This Chapter Will Discuss The Following Topics:: 5. Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab

5.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab
This chapter will discuss the following topics:

Design of one way spanning simply supported slab and continuous slabs by moment & shear force coefficients. Curtailment of steel bars of slabs by using simplified rules. two-way way spanning slabs and its design. Definition of two Introduction to different types of staircases. Design of longitudinal spanning staircases with and without landings.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)
5-1
5. Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab Types of Slab

Slabs are structural elements forming floors and roofs in buildings. Slabs normally carries uniformly distributed loads. loads Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over supports. Slabs can be classified according to the method of support: Spanning one way between beams or walls Spanning two ways between the supports Flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or walls with no interior beams. beams
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 5-2
One Way Spanning Solid Slabs Idealization for Design Uniformly Loaded Slabs
One way slabs carrying uniform load are designed on the assumption that they consist of a series of rectangular g beam with a width of 1m and spanning between supports. The sections through a simply supported slab and a continuous slab are shown in Fig. 5.1.
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Fig. 5.1
Moment Steel Distribution Steel d h Span p L (a) Moment Steel Distribution Steel
Span L (b)
Beam
Fig 5.1 Fig. 5 1 (a) Simply supported slab; (b) Continuous one-way slab
Effective Span p of Slab

The effective span, l of a member should be calculated as follows: l = ln + a1 + a2 where: ln is the clear distance between the faces of the supports, a1 and a2may be determined from the appropriate ai in figure 5.3 sw is the width of the supporting element Continuous slabs and beams may y generally g y be analysed on the assumption that the supports provide no rotational restraint.
Effective span p (l) for different support pp conditions
Reproduce from HK Code RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 5-6
Arrangement of Loads
The code states that the slab should be designed to resist the most unfavourable arrangement of loads. loads That is to consider the load patterns and the force envelopes. p However, subject to the conditions listed below, one can design g the slab with a single-load g case of max. design load on all spans.
The area of each bay, (i.e. the building width * column spacing > 30 m2). The ratio of Qk to Gk 1.25. (excluding gp partition) ) Qk 5 kN/m2. (
Definitions of p panels and bays y
Reproduce from HK Code RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 5-8
Analysis and Redistribution of Moments

The code states that if the analysis is carried out for a single single-load load case of all spans loaded with max. max load (indeterminate structure), the support moments except p at the supports pp of f cantilevers should be reduced by 20%. This will increase the span moment. (No further redistribution is to be carried out). It should be noted that there is no reduction of support pp moment of cantilever. This is because cantilever is a determinate structure. Reduction in support moment would be on an unsafe side.
Analysis using Moment Coefficients

The Code states that if a one-way spanning continuous slab satisfies the following conditions: The spans are approx. equal (difference in spans 15%) The bay area 30 m2 The characteristic imposed load 5 kN/m2 The ratio of characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load 1.25 There are 3 or more spans
Th The moment t and d shears h f design for d i may be b taken t k from the table 6.4 of the Code which is reproduced here. This table allows for 20% redistribution.
Table 6.4 - Bending Moments and Shear Forces in one-way spanning slabs
Table 6.4 Ultimate Bending Moments and Shear Forces in one-way spanning slabs
End support/slab connection Simple Continuous Near middle of end d span 0.075FL -0.086FL -0.6F At first Middle interior interior spans support Interior supports
Moment Shear NOTE:
At outer Near At outer support middle of support end d span 0 0.086FL -0.04FL 0.4F -0.46F
0.063FL --
-0.063FL 0.5F
F is the total design ultimate load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) L is the effective span.
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Design of Bending Reinforcement of Slab Main Reinforcement Th min. The i and d max. area of f main i reinf. i f for f solid lid slabs : Min. Steel:
Mild steel, fy = 250 N/mm2, 100As /bh = 0.24% High g yield y steel, fy = 460 N/mm2, 100As/bh = 0.13%
Max. Steel:
Mild steel, fy = 250 N/mm2, 100As /bh = 4.0% High yield steel, steel fy = 460 N/mm2, 100As/bh = 4.0% 4 0%
Distribution Reinforcement
We have to provide additional reinforcement, other than main bending reinforcement, in slab. The additional reinforcement is called ll d the h distribution di ib i reinforcement. i f The distribution reinforcement runs at right angles to the main b di reinforcement bending i f t and d serves the th purpose of f tying t i the th slab l b together and prevent the slab from cracking. The area of distribution steel is the same as the min. min area for main reinforcement and not less than 20% of main reinforcement.
100A s = 013 . for high tensile steel Ac
100A s = 0.24 Ac
for mild steel
20% As
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Reinforcement spacing p g
[A] The maximum spacing of bars should comply with the following requirements : for the principal reinforcement, 3h 400 mm for the secondary reinforcement, 3.5h 450 mm. [B] In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum i moment those h provisions ii b become : for the principal reinforcement, 2h 250 mm for the secondary reinforcement, 3h 400 mm.
Curtailment of Bars in Slabs

