Review Grammar Incontac1,2 Ontarget1,2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2
BY: JNY
REVIEW GRAMMAR (IN CONTACT 1) The simple present tense: statements with be: we use the simple present tense of be to talk about people and places. Affirmative I am from Mexico City You are from Egypt Barcelona is in Spain Yes/No questions with be Yes/No questions Are you from Rio de Janeiro? Is she taxi driver? Are the Browns from Madrid? Short Answer Yes, I am. Yes, She is. Yes, They are. Negative Im not from Brazil. Youre not from Japan. Its not in Peru.
You arent from Brazil. It isnt in Brazil.
No, Im not. No, She isnt. No, They arent.
Information Questions with be: Information Questions What is your Name? Whats his name? Where are you from? Possible Answer My name is Clara. His name is Ed. Im from New York.
A, An: We use a or an with singular nouns, We dont use a or an with plural nouns. Singular Nouns Shes a teacher Hes an doctor Plural Nouns We are Teachers. They are actors.
We use a before a consonant sound. Use an before a vowel sounds. Aldo Sanchez is a Pilot Sonia Costa works in a hospital Samira Amout is an actress. Diana Todd Works in an office.
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BY: JNY
The Simple Present Tense: We use the simple present tense to talk about everyday activities. Singular I work in a hotel She works in an office He doesnt play drums Plural We work in a hospital. Bob and Evan live in Brazil. They dont speak English.
We use do or does to ask yes/no questions and to give short answer. Yes/No Questions Does she live in Brazil? Does it work? Do you speak Spanish? Short Answers Yes, she does./No, she doesnt. Yes, it does./No, it doesnt. Yes, we do./No, we dont.
The Simple Present Tense: Information Questions. In most information questions, we use do or does after the question word. Questions Where do you live? Where does he work? What do they do? Can/Cant: We use can to talk about ability. Answers Affirmative Can you speak Japanese? Yes, I can. What can he do? He can play football. And, But, Or And But Or I can swim and drive. He can dance, but he cant sing. John and Sue cant swim or ride bikes. Questions Answer I live in Caracas. He works in a hospital. Theyre doctors.
Negative No, I cant. He cant swim.
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This/That: Use this to talk about something that is close to you. Use that to talk about something that is no close to you. Questions Whats this? Whats that? Possessive Nouns David Has a briefcase. Carl and Alison have a car. Charles has two brothers. I have two sisters. Adjectives: We put adjectives before nouns. Adjectives blue interesting wrong Nouns shirt. book. color. Here is Davids briefcase. This is Carl and Alisons car. Charless brothers are Tom and Joe. My sisters names are Elle and Sonia. Answers Its briefcase. Its an eraser.
Luis has a Its an Thats the
These/Those: Use these for things that are close to you. Use those for things that are not close to you. These buses are yellow. Those buses are orange.
Any/Some: We use any in questions and in negative sentences. We use some in affirmative sentences. Do you have any large T-shirts? Do you have any black shoes? Yes, I have some large T-shirts. I dont have any black shoes, but I have some brown shoes.
There is/There are: We use there is and there are to talk about where something is or is not. Statements There is a shoe store in the mall Yes/No Questions Short Answer Is there a post office in the Yes, there is mall? No, there isnt
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There are restaurants in the mall.
Are there any theaters in the mall?
Yes, there are. No, there arent.
Count Nouns: We can use a and an before singular count nouns. Plural count nouns usually end in s or es. Singular a hamburger an egg a tomato Plural Hamburgers Eggs Tomatoes
Id like a hamburger, please. He likes eggs. They dont want tomatoes in their salad.
Non-count Nouns: We cannot use a or an with non-count nouns. Non-count nouns do not usually have plural forms. We can use some or any with non-count nouns. Id like some sugar. I dont want any lettuce. There isnt any coffee. Do you want any milk?
We can use some expressions to talk about non-count nouns. Id like a glass of milk. We want two cups of coffee, please. I need to buy a head of lettuce. They want three pieces of cake.
Possessive Adjectives: Possessives adjectives come before nouns. I like my sandwich. You need your jacket. He has his briefcase. She likes her backpack It likes its food. You need your books. We need our sweaters. They want their drinks.
Infinitives with Like, Want, Need: We can use an infinitive (to + verb) after some verbs. I like to eat hamburgers. Mary wants to buy some milk. I need to study. Does she need to go home? Do you want to have coffee? Do they like to dance? I dont like to eat hot dogs. She doesnt want to buy any cheese. We dont need to go to the mall. Yes, she does./No, she doesnt. Yes, I do. /No, I dont Yes, they do. /No, they dont.
BY: JNY
What does he like to do? What do we need to buy? When do they want to eat? Lets: We can make suggestions with lets. Lets
He likes to swim. We need to buy some lettuce. They want to eat now.
eat. go to the theater. listen to some music.
