Ductile Deformation

Ductile Deformation and Microstructures
Earth Structure (2nd Edition), 2004 W.W. Norton & Co, New York Slide show by Ben van der Pluijm
Extra Exam
Date: Nov 1, 2010 11:00 am I will offer an optional "midterm" exam that covers the material since the first exam, starting with rheology, through folds and ductile shear zones; see http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/Ben/gs351/#schedule. The exam will be on Tuesday Nov 16, from 7:00-8:30pm; room to be announced (likely 2520 CCL). Participation is optional and if you decide not to take this exam there is no negative impact (final grade key as before). If you decide to take it, we'll use the average of the extra exam and the lowest of the two other exams in place of Exam 1 or Exam 2 scores. Examples: Exam 1: 70; Optional exam: 84; Exam 2: 78. Exam 1 score will become 77 (HIGHER) and Exam 2 will remain 78. Exam 1: 88; Optional exam: 84; Exam 2: 78. Exam 1 score stays 88 and Exam 2 score will become 81 (HIGHER). Exam 1: 88; Optional exam: 80: Exam 2: 86. Exam 1 stays 88 and Exam 2 becomes 83 (LOWER). The primary goal is not to improve your grade, but to promote studying a subset of the material prior to Exam 2 date. You can bring a personalized, supporting notes sheet to the optional exam; rules as before. THE EXTRA EXAM IS OPTIONAL !
11/8/2010 EarthStructure (2nd ed) 2
Crustal Fault Model
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EarthStructure (2nd ed)
Brittle and Ductile Behavior
Brittle behavior describes deformation that localizes on mesoscopic scale and involves formation of fractures. Ductile behavior describes ability of rocks to accumulate significant permanent strain that is distributed on mesoscopic scale.
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Brittle vs. Ductile failure
Brittle behavior normal stress and Pf dependent (effective stress temperature and strain insensitive shear stress is function of normal stress Ductile behavior normal stress and Pf insensitive temperature and strain rate dependent shear stress is function of temperature and strain rate
Mechanisms of Ductile Flow
Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analog Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Cataclastic flow
Changing shape of bag is accomplished by grains sliding past one another. Large grains may fracture and slide on the fracture surface.
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Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analogue Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet, lower crust, mantle Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Plastic Flow - Ice
Oblique aerial view of folds in Malaspina Glacier; Mt. St. Elias and St. Elias Mountains in background. Scale of folding in glacier is in miles. Yakutat district, Alaska Gulf region, Alaska. USGS, August 25, 1969
Malaspina Glacier, combining Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. NASA/JPL
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Crystal defects
Defect types: Point defects Line defects (dislocations) Planar defects (stacking faults)
Point defects: (a) vacancy, (b) substitutional impurity, (c) interstitial impurity, (d) vacancy migration.
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Line defects: Dislocations
TEM and etching imaging of dislocations in olivine
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Dislocation Geometry and End-member types
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Dislocation Line and Burgers vector
(a) The Burgers circuit around an edge dislocation (marked by l). (b) The Burgers circuit in a screw dislocation. The closure mismatch for both edge and screw dislocations is Burgers vector, b. In edge dislocation bl; in screw dislocation b//l.
Imaging Dislocations
EMAL-CCLittle STEM
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Stress Field and Interactions among Dislocations
Elastic stress, s m . b/r m = shear modulus b = Burgers vector r = distance
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Dislocation Glide
Russ, 1997
Edge Dislocation Glide is strain producing

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Screw Dislocation
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Dislocation Glide (cnt)
Glide lowers distortional energy, but not necessarily perfect lattice.
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Dislocations and Plasticity
DePoar, 2002
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Dominant Slip System in Minerals
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Jogs and Interacting dislocations
Work hardening (swords)
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Cross-slip and Climb
Medium to high temperature plasticity.
Glide is strain producing Climb is rate controlling
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Origin of Dislocation s
Growth (Frank-Read source) Strain
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Dislocations and Plasticity
DePoar, 2002
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Cataclastic flow (frictional behavior!) - bean bag analog Plastic flow (dislocation movement) - ice sheet Diffusional mass transfer (diffusion)
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Diffusional Mass Transfer

Dry diffusion
atomic vibration is function of temperature random jumps to vacancies in crystal Requires high temperature Types: Coble creep or grain-boundary diffusion Nabarro-Herring creep or volume diffusion
Wet diffusion (or pressure solution)

fluid at grain boundary is dissolution and transporting agent (static or moving fluid) low temperature
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Types of Diffusional Mass Transfer
Grain-boundary diffusion (or Coble creep): eo ~ Db/d2 Volume diffusion (or Nabarro-Herring creep): eo ~ Dv/d3 D is diffusion coefficient; d is grain size Note: pressure solution is fluid-assisted grain-boundary diffusion
Point Defects and Diffusion
DePoar, 2002
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Deformation microstructures and regimes
Plasticity
Low-temperature plasticity (0>Th>.3)

dislocation glide mechanical twinning
Medium and high-temperature plasticity (.3>Th>.7 and .7>Th>1)

dislocation creep (=glide+climb)
recovery recrystallization grain boundary sliding superplasticity (GBSS)
Th is homologous temperature: T/Tmelting (in K)
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Mechanical Twinning (Low T plasticity)
Calcite; experiments
feldspar (cf. exsolution lamellae)
Example of low-temperature plasticity
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Mechanical twinning in Calcite
Calcite strain gauge:
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Recovery (low-medium T plasticity)
Temperature activated rearrangement of dislocations (by glide and climb) to form low-angle grain boundaries (or tilt walls), resulting in subgrains Glide is strain-producing mechanism Climb is rate-controlling mechanisms Dynamic vs. static recovery Exponential creep: eo exp(s)
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Subgrain (tilt) walls
Number of dislocations in tilt wall 500m long, 2nm wide, Burgers vector of 0.5nm and angular mismatch of 10. Dislocation spacing of ~2.9nm and thus more than 170,000 (!) dislocations, representing a dislocation density in low-angle tilt wall (1 108 cm2) of 1.7 1013 cm2.
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Recrystallization (medium T plasticity)