Curtailment of tension reinforcement and anchoring reinforcement may be carried out in accordance with clause 9.2.1.6 for beams. E cept at end supports Except s pports in every e er flexural fle ral member every e er bar should sho ld extend e tend beyond the point at which in theory it is no longer needed, for a distance at least equal to the greater of: the effective depth of the member; or 12 times the bar diameter. In addition for a bar in the tension zone, one of the following distances for all arrangements of design ultimate load should be considered: an anchorage length appropriate to its design strength (0.87fy) from the point at which it is no longer required to assist in resisting the bending ; or moment; to the point where the design shear capacity of the section is greater than twice the design shear force at that section; or point where other bars continuing g past p that point p provide p double to the p the area required to resist the design bending moment at that section.
[ The point at which a bar is no longer required is the point where the design resistance moment of the section, considering only the continuing bars, is equal to the design moment.] moment ]
Curtailment of Bars in Slabs

It is a normal practice to use the simplified rules given i BS8110 to in t do d the th curtailment t il t of f bars b i slabs. in l b However, one should observe the requirements of the code before using g the simplified p rules. These requirements are listed below:
The slabs Th l b are designed d i d for f predominately d i t l uniformly distributed loads. In continuous slabs the design has been made for the single load case of max. design load on all spans. (i.e. satisfies the requirements of using table 6.4).
The simplified rules are shown in Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.2 - Simplified Rules for Curtailment of Steel Bars of Slabs

50% s
Anchor 12 or stopped at support 0.1L 0.15L or 45 Anchor 12 40% As As=100% 0.1L
0.5L or > 45 As=100% 50% As
Eff i Span Effective S L (a) Simply supported Slab
L (b) Cantilever Slab
0.15L or > 45
0.3L 0.15L or > 45
100% As1
Anchor 12 or stopped at support
0.1L
As=100% 40% As
0.2L
50% As1
Span L (c) Continuous slab
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Cover The amount of cover required for durability and fire protection is taken from Table 4.1 4 1 and Table 4.2 of the code, and Table C and F of the Fire Code. Code
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Shear
In conventional slab design, shear stresses are not critical and shear reinforcement is normally y not required. Wh When a slab l b is i subject bj t to t very heavy h di t ib t d load distributed l d and/or heavy concentrated loads, shear stresses may become significant and the shear capacity of the slab should be checked. Sh Shear reinforcement i f t is i provided id d in i heavily h il loaded l d d thick thi k slabs but should not be used in slabs less than 200 mm thick. (i.e. if the slab is less than 200 mm thick, increase the slab thickness to 200 mm and carry out the checking for shear again to see if shear reinforcement is still required.)
Shear ( for fcu 40 MPa ) In design, the average shear stress v is given by
v = V/bd
The design procedures of shear for slab is essentially the same as that for beams. However, in the design of slab in shear, shear the following points should be noted.
v should not exceed 0.8 f cu or 7 N/mm2 whichever is less. less If v < vc, then no shear reinforcement is required. required
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Shear ( for fcu 40 MPa )

If vc < v (vc + 0.4), then provide min. links as:-
Asv 0.4b sv 0.87 f y yv

if v > (vc + 0.4), provide shear links as
Asv b(v vc ) sv 0.87 f yv
The detailed requirements are given in table 6.8 of the Code.