Present Progressive Tense: We use the present progressive tense (be + verb + -ing) to talk about activities that are happening now. Affirmative Im waiting for the mail carrier. Shes talking to Mr. Everet. Theyre getting their cameras. Negative Im not reading the newspaper. She isnt listening. /Shes not listening They arent carrying briefcases. /Theyre not carrying briefcases.
Present Progressive Tense: Yes/No Questions: In yes/no questions, we use be + subject + verb + -ing. Yes/No Questions Are you waiting for an important letter? Is the woman riding a motorcycle? Are Mr. and Mrs. Hanson carrying briefcases? Answers Yes, I am. Yes, she is. No, they arent. /No, theyre not.
Present Progressive Tense: Information questions What are you doing? Who is riding a motorcycle? Who is she riding with? Where are they going? Im waiting for an important letter. A woman is riding a motorcycle. Shes riding with Mr. Everet. Theyre going to go the park.
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The Simple Present Tense: How often, Every: We use how often and every to talk activities we do on a schedule. How often does Ted go to the health club? How often does Alana ride her bike? How often do Julias friends play basketball? He goes there every day. She rides her bike every Saturday. They lay basketball every week.
Simple Present Tense vs. Present Progressive Tense We use the simple present tense to talk about everyday activities. We use the present progressive tense to talk about activities that are happening now. Questions Simple Present What do you do on Sunday morning? Do you ride your bike every day? Present Progressive Tense Its 3:00. What is Debbie doing now? Is she riding in the park? Answers I ride my bike. Yes, I do. Shes riding her bike. Yes, she is.
Non-action Verbs: Some verbs do not describe actions or activities. We usually do not use these verbs in the present progressive tense. Know, need, want, like, love, have, be Imperatives: We use imperatives to tell people what to do and what no to do (the subject is always you, but we dont say it or write it.) Affirmative Run. Go. Listen. Sit down. Repeat. Close your book. Negative Dont stop! Dont talk, please. Dont open your book!
BY: JNY
The Simple Past Tense with be: Statements and Yes/No Questions. To talk about the past tense of the verb be is was (singular) and were (plural). Statements I was tired yesterday. She was sad yesterday. They were in Peru last week. Yes/No Questions Were you tired? Was she sick? Were they happy? Short Answers Yes, I was. /No, I wasnt. Yes, she was. /No, she wasnt. Yes, they were. /No, they werent.
The Simple Past Tense: Information Questions with Be. To ask information question with be in the past, we use a question word and was or were. Information Questions Who was angry? Where were you yesterday? When were you there? Answers Sallys boyfriend was angry. We were at the mall. We were there at eight oclock.
The Simple Past Tense: Regular Verbs. To form the simple past tense of regular verbs, we add ed or d to the verb. For negative statements, we use did not +verb. Affirmative Statements I played basketball yesterday. She cooked dinner last Thursday. They worked every afternoon Negative Statements He didnt play basketball yesterday. He didnt cook dinner last Thursday. We didnt work every afternoon.
The Simple Past Tense: Yes/No Questions and Short Answers. To ask yes/no questions about the past, we use did +verb. Yes/No Questions Did you play basketball on Sunday? Did he work last night? Did they cook dinner yesterday? Short Answers Yes, I did. /No, I didnt. Yes, he did. /No, he didnt. Yes, they did. /No, they didnt.
The Simple Past Tense: Information Questions. To ask information questions in the past, we use questions word and did +verb. Questions What did you do yesterday? Answers I watched a soap opera.
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Where did you watch it? How long did you watch it? When did you call Melissa? Why did you call her?
I watched it at my house. We watched it for one hour. I called Melissa at eight oclock. I called her because I needed to talk to her.
Object Pronouns: We use object pronouns after verbs and prepositions. Subject I He She It We You They Object Me Him Her It Us You Them
He loves me.
I like it.
We arent angry with them.
The Simple Past Tense: Irregular Verbs. Many English verbs are irregular. These verbs do not end in ed in the simple past tense. Questions Where did Carol lose her ring? Did she find? When did she buy the ring? Verb + Object + infinitive Want Ask Teach Need Would like Tell I want you to wait for me. Please ask your mother to call me. Andrea taught her sister to play the piano. Mr. Kocenda needs you to answer the piano today. I would like you to stand next to the door. Eva told me no to wait for her Answer She lost it at the health club. Yes, she did. (No she didnt) She found it in the weight room. She bought it last week.
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Questions What do you want me to do? When did you ask her to call you? Did Sylvia teach Bill to swim? Do you need me to go to the store? Would you like me to buy those pants? What did he tell you to do?
Answer I want you to clean your room. I asked her to call me last week. Yes, she did. She taught him to swim yesterday Yes, I need you to buy some milk. Yes, Id like you to buy them. He told me no to cook dinner.
