THERMODYNAMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS (EP 205)

THERMODYNAMICS (EG 207)

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Ms. Norhuda Abd. Manaf norhuda@ucsiuniversity.edu.my

Outline

First law of thermodynamics Energy balance for closed system (control mass) Introduction of internal energy and enthalpy Quasi-equilibrium work process Enthalpy for ideal gas Energy balance for open system (control volume)

First law of thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics
(also known as the conservation of energy principle)

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only change form.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the relationship between heat Q, work W and the total energy E of the system and its surroundings. (Energy of the system) + (Energy of the surrounding) = 0

Ein Eout

Energy balance (system undergoing any kind of process)

Energy In, Ein System Energy Out, Eout W

Ein Eout
E Eout Ein
(Change in the total energy = (Total energy leaving - (Total energy entering leaving of the system) the system) the system)

Energy balance for Closed System

Q
Inlet U1 u1 z1 Outlet Heat U2 u2 z2 Internal Kinetic Potential Shaft work

Control Mass Ws

E U KE PE

According to the 1st Law Ein = Eout

2 u12 u2 Q U1 gz1 Ws U 2 gz2 2 2

Where,
U (U 2 U 1) KE 1 / 2(u 2 u1) PE g (h 2 h1)

Therefore, for a steady-state closed system:-

Closed Closedsystem: system: Stationary Stationary system system do donot notinvolve involve any any changes changes in in velocity velocity and andelevation elevation

Q Ws U E
* If stationary system do not involve any changes in velocity and elevation

For a closed system: No mass flow across the boundary Stationary system Undergo process that only cause changes to its internal energy, U

E = U = Q - W

&

E = U = Q + W

Heat transfer to a system Work done by the system

Heat transfer from a system Work done on the system

* At the end you have to understand the process itself instead of memorizing the sign

Internal energy, U

Arises from the random or disorganized motion of molecules in the system Energy of the internal molecules to the substance (sensible, latent, chemical, nuclear) Cannot be directly measured

Work, W Consider the compression or expansion by a cylinder piston

W

PdV
V1

V2

(1.3)

W P(V 2 V 1)

-ve sign compression =ve sign expansion

Read pg. 9 The minus sign .

Example: A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.

Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers EP205, L3

Introduction to enthalpy, H
Enthalpy for water/steam

Enthalpy H, is a thermodynamic property Appears in energy balances to calculate Q and W

H U + PV

For a unit mass or mole of substance, enthalpy (kJ)

H = U + PV = Q

where H is simply H2 H1 or Hout Hin

It can also be expressed as: ~ ~ ~ Molar enthalpy (kJ/mole) H U PV Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) H U PV

* You can find data(s) for enthalpy(water) in Table F.

Example:

Calculate U and H for 1 kg of water when it is vaporized at the constant temperature of 100 C and the constant pressure of 101.33 kPa. The specific volumes (v) of liquid and vapor water at these conditions are 0.00214 and 1.897 m3kg-1. For this change, heat in the amount of 2,556.7 kJ is added to the water.

Note: specific volumes v is the volume occupied by a unit of mass of a material, v = volume/mass

Enthalpy for an ideal gas

Ideal gas law

~ PV ZRT

Ideal gas law in above eqn. can be modified to Enthalpy in above eqn. can now be written in the form of specific enthalpy
U PV H U RT H MW

RT PV MW

where P,T = absolute pressure and temperature, V = molar volume (m3/mole) Z = compressibility factor (1 for ideal gas), R = ideal gas constant (8.314 Jmol-1K-1), MW = the molecular weight

* You can find the R in Table A

Control Volume

Control volume also known as an open system Commonly studied control volume: Compressor Turbine Pump, Throttle etc. Total energy of a flowing fluid consists of: Enthalpy, Kinetic, Potential energies

Process

If the state of a system changes, then it is undergoing a process

Types of process Isobaric constant pressure Isothermal constant temperature Isochoric constant volume Isentropic constant entropy Adiabatic No heat transfer

Energy balance for Opened System

Q
Inlet H1 u1 z1 Outlet Heat H2 u2 z2 Enthalpy Kinetic Potential Shaft work

Control Volume Ws

According to the 1st Law Ein = Eout

2 2 u1 u2 Q H1 gz1 Ws H2 gz2 2 2

For a steady-state opened system:u 2 Q Ws H gz 2

Common opened system processes

Ws
Turbine

Ws

Compressor

As mentioned before, work done BY (such as turbine) and on (such as compressor) the system has different sign (+/-), so dont get confuse!! The rule of thumb is, derive your own energy balance equation using the control volume and equation Ein = Eout, and you WONT GO WRONG

Steam tables (SI Units) pg. 716-753

Two important steam tables Saturation temperature table (pg.716) Saturation pressure table (pg. 722) What kind of information provided in the table?? Saturation Temperature, Tsat (C/K) Saturation Pressure, Psat (kPa) Specific Volume, V (cm3kg-1) Specific Internal Energy, U (kJkg-1) Specific Enthalpy, H (kJkg-1) Specific Entropy, S (kJkg-1K-1)

Example:

Air enters a compressor operating at steady-state at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 300 K, and a velocity of 6 m/s through a feed line with a cross-sectional area of 0.1 m2. The effluent is at a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature of 450 K and has a velocity of 2 m/s. Heat is lost from the compressor at a rate of 180 kJ/min. If the air behaves as an ideal gas, what is the power requirement of the compressor in kW ?

Ideal-gas properties of air

Assignment 2
1. Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass flow rate of the air is 0.02 kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible, determine the necessary power input (kW) to the compressor.

2. Steam at 9000 kPa and 600C passes through a throttling process so that the pressure is suddenly reduced to 400 kPa. What is the expected temperature after the throttle? Assumptions: 1 -The throttling device is adiabatic. 2 -Changes in potential energy are negligible. 3 -Changes in kinetic energy are negligible because the crosssectional area for flow in the feed and effluent lines have been chosen to make the fluid velocity the same at the inlet and the outlet.

*Read throttling process, pg: 264

2. Steam at 9000 kPa and 600C passes through a throttling process so that the pressure is suddenly reduced to 400 kPa. What is the expected temperature after the throttle? Assumptions: 1 -The throttling device is adiabatic. 2 -Changes in potential energy are negligible. 3 -Changes in kinetic energy are negligible because the crosssectional area for flow in the feed and effluent lines have been chosen to make the fluid velocity the same at the inlet and the outlet.

*Read throttling process, pg: 264

3. Air enters a turbine and power output of the turbine is at a rate of 200 kJ/min. The following data are known for the air entering and leaving the turbine. Determine the heat required from the turbine in kW.

Inlet condition Pressure 1 bar

Exit condition 6 bar

Temperature
Velocity Elevation above reference plane

260 K
360 m/min 4m

400 K
120 m/min 2m

MW air = 28.9 kg/kmol

A cross-sectional area = 0.31 m2

g = 9.8066 m/s2

Ideal-gas properties of air

END

28