in the field of spintronics. Interesting candidates as magnetic layers on semiconductors are transition metal silicides and Germanides.
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In the past years we have built up extensive knowledge and experience in surface and semiconductor physics based on STM/AFM and photoemission. The goal of these projects is to obtain a fundamental understanding of low dimensional structures of semiconductor systems, including
reconstructed surfaces, linear atomic chains, nano-particles, molecular and metal thin films. The experimental realization of the controllable manipulation on the nanoscale may have important implications for surface patterning.
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Physics
HUMAN-FRIENDLY ROBOTS PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENT MACHINES

Physically and cognitively embodied robotics and intelligent machines constitute an inter-disciplinary research field, which includes both basic and applied research on identifying novel applications of cutting-edge material science, sensor technology, advanced signal processing and advanced control. Exploring and proposing novel techniques for modelling and advanced control in order to address industrial needs are central aspects of this research. This approach provides students with the opportunity to practise applying robot technology hands-on to solve realworld problems and this is integrated in their academic programmes. Current research is focused on human-/environment-robot interaction, intelligent machines and automation systems, embedded and intelligent control, multimodal feedback as well as biologically-inspired architecture design. Even if the market is limited at present, applications of intelligent machines (i.e. robots) are gradually spreading from the manufacturing industry to other branches as one of the most important components for supporting an ageing society. The way a person interacts with human-friendly robots is completely different from their interaction with most of the present industrial electromechanical systems.
Name: Jorge Solis Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 19 53 E-mail: jorge.solis@kau.se Subject: Physics and Electro
Engineering
Keywords: robotics, intelligent
machines, human-robot interaction

Samarbetspartner:
Takanishi Laboratory Waseda University; Perceptual Robotics Laboratory, Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, National Research Council of Italy, Japan Robotech Ltd., Center for Robotics Education and Future Science Study Co. Ltd., etc.
Co-researchers: Prof. Atsuo
Takanishi, Prof. Massimo Bergamasco, Prof. Carlo Alberto Avizzano, Prof. Low Kin Huat, Prof. Ravi Vaidyanathan, Prof. Matthias Scheutz, Dr. Gianmarco Veruggio, Dr Kia Ng
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The development of human-friendly robots propels research onwards to develop autonomous and/or partly autonomous systems that are natural and intuitive for the average consumer to interact with, communicate with, work with as a partner and teach new functions. Many tasks for which interactive, intelligent machines are designed to perform require close interaction with people and/or the environment. It is also clear, however, that the more a human and/or environmental participation is involved, the more the need for information exchange and implementation of advanced strategic rules increases.
My research carried out at the department is related to the development of a perceptual-based intelligent control architecture composed of a 3-D human body gesture recognition system and a fuzzy logic controller for enabling a mobile robot to perform tool-carrying assistance in medical facilities, and to introducing novel sensing modalities and control strategies for humanfriendly robots with interactive capabilities for walking-assistance to elderly people, and to introducing novel human-friendly robotic platforms for educational purposes. Other examples of projects currently pursued with researchers from other universities such as Waseda University, SSSA-PERCRO, are humanoid robots, perceptual robots, educational robots, and medical robots.
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Physics
CONFORMAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

A recurring theme in physics is the attempt to unify all forces of nature into a handful, or even just one single force. With the help of quantum theory, the electric and magnetic forces have, for instance, been successfully joined with the so-called weak force. An ultimate unification would take place if also the gravitational force could be combined with these. An important candidate for bringing this about is string theory. To a great extent this theory is, in turn, based on two-dimensional conformal quantum field theory, commonly abbreviated as CFT. Apart from in string theory, CFT also plays a significant role in many other phenomena, for instance, in the quantum Hall effect, in high-temperature supraconductivity, and in tunnel effects in quantum wires. In addition, CFT has contributed novel ideas to various fields in modern mathematics. In CFT, a great number of models that differ in various details are studied. An important aim is therefore to formulate CFT in a model-independent way based on universal mathematical structures. To achieve this goal, we combine in particular the methods of two branches of mathematics, namely non-commutative algebra and tensor categories. Other relevant tools are, for instance, provided by three-dimensional topology, algebraic geometry, vertex operator algebras and quantum groups. Many of the advanced methods used are rather abstract. Nevertheless, the results allow for explicit calculation in specific models and for the prediction of concrete physical effects. The benefit of this research is primarily progress in the theoretical understanding of the basic structure of nature. But there is also a potential for practical application, for instance, in high-temperature supraconductivity. In combination with socalled topologic quantum field theory, CFT may even contribute to the development of quantum computers.
Name: Jrgen Fuchs Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 18 17 E-mail: juergen.fuchs@kau.se Subject: Physics Keywords: quantum field theory,
mathematical physics
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: ESF network
ITGP (www.itgp.net)
Co-researchers:
Carl Stigner(PhD student)
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Materials Physics
NANOCRYSTALS
How are the properties of a metal oxide affected if it is produced in the form of very small crystals? How can metal oxide crystals of less than 100 nanometres and of different shapes be made in a simple and controlled way and allowed to grow? How are the properties of other materials affected when such nanocrystals are added in different amounts and ways? These are current issues in the research projects under the umbrella title Nanocrystals. The research is pursued partly in Leif Erikssons doctoral thesis project on the synthesis of nanocrystals of ZnO from water solutions and by means of microwaves, and on the characterisation of properties with electro microscopy, scanning probe microscopy and advanced spectroscopic methods with, for instance, synchrotron light at MAX-lab in Lund. The material ZnO is an isolator, which through self-doping is rendered good conductivity, becomes a semiconductor and can be used in energy efficient light diodes, replacing bulbs and low-energy lamps, in new types of solar cells as well as other applications where mechanical or thermal properties need changing. Another new research project, supported by EUs MNT-ERA.NET program, involves producing, characterising and investigating nanocrystals of ZnO as additives in the manufacturing of certain packaging materials for which antibacterial properties are needed. The project period is 2012-2014 and the study takes place in collaboration with Prof. Lars Jrnstrm, chemical engineering, with Lantmnnen (agricultural association) and with researchers in, for instance, Poland.
Name: Kjell Magnusson Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 15 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-316 20 41 E-mail: kjell.magnusson@kau.se Subject: Materials Physics Keywords: materials, nano-
particles, crystals, semi-conductor, oxides, electronic properties

Samarbetspartner: EU (MNTERA.NET), VINNOVA, Lantmnnen Co-researchers: Leif Ericsson,
Hanmin Zhang
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Physics
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES

When materials are constructed in nanometre-sized objects, they get unique properties, which can be used in future nano-electromechanical applications. Carbon atoms, for example, can be made to form concentric tubes of about ten nanometres in diameter but up to several micrometres in length. The electrical and mechanical properties of such materials can differ from what we are used to in corresponding macroscopic structures. If the material has very few defects, the electrons can travel freely within the concentric layers for distances of several micrometres. This means that there is no energy transfer from the electrons to the atomic lattice and these constructions will tolerate extremely high current densities. The concentric tubes also display special mechanical properties, and the tubes can bend heavily without being plastically deformed and can spring back to the original shape. This makes them very suitable for performing movements in nanometre-sized electro mechanical constructions, for example, nanorelays. However, the tubes can collapse at high mechanical strain, which is not desirable since it will reduce the rigidity and the rate of frequency change in the relay. In this project we aim to investigate experimentally both the electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes of different forms. This requires special efforts regarding measuring set-ups, which must not affect the tubes original properties. A recently developed instrument allows us to measure materials properties such as electrical conductivity and mechanical stiffness extremely locally, while the material is being imaged on the atomic level in an electro microscope. This provides
Name: Krister Svensson Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 26 E-mail: krister.s@kau.se Subject: Physics Keywords: electron microscopy,
carbon nanotubes, atomic power microscopy, scanning probe microscopy

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Nanofactory
Instruments AB, Chalmers University of Technology

Co-researchers: Henrik Jackman,
Pavel Krakhmalev
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unique mechanical currents and great electric opportunities to study what happens to current densities at an atomic level when
structures are subjected to high mechanical strains and electric current densities.
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Materials Physics
LOW-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE STRUCTURES AND MOLECULAR LAYERS ON SEMI-CONDUCTORS