The Future Tense with be going to. We use be going to + verb to talk about the future. Statements I am going to go on vacations soon. Jenny is going to meet a famous scientist. Suki and Dan arent going to visit their parents this weekend. The Future Tense with be going to: questions. Yes/No Questions Is Joe going to play basketball to night? Are you going to get a pizza for lunch? Wh - Questions Where is Judy going to go tonight? What is she going to see? Who is she going to go with? Short Answer Yes, he is. /No, he isnt. Yes, we are. /No we arent. Answers She is going to go to the movie. Shes going to see Star Wars 3. Shes going to go with her friends.
Some, Something, Anyone and Anything. We use some or something in affirmative statements. We use anyone or anything in negative statements. Bob is talking to someone on the phone. Something is missing. We use anyone or anything in questions. Did you see anyone at the window? Did you hear anything last night? Does anyone know what happened? Is anything missing? My sister didnt talk to anyone. She didnt say anything to him.
BY: JNY
No one, Nothing: No one and nothing are negative. They are singular No one is there. There was no one at the park. Nothing is missing Jim knew nothing about the suspect.
Everyone, Everything: We usually use everyone and everything in affirmative statements and questions. They are also singular. Everyone in my family was there. Is everything ok?
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BY: JNY
REVIEW GRAMMAR (IN CONTACT 2) Frequency Adverbs with the Simple Present Tense: We use frequency adverbs with the simple present tense to talk about routines. Frequency adverbs tell how often something happens. Never < seldom < sometimes < often < usually < always Statements Rina always gets up late She never has breakfast. Rina and her friends seldom have much time to practice. Questions Does she often leave work early? Do they always practice after dinner? What does she usually do after school?
With the verb be, frequency adverbs go after the verb. Statements Rina is usually on time for school. She and her brother are always hungry for lunch. Questions Is she always tired at bedtime? Is she sometimes late for dinner?
Gerunds: A gerunds is the ing form of the verb when it is used as a noun. Gerunds can be the subject of the object of a sentence. Subjects Swimming Getting up early Subject Kim Shaquil Verb Is isnt Verb enjoys doesnt like
good exercise. much fun. Object dancing. meeting new people.
It + Infinitive: Infinitive (to + verb) are often used after it. Its relaxing to listen to music. It isnt much fun to get up early. Listening the music is relaxing. Getting up early isnt much fun.
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The Future Tense with Will: We use will + verb to talk about the future. Affirmative Statement I will make the bathroom bigger. Yes/No Questions Will the refrigerator fit in the kitchen? Information Question How many bedrooms will you need? Negative Statement We wont need a TV room. Short Answers Yes, it will. /No, it wont. Answer Well need three.
The Future with be going to. We use be going to + verb to talk about future plans. My grandfather is going to live with us. Eve and Joe are going to talk to the sales agent tonight. Too and Not enough with Adjectives: We use too + adjective to show that something is not possible. We cant live this house. Our family is too big. We want a bigger house, but were too poor. Not + adjective + enough also shows that something is no possible. We cant live this house. It isnt big enough. We want a bigger house, but we arent rich enough Before, After, and When: We use the words before, after and when to introduce time clauses. When they are in the first clause, we use a comma between the two clauses. First Clause Before Larry designs a house, Larry talks with his clients. After Larry designs the house, Larry builds the house When Larry builds the house, Larry follows the plans Second Clause he talks with his client. before he designs a house. he builds it. after he designs it. he follows the plans. when he builds the house.
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BY: JNY
Have to / Has to. We use have to or has to express necessity. Affirmative Statements Matthew has to water the plants. We have to study tonight. Yes/No Questions Do you have to sweep the floors? Does she have to help customers? Information Questions What does Matt have to do now? Where do you have to go? Negative Statements He doesnt have to do the dishes. They dont have to study tonight. Short Answers Yes, I do. /No, I dont. Yes, she does. /No, she doesnt. Possible Answers He has to do his homework now. I have to go to work.
Direct and Indirect Object: Some verbs have two objects: a direct object and an indirect object. When the direct object is first, use to or for before the indirect object. Verb gave bought Direct Object flowers a car To/For to for Indirect Object Jane. her father.
Alex Laura
When the indirect object is first, do not us to or for. Verb gave bought Indirect Object Jane her father Direct Object flowers. a car.
Alex Laura
When the direct object is a pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them), it normally comes first. Verb gave bought Direct Object them it To/For to for Indirect Object Jane. her father.
Alex Laura
A direct object answers the questions What? An indirect objects answers the questions Who(m)+to or for? Questions What did Alex give his wife?
Answers He gave her flowers.

