OLED DISPLAY

AKSHAY RAJESH

1.INTRODUCTION

An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld games consoles and PDAs. An OLED display consists of very thin sandwiched layers of materials. When an electric current is supplied, the negatively charged electrons in the cathode layer move through the organic substances towards the positively charged anode layer. The reverse happens from the anode's side, as positively charged electrons are drawn towards the cathode leaving holes in the conductive material. These positively charged holes jump to the organic material to recombine with electrons, which causes electroluminescent light. The chemical composition of the organic material dictates which colors of light are produced Contents.

FIG.1. Basic OLED diagram

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) offer great promise in displays of all sizes and shapes, and in both commercial and home lighting solutions. OLEDs, or organic electro-luminescent (OEL) devices as some call them, are already in use as mobile device displays and mobile phone displays. Prototype large screen and HD OLED televisions always draw the eye away from any other model BBDNIIT
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regardless of its size. In addition OLED technology lends itself to innovative solidstate lighting, as well as flexible lighting solutions and flexible displays, even displays based on organic TFTs. OLED-A provides a forum for the interchange of technical and market information. Our membership includes companies involved in small-molecule OLED technology and polymer technology (PLED or light-emitting polymers). OLED-A serves its membership by fostering the more rapid development of OLED technology and OLED products; serving as a resource on OLED markets and products for media and investors; functioning as a catalyst in the development of standards for OLEDs; and providing a forum to promote and market OLED technology products. OLEDs are used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as mobile phones and PDAs, watches, advertising, information, and indication. OLEDs are also used in light sources for space illumination and in large-area light-emitting elements. Due to their early stage of development, they typically emit less light per unit area than inorganic solid-state based LED point-light sources. There are two main families of OLEDs: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a lightemitting electrochemical cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use eitherpassive-matrix (PMOLED) or activematrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes. An OLED display works without a backlight. Thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight.

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2. HISTORY OF OLED DISPLAY

FIG.2.Sony XEL-1, the world's first OLED TV.

The first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials were in the early 1950s by Andr Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Universit, France. They applied high-voltage alternating current (AC) fields in air to materials such as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons. In 1960, Martin Pope and co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals. They further described the necessary energetic requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices. Pope's group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a pure single crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1963 using a small area silver electrode at 400 V. The proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of molecular fluorescence. Pope's group reported in 1965 that in the absence of an external electric field, the electroluminescence in anthracene crystals is caused by the recombination of a thermalized electron and hole, and that the conducting level of anthracene is higher in energy than the exciton energy level. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G. Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes, the forerunner of modern double injection devices. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers BBDNIIT
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patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high voltage (5001500 V) AC-driven (1003000 Hz) electrically insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder. Their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules.

Device performance was limited by the poor electrical conductivity of contemporary organic materials. This was overcome by the discovery and development of highly conductive polymers.

Electroluminescence from polymer films was first observed by Roger Partridge at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The device consisted of a film of poly(n-vinylcarbazole) up to 2.2 micrometres thick located between two charge injecting electrodes. The results of the project were patented in 1975 and published in 1983.

The first diode device was reported at Eastman Kodak by Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke in 1987. This device used a novel two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency and led to the current era of OLED research and device production.

Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1990 with J. H. Burroughes et al. at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge reporting a high efficiency green light-emitting polymer based device using 100 nm thick films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene).

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3. OLED Components

FIG.3. OLED structure

Like an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter design, the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In this article, we'll be focusing on the two-layer design. An OLED consists of the following parts: Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED. Anode (transparent) The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device. Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

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Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline. Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene. Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.

The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate. This can be done in three ways:

Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum chamber, the organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.

Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of making OLEDs.

Inkjet printing - With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for large displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards.

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4. How do OLEDs Emit Light?

FIG.4. OLED creating light

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner to LEDs, through a process called electrophosphorescence. The process is as follows: 1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage across the OLED. 2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer of organic molecules. The anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules. (This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)

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3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find electron holes. When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron). When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light (see How Light Works). 4. The OLED emits light. 5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make color displays. 6. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current applied: the more current, the brighter the light.

