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Sushil Pradhan
GIS Analyst Mountain Environment and Natural Information Systems (MENRIS) International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

INPUT
Data from Maps Tabular Data Field Data

Geographic Information System

Data Base Management System

OUTPUT
Maps Statistics Reports Other Database

Other Database A B C D

Collection & Input

Storage, Retrieval

Manipulation & Analysis

Output

Statistical Packages User Requirements

Remote Sensing

What is Spatial analysis ?

v v v

Heart of GIS which Allows to study realworld processes Part of a decision-making process Important use of the analysis is predicting what will happen after certain time which provides the opportunity to select the best possible alternative

Functions of GIS Analysis

Presentation of Data Presentation of Pattern of data

GIS
Where are the forest ? What is trend of current road network ? What is the trend of population distribution ? What is the total area of forest ? Show me the settlements within 1km from road Show me the Districts with pop. Density > 500/sq.km.

Analysis and prediction

Where should I build a new building ? Identify the suitable area for locating carpet industries. Assuming that a field will produce the same crop next year as this year; what will happen if there is change in stream flow ?

Spatial Analysis Functions

v v v v v

Database Query Reclassification Overlay Connectivity Analysis Neighbourhood Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions:

Database Query
v

Retrieves the attribute data without altering existing data

By Clicking on the Feature Using Conditional Statements

Database Query: By Clicking on the Feature

Database Query: Using Conditional Statements

Conditional Statements

Boolean (Logical) Operators: AND, OR, NOT, XOR (exclusive OR) Relational (Conditional) Operators: =, >, <, <> (not equal to)

Boolean Operators are based on 1 and 0

Landuse map

Attribute Table
Landuse_id Type 1 2 3 4 5 Urban Forest Grass Agriculture Water body

Conditional Statements:

Landuse_ID = 3 Landuse_ID = Grass Landuse_ID = 2 OR Landuse_ID = 4 Landuse_ID = Forest OR Landuse_ID = Agriculture Landuse_ID <> 5 Landuse_ID NOT 5 Landuse_ID > 2 Landuse_ID >= 4 Landuse_ID <=3

Spatial Analysis Functions

v v v v v

Database Query Reclassification Overlay Connectivity Analysis Neighbourhood Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions:

Reclassification
v

(Re)classification operations involve the reassignment of thematic values to the categories of an existing map.
Reclassify a VDC map based on its population density Classify an elevation map into 500m interval classes

Examples:
v v

Reclassification of a VDC map based on population density

Classification of an elevation map

Spatial Analysis Functions

v v v v v

Database Query Reclassification Overlay Connectivity Analysis Neighbourhood Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions:

Overlay Operations
v Core of GIS analysis which combines several spatial features and gives new information, i.e. new spatial elements v Performed in both Vector and Raster domain v Combination of maps using arithmetic, relational, or conditional operators, and different functions

Vector Overlay
During vector overlay, map features and the associated attributes are integrated to produce new composite map. Logical rules can be applied to how the maps are combined. Vector overlay can be performed on different type of map feature: viz., polygon-on-polygon overlay, line-on-polygon overlay, point-on-polygon overlay. During the process of overlay, the attribute data associated with each feature type is merged. The resulting table will contain both the attribute data. The process of overlay will depend upon the modelling approach the user needs. One might need to carry out a series of overlay procedures to

Vector Overlay: Polygon-on-Polygon

Watershed
1 3 4 2
W_ID Watershed

Counties
C_ID County

1 2 3 4

W1 W2 W3 W4

B C

1 2 3

A B C

New_ID WatershedCounty 1 2 5 4 7 3 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 W1 W1 W3 W2 W2 W4 W2 W4 A B B A B B C C

Vector Overlay: Line-on-Polygon

Roads
2 4 6 8 3 5 7 1

County
R_ID Hwy. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 35 22 35 60 60 35 32 35
A B

C_ID County A B C Black Cole Fall

New_ID Org ID Hwy. County 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 22 22 35 35 60 60 60 35 35 32 35 Black Cole Cole Cole Black Cole Cole Cole Fall Fall Fall

1 A 5 6

2 4

7 8 10 11

Vector Overlay: Point-on-Polygon

Wells
1 3 2

Counties
ID 1 2 3 4 5 Owner
A

ID
B

County Black Cole Fall

John Murray Smith Schwarz Harris

A B C

1 3

ID 1 2 3 4 5

County Owner Black Cole Cole Fall Fall John Murray Smith Schwarz Harris

Raster Overlay

Map

Map

Results

How to Create Raster Data

u Consists of large number of grid cells organized in rows and columns u Thematic maps are composed of pixel values

Lake

Raster Overlay
In raster overlay, the pixel or grid cell values in each map are combined using arithmetic and Boolean operators to produce a new value in the composite map. The maps can be treated as arithmetic variables and perform complex algebraic functions. The method is often described as map algebra. The raster GIS provides the ability to perform map layers mathematically. This is particularly important, for the modelling in which various maps are combined using various mathematical functions. Conditional operators are the basic mathematical

Map

Map

Results

Map Algebra
Provides a way to create mathematical operations that compare grid themes uses mathematical expressions creates new raster layers
Rainfall98 (A) 7 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 Rainfall99 (B) 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 Change (C) 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 -1 3 0 0 -1 2 0 -1 0

5-2=3 ( [Rainfall98]) -( [Rainfall99] ) =[Change]

Raster Overlay: Map Calculation

Mathematical operators apply a mathematical operation to the values in two or more input raster maps; mathematical functions apply a mathematical function to the values in a single raster map. There are three groups of mathematical operators in the Map Calculator: Arithmetic, Boolean, and Relational. Arithmetic Operators - The Arithmetic operators (*, /, -, +) allow for the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of two raster maps, or numbers, or combination of the two. Boolean Operators - The Boolean operators (And, Not, Or, and Xor) use Boolean logic (TRUE or FALSE) on the input values. Output values of TRUE are written as 1 and FALSE as 0. Relational Operators - The Relational operators (<, <=, <>, =, >, and >=) evaluate specific relational conditions. If the condition is TRUE, the output is assigned 1; if the condition is FALSE, the output is assigned 0.

