What is LTE--I

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the project name of a new high performance air interface for cellular mobile communication systems. It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. Current generation of mobile telecommunication networks are collectively known as 3G, LTE is marketed as 4G.

According to 3GPP, a set of high level requirements was identified Reduced cost per bit Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands Simplified architecture, Open interfaces Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

Roadmap to 4G

Although it uses a different form of radio ,there are major step changes between LTE and its 3G predecessors. It is nevertheless looked interface, using OFDMA / SC-FDMA instead of CDMA. There are many similarities with the earlier forms of 3G architecture and there is scope for much re-use. LTE can be seen for providing a further evolution of functionality, increased speeds and general improved performance.

Table 1: LTE and 3G/3.5G Specification (from NTT docomo Press Release) 3G WCDMA 3.5G HSPA LTE (R99) Frequency Bandwidth Radio Access Uplink Peak Rate Common frequency assigned for 3G 5MHz DS-CDMA 384kbps 5.7Mbps 14Mbps 5/10/20MHz DL: OFDMA UL: SC-FDMA >50Mbps >100Mbps

Downlink Peak 384kbps Rate

LTE has introduced a number of new technologies when compared to the previous cellular systems. They enable LTE to be able to operate more efficiently with respect to the use of spectrum, and also to provide the much higher data rates that are being required. OFDM OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience to reflections and interference.

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) One of the main problems that previous telecommunications systems have encountered is that of multiple signals arising from the many reflections that are encountered. By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput. SAE (System Architecture Evolution) With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One change is that a number of the functions previously handled by the core network have been transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provides a much "flatter" form of network architecture. In this way latency times can be reduced and data can be transmitted much faster.

Requirement for LTE The following target requirements were agreed among operators and vendors at the project to define the evolution of 3G networks started. Peak data rate instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mbps within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz)

 Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mbps (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz uplink spectrum allocation Control-plane latency Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6 Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6 CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCHControlplane capacity At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz User-plane latency Less than 5 ms in unload condition (i.e., single user with single data stream) for small IP packet User throughput Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink Spectrum efficiency Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink Mobility E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350 km/h (or

even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)Coverage Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met for 5 km cells, and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded. Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) While reducing terminal complexity: same modulation, coding, multiple access approaches and UE bandwidth than for unicast operation. Provision of simultaneous dedicated voice and MBMS services to the user. Available for paired and unpaired spectrum arrangements. Spectrum flexibility E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported The system shall be able to support content delivery over an aggregation of resources including Radio Band Resources (as well as power, adaptive scheduling, etc) in the same and different bands, in both uplink and downlink and in both adjacent and non-adjacent channel arrangements. A "Radio Band Resource" is defined as all spectrum available to an operator

Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP Radio Access Technology (RAT) Co-existence in the same geographical area and colocation with GERAN/UTRAN on adjacent channels. E-UTRAN terminals supporting also UTRAN and/or GERAN operation should be able to support measurement of, and handover from and to, both 3GPP UTRAN and 3GPP GERAN. The interruption time during a handover of real-time services between E-UTRAN and UTRAN (or GERAN) should be less than 300 msec. Architecture and migration Single E-UTRAN architecture: The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic E-UTRAN architecture shall minimize the presence of "single points of failure" E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized Radio Resource Management requirements Enhanced support for end to end QoS Efficient support for transmission of higher layers Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access Technologies Complexity Minimize the number of options No redundant mandatory features

 We can find significantly higher data rate (50100Mbps) and faster connection times as most remarkable requirements relative to 3G/3.5G.

In order to achieve the high data rate, 3GPP decided to use OFDMA and MIMO together for radio access technology.

LTE also introduce scheduling for shared channel data, HARQ and AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding). E-UTRAN Architecture In order to achieve the requirements in previous section, the LTE radio access network E-UTRAN architecture is improved dynamically from 3G/3.5G radio access network UTRAN. It has been changed to be flat from legacy hierarchy mobile network architecture. The functions of eNB in E-UTRAN include not only base station (NodeB) to terminate radio interface but also Radio Network Controller (RNC) to manage radio resource.

According to 3GPP TR 25.912, E-UTRAN is described as follows: The evolved UTRAN consists of eNB, providing the evolved UTRAN U-plane and C-plane protocol terminations towards the UE.

The eNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interfaces. It is assumed that there always exist an X2 interface between the eNBs that need to communicate with each other, e.g., for support of handover of UEs in LTE_ACTIVE.

The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core). The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relation between aGWs and eNBs.

E-UTRAN Architecture

C-plane protocol stack on Uu and S1-C interfaces is shown in Figure below:C-plane Protocol Stack on Uu (UE/eNB) and S1-C (eNB/MME)

C-plane protocol stack on Uu and X2-C interfaces is shown in Figure below:C-plane Protocol Stack on X2-C (eNB/eNB)

U-plane protocol stack on Uu and S1-U interfaces is shown in Figure bolow:U-plane Protocol Stack on Uu (UE/eNB) and S1-U (eNB/MME)

C-plane protocol stack on Uu and X2-U interfaces is shown in Figure below:-

U-plane Protocol Stack between eNB/eNB

SAE Technology System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the network architecture and designed to simplify the network to other IP based communications network. SAE uses an eNB and Access Gateway (aGW) and removes the RNC and SGSN from the equivalent 3G network architecture, to make a simpler mobile network . This allows the network to be built as an All-IP based network architecture. SAE also includes entities to allow full inter-working with other related wireless technology (WCDMA, WiMAX, WLAN, etc.).

These entities can specifically manage and permit the non3GPP technologies to interface directly into the network and be managed from within the same network.

SAE (System Architecture Evolution) and LTE Network

LTE Network
MME : MOBILE MANAGEMENT ENTITY HPCRF: HOME POLICY &CHARGING RULE FUNCTION VPCRF: VISITING POLICV &CHARGING PULEVFUNCTION PCEF: POLICY &CHARGING ENFORCEMENT FUNCTION PCRF:POLICY &CHARGING RULE FUNCTION BBERF: :BEARER BINDING &EVENT REPORTING FUNCTION
SPR: SUBSCRIPTION PROFILE REPOSITORY HSGW : HOME SUB. GATEWAY AAA SERVER: AUTHENTICATION,AUTHORIZATION AND
ACCOUNTING SERVER

EPC :

EVOLVED PACKET CORE

Bearer Services in LTE/SAE Network