This research project involves studies of the physical properties of surface and surface structures, and how surface structures and nanostructures can be grown and designed to obtain new interesting properties on the surface as well as in the material. Primarily, we study crystal surfaces and the term surface structures here refers to the geometric order of surface atoms and to bigger building blocks such as organic molecules in ordered layers, and finally, even larger units, so-called nanostructures, for instance, crystals or nanometre-sized metal clusters (nano derives from nanometre, a billionth of a metre). When creating isolated units with dimensions at nanometre level, that is, nanostructuring, so-called quantization effects occur, which change the movement and energy of electrons in the material. This can lead to completely new materials properties, for example, new electron transport or optical properties. The aim of the project is to investigate surfaces and atomic and molecular layers on surfaces, and develop methods for the growth and deposition of such ordered surface structures and nanostructures that can lead to new materials properties and applications. The studied materials are semiconductors, primarily silicon and germanium, but also new semiconducting materials such as silicon carbide and organic semiconductors.
Name: Lars Johansson Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 16 77 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-682 15 30 E-mail: lars.johansson@kau.se Subject: Materials Physics Keywords: material physics,
surfaces, nanostructures, electron structures, semi-conductors, molecular layers, photo emission, scanning tunneling microscopy
Co-researchers: Hanmin Zhang,
Joakim Hirvonen Grytzelius (PhD student)
The project is mainly of an experimental character with the application of scanning probe techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In these techniques a very fine tip is moved across the surface in a grid pattern with extremely high degree of precision and interacts with the surface, so that its atomic structure is reproduced through the vertical movement of the tip.
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In addition, experimental methods based on synchrotron light are used at the national laboratory MAX-lab in Lund. Synchrotron light is an intensive light source with a very broad wavelength distribution, from infrared to x-ray light. It is used for electron spectroscopy investigations of the electronic structure of materials and surfaces, and for measuring the atomic structure with diffraction methods. In studies of thin atomic layers, for example, metals on a semiconductor surface, the material is evaporated onto the surface. Metal atoms can in many cases give rise to complex structures on semiconductor surfaces. We study how these so-called reconstructions come about and how the properties of the surface change. Another important question is how to grow ordered
nanostructures in a self-organising way, that is, a spontaneous growth of larger ordered structures. In addition, low-dimensional structures are studied, such as strings of metal atoms on surfaces and quantum wells, thin metallic layers, where the electron structure has changed through quantization effects. In another part of the project, we study ordered layers of organic molecules and individual molecules on surfaces. We are especially interested in molecules relevant to electronic applications, so-called molecular electronics, and to optical applications. An example of organic layer applications is light emitting diodes and mobile phone screens. These studies also rest on the principle of self-organisation as important to achieving ordered molecular layers.
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Electrical Engineering
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION, AUTOMATIC CONTROL AND STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

My research is pursued in systems identification, automatic control and statistical signal processing. System identification involves finding a mathematical model for describing a system. The system to be described mathematically can be nearly anything. Sometimes the system can be described with a number of physical equations, but often it is so complex that this cannot be done easily. An alternative is to find a mathematical model based on the signals that affect and describe the behaviour of the system respectively. The resulting model often consists of both deterministic and stochastic components. The model is commonly used to design a controller to control the system to perform as intended. In statistical signal processing and estimation theory, the problem is to estimate unknown parameters based on measured data in a stochastic signal or in a stochastic system as quickly and precisely as possible. System identification, automatic control and statistical signal processing have many common denominators and applications in a number of areas.
Name: Magnus Mossberg Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 19 31 E-mail: magnus.mossberg@kau.se Subject: Electrical Engineering Keywords: system identification,
automatic control, statistical signal processing
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Theoretical Physics
THEORETICAL HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS

I am interested in fundamental questions of things far beyond our common conceptual world: of the smallest building blocks of matter and their interaction, and of the earliest moments of the universe and its evolution. Enormous particle accelerators, such as the CERN lab in Geneva, allow us to explore the smallest building blocks of matter and the quantum physics that control them, as if they were in a giant microscope. The greatest distances in space are explored with telescopes on earth and via satellites. These methods have even been combined in that particle detectors have been sent to satellites. Part of theoretical physics is to propose and evaluate new ideas of what such experiments will result in and come up with ideas for new experiments. Some of the most interesting questions at present involve the so-called string theory, in which the smallest building blocks do not have to be mathematical points as in standard particle theory. Some years ago, the first stable string models were constructed, which can describe the accelerating expansion of the universe, while offering potential predictions for particle physics experiments. I have contributed to the development of these models and studied how to adapt them to known and new data and then how to use them in predictions of what can be found in new experiments. I am also interested in other types of theories, for instance particle theories for the so-called dark matter. This is all curiosity-driven basic research, but much of our everyday technology derives from such research efforts. Computer language for web pages, for instance, was constructed at CERN at the beginning of the 90s. I also appreciate the fact that Metso, a Karlstad-based company, has produced innovative new technology for CERN.
Name: Marcus Berg Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 22 38 E-mail: marcus.berg@kau.se Subject: Theoretical Physics Keywords: theoretical
high-energy physics, particle physics, cosmology, string theory, mathematical physics

Co-researchers: Dr. Michael Haack (Arnord-SommerfeldZentrum, Mnchen), Prof. Liam McAllister (Laboratory for HighEnergy Phenomenology, Cornell, USA), Prof. Henning Samtleben (Ecole Normale Superieure, Lyon), Dr. Joseph Conlon (Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Oxford)
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Physics
Silicon Solar Cells

Today, huge amounts of energy can be obtained by converting the power from sunlight into electrical power. It is in fact possible to satisfy the complete worlds energy needs only with the photovoltaics (solar cells) that cover a small fraction of our land. A combination of solar with wind and water energy would make a 100 % regenerative supply in Europe possible within the next decades. For the past 30 years, solar energy has undergone a price reduction of about 20 % with every doubling of installed capacity. It follows a typical learning curve that is driven by research and development. Solar cells are the most elegant devices to produce energy because they have no moving parts, need no maintenance, are quiet, and need no extra space if roofs are used. The greatest success has been achieved with crystalline silicon solar cells. Being the second most abundant element in the earths crust, silicon will be available for all times. Among crystalline silicon solar cells, the best price per kWh has been obtained by using multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si), solidified in a crucible. The efficiency of this cheaper material is somewhat limited by crystal defects. They can be made visible by etching the silicon surface. Defect densities are obtained using automatic analysis of light microscopic images. The efficiency limiting impact of these defects is measured e.g. by high-resolution short circuit current topography, which is now present at Karlstad University. Using this tool, we can see that a part of these defects can be rendered harmless by special process steps. In addition, some defects exist in harmful and harmless form. This raises the question: What makes the defects harmful? We assume that impurities like metals play a significant role. Since a few years, some other measurement techniques like synchrotron X-ray fluorescence maturated to a quality that a direct detection of some of these impurities has been possible for the first time. Answering the above question is an important step towards further improvement of these solar cells.
Name: Markus Rinio Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 07 E-mail: markus.rinio@kau.se Subject: Physics Keywords: solar cells,
photovoltaic, multicrystalline silicon, defects, silicon

