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Uponcompletionofthissessionstudents areableto:
Explainthephenomenaoflight Differentiategeometricaloptics,waveoptics andquantumoptics Describetheapplicationofoptics

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTIONOFOPTICS PHENOMENAINGENERAL
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Content
WhatisOptics? Light
WhatisLight? Sourceoflight Coloroflight Properties p oflight g

Whatisoptics?
Optics isthebranchofphysicsthatstudythe behaviorandpropertiesoflight,includingits interactionswithmatterandtheconstruction ofinstrumentsthatuseordetectit. Opticsusuallydescribesthebehaviorof visible,ultravioletandinfraredlight. ThisbehaviorcanbedescribedbyMaxwells equations.
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TheoryofOptics
Geometricaloptics Wavesoptics Quantumoptics

ApplicationofOptics
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WhatisLIGHT?
Lightisaspecialtypeofwave lightorVISIBLELIGHTisactuallyatypeofsomethingcalled ELECTROMAGNETICRADIATION. lighthasbothwaveandparticlecharacteristics Lightcanbemodeledasawaveusingwavemodeloflight frequency, wavelength,andvelocity(explainsmost propertiesoflight). Lightcanbemodeledasaparticleusingparticletheoryof light photoelectriceffect(photonsoflightproduce free electrons).
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Visiblelightispartoftheelectromagneticspectrum ofwaves.

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Thespeedoflightdependsonthemedium. Lighttravelsfastestinavacuum,slowerin moredenserstatesofmatter. Becauselightisaperiodicwave,itpossesses thecharacteristicsofallperiodicwaves:

Reflection Refraction Interference Diffraction Polarization

SourcesofLight

Incandescent light:lightproduced byheatinganobjectuntilitglows.

Fluorescencelight:lightproducedby electronbombardment ofgasmolecules

Bioluminescence:lightproducedby chemicalreactions

Phosphorescence:lightproduced bylight(reradiatingofenergy)

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whenlightencounterasurface/boundary, theyarepartiallytransmittedandpartially reflected. Therefore,anobjectdoesnotneedto emitphotonsitselftobeseen,itjusthas toreflectlightbacktooureyeswherewe candetectit.

ColorofLight
Objectsthatdonotallowlighttopassthroughthemare calledopaque. Lightiseitherreflectedorabsorbed. Colorofopaqueobjectsiscoloritreflects. Objectsthatallowlighttopassthroughthemareconsidered p transparent. Lighttransmittedbecause ofnoscattering Colortransmittediscoloryousee.Allothercolorsare absorbed. Objectsinbetween arecalledtranslucent. Lightisscattered andtransmittedsome.

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ColorofLight
ColorofObjects
WhitelightisthepresenceofALLthecolorsofthevisible spectrum. BlackobjectsabsorbALLthecolorsandnolightisreflected back back.

Color
Differentobjectsmayemitdifferentwavelengths ofEMradiation,sowewouldseethatlightas differentcolors. Thelightweseeisknowasvisibleorwhitelight. The Th li light hti isnot treally ll white, hit th thewhite hit weseei isa combinationofallthecolorsoftherainbow(RO YGBIV). Whenalloftheselightwavesarecombinedwe seewhitelight.
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PrimaryColorsofLight
Threecolorsthatcanbemixedtoproduceanyother coloredlight Red +blue +green =whitelight

ComplimentaryColorsofLight
Twocomplimentarycolorscombinetomakewhitelight Magenta,Cyan,Yellow
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PropertiesofLight
Alltheknownpropertiesoflightcanbe groupedandclassifiedas: GeometryOptics Wave W Optics O i QuantumOptics

GeometryOptics
describedintermsofstraightlinesandplanegeometry(light travelsinstraightlines) Aslongasaperturesaremuchlargerthanawavelengthoflight (andthuswavefrontsaremuchlargerthan)thelightwavefront propagateswithoutdistortion(orwithanegligibleamount) ( <dimensionofaperture/object) Examples:
Rectilinearpropagation(lightgoesinastraightlinethrougha homogeneousmedium) Lensandmirrors FiniteSpeed(takestimeforlighttotravelfromoneplaceto another,whichinturnmeansthatyoucanneverseeanythingat thesameexacttimeithappens) Reflection(howlightreflects) Refraction(howlightactsmovingfromonemediumintoanother) Dispersion
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WaveOptics

QuantumOptics
Quantumoptics isafieldofresearchinphysics,dealingwiththeapplicationof quantummechanicstophenomenainvolvinglightanditsinteractionswith matter. Quantumopticsviewselectromagneticradiationastravelingintheformofboth awaveandaparticle,aphenomenacalledwaveparticleduality. Themostcommonexplanationofhowthisworksisthatthephotonsmoveina streamofparticles,buttheoverallbehaviorofthoseparticlesaredeterminedby aquantumwavefunction thatdeterminestheprobabilityoftheparticlesbeing inagivenlocationatagiventime. Example
Atomicorbits Probabilitydensities Energylevels Spectroscopy Lasers

dealswiththewavenatureoflight. >dimensionofaperture/object(If aperturesorobstacles,etchavedimensions comparableto (e.g.<103 )thenwave frontbecomesdistorted). Examples l Interference Diffraction Polarization Scattering
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ApplicationofOptics
Humaneye VisualEffects OpticalInstruments Photography h h AtmosphericOptics
Tutorial1:Provide2exampleforevery applicationofopticsstatedabove.
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AttheendofChapter1
Canyou Describewhatisoptics? Explainthephenomenaoflightfromthepointof source,colorandproperties? Differentiategeometricaloptics,waveopticsand quantumoptics? Giveexampleofgeometricaloptics,waveoptics andquantumoptics Give2exampleofatmosphericoptics.
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