What is literature?

How do we know whether a text is literary?

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Literature is an art.
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Music is the art that uses sound.

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Painting is the art that uses colors and shapes.

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Literature is the art that uses words.

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Words are symbols that have to be interpreted.

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We use symbols every day in ordinary life.

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In order to be artistic/ creative/literary...

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the symbols have to be used in new and unexpected ways.

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By using the symbols in different ways than usual, we pay more attention to the symbols themselves, rather than the ordinary meaning behind them.

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In the following slides, decide which usage of the underlined words is more literary.
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A
Isaac death toll remains at 2 in Plaquemines as ood waters begin to recede

By the waters of heartbreak I write this book.

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News headline
Isaac death toll remains at 2 in Plaquemines as ood waters begin to recede

Fernando Pessoa poem

By the waters of heartbreak I write this book.

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A
Ask the needles that have been lost in sofas for his hands.
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B 500 sofas Start $299! All colors!

Rafael Alberti poem Ask the needles that have been lost in sofas for his hands.
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Furniture ad 500 sofas Start $299! All colors!

A
During any revolution beware the rst head that rolls. It gives the people an appetite.
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B
In human anatomy, the head is the upper portion of the human body. It supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain.

Victor Hugo story

During any revolution beware the rst head that rolls. It gives the people an appetite.
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Wikipedia denition
In human anatomy, the head is the upper portion of the human body. It supports the face and is maintained by the skull, which itself encloses the brain.

Why do people write/read literature?

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Expression

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Expression
Need to express ideas,
sensations, subjective impressions, emotions

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Expression
Need to express ideas, Creative urges
sensations, subjective impressions, emotions

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Expression
Need to express ideas,
sensations, subjective impressions, emotions

Creative urges Transmit culture, knowledge,

experiences, moral values

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Expression
Need to express ideas,
sensations, subjective impressions, emotions

Creative urges Transmit culture, knowledge,

experiences, moral values plots, genres, ideas

Renew/reinvigorate well known

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For some thinkers, there is nothing but literature.

Humans cannot actually know anything for certain. The only thing we can really know is our textual (verbal, written, performed) interpretation of reality.

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What is literature?
How is literature seen in the following statements?
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Literature is the real thermometer for measuring the degree to which people are civilized.
Mariano Jos de Larra (Spanish author)

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Literature is nothing but a directed dream.

Jorge Luis Borges (Argentine author)

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That, more than literature, is music; the reader not only has to read between the lines, but within the mysterious pentagram, invisible to the dull senses, where the genius of the true artist tends to write the softest and most profound ideas. Leopoldo Alas (Spanish author)
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But only in so far as a people has a native literature can it judge and understand the past as it does the present.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Literature - the occupation of the idle.

Gustave Flaubert (French author)
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Art has no other purpose than to brush aside ... everything that veils reality from us in order to bring us face to face with reality itself.
Henri Bergson (French philosopher)

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