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BY: JNY
Who did Alex give flowers to? Who did Laura buy a car for? Asking Questions About the Past. Who Question Who lived in Greece? Who did Eleni live with? What, When, Where Question What did Eleni show Thomas? When did Eleni live in Greece? Where did Elenis parents move to? How long vs. How long ago. Question How long did Eleni live in Greece? How long ago did Elenis parents move to new Jersey?
He gave them to his wife. She bought a car for her father.
Answer Eleni lived in Greece. She lived with her parents.
Answer She showed him pictures of her family. She lived there when she was young. She lived there from 1984 to 1990. They moved to New Jersey.
Answer She lived there for seven years. The moved there twelve years ago.
Asking About Past Ability: We use could and couldnt to talk about ability in the past. Question Could Eleni speak Greek twelve years ago? Could she speak English when she was very young? Short Answer Yes, she could. No, she couldnt.
Count/No-count Nouns: Count nouns are nouns we can count. They have a plural form. We use a or an, before singular count nouns. I ate an orange and two muffins this morning. We need an egg, a tomato, and an onion.
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BY: JNY
I bought oranges, eggs, onions, and tomatoes. No-counts nouns are nouns we do not usually count. They do not have a plural form. We do not usually use a or an before a non-count noun. Steve never drinks milk. When Im sick, I like cereal and tea. We eat rice every day. Talking About Non-specific Quantities. We use certain expressions to talk about nonspecific quantities of count and non-count nouns. Count Nouns How many onions does Steve need? He needs a few onions. He also needs some carrots. He needs a lot of potatoes, but he doesnt need many beans. He doesnt need any eggs. Non-count Nouns How much milk does Mrs. Lee have? Mrs. Lee has a little milk. She needs some bread. She needs a lot of butter, but she doesnt need much rice. She doesnt need any fruit. Talking About Specific Quantities: To talk about a specific quantity of a count or noncount noun, we can use units of measure or containers. Count A bunch of grapes A package of nuts A bag of potato chips Non-count A liter of gas A quart of juice A cup of coffee A glass of water Count or Non-count A pound of tomatoes, butter A kilo of grapes, cheese A bowl of cherries, soup A serving of potatoes, fruit A can of beans, tuna A carton of eggs, milk
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BY: JNY
The Past Progressive Tense: Statements. We use the past progressive tense (was/were + verb -ing) to talk about an action that was in progress (was happening) at a specific time in the past. The police officer worked from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m. yesterday. She was working at 1:30 p.m. She was not working at 5:30 p.m. The firefighters worked from 10:00 p.m. until 4:00 a.m. yesterday. They were working at midnight. They were not working at 6:00 a.m. The Past Progressive Tense: Questions Yes/No Questions Was the police officer working at 4:00 p.m.? Were the firefighters working at 9:00 p.m.? Information questions Where was the police officer working? What were the firefighters doing? Short Answers Yes she was. No they werent. Answers She was working downtown. They were fighting a fire.
When and While Clauses: when and while clauses show that two actions happened at the same time. Use when to show a finished action. Use while to show an actions in progress. Sue was washing the dishes when Luis called. When Luis Called, Sue was washing the dishes. Sue broke a plate while they were talking. While they were talking, Sue broke a plate. Because and So Clauses: Because clauses give reasons. Why did Mike have to go to the emergency room? He went to the emergency room because he hurt his foot. Why didnt Ben answer his cell phone? He didnt answer it because it was at home.
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BY: JNY
So clauses give results. Mike hurt his foot, so he went to the emergency room. Ben left cell phone at home, so he couldnt answer it. Sequence of adjectives: when two or more adjectives come before a noun, we put them in a certain order. Determiner Adjective Describer, color, material an ugly, green, nylon his old, brow, linen Noun umbrella. gloves.
He bought He lost
As + adjective + as: to say that two things are the same in some way, we can use as + adjective + as. The sweater is as large as the jacket. The shoes are as expensive as the gloves.
To say that two things are different in some way, we can use not as + adjective + as. The T-shirt is not as warm as the sweater. The shorts do not look as nice as the pants.