5. WORKING OF OLED

FIG.5.Schematic of a bilayer OLED:

1. Cathode () 2. Emissive Layer. 3. Emission of radiation.4. Conductive Layer 5. Anode (+).

A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule. These materials BBDNIIT
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have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and therefore are considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors. Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer. One example was the first light-emitting device synthesized by J. H. Burroughs et al., which involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). However multilayer OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more layers in order to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, different materials may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted. Many modern OLEDs incorporate a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a conductive layer and an emissive layer. More recent developments in OLED architecture improves quantum efficiency (up to 19%) by using a graded heterojunction. In the graded heterojunction architecture, the composition of hole and electron-transport materials varies continuously within the emissive layer with a dopant emitter. The graded heterojunction architecture combines the benefits of both conventional architectures by improving charge injection while simultaneously balancing charge transport within the emissive region. During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. A current of electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the HOMO at the anode. This latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than electrons. The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the material, in this case the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO. As electrons and holes are fermions with half integer spin, an exciton may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state depending on how the spins of the electron and hole have been combined. Statistically three triplet excitons will be formed for each singlet exciton. Decay from triplet states (phosphorescence) is spin forbidden, increasing the timescale of the transition and limiting the internal BBDNIIT
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efficiency of fluorescent devices. Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes make use of spinorbit interactions to facilitate intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states, thus obtaining emission from both singlet and triplet states and improving the internal efficiency. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the HOMO level of the organic layer. A typical conductive layer may consist of PEDOT:PSS as the HOMO level of this material generally lies between the workfunction of ITO and the HOMO of other commonly used polymers, reducing the energy barriers for hole injection. Metals such as barium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functionswhich promote injection of electrons into the LUMO of the organic layer. Such metals are reactive, so they require a capping layer of aluminium to avoid degradation. Single carrier devices are typically used to study the kinetics and charge transport mechanisms of an organic material and can be useful when trying to study energy transfer processes. As current through the device is composed of only one type of charge carrier, either electrons or holes, recombination does not occur and no light is emitted. For example, electron only devices can be obtained by replacing ITO with a lower work function metal which increases the energy barrier of hole injection. Similarly, hole only devices can be made by using a cathode comprised solely of aluminium, resulting in an energy barrier too large for efficient electron injection.

6.TYPES OF OLED

6.1. Classification according to Organic Material used

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Small molecules

FIG.6. structure of Alq3

Efficient OLEDs using small molecules were first developed by Dr. Ching W. Tang et al. at Eastman Kodak. The term OLED traditionally refers specifically to this type of device, though the term SM-OLED is also in use. Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organometallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the organic light-emitting device reported by Tang et al.), fluorescent and phosphorescent dyes and conjugated dendrimers. A number of materials are used for their charge transport properties, for example triphenylamine and derivatives are commonly used as materials for hole transport layers. Fluorescent dyes can be chosen to obtain light emission at different wavelengths, and compounds such as perylene, rubrene and quinacridone derivatives are often used.[30] Alq3 has been used as a green emitter, electron transport material and as a host for yellow and red emitting dyes. The production of small molecule devices and displays usually involves thermal evaporation in a vacuum. This makes the production process more expensive and of limited use for large-area devices than other processing techniques. However, contrary to polymer-based devices, the vacuum deposition process enables the formation of well controlled, homogeneous films, and the construction of very complex multi-layer structures. This high flexibility in layer design, enabling distinct charge transport and charge blocking layers to be formed, is the main reason for the high efficiencies of the small molecule OLEDs. BBDNIIT

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Coherent emission from a laser dye-doped tandem SM-OLED device, excited in the pulsed regime, has been demonstrated. The emission is nearly diffraction limited with a spectral width similar to that of broadband dye lasers.

Polymer light-emitting diodes

FIG.7. poly(p-phenylene vinylene

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to an external voltage. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum colour displays. Polymer OLEDs are quite efficient and require a relatively small amount of power for the amount of light produced. Vacuum deposition is not a suitable method for forming thin films of polymers. However, polymers can be processed in solution, and spin coatingis a common method of depositing thin polymer films. This method is more suited to forming large-area films than thermal evaporation. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can also be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing. However, as the application of subsequent layers tends to dissolve those already present, formation of multilayer structures is difficult with these methods. The metal cathode may still need to be deposited by thermal evaporation in vacuum. An alternative method to vacuum deposition is to deposit a Langmuir-Blodgett film. Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the colour of emitted light or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.

