On Code Division Multiple Access

Adel Ahmed Ali Professor of Telecommunications King Saud University

On CDMA

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King Saud University

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Topics Covered
Spread Spectrum Signals Multiple Access techniques Code Division MA Data Detection for CDMA Summary and Conclusion

On CDMA

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King Saud University

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Multiple access for mobile communications

Three MA techniques:

Frequency-Division MA Time-Division MA Code-Division MA

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SPREAD SPECTRUM CODE-DIVISION MULTIPL ACCESS SS-CDMA

Power of each signal is spread in frequency to occupy the whole band all the time Due to spreading power density is reduced by the spread ratio (PG) At each receiver only the intended signal is de-spread and other signals appear as background noise

On CDMA

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King Saud University

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CODE -DIVISION MULTIPL ACCESS CODE-DIVISION

CDMA implemented with direct-sequence spread spectrum signalling is among the most promising multiplexing technologies for cellular telecommunications services, such as personal communications, mobile telephony, and indoor wireless networks. D=================================
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King Saud University

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Processing Gain
Before transmission, the signal is spread in frequency such that

transmitted bandwidth Gp infrmation bandwidth

Gp is the processing gain (10 ~ 106)

On CDMA

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King Saud University

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SS Concepts
In today's commercial spread spectrum systems, bandwidths of 10 to 100 times the information rates are used. Military systems have used spectrum widths from 1000 to 1 million times the information bandwidth. There are two very common spread spectrum modulations: frequency hopping (FH) and direct sequence (DS). FH has been used with GSM to mitigate the effect of mpf
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SPREAD SPECTRUM
Frequency Hopping
Avoidance

Direct Sequence
Averaging

Hybrid

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King Saud University

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Mathematical representation of DS-CDMA

C k = 1

N j =1

CkC j = N = 0

j= k jk

Spreading code

S (t) = xk (t).Ck + x j (t).C j + n(t)

j k
Received signal User # k

Transmitted signal from N users

S (t).Ck = xk (t).Ck .Ck + x j (t).C j .Ck + n(t).Ck

j k

= xk (t) + n(t)
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On CDMA

power

Narrow band information signal (Before spreading)

Spread spectrum signal (after spreading)

frequency

Bandwidth Spreading

On CDMA

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Noise level power

Transmitted DS-SS Signal

| 2Rc |

frequency

BPSK DSSS Spectrum

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Intended signal Interference & noise spread Interference Noise Baseband DS receiver signal DS transmitter jammer Filter Post filter

Interference Suppression in DS-CDMA On CDMA

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Advantages of SS
Protection against multi-path interference Low probability of intercept Interference rejection Anti-jamming capability

Multiple access capability

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Multiple Access
Orthogonal
ALOHA

Non Orthogonal
CSMA CDMA

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

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King Saud University

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CDMA
Pure CDMA DS
Wideband Narrowband

Hybrid CDMA
DS/FH MC-CDMA MT-CDMA DS/TH FH/TH DS/FH/TH

FH
Fast FH Slow FH

TDMA/CDMA

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King Saud University

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Classification of data detection techniques for CDMA

Data Detection

Single User

Multi user

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King Saud University

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Ada p

tati on

Single-User

Other u s consid ers are ered n oise

Bank of Matched filters

(conventional detectors)

Enhanced Single-user techniques

MMSE Receivers LMS Filters Blind interference suppression

FEC codes Power control Code waveform design Sectored / adaptive antennas

Adaptive MMSE interference suppression 17 / 25

On CDMA

Adel A. Ali

King Saud University

f the o s e Cod own n k e r a users eceiver r to the

Multi-user Multi -user

Interference Interference Cancellation Cancellation Schemes Schemes
f o es at nce ted tim fere era ted s E ter en rac in e g ubt ar d s an

Combined Combined Schemes Schemes

Joint Joint Detection Detection

Map s obta oft outp ut in a n impr s to oved s et

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King Saud University

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# of operations increases linearly with k

Joint Detection

Iterative detection

Decorrelator

MMSE

ML (optimum)
M no inim ise iz an es d bo M th AI

New ! Based on Turbo codes

Multipath decorrelator detector

Zero-forcing block linear equalizer

Re Pe qu ch rf ire es an ect s tim ne at l e

o ted s o T lica ion p rat m co k ope 2

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King Saud University

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Interference cancellation cancellation Interference Schemes Schemes

Kn of owle d c an han ge d n pa sig el ram na e te l rs

Successive Successive SIC SIC

Multistage, cascaded Weighting (stage, user)

Parallel Parallel PIC PIC

Hybrid Hybrid HIC HIC

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King Saud University

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Combined Schemes

Decorrelating Decision feedback (decorrelator/SIC)

Decorrelator/ PIC

MMSE/PIC

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King Saud University

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Summary and Conclusion

Enhanced single-user detectors are only slightly more complex than matched filters, it allows improved BER and capacity. However, single-user schemes are only suitable for slow changing fading channels. For packet transmission, interference parameters could change fast with time. For MUD, joint detection (JD) and subtractive interference cancellation (IC) are most prominent. JD requires elaborate matrix manipulations and delivers very low BER. IC requires estimates of channel and interfering data signals. On CDMA
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For the CDMA uplink the ratio of other cell interference (at base station for given sector)-to own cell interference is given by

f~0.55
Then the maximum gain in capacity achieved by using optimum MUD (and hence, removing all intra cell interference) is given by

(1+f)/f
For f = 0.55 the gain in capacity is bounded by 2.8.
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Summary and Conclusion

Driven by BER and capacity requirements for 3G and beyond, MUD has been an active area of research over the last decade. However, there is no scheme yet that fulfills the following main requirements: Low complexity Short delay Operation in different environments (slow / fast fading; intra/ intercell interference) Other related research areas include: smart antennas and multicode; combined with MUD. On CDMA
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Thanks to you for your attention and to KFUPM for a great conference
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