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Fraunhofer ISE (Germany), MIT (Boston, USA), NTNU (Trondheim, Norway), University Konstanz (Germany), University Freiberg (Germany)
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Several new techniques for silicon wafer production and solar cell processing have recently come up. One idea presently attracts a great interest from the industry. This is the production of almost monocrystalline ingot silicon using monocrystalline seed crystals. It is of the utmost importance to improve this material using detailed defect analysis. Since solar cells have become more and more structured (as in the microelectronics industry), high resolution analysis is increasingly important to the improvement of the new solar cell processes. One part of the future research concept is therefore a focus on high-resolution topographical characterisation techniques.
To bring todays improved solar modules into society, some research will focus on photovoltaic systems. How should modules look like if we want to use them as part of the roof instead of placing them on the roof ? How can we manage to sell the electricity to a neighbour or someone else if we do not need it at a certain time? Can we set up a standard for smart grids, where machines can use the electricity exactly when there is an overproduction? What are the most suitable energy storage systems? Answering these questions will accelerate a world-wide market which is growing fast now.
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Technology Education
TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
ON 24 OCTOBER 2008 I defended my doctoral thesis titled Visualizing technology in education: A study of technology teaching in school. The thesis focuses on teachers approaches to the subject technology in secondary education. I interviewed and observed five teachers and analysed the teachers understanding of the concept technology and the subject technology, as well as their choices of technological content, teaching methods, and the kind of competencies that the students were invited to develop in the subject. The main results show that the teachers interpretations of the national curricula in combination with their selection of content and teaching methods affect the students learning opportunities in the subject. The result also shows that secondary education in technology lacks relevance to reality. In 2009, I launched the research project LISA (Learning In Several Arenas) together with an independent school corporate group and four companies. From 2010, Nina Kilbrink, Licentiate and doctoral student in materials science education at Karlstad University, is pursuing her thesis project as part of LISA. The project corresponds with the ambition at Karlstad University to strengthen its position as a modern university by cooperating with regional actors, in this case, actors in the cluster organisation Steel & Workshop. The purpose of LISA is to contribute knowledge of different arenas importance to students learning of technology in upper secondary education. The focus is on the relationship between theory and practice and on the transfer of knowledge between different arenas. We will follow students, teachers, and supervisors on the energy and industry programme for three years. Based on our experiences, established contacts and research results from the LISA-, we plan for a further study on the various arenas contribution to learning opportunities, the so-called 2LISA-project (Transfer Of Learning In Several Arenas). In 2LISA, we plan to develop the student perspective and relate it to the empirical data collected for the LISA-project in
Name: Veronica Bjurulf Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 23 38 E-mail: veronica.bjurulf@kau.se Subject: Technology Education Keywords: technology education,
theory and practice, transfer, learning study

Co-researchers: Nina Kilbrink
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conjunction with research colleagues in Australia and the Netherlands. I also work with the action research project 2Connect! to contribute to increasing interest in technology among students and teachers in primary and secondary education in Sweden and South Korea. A further aim is to contribute knowledge of how a concrete reaching material, 4DFrame, can stimulate the development of the abilities specified in the national curriculum for the subject technology. A number of learning studies
will be carried out with a focus on how teaching can affect the students learning of the stability and solidity of materials in their own designs. In further learning studies I will, together with pre- and primary school educators, explore how the teaching of technology can be conducted to give children the opportunities to develop the skills and abilities specified in the national curricula, Lpf98, revised in 2010 and Lgr11 with a special emphasis on the task of assembling a construction from a drawing.
Department of Chemistry and biomedical science
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chemistry and biomedical science
Biomedical Laboratory Science
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CYTOKERATINES THEIR USEFULNESS FOR CANCER TREATMENT

My research has earlier focussed on different immune chemical issues in the field of experimental cancer treatment with target monoclonal antibodies and the use of monoclonal antibodies to monitor tumour progression. Our results from experimental cancer treatment have shown that certain intracellular antigens, which remain in the necrotic area as extracellular material in tumour growth, can be used as markers to indicate tumours with radioimmunolocalization. Moreover, we have shown that these structures can be used to limit tumour growth, so-called radioimmunotherapy. My expertise in antibody therapy techniques contributes to research in the field of endocrine disruptors, pursued in conjunction with Eewa Nnberg, Susanne Tornhamre and doctoral students.
Name: Birgitta Sundstrm Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 24 72 E-mail: birgitta.sundstrom@kau.se Subject: Biomediacl Laboratory
Science
Keywords: immune therapy,
anti-keratin 8 antibodies
Co-researchers: Eewa Nnberg,
Susanne Tornhamre, Ola Olsson, Filip Rendel
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Biomedical Science
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS IN HUMAN CELL MODELS

In our living environment today we are exposed to a great number of new chemicals, substances introduced for the past 60 years in connection with the development of new materials in consumer goods and construction materials etc. A number of these chemicals are suspected or proven to affect and disrupt our endocrine system: the so-called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs are taken up and metabolised in the body into often more biologically active substances. Analyses of foetus fluid and umbilical cord blood have also shown that they are transferred from a pregnant woman to the foetus. Examples of EDCs are plasticizers in plastic, the so-called phthalates, bisphenol A in hard plastic, perfluorinated substances in impregnated textile fabric and 4-nonylphenol in detergents and paint. Epidemiological studies have identified a correlation between early exposure to phthalates and aberrant effects on reproduction organs in males, incidence of asthma and allergies and autism-related conditions, ASD, in children. There is a great need of identifying and understanding at molecular level the mechanisms that EDCs interact with through so-called mode-of-action studies (MoA), and to establish relevant systems with regard to biological mechanisms for screening as a basis for risk assessment.
Name: Eewa Nnberg Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 18 84 E-mail: eewa.nanberg@kau.se Subject: Biomedical Science Keywords: endocrine-disrupting
chemicals, phthalates, asthma, autism, ASD

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Public Health Science, Karlstad University: Prof Carl-Gustaf Bornehag. Epidemiological studies of EDC exposure and chronic illness in children (DBH, SELMA). Pharmacology, Oslo University: Prof Ragnhild E. Paulsen. Effects of EDCs on neuronal maturation in vitro and in animal models. Inst for Public Health, Oslo: Prof Rune Becher. Experimental studies of EDCs in animal models and in vitro. Hubei Key Lab, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, China: Prof Yang Xu. Phthalate-effects on animal models for asthma and ASD. Swedish Chemicals Agency: Ass. Prof. Lena Lstbom, Environmental chemical exposure and risk Co-researchers: Ola Olsson, PhD student, Filip Rendel, PhD student, Birgitta Sundstrm, Ass. Prof, Susanne Tornhamre, Ass. Prof, Ann Erlandsson, Senior Lecturer.
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By using human cell systems we can avoid problems, for instance, with expression of hormone receptors and gene regulation not being identical in different animal species and humans. We establish and analyse cell models relevant to the development of allergic asthma such as bronchial epithelium and immune cells. We study the effects of phthalates on cell division, apoptosis, maturation, the production of cytokines and chemokines, with a bearing on the activation of allergic as well as inflammatory responses, and with an emphasis on the effect of phthalates on epithelial cells and their functional interaction with eosinophils and dendritic cells in a stage of early allergic inflammation.
We also evaluate systems with cultivated human nerve cells and study how acute or long-term exposure to phthalates affects maturation, morphology and metabolic activity. Especially neurite formation and morphological effects linked to synapse formation and function are studied. Aberrant synaps development and function is one suspected mechanism in the autistic brain. Microscopic techniques and immunochemical analyses for the study of morphological structures, mitochondrial metabolism and gene expression are parameters analysed. This project will contribute to increasing knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that hormone-disrupting chemicals affect, and how these can be risk factors for chronic illness in children
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Physical Chemistry
COMPLEX FLUIDS
Research in physical chemistry has the character of basic research with application relevance. The research group in physical chemistry collaborates with the research areas materials science and forest industrial renewal. Our focus is on understanding interaction in solution and the effects of this interaction on the chemical and physical properties of the solutions. Special attention is given to solutions under concentration gradient in order to study the morphological and dynamic effects of drying processes. The systems studied are binary or ternary; one or two polymers and a component with colloidal dimensions, where we study water-based systems as well as systems with organic solvents. The group has developed methods for studying the dynamics of colloidal particles in situ with fluorescence microscopy, a project led by Gunilla Carlsson, and methods for studying deposition processes with the help of sphereon-flat methodology and dip coating, led by Rafal Rogowski. The systems studied are relevant to photovoltaic systems based on organic components as well as to the VIPP Graduate Research School in the area of film formation.
Name: Jan van Stam Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 24 79 E-mail: jan.van.stam@kau.se Subject: Physical Chemistry Keywords: interaction in solution,
effect of concentration gradient, fluorescence microscopy, dip coating

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Institute of
Surface Chemistry, universities in Canada, Italy and Belgium