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While unsubstituted poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is typically insoluble, a number of PPVs and related poly(naphthalene vinylene)s (PNVs) that are soluble in organic solvents or water have been prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization.

Phosphorescent materials

FIG.8. Ir(mppy)3, a phosphorescent dopant which emits green light.

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes use the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner, with the internal quantum efficiencies of such devices approaching 100%. Typically, a polymer such as poly(n-vinylcarbazole) is used as a host material to which an organometallic complex is added as a dopant. Iridium complexes such as Ir(mppy)3 are currently the focus of research, although complexes based on other heavy metals such as platinum have also been used. The heavy metal atom at the centre of these complexes exhibits strong spin-orbit coupling, facilitating intersystem crossing between singlet andtriplet states. By using these phosphorescent materials, both singlet and triplet excitons will be able to decay radiatively, hence improving the internal quantum efficiency of the device compared to a standard PLED where only the singlet states will contribute to emission of light. Applications of OLEDs in solid state lighting require the achievement of high brightness with good CIE coordinates (for white emission). The use of macromolecular species like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) in conjunction with the use of phosphorescent species such as Ir for printed OLEDs have exhibited brightnesses as high as 10,000 cd/m2.

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6.2. Classification according to Transparency Transparent OLED

FIG.9. OLED transparent structure

Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passivematrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.

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Top-emitting OLED

FIG.10. OLED Top-Emitting Structure

Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards

6.3.Foldable OLED

FIG.11. Demonstration of a flexible OLED device

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Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it

6.4.CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PIXEL FORMATION USED Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)

FIG.12. Passive-matrix OLED

PMOLED means Passive Matrix Organic light emitting diode. Like the first LCDs to be commercialized, the first OLEDs to reach the marketplace in the late 1990s used a passivematrix drive configuration. Passive-matrix OLEDs are particularly well suited for small-area display applications, such as cell phones and BBDNIIT
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automotive audio applications. Universal Display Corporations PHOLED materials and technology are currently incorporated in a commercial passivematrix OLED display product that is manufactured and sold by Pioneer Tohoku Corporation for use in a cell phone product (shown above) and under evaluation for a number of other products. Universal Display Corporation has designed and fabricated several passive matrix OLED prototypes to demonstrate the performance of its PHOLED technology and materials. The prototype shown here is a 128 x 64 pixel display built on a glass substrate using our green and red PHOLED materials system.

OLED displays are activated through a current driving method that relies on either a passive-matrix (PM) or an active-matrix (AM) scheme. In a PMOLED display, a matrix of electrically-conducting rows and columns forms a twodimensional array of picture elements called pixels. Sandwiched between the orthogonal column and row lines, thin films of organic material are activated to emit light by applying electrical signals to designated row and column lines. The more current that is applied, the brighter the pixel becomes. For a full image, each row of the display must be charged for 1/N of the frame time needed to scan the entire display, where N is the number of rows in the display. For example, to achieve a 100-row display image with brightness of 100 nits, the pixels must be driven to the equivalent of an instantaneous brightness of 10,000 nits for 1/100 of the entire frame time.

While PMOLEDs are fairly simple structures to design and fabricate, they demand relatively expensive, current-sourced drive electronics to operate effectively. In addition, their power consumption is significantly higher than that required by a continuous charge mode in an active-matrix OLED. When PMOLEDs are pulsed with very high drive currents over a short duty cycle, they do not typically operate at their intrinsic peak efficiency. These inefficiencies come from the characteristics of the diode itself, as well as power losses in the row lines. Power analyses have shown that PMOLED displays are most practical in sizes smaller than 2 to 3 in diagonal, or having less than approximately 100 row lines. PMOLEDs make great sense for many such display applications, including cell phones, MP3 players and portable games.