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Deflection
Similar to beam design, the deflection of slab is checked by comparing the allowable span span-effective effective depth (l/d) ratio with the actual span-effective depth (l/d) ratio of the slab. If the actual l/d ratio is less than the allowable l/d ratio, then the deflection is O.K. Basic span/effective depth ratio for rectangular beam (solid slab): Cantilever slab Simply p y supported pp slabs Continuous slabs End Span 7 20 26 23
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Deflection
Allowable span-effective depth ratio (Basic span-effective p depth p ratio) ) = ( * (Modification factor for tension reinforcement)
Only the tension steel at the centre of span is taken into account. It is noted that the modification factor for compression reinforcement is ignored because it is very seldom to use compression reinforcement in slab. Actual span-effective depth ratio = (Effective span of slab l)/(Effective depth d)
Example 5.1 - Design of a Simply Supported Slab

The slab shown in fig. 5.3 is subjected to characteristic p load of f 3.0 kN/m2 and characteristic dead load f from imposed floor finishes and ceiling of 1.0 kN/m2, and partition load of 1 kN/m2. The slab is 175 mm thick. Design for the slab. Given that:- fcu = 30 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 and nominal cover = 25 mm.
T10-300
175
250
T10 150 T10-150 4000 Fig 5.3 Fig. 53
250
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Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Design load)

D L. D.L Self weight = 0.175 Self-weight 0 175*24 24 Partition Finishes & ceiling load Total Dead load = 4.2 4 2 kN/m2 = 1.0 kN/m2 = 1.0 1 0 kN/m2 = 6.2 kN/m2 = 3.0 kN/m2
L.L
For a 1m width of slab, Design load = 1.4*6.2 1 4*6 2 + 1.6*3 1 6*3 = 13.5 13 5 kN/m
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Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Bending)

Design moment =
wl 2 13.5 * 4 2 = = 27 kNm 8 8
d = 175 - 25 - 10/2 = 145 mm
27 *10 6 M = = 0.043 bd 2 f cu 103 *1452 * 30

From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*145 = 138 mm.
27 *10 6 M As = = = 489mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *138

Provide T10 - 150 c/c (As = 524 mm2) as main reinforcement. Provide T10 - 300 c/c (As = 262 mm2) as Distribution Bars (D.B.)
100 As 100 * 524 = 3 = 0.30 > 0.13 bh 10 *175
100 As 100 * 262 = 3 = 0.15 < 4.0 bh 10 *175
O.K
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Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Shear)

Support reaction = 13.5*4/2 = 27 kN Shear force at face of support = 27 - 13.5*0.25/2 = 25.3 kN Shear stress v = 25.3*103/(103*145) = 0.17 N/mm2
100 As 100 * 524 = 3 = 0.36 bd 10 *145

From design table 6.3 2 > 0.17 2 O.K. vc = 0.62 0 62 N/mm N/ 0 17 N/mm N/ OK No need to provide any shear reinf.
Solution: Ex. 5.1 (deflection) Basic span-effective depth ratio = 20 M 27 *106 = 3 = 1.28 2 2 10 *145 bd
fs = As req 2 2 489 fy = * 460 * = 286 N / mm 2 3 As prov 3 524
From design table 7.4 Modification factor for tension steel = 1.28 1 28 Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1.28 = 25.6 Act al l/d ratio= Actual ratio 4000/145 = 27.6 27 6 > allowable l/d ratio = 25.6 Deflection D fl ti NOT O.K. OK
Example 5.2 - Design of a Continuous Slab