Co-researchers:
Gunilla Carlsson, senior lecturer, Rafal Rogowski, post-doctoralfellow, Hannah Heidkamp, PhD student, Mikael Andersn, engineer
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Medicine
Inflammatory cells and inflammatory mechanisms in tumor progression

We know today that there is a clear link between cancer, chronic infections and inflammation. Several autoimmune diseases are associated with cancer in organs with chronic inflammation: bacteria Helicobacter pylori are associated with gastric cancer and hepatitis B and C with liver cancer. Less is known about how the inflammatory process leads to cancer and how to treat these negative infections without affecting the normal immune responses that are needed to keep the individual healthy. A better understanding of the inflammatory process, the impact on and interaction with tumour cells, is most likely to be of great help in the prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer. The inflammatory process is a very complex process where many cellular and molecular signalling pathways interact and affect tumour cell growth, metastasis, vascular invasion evident, and so on. Infiltration of macrophages is common in tumours of colon cancer as well as many other forms of cancer. Macrophages can be of either M1 phenotype (classic activation/ pro-inflammatory properties) or M2 phenotype (alternative activation/ anti-inflammatory properties). We have preliminary results showing that a product released from macrophages of the M1 phenotype, but not M2 phenotype,
Name: Jonny Wijkander Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 16 57 Mobil: +46 (0) 709-54 71 97 E-mail: jonny.wijkander@kau.se Subject: Medicine Keywords: cancer, inflammation
affects colon cancer cells, as well as other types of cancer cells, by reducing there proliferation. Studies aim at identifying the substances released from macrophages that are responsible for this reduction in proliferation.
and macrophages
EXTERNAL PARTNERS:
Prof Dick Delbro rebro University

Co-researchers:
Ann Erlandsson, Alexander Engstrm
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Pharmacy
PHARMACEUTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
- comparisons of the use of pharmaceutical products in different demographic groups (so-called. small area variations), amongst others in Vrmland and adjacent areas, based on register studies -mapping of the proportion of bloodpressure patients who reach the blood pressure goal with some degree of medication (clinical pilot study) - observation study of inappropriate medication to elderly patients in a medicine clinic -mapping, based on gender and age, of the number of people in the Vrmland municipalities who have collected prescribed medication for cardiovascular disease and nervous system disease respectively in different years
Name: Marianne Byflt Nordqvist Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 20 62 E-mail: marianne.byfalt@kau.se Subject: Pharmacy Keywords: use of pharmaceutical
products
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: LiV Co-researchers:
Prof. J Lars G Nilsson, Prof. C-G Bornehag, Dr. Lars Matthiessen
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Science Education
Educational research in science, environment and society (ErSES): Cross-disciplinary science education
The complex interrelationship among science, technology and society has been noticed during the past decades. Science and technology fulfil the need created by society, but the invention of science and technology might cause problems in society in a long round. Issues that emerge from the interaction of science, technology and society have been termed socioscientific issues (SSIs), which are multidisciplinary issues connecting many different disciplines like biology (i.e. cloning and genetic engineering), chemistry (i.e. dioxins), medicine (i.e. gene therapy), physics (i.e. nuclear power), technology (i.e. renewable energy) and environmental science (i.e. global warming) with the impact on society. Nowadays, SSIs are discussed through a lens extending from a local to global scale. Global issues exist without any geographical boundaries. My research interest is to investigate peoples informal argumentation on different SSIs with a focus of cross-disciplinary and multi-cultural perspectives. Furthermore, through the studies of teaching and learning of SSIs, promoting learners learning interests toward science and technology is expected in my research. In addition to SSI-research, science communication is also of interest for me. How to improve the publics understanding of science and technology and their close interrelationship of environment and society through media is important for science educators to put effort. Enhancing scientific literacy for all is the target in line with this research direction.
Name: Shu-Nu Chang Rundgren Title: Professor Phone: +46(0) 54-700 19 90 E-mail: shu-nu.chang-rundgren@kau.se Subject: Science Education Keywords: science and environ-
mental education, teacher education, scientific literacy for pre-school and F-12, public understanding of science and technology, science communication.
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: SMEER, CSS,
FontD, VR and EU.

Co-researchers: International:
EU project, PROFILES, 22 partners from 20 countries in Europe. Prof. Chun-Yen Chang and Prof. Tzu-Chau Chang at National Taiwan Normal University. Prof. Yau-Yuen Yeung at Hong Kong Institute of Education. National: Dr. Carl-Johan Rundgren (Stockholm University) Prof. Lars Nyberg, Dr. Michal Drechsler and Dr. Niklas Gericke (KaU)
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Biomedical Science
EDCS AND INFLAMMATORY CELLULAR MECHANISMS

The number of asthma cases has increased in the past fifty years. Around 25-30% of the population in the western world are estimated to suffer from allergy related symptoms such as asthma, eczema, and rhinitis. There is a genetic connection in asthma and allergy, which means that individuals are more or less disposed for the disease, but the varying genotype cannot account for the strong increase of the past 50-60 years. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a correlation between exposure to phthalates in the foetal stage and early childhood and asthma. Phthalates are used as plasticizers in plastic and belong to a group of substances called EDC (endocrine disrupting chemicals). These substances are defined on the basis of their interaction with the endocrine regulation. For the past fifty years, exposure to EDCs has increased dramatically and has been linked to male reproductive dysfunction and inflammatory illness and allergy, such as asthma, in children. Many EDCs are present more or less everywhere in our environment, for instance in construction materials, food packaging and hygiene products. This means that we are exposed to these substances from the womb to the grave. At the cellular level we study the effect of substances that in epidemiological studies have been shown to correlate with asthma and other inflammatory diseases to show a causal relationship and
Name: Susanne Tornhamre Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 21 08 E-mail: susanne.tornhamre@kau.se Subject: Biomedicinsk vetenskap Keywords: inflammation, asthma,
EDCs leukotrienes, myeloid cells, pharmaceuticals

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: The experimental studies take place in conjunction with two major epidemiological studies in Vrmland (DBH och SELMA), carried out in public health science at Karlstad University (professor C-G Bornehag) in association with the Vrmland County Council. These studies focus on the correlation between health effects and exposure mainly to EDCs (Endocrine disrupting substances) in the foetal stage and early years. Co-researchers: Prof. Eewa Nnberg, Associate Prof. Birgitta Sundstrm, Dr Ann Erlandsson MA, Ola Olsson (PhD student)
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increase the knowledge of the mechanisms of EDCs action on cellular functions relevant to inflammatory response. The focus is on children and the emergence of asthma. The department has access to a newly built cell laboratory where we cultivate different airway epithelial and myeloid cells involved in inflammation. In these model systems we study the exposure of selected EDCs on different target molecule expressions, intracellular communication and cell-to-cell signalling. Arachidonic acid metabolites, such as leukotrienes, are a group of substances involved in inflammation and asthma with a forceful effect on a number of different tissues. Cysteinyl leukotrienes cause
contraction of bronchial tubes, secretion of phlegm and oedema. Apart from this, cysteinyl leukotrienes also seem to stimulate cell division and prevent apoptosis. The growth stimulating effects of leukotrienes could be of importance in diseases where an increased number of cells is typical. It is therefore interesting that we have found that patients with chronic myeloid leukemia have a clearly increased expression of leukotriene C4synthase; the speed regulating enzyme in the formation of cysteinyl leukotrienes. By studying leukotriene C4 synthase regulation, the causes and effects of increased leukotriene formation can give us important information and knowledge that can be applied in the understanding of blood cell formation and leukotriene formation in asthma and inflammation.
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Chemistry
MICROBIAL BREAKDOWN OF OXOCHLORATES