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Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED)

FIG.13. Active-matrix OLED

Active-matrix OLED displays provide the same beautiful video-rate performance as their passive-matrix OLED counterparts, but they consume significantly less power. This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs especially well suited for portable electronics where battery power consumption is critical and for displays that are larger than 2 to 3 in diagonal, as shown in this ultra-thin Sony prototype above. An active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display consists of OLED pixels that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor (TFT) array to form a matrix of pixels that illuminate light upon electrical activation. In contrast to a PMOLED display, where electricity is distributed row by row, the active-matrix TFT backplane acts as an array of switches that control the amount of current flowing through each OLED pixel. The TFT array continuously controls the current that flows to the pixels, signaling to each pixel how brightly to shine. Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two TFTs at each pixel, one to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a constant current to the BBDNIIT
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pixel. As a result, the AMOLED operates at all times (i.e., for the entire frame scan), avoiding the need for the very high currents required for passive matrix operation.

Stacked OLEDs

Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another, leading to substantial increase ingamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap. Currently, other display technologies have the RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each other decreasing potential resolution.

Inverted OLED
In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays..

6.5.White OLED
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the truecolor qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting. In the next section, we'll discuss the pros and cons of OLED technology and how it compares to regular LED and LCD technology.

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7.ADVANTAGES

IMPROVED BRIGHTNESS It has a higher contrast ratio or improved brightness than TFT or LCD display under all the environment conditions.

Condition Dark room Rainy Cloudy Sunlight

OLED > 10,000 :1 400 190 50

TFTLCD 300 : 1 130 10 4

Light weight & flexible plastic substrates

OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic light-emitting diodes being fabricated or other new applications such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. As the substrate used can be flexible such as PET, the displays may be produced inexpensively.

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Wider viewing angles & improved brightness

FIG.14. Comparision between viewing angle of OLED and LCD

OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colours appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 from normal.

Better power efficiency

LCDs filter the light emitted from a backlight, allowing a small fraction of light through so they cannot show true black, while an inactive OLED element does not produce light or consume power.

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Response time

FIG.15. response graph of OLED and TFT display

OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas LCD displays are capable of between 2 and 16 ms response time offering a refresh rate of 60 to 480 Hz, an OLED can theoretically have less than 0.01 ms response time, enabling up to 100,000 Hz refresh rate.

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8.DISADVANTAGES
Current costs

OLED manufacture currently requires process steps that make it extremely expensive. Specifically, it requires the use of Low-Temperature Polysilicon backplanes; LTPS backplanes in turn require laser annealing from an amorphous silicon start, so this part of the manufacturing process for AMOLEDs starts with the process costs of standard LCD, and then adds an expensive, time-consuming process that cannot currently be used on large-area glass substrates.

Lifespan The biggest technical problem for OLEDs was the limited lifetime of the organic materials. In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours to half original brightness (five years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays. This is lower than the typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technologyeach currently rated for about 25,00040,000 hours to half brightness, depending on manufacturer and model. However, some manufacturers' displays aim to increase the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing their expected life past that of LCD displays by improving light outcoupling, thus achieving the same brightness at a lower drive current. In 2007, experimental OLEDs were created which can sustain 400 cd/m2 of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs.

Color balance issues Additionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will decrease relative to the other colors of light. This variation in the differential color output will change the color balance of the display

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and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance. This can be partially avoided by adjusting colour balance but this may require advanced control circuits and interaction with the user, which is unacceptable for some users.More commonly, though, manufacturers optimize the size of the R, G and B subpixels to reduce the current density through the subpixel in order to equalize lifetime at full luminance. For example, a blue subpixel may be 100% larger than the green subpixel. The red subpixel may be 10% smaller than the green.

Efficiency of blue OLEDs Improvements to the efficiency and lifetime of blue OLEDs is vital to the success of OLEDs as replacements for LCD technology. Considerable research has been invested in developing blue OLEDs with high external quantum efficiency as well as a deeper blue color. External quantum efficiency values of 20% and 19% have been reported for red (625 nm) and green (530 nm) diodes, respectively. However, blue diodes (430 nm) have only been able to achieve maximum external quantum efficiencies in the range of 4% to 6%.

Water damage Water can damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage may especially limit the longevity of more flexible displays.