Arithmetic operators
5 5 2 2 5 5 5 2 6 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 MapC = MapA +10 15 15 12 12 15 15 15 12 16 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 MapC MapC1 = MapA + MapB

MapC1 9 9 10 10 9 9 9 10 7 3 3 10 7 7 14 14

MapA
4 4 8 8 4 4 4 8 1 1 1 8 1 1 8 8

MapC2 = ((MapA - MapB)/(MapA + MapB))*100 Negative values in the map mapC2 are showed in Bold.

MapB

Logical Operators
F F F F F F F F F F F F F
F = forest 7 = 700 m. 6 = 600 m. 4 = 400 m.
MapB MapA MapD = (MapA = "forest") and (MapB < 500)

MapD

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 0

0 0 1 1 0

MapD1

MapD1 = (MapA = "forest") or (MapB < 500)

MapD2
MapD2 = (MapA = "forest") xor (MapB < 500)

1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

7 7 4 6 6

7 7 4 6 6

7 7 4 4 6

7 7 4 4 6

4 4 4 4 6

1 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

MapD3

MapD3 = (MapA = "forest") and not (MapB < 500)

1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 1

Conditional Operators: IF Function

MapA

MapC

F F F F F F F F F F F F F
MapB

MapC = iff ( MapA = "forest", 1, ?)

1 1 ? ? ?

1 1 1 ? ?

1 ? 1 1 ?

? ? ? 1 1

? ? 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

MapC1

MapC1 = iff ((MapA = "forest") and (MapB = 700), 1, 0)

7 7 4 6 6

7 7 4 6 6

7 7 4 4 6

7 7 4 4 6

4 4 4 4 6

F = forest 7 = 700 m. 6 = 600 m. 4 = 400 m.

1 1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

What Cells are both A AND 7 ?

A A C A A C B 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1x0 1x1 0x1

Reclassify 1 B B 0

OUTPUT 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

INPUT 1 Multiply

1x0 1x1 0x1 0x0 0x0 0x1

6 6 8

7 7 8

7 7 7

0 Reclassify 0 0

1 1 0

1 1 1

INPUT 2

Logical Operators in Raster: Logical AND

What Cells are both A OR 7 ?

A A C A A C B B B 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1+0 1+1 0+1 0+1 0+1

INPUT 1 ADD

1 1 0

2 2 0

1 1 1

1+0 1+1 0+0 0+0

6 6 8

7 7 8

7 7 7

0 Reclassify 0 0

1 1 0

1 Reclassify 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

INPUT 2

Logical Operators in Raster: Logical OR

OUTPUT

Spatial Analysis Functions

v v v v v

Database Query Reclassification Overlay Connectivity Analysis Neighbourhood Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions:

Connectivity Analysis
v Analysis of connectivity between points, lines and polygons in terms of distance, area, travel time, etc. v Involves Proximity Analysis which measurement of distance from points, lines and boundaries of polygons. One of the most popular proximity analysis is Buffer operation.

Buffer Operation
Define a zone within a specified distance from a feature

200 feet round wells

Point buffer

100 feet around a parcel

Area buffer 50 feet around streets

Line buffer

Proximity Analysis: Walking distance from ICIMOD

Spatial Analysis Functions

v v v v v

Database Query Reclassification Overlay Connectivity Analysis Neighbourhood Analysis

Spatial Analysis Functions:

Network Analysis
v Network analysis are commonly used for the analysis of moving resources from one location to another through a set of interconnected features. It includes determination of optimum paths using specified decision rules. The decision rules are likely based on minimum time or distance, and so on.

The figure shows an example of optimum paths based on minimum distance. In the figure, there are locations of number of main hospitals within the ring road of Kathmandu valley. If there has been an accident out of ring road (lets say: close to Bhaktapur), which is the closest hospital and the shortest route to that hospital for a ambulance. The network analysis identifies the closest hospital (Bir Hospital as you notice in the figure) in terms of distance and also indicates how to go there.

Finding Best Route

Routing is a network application for finding the best path based on any cost such as travel distance or time. Cost for turning points, barriers and One way - Two way roads can be defined

Going from Newroad to the Airport

note the different path chosen! Back to Newroad

Emergency Response to Fire Hazard

Major roads Kathmandu Valley Location of Fire Stations Service area within 5 and 10 minutes from Kathmandu Station Service area within 5 and 10 minutes from Lalitpur Station

Area within 5 and 10 minutes time zone

Neighbourhood Operations
Neighbourhood operations evaluate the characteristics of an area surrounding a specified location

Interpolation
Interpolation is the procedure of estimating unknown values at unsampled sites using the known values of existing observations at neighbouring locations Examples: Point interpolation (rainfall, spot heights) Line interpolation (contours)

Interpolation
10 20 40 70 80 30 60 40 10 20 30 25 55 63 80 62 60 65 70 74 77 80 50 72 80 84 86 84 40 57 67 86 90 87

15 20 30 28 40 32 50 50

20

80 80

90

20 38

Modeling Methodology
Define issues and problems Define the model

Run the Model

Present the Results

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