An one-way spanning continuous slab shown in fig. 5.4 is j to characteristic imposed p load of f 3.0 kN/m2 and subject characteristic dead load from floor finishes and ceiling load of 1.0 kN/m2, and partition load of 1 kN/m2. The slab is 150 mm thick. Design for the slab. Given that:- fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 and nominal cover = 25 mm.
Beam B Beam B Beam B Beam B Beam 150
7000 7
(150)
(150)
(150)
(150)
F 4000
G C 4000 Fig. 5.4
H 4000
I E 4000
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Solution: Ex. 5.2 (Design Load)

D L. D.L Self weight = 0.15 Self-weight 0 15*24 24 Partition Finishes & ceiling load Total Dead load = 3.6 3 6 kN/m2 = 1.0 kN/m2 = 1.0 1 0 kN/m2 = 5.6 kN/m2 = 3.0 kN/m2
L.L
For a 1m width of slab, Design load = 1.4*5.6 1 4*5 6 + 1.6*3 1 6*3 = 12.6 12 6 kN/m Total load F on one span = 12.6*4 = 50.4 kN
Solution: Ex.5.2 (Design Moments & Shear Forces)

Since the bay size (7m * 4* 4 = 112 m2) > 30 m2, the spans q and qk is not g greater than 1.25 gk, and qk < 5 kN/m2. are equal The moment coefficient shown in the design table 6.4 can be used.
Position Sagging M Moment t (kNm) Hogging Moment (kNm) Shear (kN) A&E
---
B&D
---
C
---
F&I
0.075FL = 0.075 0 075*50 50.4 4*4 4 = 15.1
G&H
0.063FL = 0 063*50 0.063 50.4 4*4 4 = 12.7
0.04FL 0 04FL = 0.04*50.4*4 = 8.1
0 086FL = 0.086FL 0.086*50.4*4 = 17.3
0 063FL = 0.063FL 0.063*50.4*4 = 12.7
---
---
0.46F = 0.46*50.4 = 23.2
0.6F = 0.6*50.4 = 30.2
0.5F = 0.5*50.4 = 25.2
---
---
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Solution: Ex.5.2 (At Supports A & E)

M = 8.1 kNm (hogging) d = 150 - 25 - 10/2 = 120 mm
M bd fcu
2
8.1 * 10 6 10 * 120 * 30
3 2
= 0.018 < 0.132 ( b = 0.8 )
From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95*120 0 95*120 = 114 mm. mm M 8.1*106 As = = = 178mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *114 Provide T10 - 300 c/c Top (As = 262 mm2)
100 As 100 * 262 = 3 = 0.175 > 0.13 bh 10 *150 < 4.0 O.K.
Solution: Ex.5.2 (At Supports B & D)

M = 17.3 kNm (hogging) d = 150 - 25 - 10/2 = 120 mm
M bd 2 fcu = 17.3 * 10 6 10 3 * 120 2 * 30 = 0.040 < 0.132 ( b = 0.8 )
From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95*120 0 95*120 = 114 mm. mm

M 17.3 *106 As = = = 380mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *114
Provide T10 - 200 c/c Top p( (As = 393 mm2)

100 As 100 * 393 = 3 = 0.262 > 0.13 bh 10 *150 < 4.0 O.K.
5-34
Solution: Ex.5.2 ( (Support pp C, , Spans p G & H) )

M = 12.7 kNm (hogging at C, sagging at spans G & H) d = 150 - 25 - 10/2 = 120 mm
M 12.7 *10 6 = = 0.029 < 0.132( b = 0.8) and 0.156 bd 2 f cu 103 *120 2 * 30

M 12.7 *106 As = = = 279mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *114
Provide T10 - 275 c/c ( (As = 286 mm2)

100 As 100 * 286 = 3 = 0.19 > 0.13 bh 10 *150 < 4.0 O.K.
Solution: Ex. 5.2 (Span F & I)

M = 15.1 kNm (sagging) d = 150 - 25 - 10/2 = 120 mm
M 15.1*106 = = 0.035 < 0.156 bd 2 f cu 103 *120 2 * 30

M 15.1*106 As = = = 331mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *114
Provide T10 - 200 c/c Bottom ( (As = 393 mm2)