Better than/Worse than: To say that you like one thing more or less than another, use better than or worse than. The purple coat looks better than the black one. The black coat looks worse than the purple one. The shoes fit better than the boots. The Present Progressive: Future Meaning. We can use the present progressive tense to talk about future plans. The meaning is the same as be going to + verb. We usually use a time expression to show the future meaning. A: What are you doing on Friday afternoon? B: Im working late this Friday. A: Im going shopping on Saturday. Do you want to come with me? B: Thanks, but Im going camping this weekend.
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BY: JNY
Clauses with If: we use if clauses to show possible results. What will Jane do if she feels sick tomorrow? If she feels sick, she will stay at the hotel. If she is sick, she wont go to the beach. If she doesnt feel well, shell stay in bed.
She will stay at the hotel if she feels sick. She wont go to the beach if she is sick. Shell stay in bed if she doesnt feel well.
Whose and Possessive Pronouns: we use whose + noun to ask who something belongs to. We use possessive pronouns to tell who something belong to. Whose painting is this? I like it Whose painting is that? Its mine. But it isnt good as yours. Its hers. Its better than ours.
Adverbs: adverbs tell us how someone does something. Adjective Tony and Pete are careful workers. Carol is often angry. Yoko is a fast walker. My brother is a good photographer. Adverb They work very carefully. She spoke to me angrily this morning. She walks too fast for me. He photographs animals well.
Many adverbs are formed by adding ly to the adjective. Adjective Bad Beautiful Quiet Adverb Badly Beautifully Quietly Adjective Easy Happy Terrible Adverb Easily Happily Terribly
Same adverbs are irregular. Adjective Fast Hard Adverb Fast Hard Adjective Wrong Good Adverb Wrong Well
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BY: JNY
Reflexive Pronouns: We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object are the same. Singular I cut myself. Did you hurt yourself? She talks to herself. He laughed at himself. It turns itself on. Plural Did you see yourselves on TV? We saw ourselves in the mirror. They heard themselves on tape.
Reflexive pronouns can also mean alone or without help. In this case, they some times come after the word by. I went to the movies by myself. She fixed the bike herself.
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BY: JNY
REVIEW GRAMMAR (ON TARGET 1) The Simple Present Tense: We use the simple present tense to talk about actions and states in the present that do not usually change. Look at the different uses. Present Habits. Ideas, Opinions, and feelings. Marco Jobin watches sports on TV every night. He almost always falls asleep in front of the TV. Marco doesnt enjoy soap operas. His wife thinks he watches too much TV. She knows he is becoming a couch potato. Teenager in the United States Watch about twentyone hours of TV a week. Cable TV and satellite dishes give people many more channels.
General Truths and Facts.
The Simple Present Tense: Future Events. You can also use the simple present tense to talk about future events with timetables and calendars. Look at the examples. Future Events A new talk show starts next Monday at 9:00 p.m. The World Cup match is on TV tomorrow afternoon at 3:00 p.m. My exams finish on Friday.
Frequency Adverbs and Expressions: We use frequency adverbs and espressions to talk about how often an action happens. We ask questions with how often or ever. Subject Frequency adverb Verb phrase I seldom watch the news on TV. usually read the newspaper. I sometimes do.
How often do you watch the news? Do you ever get news from the internet?
Do you ever go to the ballet? How often do you get that magazine? How often does your son watch TV?
Subject Verb phrase We go I get He watches
Frequency expression twice a year. it weekly. TV every day.
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BY: JNY
The Present Progressive Tense: Present Time. To talk about habitual actions in the present, we use the simple present tense. To talk about actions that change or are happening at the present time, we use the present progressive tense. Simple Present Rock practices every day. Present Progressive The band is practicing now.