Dislocation creep (glide and climb) that removes internal strain energy remaining after recovery, to form high-angle grain boundaries (>10o mismatch)
Characteristics:
strain-free grains (low internal strain energy) straight grain boundaries (low grain-boundary energy) 120o triple points (foam texture)
Dynamic v static recrystallization Power law creep: eo sn

Note: recrystallization in petrology is dominated by changes in chemical potential among phases, whereas recrystallization in materials science involves changes in strain energy within the same phase
Core-mantle structure
core-mantle structure (qtz)
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Recrystallization mechanisms
Progressive subgrain misorientation (or subgrain rotation): Rotation recrystallization (a) Subgrain coalescense Grain boundary bulging: lower energy grain moving into higher energy grain because of high dislocation density in high-energy grain: Migration recrystallization (b)
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Rotation Recrystallization
Schedl and van der Pluijm, 1990
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Migration Recrystallization
grain boundary bulging Feldspar
g.b. migration recrystallization Quartz
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Dynamic vs. Static recrystallization
Dynamic recrystallization:
Relatively small grain size (mylonites) straight grain boundaries foam texture strain (or work) softening
Static recrystallization (annealing):

Relatively large grain size straight grain boundaries foam texture
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Paleopiezometry
Recrystallized grain size is inversely proportional to differential stress: d = Adi A and i are empirically derived parameters for a mineral d is grain size in micrometers (m).
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Grain Boundary Sliding Superplasticity (high T plasticity)

Grain size sensitive creep that does not produce permanent shape change of individual grain (stable microstructure).
Deformation occurs by diffusion-assisted grain switching Characteristics: small grain size no dimensional (or shape) fabric no crystallographic fabric
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Flow laws
eo = A f(sd) exp(-E*/RT) f(d) A is material constant, E* is activation energy, R is gas constant, T is temperature (in K), f(sd) is differential stress function, f(d) is grainsize function For dislocation glide (low to medium temperature creep) the function of stress is exponential: eo = A exp(sd) exp(-E*/RT) Also called exponential creep
For dislocation glide and climb (medium to high temperature creep) the stress is raised to the power n: eo = A sdn exp(-E*/RT) Also called power law creep, with n the stress exponent (2<n<5)
For diffusional creep (high T plasticity): eo = Do d exp(-E*/RT) d-r Also called grain-size sensitive creep, with r=2-3 (note: r=1 is viscous creep) Highest strain rate dominates behavior
Deformation Regime map
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Deformation Mechanism Map

Graphical representation of the dominant deformation mechanism in monomineralic rock at conditions of stress, temperature and grain size. The mechanism with the highest strain rate dominates.
DePaor, 2002
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Summary table
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Extra
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Quartz Microstructures
shape fabric
deformation bands+subgrains
annealing
annealing
Recrystallized Grain Size and Strain Rate
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Diffusion
Area covered: R2 = G.t.r2 (Einsteins equation)
Fe at melting
for 1 y.: R2 > 30 cm2 for 1 m.y.: R2 > 3000 m2
Diffusion coefficient (for vacancies): Dv = (G/6).r2 or, T-dependent: Dv = D0 exp(-E*/RT) O in SiO2 (1100oC): 1e-9cm2/y O inMg2SiO4 (1400oC): 9E-6cm2/y
Diffusion G 1.00E+10 1/s r 1.00E-08 cm t 3.15E+07 sec
jump frequency jump distance time
R^2 Dv
3.15E+01 cm^2 1.67E-07 cm^2/t
Area covered Diffusion Coefficient
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Constructing a Deformation Regime Map

Calcite at 475 oC
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Ductile Deformation

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Ductile Deformation and Microstructures

Crustal Fault Model

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Brittle and Ductile Behavior

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Brittle vs. Ductile failure

Mechanisms of Ductile Flow

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Mechanisms of Ductile Flow

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Plastic Flow - Ice

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Line defects: Dislocations

TEM and etching imaging of dislocations in olivine

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dislocation Geometry and End-member types

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dislocation Line and Burgers vector

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Stress Field and Interactions among Dislocations

Elastic stress, s m . b/r m = shear modulus b = Burgers vector r = distance

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Edge Dislocation Glide is strain producing

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dislocation Glide (cnt)

Glide lowers distortional energy, but not necessarily perfect lattice.

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dislocations and Plasticity

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dominant Slip System in Minerals

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Jogs and Interacting dislocations

Work hardening (swords)

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Cross-slip and Climb

Medium to high temperature plasticity.

Glide is strain producing Climb is rate controlling

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Growth (Frank-Read source) Strain

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Dislocations and Plasticity

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Mechanisms of Ductile Flow

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Diffusional Mass Transfer

Wet diffusion (or pressure solution)

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Types of Diffusional Mass Transfer

Point Defects and Diffusion

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Deformation microstructures and regimes

Low-temperature plasticity (0>Th>.3)

Medium and high-temperature plasticity (.3>Th>.7 and .7>Th>1)

Th is homologous temperature: T/Tmelting (in K)

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Mechanical Twinning (Low T plasticity)

feldspar (cf. exsolution lamellae)

Example of low-temperature plasticity

EarthStructure (2nd ed)

Mechanical twinning in Calcite

Calcite strain gauge:

EarthStructure (2nd ed)