Outdoor performance As an emissive display technology, OLEDs rely completely upon converting electricity to light, unlike most LCDs which are to some extent reflective; e-ink leads the way in efficiency with ~ 33% ambient light reflectivity, enabling the display to be used without any internal light source. The metallic cathode in an OLED acts as a mirror, with reflectance approaching 80%, leading to poor readability in bright ambient light such

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as outdoors. However, with the proper application of a circular polarizer and anti-reflective coatings, the diffuse reflectance can be reduced to less than 0.1%. With 10,000 fc incident illumination (typical test condition for simulating outdoor illumination), that yields an approximate photopic contrast of 5:1.

Power consumption While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD displaying an image which is primarily black, for the majority of images it will consume 6080% of the power of an LCD: however it can use over three times as much power to display an image with a white background such as a document or website.This can lead to reduced real-world battery life in mobile devices when white backgrounds are used

9.ORGANIC LED AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY COMPARISON

An organic LED panel A luminous form Self emission of light Liquid crystal Panel Back light or outside light is necessary Consumption of Electric power It is lowered to about It is abundant when back light mW though it is a little is used higher reflection than type the liquid

crystal panel Colour Indication form The flourscent material A colour filter is used. of RGB is arranged in order and or a colour filter is used.

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High brightness The dimension of the panel

100 cd/m2

6 cd/m2

Several-inches type in It is produced to 28-inch type in the future to about 10- the future to 30-inch type.Goal inch type.Goal

Contrast The thickness of the panel

100:14

6:1

It is thin with a little When back light is used it is over 1mm thick with 5mm.

The mass of panel

It becomes light weight With the one for the portable more than 1gm more telephone.10 gm weak degree. than the liquid crystal

Answer time

Several us

Several ns ~ -10 *C

A wide use of temperature 86 *C ~ -40 *C range The corner of the view Horizontal 180 *

Horizontal 120* ~ 170*

10.APPLICATIONS OF OLED DISPLAY 10.1.Manufacturers and commercial uses

FIG.16. A 3.8 cm (1.5 in) OLED display from a Creative ZEN V media player

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OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as displays for mobile phones and portable digital media players, car radios and digital camerasamong others. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of organic displays is less of an issue. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLEDs' unique characteristics. Applications in flexible signs and lighting are also being developed. Philips Lighting have made OLED lighting samples under the brand name 'Lumiblade' available online.

FIG.17.DELL MOBILES

FIG.18.LAPTOP WITH OLED DISPLAY

OLEDs have been used in most Motorola and Samsung colour cell phones, as well as some HTC, LG and Sony Ericsson models. Nokia has also recently introduced some OLED products including the N85 and the N86 8MP, both of which feature an AMOLED display. OLED technology can also be found in digital media players such as the Creative ZEN V, the iriver clix, the Zune HD and the Sony Walkman X Series.

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The Google and HTC Nexus One Smartphone includes an AMOLED screen, as does HTC's own Desire and Legend phones. However due to supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays, certain HTC models will use Sony's SLCD displays in the future, while the Google and Samsung Nexus S Smartphone will use "Super Clear LCD" instead in some countries. Other manufacturers of OLED panels include Anwell Technologies Limited, Chi Mei Corporation, LG, and others.

FIG.19.SAMSUNG OLED TV

DuPont stated in a press release in May 2010 that they can produce a 50-inch OLED TV in two minutes with a new printing technology. If this can be scaled up in terms of manufacturing, then the total cost of OLED TVs would be greatly reduced. Dupont also states that OLED TVs made with this less expensive technology can last up to 15 years if left on for a normal eight hour day.