We use still with the present progressive to describe an action that continues in the present without changing. We use anymore to describe an action that stopped. The paparazzi are still waiting to get to a good shot of Rock. Rock isnt lying on the beach anymore. Hes swimming. The Present Progressive Tense: Future Time. We can use the present progressive to talk about planned actions in the future. We often use future time words like next, tomorrow, later, on Monday. The Royal Hideaway Hotel is having a party tonight. Raquel and I arent leaving until next week some time.
Stative Verbs: Generally, we do not use the present progressive with Stative or nonactions verb-verbs that refer to states rather than action. To express a continuing action with Stative verbs, we usually use the simple present tense. Common Stative Verbs Verbs that describe mental processes: Know, remember, think, believe Verbs that express feelings: want, like, love, hate, prefer, need Verbs that describe appearance: be, seem, look like, appear Verbs that show possessions: have, own, belong Verbs of perception: see, hear, taste, smell, fell, notice Examples Rock remembers the words to all the songs. Raquel doesnt like the paparazzi. Rock and Raquel seem happy. Rock has seven cars. Rock and Raquel feel relaxed.
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BY: JNY
The Comparative: Talking About Differences. To talk about differences between two people, places, or things, we use the comparative form of the adjective. One-syllable adjectives usually: add -er Two-syllable adjectives ending in y: change y to i and add er Adjectives with two or more syllables: use more or less than Exceptions Good better than Bad worse than Far farther than Janets pool is longer than Vals. Janets garden is prettier than Vals Janets house is more modern than Vals. Janets couch is less expensive than Vals. Janets garden is better than Vals.
Talking About Differences: not as as. We also use not as as to talk about the difference two items. This form is common because it is less critical. Less critical Roxys kitchen isnt as clean as Vals It isnt as modern as Vals either. More critical Roxys kitchen is dirtier than Vals. Vals kitchen is less modern than Roxys.
Talking About Similarities: We use as + adjective + as and the same (+ noun +) as to show items are the same. To show that two items are almost the same, we use like and similar to. Roxys car is as old as Vals. Roxys furniture is like Vals. Roxys car is the same age as Vals. Roxys furniture is similar to Vals
The Simple Past Tense: Past Events. We use simple past tense to talk about actions completed in the past. For regular verbs, add -ed or -d the base verb. For irregular verbs we use the dictionary. A: The band U2 performed at Tower Theater last night. Everyone loved the concert it turned out great. B: Did they sing their latest hit? A: Of course. But they didnt play my favorite song, Indigo. B: Maybe they only wanted to do their new song. A: Yeah probably. Anyway, we had a fantastic time.
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Adverbs of Sequence with the Simple Past Tense To tell the order of events, we can use adverbs of sequence, such as first, later, next, then, after that, soon, and finally. The Simple Past and the Past Progressive Tenses: To talk about a finished action in the past, we use the simple past tense. We use the past progressive tense (was/were + verb -ing) to show a continuing action or an incomplete action in the past interrupted by another action. Simple Past Past Progressive Yesterday, a tornado struck the airport. (finished) A baby was crying at the airport. (continuing) Passengers were checking in when the storm hit. (interrupted)
Time Clauses with When, While, As: When, While, and as introduce time clauses that show that two actions happened at the same time. While and as usually introduce a continuing actions; when introduces a finished or completed action. While we were checking in, the tornado struck. As the plane was landing, a tornado hit. When the storm came in, I was driving to the airport. Time clauses can come before or after the main clause, but the punctuation changes. When the storm hit, I was driving to the airport. I was driving to the airport when the storm hit. The Superlative: Comparing Three or More Items. When we compare three or more items, we use the superlative form of the adjective. One-syllable adjectives: add the est The XE20 is the fastest computer in this store. Two-syllable adjectives ending in y: It is the easiest of all to use. change y to i and add the -est Adjectives with two or more syllables: Naturally, the XE20 is the most expensive. use the most or the least Exceptions: But its also the best computer on the market. Good the best, Far the farthest Bad the worst