The project aims to reach a better understanding of how microorganisms use chlorate instead of oxygen in their cell respiration. This process is of great importance to the purification of wastewater from the bleaching of pulp in the forest industry. Through an understanding of the basic mechanisms we want to provide a better basis for the development, dimensioning and maintenance of purification plants for bleaching wastewater. In cell respiration with chlorate, electrons are added to the chlorate, which then form chlorite. The chlorite dissolves into chlorid ion and molecular oxygen, which, when further electrons are applied, transform into water. Previously we have purified and characterised the enzymes catalysing the reactions involved, and cloned and sequenced the genes. We have now started to map the mechanism for delivering electrons to chlorate and oxygen and a c-cytochrome, purified and characterised, has turned out to play a key role in the process. We have also started studying the regulation of the genes active in the cell respiration with chlorate and demonstrated that the effect of oxygen supply observed to a great extent depend on the regulation of gene expression at transcription level. Specific goals are to determine the molecular foundation for adding electrons to chlorate and oxygen in cell respiration with chlorate in chlorate reducing bacteria, amongst others, ideonella dechloratans, to determine how the regulation of the genes active in cell respiration with chlorate takes place. Knowledge of how cell respiration with chlorate can take place in good supply of oxygen is an important objective since modern purification plants often operate in such conditions. A longterm goal is to identify or generate bacteria families where the genes for chlorate respiration is expressed at a high level irrespective of the oxygen supply.
Name: Thomas Nilsson Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 17 76 E-mail: thomas.nilsson@kau.se Subject: Chemistry Keywords: chlordioxid bleaching,
chlorate, respiration, water purification

Co-researchers: Dr. Maria Rova (senior lecturer), Dr Anna Smedja Bcklund (post-doctoral fellow), Miriam Hellberg MA (PhD student)
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Separation Science
THE FUNDAMENTAL SEPARATION SCIENCE GROUP

FSSG is an internationally competitive research group at the chemistry department, Karlstad University. Our goal is to build a platform for separation science at Karlstad University in close cooperation with industry. See our Homepage: separationscience.se We work primarily on basic and theoretically advanced research for better understanding and optimal use of chromatographic purification methods for pharmaceutical products and other valuable chemical substances of importance in areas such analysis, biochemistry/biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and organic chemistry. For this purpose we use advanced theory-based computer simulations for characterising, validating and optimizing analytical and preparatory separation methods. Today our research group consists of researchers with different backgrounds: mathematicians, chemists, engineers and pharmacists. Our research profile has two focus areas: 1) Fundamental understanding and characterization Here we focus on deeper insights concerning the thermodynamics and kinetics of separation systems or biosensor arrays. A big effort is made to develop new methods for determination of adsorption and interaction data and kinetic data.
Name: Torgny Fornstedt Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 19 60 Mobil: +46 (0) 76-774 31 58 E-mail: torgny.fornstedt@kau.se Subject: Separationsvetenskap Keywords: pharmaceuticals,
biotechnology, purification, computer simulation, numeric analysis, liquid/super critical fluid chromatography, preparative chromatography, process chromatography.
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: KK HG
2011: EKA Chemicals i Bohus, Cambrex Karlskoga AB Sweden, AstraZeneca R&D in Mlndal.
Co-researchers:
Dr. Jrgen Samuelsson (100%), Dr. Patrik Forssn (50%), Dr. Yosief Wondmagegne (50%), Martin Enmark, PhD student, Dennis sberg (100%), Dr. Domingo Sanchez, adjunct professor (20%).
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We also focus on developing numerical methods and computer-assisted strategies for processing and evaluation of the acquired data. 2) Process optimization and modeling Here we use our fundamental understanding to optimize methods, especially preparative methods, which are complicated to optimize by the conventional trial and error method. For certain pure engineering problems we use another approach where adsorption data is acquired in a quicker way.
Our research is supported by the Swedish Research Council and recently by the KK-project HG 2011 in conjunction with three Swedish companies which work with separation media and pharmaceutical production. We are also part of a FORMASproject, led by Charlotta Turner, professor at the Centre of Chemistry, Lund University, on how to extract valuable components such as antioxidants from food waste using environment-friendly methods. Read more about the relocation of theoretical separation science from Uppsala University to Karlstad University in the journal Kemivrlden Biotech Med Kemisk Tidskrift no10, 2011.
DEPARTMENT of chemical engineering
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Chemical Engineering
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND PRINTING SURFACE

The current research on packaging materials primarily involves developing environment-friendly barrier materials to replace the existing non renewable plastic films in fibre-based packaging. The challenge lies in creating a barrier that meets the demands for mechanical strength and flexibility as well as protects against oxygen, moisture and fat to retain quality and provide the desired durability in packaged food. In addition, the focus is on materials and processes that are directly applicable to industrial-scale production. Primarily, the object of study is starch-based coating. The research on surfaces for printing focuses on the impact of the structure and chemical composition of the surface on the properties of the printed paper materials. The interaction between substrate and printing ink is crucial for good printing quality. The emphasis is on the studies of water-based ink applied with flexography.
Name: Caisa Johansson Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 16 06 Mobil: +46 (0) 72-2220348 E-mail: caisa.johansson@kau.se Subject: Chemical Engineering Keywords: packaging, barrier,
biomaterials, coating, graphic technology

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: EU, COST
Action FP1003, VINNOVA, PaperOpt, RenewFuncBarr, Paper Surface Center, VIPP, Interreg, The Paper Province, The Packaging Arena, Stora Enso, Korsns, SCA, EKA Synthomer Oy, Omya, Imerys, Billerud, Nordic Paper, Innventia, VTT, Fraunhofer Institut, Linkping University, Mid-Sweden University, Sheffield Hallam University, SLU
Co-researchers: Erik Bohlin, Kristin Johansson, Lars Jrnstrm, Magnus Lestelius, Elson Montibon, Erik Olsson, Henrik Ullsten, Carl Zotterman
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Packaging materials and printing surfaces
The figure shows a schematic diagram of a paper or cardboard packaging. The inside is coated with a protective barrier to ensure the desired durability of packaged food. The outer surface requires a good surface for printing content and marketing information.
Protective barrier - moist - fat - flavour
Paper or cardboard
Printed surface - information - marketing
The structure can consist of several different layers: Barrier coatings Cardboard, 3-layered Pigment coating Printing surface
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SURFACE TREATMENT OF PAPER AND CARTON

The research has a focus on two main areas: (1) Packaging materials and (2) Graphic paper. The first area mainly concerns barriers and active packaging. The second area covers the impact of materials as well as processes. In both areas we also try to verify yielded laboratory results in industry-relevant conditions. In the packaging research there are presently six major projects, all of which externally financed, except one. Five are doctoral student projects and one is organised as a post-doctoral project. The bulk of external funding comes from EU frame programmes and industry and eight universities/institutes. Research in the barrier area primarily concerns renewable materials (especially starch), where effective barriers are created through cross-linking, filling materials (usually nano materials) and polymer composites electronspectroscopy (usually incompatible polymers). Research in the area of active packaging encompasses enzyme-based techniques to actively reduce oxygen in packaging as well as techniques to prevent microbial breakdown of food and the packaging material. Research on graphic paper involves both coating and calandering. Two doctoral projects are here in progress, of which one is externally financed. The printing quality parameters are primarily evaluated in offset. The interaction of daub and base paper has proved to be of great importance for the result. In addition, we have studied the effect of pigment formation and size distribution, and models of shrinking under consolidation and pore structure after calandering have been developed. These models have been correlated with printing defects such as mottling offset.
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Name: Lars Jrnstrm Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 16 25 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-209 75 24 E-mail: lars.jarnstrom@kau.se Subject: Chemical Engineering Keywords: active packaging, barrier
coating, paper coating

EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Financiers:
Branch research programme, ERANET, the Ljungberg Foundation, EU:s seventh frame programme, KKFoundation, Nordic Innovation Centre, the Forest Industries, VINNOVA, the Swedish Research Council, the F Research Foundation.
Universities and Institutes: Chalmers, CTP, FPIRC, Fraunhofer Institut, Grenoble INP Pagora, Helsinki University of Technology, Icetec, Innovhub-SSi, Innventia, ITENE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, KTH, National University of Singapore, Nofima, Mittuniversitetet, PTS, Sheffield Hallam University, SIK, SLU, Tampere University of Technology, Technology Instituts, Ume University, Universidade de Aveiro, University of Maine, , VTT, Westpomeranian University of Technology, YKI, bo Akademy University. Companies: Ahlstrom, BASF, Billerud, BIM Kemi, Borealis, Cargill, Holmen Paper, Imerys Minerals, Korsns, Lantmnnen, Lyckeby Starch AB, Nordic Paper, SCA, Packaging International Technology Sweden AB, Solam, Stora Enso, Styron, UMV, Wipak.
Co-researchers: Erik Bohlin, Gunilla Carlsson, Pia Eriksson, Mostafa Iranmanesh, Muhammad Asif Javed, Kristin Johansson, Mikael Larsson, Magnus Lestelius, Kjell Magnusson, Elson Montibon, Ellen Moons, sa Nyfltt, Erik Olsson, Micael Ragnarsson, Carl Zotterman and a vacant doctoral position
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GRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
Graphic production involves achieving a contrast between the substrate, the material we print on, and the ink placed on the substrate. Information and images can in this way be conveyed to a viewer when light is reflected from the printed substrate. In view of this and the fact that Karlstad University is situated in a region of forest industry, packaging manufacturers, brand owners and other stakeholders in the value chain of the packaging industry, it is only logical that graphic research at our university is focussed on packaging applications, among other things. The flexographic technique and the perfecting processes when the ink is transferred from print medium to substrate have received special attention. In recent years, attention has also been given to functional printing (electrical conductivity in paper). This research field started in the engineering programme for
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Mid-Sweden
University, Linkping University, KTH, CTH, Innventia, ACREO, BrobyGrafiska Utbildning, Paper Province, Svenska Flexografiinstitutet AB and SWEFLEX, and companies in the packaging industry (see partner companies in PSC and in VIPP).
Co-researchers: Lars Jrnstrm (Prof., Surface Treatment/PSC/VIPP), Caisa Johansson (Ass. Prof., Surface Treatment/PSC/VIPP), Elson Montibon (Dr., Surface Treatment), Erik Bohlin (PhD student, Graphic Technology), Ellen Moons (Prof., Physics), Gunilla Carlsson (Dr., Physical Chemistry/ VIPP), Carl Zotterman (Project Manager, Chemical Engineering/PSC), Pia Eriksson (Engineer, Chemical Engineering), sa Nyfltt (Industrial PhD student/VIPP, Stora Enso), Sofia Thorman (Industrial PhD student/ VIPP, Innventia), Li Yang (Ass. Prof., Innventia), Gran Strm (Prof., Innventia), Anita Teleman (Ass. Prof. Innventia), Per Edstrm (Prof. MidSweden University).
Name: Magnus Lestelius Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 51 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-661 12 51 E-mail: magnus.lestelius@kau.se Subject: Chemical Engineering/ graphic technology Keywords: paper, packaging, ink,
contact mechanics, wetting, adhesion, rheology, optics, print quality, electronic functions, conductive polymers, ionic liquids.
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surface treatment at Karlstad University (19992007) and via activities in the project Printing Technology Research (T2F), financed by the Forest Industry and the KK-Foundation, and participation in the EU project Sustainpack (EU FP6), and the National Graduate School in Materials Science. Today, the branch research programme (with the project PaperOpt, www.miun.se) consists of EU structural fund projects with various partners, Paper Surface Centre (www.kau.se/en/psc) and the industrial graduate school VIPP (www.kau.se/en/vipp). Focus areas for graphic research are: - Ink transfer and film splitting, including contact mechanics, adhesion and rheological aspects occurring in the printing nip
- Wetting and penetration of porous materials, that is, ink setting on substrates - The interaction of light with the ink and substrate, including customer perception of print quality - Electronic functions for paper and packaging materials, based on conjugated polymers and ionic liquids - Development of measurement and analysis methods, and application to production efficiency and product development based on the above
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PULP TECHNOLOGY
The pulp technology group provides research and education in the field of pulp technology, which at Karlstad University includes traditional pulp technology as well as modern cellulose chemistry. Regarding pulp technology, we work with kraft and sulphite pulping but we have particularly focused on sulphite pulping. For such pulping we are now actively investigating different conditions for multi-step cooking, including alkaline extraction with or without oxygen addition. One part of the sulphite project includes the collection of literature on sulphite pulping for the purpose of gathering all pulping knowledge available in the industry and in the heads of engineers before they retire and the knowledge is lost. All sulphite mills in Sweden are partners in our sulphite projects. Our VIPP doctoral student has a project together with BTG on developing a new sensor that measures dissolved lignin in the liquor phase of a cook or of an oxygen stage. In the cellulose chemistry field we work on introducing one or multiple stages of enzymatic treatment of pulp as a means of increasing pulp reactivity. We expect this to have environmental and economic advantages compared to the present process. We also try to produce tomorrows textile thread based on cellulose as a complement to cotton, nylon and the polyester. We anticipate that the rising oil price and more stringent environmental legislation will curb the production of cotton and polyester and call for more environment-friendly alternatives. Cellulose-based textile fibres will
Name: Ulf Germgrd Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 17 08 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-321 95 84 E-mail: ulf.germgard@kau.se Subject: Pulp Technology Keywords: cellulose, CMC, fibre, fibre line, MCC, NFC, sulphite, sulphate, viscose EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Borregaard,
BTG, Domsj Fabriker, Eka Chemicals, EU, Freudenberg HP, MoRe Research, Nordic Paper, Stora Enso, F
Co-researchers: Helena
Hkansson, Niklas Kvarnlf, Helne Almlf Ambjrnsson, Gran Annergren and Gran Bengtsson. Caroline Wilke, Pia Hellstrm and Raghu Deshpande are VIPP industrial doctoral students.
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have an advantage compared to the fibres presently used. Moreover, the forest industry needs to diversify from its traditional production of wood products, paper and board, and textile fibres can therefore become a very important new product. The pulp research group would like to contribute to such a development and to give the
Swedish industry a head start internationally. In addition, we will work with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), which can be the future replacement for plastics and aluminium, among other things. The tasks are many and exciting and we therefore want to grow as a research group to be able to work with all new research options available today.
DEPARTMENT of mechanical and materials engineering
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Mechanical and materials engineering
THE INNER STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS

A material is precisely as good as the function it serves. A material with low rigidity, for instance, is very suitable for making a mattress to lie on, whereas no one wants to sleep on a sheet of steel. The properties of materials depend on how they are internally organised and structured. Understanding how the inner structure controls the properties enables us to control the properties in relation to the functions they are expected to fulfil. This can be done, for instance, by interface tailoring, control of fibre orientation or the position of hard particles in the materials. This requires new knowledge and leads to research that combines calculation methods, simulation and modelling, mechanical testing, advanced measuring techniques with microscope investigations and mappings. For the future it will be especially interesting to focus on materials based on renewable raw materials such as cellulose or proteins. Organising the inner structures of materials offers opportunities to utilize them and to create new materials.
Name: Fredrik Thuvander Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 21 24 E-mail: fredrik.thuvander@kau.se Subject: Materialteknik/
Maskinteknik
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MATERIALS ENGINEERING
Jens Bergstrm pursues materials science research on the theme of mechanical properties, microstructure and technical applications. Particular fields of interest are fatigue and tribology, where several studies have been performed on fatigue properties at room and elevated temperatures, fatigue crack propagation, very high cycle fatigue, thermal fatigue, etc, investigating effects of alloys and their properties, heat treatments and surface treatments. Tribology has been devoted primarily to wear and its mechanisms in relation to applications in the manufacturing industry, such as wear of tools at room or elevated temperatures in extrusion, pressing, die casting, injection moulding. A large part of the work is focused on the tool material group and their applications, where a large research group has been developed. Experimental techniques concern the analysis of materials and microstructure (microscopy-LOM, SEM, TEM, etc) and the testing of mechanical properties (tensile test rigs, tribo tests, etc) and application-oriented tests (hot wear, sliding wear, thermal fatigue, etc). Our research is in the area of technical science and on specific industrial problems. It is funded by the faculty and national and European funding bodies, and also to a great extent by private enterprise.
Name: Jens Bergstrm Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 12 59 E-mail: jens.bergstrm@kau.se Subject: Materials Engineering EXTERNAL PARTNERS:
Mainly in the manufacturing industry and the academia