10.2. Military Application

FIG.20.THE NEAR EYE MICRODISPLAY

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Low-power Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays are used in a growing numbers of applications supporting dismounted soldiers and commanders in situational awareness, thermal imaging, simulation and training. Two types of OLED applications are currently under various phases of maturation the neareye microdisplays, developed by eMagin and Flexible OLED developed by Universal Display Corp. (UDC). OLED technology promises to revolutionize everything known about information display, from video walls, to dynamic pricing in supermarkets. For the military, Top-emitting OLED (TOLED) applications could include wrist-mounted, featherweight, rugged PDAs and wearable electronic displays such as "display sleeves" Other applications could be conformed, high-contrast automotive instrument panels, windshield displays and visor mounted displays to be used by for pilots, drivers and divers, etc. More futuristic applications could be utilized in camouflage systems, "smart" light emitting windows/shades etc. Until 2005, OLEDs were used primarily for testing. Yet, in 2004 and mostly by 2005, this technology is being integrated in more military systems and on the long run is expected to replace most small form-factor LCD displays. Among the applications where OLED technology is already maturing are near-eye displays of virtual images When projected on a head mounted, helmet mounted or visor (see-through) display, such image appears like an image in a movie theater or on a computer monitor, but is created using magnifying optics from a very small display near to the eye. Such an image displayed with very high resolution, can appear solid and real, or made see-through depending on the type optics used. Military and industrial customers are moving from the testing and evaluation phase into deployment. According to Kenneth Geyer, vice president of development at Liteye Systems Inc, the company has ordered OLEDs in production quantities, to supply orders received from military users in the USA, Europe and Australia. Several systems have also been deployed to war fighters in Iraq. "We anticipate additional programs moving into deployment phases in 2006 - 2007" said Geyer. Other users of OLED displays include SaabTech, integrating eMagin's OLED into the prototype Soldier.

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10.3. Application of OLED Module in Intelligent Traffic Control System

OLED display module was used as a man-machine interface in the traffic signal system. In this design, the OLED display realizes the 12864 pixels of picture and character monochrome display with 16 gray-scales. The intelligent traffic signal system with OLED display not only can provide good man-machine interface, and adapt to the harsh outdoor environment, but also can achieve multi-phase and multi-time control of traffic flow. The intelligent traffic signal system with OLED display uses the ARM9 as processor, so a scientific algorithm can be embedded in it to carry out effective control of traffic flow.

10.4. As a source of light

FIG.21. Source of Lighting That Evenly Illuminates Wide Surface Areas

Until now, spaces have been illuminated by point or linear light sources, such as incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent lamps. OLED lighting, in contrast, has BBDNIIT
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characteristics not found in conventional lighting, emitting a uniform light from the whole surface, over a large area. Moreover, OLED lighting closely resembles natural light. Not only that, it does not include ultraviolet rays, which reduces negative impact on the eye.

10.5. PORTABLE DEVICES DISPLAY

FIG.22.Lightweight, Applications

Thin,

Flexible

OLED

Lighting

Has

Multiple

Potential

With OLED lighting, the light source itself illuminates a wide area evenly. This makes it possible to have an entire ceiling or wall serve as an illumination device. Moreover, if plastic film is used for the substrate base, then flexibly curved lighting becomes a real possibility in the future. OLED lighting offers greater potential for applications, including revolutionary design of indoor lighting and BBDNIIT
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new applications in interior spaces, illumination inside vehicles and aircraft, novel monuments and artworks, and other exciting lighting options.

11. CONCLUSION
From above discussion we conclude that it is a field of rapid development in near future. With the development in various technology this not only reduce the price but also improve the quality of the display screen As it use organic chemical which found in abundance , it reduce the problem of pollution . Organic molecule and polymer have short life span, also they are bio degradable . Organic light emitting diode will also improve the efficiency of the electronic screen. It has more efficient than the LCD, LED and CRT. It has more brightness and contrast ratio as compare with other type of screen. In future we not only use this in screen technology but also use as illumination, it will replace LED, bulb, CFL completely because of the inexpensive device and greater efficiency. It will also open the exciting field of flexible screen which find even more use in the near future. The screen which can foldable will find great use in TV, wallpaper display, advertizing board etc. Also military use of this technology will find it attractive. But from the current technology OLED find several hurdle in its path such as high cost of production, short life span of the organic compound , fading effect , low brightness ratio and differential power consumption for different colures etc . With the development of the technology the problems in field of the organic light emitting diode will be resolve and. OLED will find greater use in near future .

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12. REFERENCE
http://impnerd.com/the-history-and-future-of-oled http://www.oled-research.com/oleds/oleds-history.html http://www.voidspace.org.uk/technology/top_ten_phone_techs.shtml#keep -your-eye-on-flexible-displays-coming-soon http://www.cepro.com/article/study_future_bright_for_oled_lighting_market / http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/21116/page1/ http://optics.org/cws/article/industry/37032 http://jalopnik.com/5154953/samsung-transparent-oled-display-pitched-asautomotive-hud en.wikipedia.org

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