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Making Comparisons with Adverbs and Nouns: To form the comparative and superlative of adverbs, we use the same rules as for adjectives Comparative You know, the new XTR runs faster and more efficiently than the old XTR. Superlative Yes, in fact, it runs the fastest and the most efficiently of all computers on the market. We can also nouns in the comparative and superlative. Comparative The new XTR costs less money and has more features than the old one. Superlative And it uses the least energy, but has the most power of any computer on the market. The Present Perfect Relating the Past to the Present: We use the present perfect tense (have/has + past participle) to talk about an action that happened sometime in the past, but is still relevant in the present. This use of often signaled by time words such as before, ever, so far, up to now, always, and never. A: Have you ever worked as a journalist? B: Ive never worked for a daily, but last year the local newspaper published one of my stories. A: Really? What other kinds of stories have you written? B: So far, Ive only written this one. The Present Perfect: Repeated Past Actions. The present perfect tense also expresses an action that was repeated at unspecified times in the past. To ask questions, we use How many or How often. A: How many adventure stories have you written so far? B: Well, up to now, Ive finished four, but Im working on another now. A: How often have you had a close call on these trips? B: Only four times. Ive had good luck. The Present Perfect Tense with How Long: We use the present perfect tense to talk about an action that began in the past and continues up to the present moment. To ask about the length of time, we use How long, and we generally answer with for or since.
e-mail: jny_hc@hotmail.com 24
BY: JNY
A: So, how long have you taken pictures of famous people? B: Ive photographed famous people ever since I graduated from school. A: And how long have you worked as a freelance journalist? B: Ive been a reporter for about three years now. Giving Advice: Should, Ought to. To ask for and give advice, we can use the modals shout or ought to. A: How should I tell my boss Im looking for another job? B: You shouldnt say anything. You should wait till you have another job. A: I dont know. I think I really ought to say something now. Giving a Warning: Had better. When we want to give strong advice or a warning, we use had better / had better not +verb. A: I still think I should tell my boss Im looking for anther job. B: Youd better take my advice. Youd better not tell him, or you might not have a job at all. Softening Advice: We often use think when we ask for or give advice with should, ought to, or had better. This makes the advice softer. Son: Do you think I should take my credit card on my trip? Dad: Yes, and I think you ought to hide your money in your shoe! Son: Dad, dont you think you should relax a little? Adjectives Clauses: Adjective clauses define, or give more information about, a noun. They are generally introduced by a relative pronoun (that, who, whom, which) and come after the noun they describe. I have a friend. Hes listening to a tape. Many people are stressed out. I have a friend who is stressed out. Hes listening to a tape which will relax him. Many people that I know are stressed out.
We often use adjective clauses to define general words such as the one, someone, anyone, people, something, anything, everyone. In this job, we need someone who never gets angry. Everything that happens at work stresses Leslie out.
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BY: JNY
Relative Pronouns as Subjects: Relative pronouns can be the subject of the adjective clause. That and which refer to things. That and who refer to people. Subject that which that who Verb phrase explain the physical effects of stress. wrote the article.
I read an article I met the doctor
Relative Pronouns as Objects: A relative pronoun can be the object of the adjective clause. In this case, the pronoun can be left out. Object Subject I read the book which Dr. Stone I read the book that Dr. Stone I read the book Dr. Stone The man The man The man The man whom I Who I That I I Verb wrote. (Formal) wrote. wrote. (Informal) met met met met is an expert on stress.(formal) is an expert on stress. is an expert on stress. is an expert on stress. (informal)
The Present Perfect Progressive Tense: Unfinished Past Actions. The present perfect progressive (have / has + been + verb-ing) is used to talk about unfinished past actions or actions that began in the past, are happening now, and will probably continue into the future. A: How long have you been singing opera now? B: Well, Ive been working at the Opera caf for a year now. A: Have you liked your job as a singing waitress? B: Oh yes, Ive broken 100 glasses Im the high note of the evening. The Present Perfect vs. the Present Perfect Progressive: We use the preset perfect tense to talk about actions completed at an indefinite time in the past, but which still have importance in the present. Hes read the book, so he knows the ending. (the action is completed) Hes been reading the book, but he hasnt finished yet. (the action is incomplete)