Co-researchers:
The Department of Materials and Mechanical Engineering
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PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES

Product realisation is the term that probably best captures Leo De Vins research interests, which include production engineering, and manufacturing technology, integrated product development, sustainable manufacturing, virtual manufacturing, and the human-technology interaction. An example is the role of tolerances in design and process planning. Most of Leos research is demand-driven, but in his spare time he likes to investigate the nature of modeling and simulation, for instance.
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Leo De Vins
Name: Leo De Vin Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 25 44 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-918 26 49 E-mail: leo.devin@kau.se Subject: Mechanical Engineering Keywords: production engineering,
manufacturing technology, integrated product development, production improvement, virtual manufacturing.
research is carried out within the Materials and Design Centre (MKC), where the Steel and Engineering cluster with its member companies is an important partner. De Vin is a member of the presidium of the Swedish Production Academy (SPA), an academic organisation for the stimulation of production engineering and manufacturing. SPA has close collaboration with Teknikfretagen, the employers organisation for the manufacturing industry, and with the research institute Swerea. He is also a member of the U.S.-based Society of Manufacturing Engineers, and of the Mechatronics Forum Committee of the U.K.-based IMechE. He is a visiting professor in Automation Engineering at the University of Skvde and unsalaried Docent at rebro University.
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Solid Mechanics
RESEARCH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Research on high cycle fatigue in stainless steel. Analysis of deformation and fracture properties in paper and carton board in manufacturing, conversion and application. The durability of glue seams in carton packaging.
Name: Nils Hallbck Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 21 15 MOBIL: +46 (0) 70-207 74 38 E-mail: nils.hallback@kau.se Subject: Solid Mechanics Keywords: fatigue, paper engineering, wear mechanism, packaging engineering EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Kemira,
KTH, Innventia, Sandvik Materials Technology AB, Outokumpu Stainless AB, rebro Universitet.
Co-researchers: Mikael Nygrds
(KTH, Innventia), Anders Grd (KAU), Jens Bergstrm (KAU), Christer Korin (ORU), Christophe Barbier (KAU), Pavel Krakhmalev (KAU), mfl.
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ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS

Key scientific interests are related to the microstructure-properties-performance relationship in advanced materials, intermetallics, coatings, cemented carbides, advanced steels and alloys. Special interest in problems of structure stability in non-equilibrium structures, phase transformations, crystallization and grain growth, influence of structural changes on physical properties and mechanical response, for instance, in tribological, high-temperature and high-strength applications. Recent research has focused on tribological problems in sheet metal forming industry (car body components, aerospace parts, components of household appliances, etc). In collaboration with leading Swedish steel-making companies, several projects have been launched since 2003. The scientific goal was to understand tribological interaction between advanced tool steel and sheet surfaces in forming operations. The focus of the projects was on micro-scale understanding of galling initiation catastrophic adhesive transfer of sheet material on the tool surface causing insufficient sheet surface finish and tool damage. Broad range of carbon and stainless steels were tested to understand wear micromechanisms and the influence of die material microstructure on adhesive wear and transfer of sheet material to the tool. Other research: High-temperature wear (wear phenomena in steam valves, aluminium extrusion, high-temperature intermetallics)
Name: Pavel Krakhmalev Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 20 36 E-mail: pavel.krakhmalev@kau.se Subject: Mechanical and Materials Engineering Keywords: product development, microstructure, advanced alloys and steels, intermetallics, multiphase materials, high-temperature materials, friction, tribology, fatigue, wear-resistant materials, hightemperature tribology EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Uppsala
University, Chalmers University of Technology, Dalarna University, Ecole Nationale d Ingenieurs de Saint-Etienne, Uddeholms AB, Swedish Steel AB, Outokumpu Stainless AB, Bhler Uddeholm Precision Strips AB, Swerea IUC
Co-researchers: J.Bergstrm,
A. Grd, N. Hallbck, K. Svensson, PhD students: P. Karlsson, F. Lindvall, H. Jackman
Additive laser technologies SLM and SLS (3D manufacturing, rapid solidification microstructures, multiphase intermetallic alloys) Carbon nanotubes (mechanical properties, in situ AFM in SEM and TEM)
DEPARTMENT of MATHEMATICS
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MATHEMATICS
KINETIC THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

The research is related to the following areas: Spatially homogeneous kinetic equations for elastic and inelastic interactions; Generalized Maxwell models; Asymptotic methods and hydrodynamics; Boundary value problems; Discrete kinetic models; Landau kinetic equations and applications to plasma physics; Applications to rarefied gas dynamics; Applications to social sciences.
Name: Alexander Bobylev Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 20 34 Mobil: +46 (0) 73-655133 72 E-mail: alexander.bobylev@kau.se Subject: Mathematics Keywords: kinetic theory
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MATHEMATICS
Mathematics Education
LOW ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS

Low achievement in mathematics is a major challenge to mathematics education in Europe, as the network Eurydice has pointed out. This issue is not only an efficient teaching problem but also concerns the need to create an equitable education system. In June 2010, the European Council adopted the policy Europe 2020: Strategy for smart and sustainable growth. One of the five main strategic areas is to reduce the number of students leaving school prematurely in the EU by 2020. Prematurely, in this context, means not completing upper secondary education. The proportion of students in Sweden not completing their education in three years is around 30%. Students with low educated parents and students with immigrant backgrounds are strongly overrepresented in this group. In my research, low achievement in mathematics is regarded as a social problem field. Mathematics is, second to the first language, the most comprehensive subject in school. In compulsory education mathematics has a higher period allocation than all the natural science subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, technology) combined. Mathematics also functions as a tool for the natural science subjects as well as for other subjects. Succeeding or failing in mathematics has serious consequences for the individual student. Mathematics is a critical filter for students. Success in mathematics is often the key to success in the whole education. Failing it therefore often has greater and more far-reaching consequences than failing in another subject. In this respect, mathematics is a system indicator. Problems or deficiencies in the education system often emerge as difficulties or problems in the mathematics classroom. Different efforts to reduce the number of failing students in mathematics are therefore strategically important to achieve the goals of Europe 2020: Strategy for smart and sustainable growth. My research aims to take stock of and analyse models of prevention and intervention for low-achievers in mathematics. In cooperation with municipalities, I will develop functioning models for prevention and intervention.
Name: Arne Engstrm Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 24 67 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-482 17 35 E-mail: arne.engstrom@kau.se Subject: Mathematics Education Keywords: low achievement,
mathematics
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MATHEMATICS
COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS AND ERROR CORRECTING CODES

Theory of codes correcting errors, discrete mathematics and computer algebra.
Name: Igor Gachkov Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 11 03 Mobil: +46 (0) 76-889 40 25 E-mail: igor.gachkov@kau.se Subject: Mathematics Keywords: code, error correcting
code
EXTERNAL PARTNERS: Russia: Moscaw State University
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MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Mathematical analysis is the basis for many other branches of mathematics. The techniques developed here, for instance, are indispensable to differential equations. The word analysis means separation of a whole into its constituent parts. This is the first step in the process leading to a detailed study of a mathematical object. The opposite process, synthesis, is as important and involves the piecing together of the parts. The theory of function space is an important area of mathematical analysis, centring on different function spaces, defined by means of the conditions that measure the size, smoothness, variation or oscillation of the function on an interval or the whole real axis. The relations of these spaces to one another are also studied and how important operators (such as convolutions, Hardy type maximal) behave if defined on these spaces. The results can be applied to the study of boundary value problems for the Laplace equation in different types of areas or to the study of the properties of more complex operators.
Name: Sorina Barza Title: Associate Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 18 88 Mobil: +46 (0) 73-152 67 98 E-mail: sorina.barza@kau.se Subject: Mathematics Keywords: mathematical analysis,
function space, differences

Co-researchers:
Prof. Lars-Erik Persson (Lule), Javier Soria (Barcelona), Elona Agora (Barcelona)
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MATHEMATICS
STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS