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The present perfect tense is often used to tell how many times someone has done an action. The present perfect progressive tense often stresses how long someone has been doing an action. Hes read the book five times. Hes been reading the book for over a month. Habitual Actions in the Past: Used to + Verb. When we talk about actions that happened regularly in the past, we can use the simple past tense with an adverb of frequency or an expression of frequency. George and Mary frequently had hot dogs in their backyard when they lived in their old house. They never ate gourmet foods. We can also use the expression used to + verb to talk about past habits or past routines. A: In those days, Mary and George used to serve their guests hamburgers and hot dogs. They didnt use to have a fancy chef. B: Did they used to eat off of paper plates then? A: Of course. They didnt have a dishwasher in those days. Get used to and Be used to: When we are in the process of adjusting to changes, we use the expression get used to + verb-ing. When we have finished adjusting, we use the expression be used to + verb-ing. A: How have you adjusted to living in Barcelona? B: At first, it was difficult, but now I love it. And Im even getting used to eating lunch at 2 p.m. and dinner at 9 p.m. A: Are you used to speaking Catalan yet? B: Oh, yes. I have no problem with Catalan. Get used to and be used to can also be followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. A: When you moved to Barcelona. Was it hard to get used to Catalan? B: No, actually, I got used to it pretty fast-thanks to Catalan TV.
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The First Conditional: Possible Results. In conditional sentences, the if clause is the condition, and the main clause is the result of that condition. First conditional sentences show results that are possible in the resent of future. Condition If + present simple If the player answers right, If + present simple If we win today, If we dont today, Result Present simple he gets the prize. Will +verb we will fly to Rio. well stay home.
The if clause can come before of after the main clause. A: If we got to Brazil, well stay in Rio. B: No, I wont go to Brazil if we dont go up the Amazon. Conditionals with Unless: Unless means if not. We use unless with negative conditions to express requirements or give strong warning. Required Condition If Earl does not win, Unless Earl wins, Unless you go up the Amazon, Result he wont go to Bahia. he wont go to Bahia. I wont go to Bahia.
More on First Conditionals: We can use should, ought to, can, and imperatives in first conditionals. If you go to Mexico, you ought to go to the Yucatan. If you go the Yucatan, you shouldnt miss the Mayan ruins at Chichen Itza. If you get tired of the ruins, drive to the beach.
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REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

You arent from Brazil. It isnt in Brazil.

No, Im not. No, She isnt. No, They arent.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

Negative No, I cant. He cant swim.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

Luis has a Its an Thats the

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

There are restaurants in the mall.

Are there any theaters in the mall?

Yes, there are. No, there arent.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

eat. go to the theater. listen to some music.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

We arent angry with them.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

good exercise. much fun. Object dancing. meeting new people.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

Answers He gave her flowers.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

Answer Eleni lived in Greece. She lived with her parents.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

General Truths and Facts.

Subject Verb phrase We go I get He watches

Frequency expression twice a year. it weekly. TV every day.

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

I read an article I met the doctor

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

REVIEW GRAMMAR IN CONTACT 1 AND 2, ON TARGET 1 AND 2

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