The research is related to the following areas: Embedding theorems; non-increasing rearrangements of functions; mixed norm spaces; spaces of smooth functions (Sobolev spaces, Besov spaces); moduli of continuity; estimates of differences and derivatives; estimates of Fourier transforms.
Name: Viktor Kolyada Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 23 14 Mobil: +46 (0) 70-518 66 42 E-mail: viktor.kolyada@kau.se Subject: Mathematics Keywords: function, spaces
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SCIENTISTS
Barza, Sorina 73 Berg, Marcus 34 Bergenheim, sa 5 Berghel, Jonas 11 Bergstrm, Jens 6, 65 Bjurulf, Veronica 37 Bobylev, Alexander 70 Byflt Nordqvist, Marianne 45 Chang Rundgren, Shu-Nu 46 Engstrm, Arne 71 Fornstedt, Torgny 50 Fuchs, Jrgen 27 Gachkov, Igor 72 Germgrd, Ulf 7, 60 Granstrm, Karin 13 Hallbck, Nils 67 Johansson, Caisa 54 Johansson, Lars 31 Jrnstrm, Lars 56 Kolyada, Viktor 74 Krakhmalev, Pavel 68 Lestelius, Magnus 58 Magnusson, Kjell 28 Moons, Ellen 21 Mossberg, Magnus 33 Nilsson, Lars 15 Nilsson, Thomas 49 Nnberg, Eewa 41 Renstrm, Roger 17 Rinio, Markus 35 Solis, Jorge 25 van Stam, Jan 3, 43 Sundstrm, Birgitta 40 Svensson, Krister 29 Thuvander, Fredrik 64 Tornhamre, Susanne 47 Uggla, Claes 8, 20 de Vin, Leo 66 Wijkander, Jonny 44 Wikstrm, Fredrik 10 Zhang, Hanmin 23
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Keywords
Active packaging 56 Adhesion 58 Advanced alloys and steel 68 Antibodies keratin 8 40 ASD 41 Asthma 41, 47 Atomic and electronic structure 23 Atomic force microscopy 31 Atomic power microscopy 29 Autism 41 Automatic control 33 Barrier 54, 56 Biofuel 11, 15 Biomaterials 54 Biotechnology 50 Black holes 20 Cancer 44 Carbon nanotubes 29 Coating 54, 56 Cellulose 60 Chlorate 49 Chlordioxide bleaching 49 CMC 60 Code 72 Computer simulation 50 Concentration gradient 43 Condensate 13 Conductive polymers 58 Conjugated polymers 21 Contact mechanics 58 Control engineering 33 Cosmology 20, 34 Crystals 28 Defects 35 Differences 73 Dip coating 43 Drying, dryer 11, 13, 15, 17 EDCs leukotrienes 47 Effect of concentration gradient 43 Electron microscopy 29
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Electron structure 31 Electronic functions 58 Electronic properties 28 Energy 11, 15 Energy efficiency 11, 15 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals 41 Error correcting code 72 Fatigue 67,68 Fibre 60 Fibre line 60 Fluorescence microscopy 43 Forest industry 13 Friction 68 Function space 73 Function 74 General relativity theory 20 Graphic technology 54, 58 High-temperature materials 68 High-temperature tribology 68 Human-robot interaction 25 Hydrocarbons 13 Ink 58 Immune therapy 40 Integrated product development 66 Inflammation 44, 47 Intelligent machines 25 Interaction in solutions 43 Intermetallics 68 Ionic liquids 58 Learning study 37 Liquid/super critical fluid chromotography 50 Low achievement 71 Macrophage 44 Magnetic semiconductor 23 Manufacturing technology 66 Materials 28, 64, 65 Materials physics 31 Materials engineering 65,68 Mathematics 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 Mathematics education 71 Mathematical physics 27, 34 Mechanical engineering 66
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MCC 60 Microstructure 68 Molecular electronics 21 Molecular layer 23, 31 Morphology 21 Multicrystalline silicon 35 Multiphase materials 68 Myeloid cells 47 Nanoparticles 28 Nanostructures 31 NFC 60 Numerical analysis 50 Optical electronics 21 Optics 58 Oxides 28 Packaging 10, 54, 58 Packaging technology 67 Paper 11, 15, 56, 58 Paper engineering 67 Paper mechanics 67 Particle physics 34 Pellets, pelletizing 13, 17 Pharmaceuticals 47, 50 Photo emission 23, 31 Photovoltaic 35 Phthalates 41 Physics 23, 25, 27, 29, 32 Preparative chromotography 50 Print quality 58 Printing ink 58 Polymer solar cells 21 Popular science 46 Process chromotography 50 Product development 68 Production engineering 66 Production improvement 66 Production processes 68 Production simulation 66 Public understanding of science and technology 46 Purification 50, 58 Quantum cosmology 20 Quantum field theory 27 Relativity theory 20 Respiration 49
79
Rheology 58 Robotics 25 Sawdust 13 Scanning probe microscopy 29 Scanning tunneling microscopy 31 Science and environmental education 46 Science communication 46 Scientific literacy 46 Semi-conductor 28, 31 Silicon 35 Simulation 11, 15 Spaces 74 Solar cells 35 Spontaneous combustion 13 Statistical signal processing 33 STM 23 String theory 34 Sulphate 60 Sulphite 60 Surfaces 31 Surface manipulation 23 Sustainable development 10 Systems analysis 17 System identification 33 Teacher education 46 Technology education 37 Technology and environmental education 46 Terpenes 13 Textile 11, 15 Theoretical high energy physics 34 Theory and practice 37 Transfer 37 Transmission Electron Microscopy 29 Tribology 68 Use of pharmaceutical products 45 Virtual manufacturing 66 Viscose 60 Waste waters 13 Water purification 49 Wear mechanisms 67, 68 Wear resistant materials 68 Wetting 58 Wood 13
Karlstad University Faculty of Technology and Science Contact persons Jan van Stam, Dean Phone: +46 (0) 54 700 24 79 jan.van.stam@kau.se Thomas Nilsson, education and research coordinator Phone: +46 (0) 54 700 17 76 thomas.nilsson@kau.se

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The Faculty of Technology and Science

Cover illustration: Images of equations

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH STRATEGY IN BRIEF

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

FOREST INDUSTRIAL RENEWAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

DEPARTMENT of energy, environmental and building technology

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

energy, environmental and building technology

SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING DEVELOPMENT

TPA, CTF, Packaging Logistics (Lund University)

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

energy, environmental and building technology

RESEARCH GROUP FOR DRYING-RELATED STUDIES, TORKFORSK

drying, textile, simulation, energy efficiency

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

Figur 1. Research equipment for drying and pelletizing.

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

energy, environmental and building technology

ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY PRODUCTION OF HIGH-QUALITY BIOFUEL FROM WOOD

spontaneous combustion, terpenes, hydrocarbons, condensate, sawdust, forest industry, wastewater.

Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, Hrjedalen Miljbrnsle AB, Stora Enso Timber.

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

energy, environmental and building technology

RESEARCH GROUP FOR DRYING-RELATED STUDIES, TORKFORSK

Name: Lars Nilsson Title: Professor Phone: +46 (0) 54-700 20 99

paper, drying, textile, simulation, energy efficiency

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

Figur 1. Research equipment for drying and pelletizing.

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

energy, environmental and building technology

DRYING AND PELLETIZING TECHNIQUES

Appliances, STORA, STORA pellets, Metso, Pyry, Vrmestugan

DEPARTMENT of physics and electrical engineering

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

physics and electrical engineering

GENERAL RELATIVITY THEORY AND QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

quantum cosmology, black holes

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

physics and electrical engineering

SELF-ORGANISATION IN MOLECULAR SEMICONDUCTORS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS

optoelectronics, polymer solar cells, morphology, molecular electronics

Ana Sofia Anselmo, Rickard Hansson

Bjrstrm Svanstrm, Svante Nilsson, Sudam Chavhan, Andrzej Dzwilewski

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

physics and electrical engineering

SURFACE AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

Joakim Hirvonen Grytzelius; Kjell Magnusson, Leif Ericsson

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

OUR RESEARCH, The Faculty of Technology and Science

physics and electrical engineering

HUMAN-FRIENDLY ROBOTS PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENT MACHINES