100 As 100 * 393 = 3 = 0.26 > 0.13 bh 10 *150 < 4.0 O.K.
5-36

By inspection, max. shear force V= 0.6F = 0.6*50.4=30.2 kN v = V/bd = 30.2*103 / (103*120) = 0.25 N/mm2
100 As 100 * 393 = 3 = 0.33 bd 10 *120

From design table 6.3, 6 3 vc = 0.63 0 63 N/mm2 > v = 0.25 0 25 N/mm2 No need to provide any shear reinforcement.
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Solution: Ex. 5.2 (Deflection)

For continuous slab, basic l/d ratio = 23 Max. deflection occurs at spans F & I M 15.1*106 = = 1.05 bd 2 103 *120 2 As req 2 2 331 fs = f y = * 460 * = 259 N / mm 2 3 As prov 3 393 From design table 7.4 7 4 modification factor = 1.48 1 48 Allowable Allo able l/d ratio = 23*1.48 23*1 48 = 34.0 34 0 Actual l/d ratio = 4000/120 = 33.3 < 34.0 O.K.
Fig. 5.5 - R.C. Details for Ex. 5.2
T10-300c/c T10-325c/c
T10-200c/c T10-225 c/c
Distribution Steel T10-350 c/c
T10-275c/c T10-300 c/c
T10-200c/c T10-250 c/c
Beam B
T10-275c/c T10-300 c/c
Fig. 5.5 - R.C. Details of the Continuous Slab
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Two-way Spanning Slab Design

When floor slabs are supported on four sides two-way spanning action occurs as shown in Figure 5.6. In square slabs, the action is equal in each direction In narrow slabs where the length is greater than twice the direction. breadth the action is effectively one way. However the end beams always carry some slab load. Two-way slabs may be classified according to the edge conditions. They can be defined as follows: Simply supported one panel slabs where the corners can lift away from the supports. A one panel l slab l b held h ld down d on four f sides id by b integral i t l edge d beams b (the stiffness of the edge beam affects the slab design) Slabs with all edges g continuous over supports pp A slab with one, two or three edges continuous over supports - the discontinuous edge(s) may be simply supported or held down by integral edge beams (see Figure 5.7) 5 7)

Edge Beam
ly
lx
Strips spanning between supports
(l y > 2 lx ) Strip spans across short span (b) One-way action Fi Figure 2.8 25.6 8 Figure
(a) Two-way action
5-41

D D C C D C D C D D D D D
C C
C C
C D D C
C
D D
C - Continuous Edge D - Discontinuous Edge
Figure - Edge Conditions Figure g 2.9 5.7 Edge g Conditions

Two-way Spanning Slab Design The centre strips and location of max. moments are shown h i Figure in Fi 58 5.8
ly
1m 1m msy Load on beam B
B A
lx
msx 1m (a)
Load on beam A
1m
(b)
Load causing shear
Figure 2.10 - (a) Centre strips; (b) Loads on beams and slab shears Figure 5.8 (a) Centre Strips (b) Loads on beams and slab shears
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Two-way Spanning Slab Design Simply Supported The design of simply supported slabs may be made in accordance with Cl.6.1.3.3. Cl 6 1 3 3 This cl. cl gives the following equations for max. moment msx and msy at mid-span on strips of unit width for spans lx and ly respectively, where lx is the length of shorter span, ly is the length of the longer span, span n = 1.4g 1 4gk + 1.6q 1 6qk per unit area and sx, sy are the moment coeff. from Table 6.5 6 5 of the Code. Code msx = sxn lx2, msy = syn lx2
5-44
Reproduce from Ref. 3 RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 5-45
Two-way Spanning Slab Design Simply Supported Design Requirements for Two-way Slabs Bending B di Reinforcement R i f (K 0.156 0 156 & for f fcu 45 MPa) MP )
Similar to One-Way Spanning Slab except that main reinforcement has to be provided in both directions based on moments of msx and msy. Shear Reinforcement Same as One-Way Spanning Slab. Deflection For deflection control, it is necessary to check the span/effective depth ratio of the shorter span.
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Stair Slabs - Types of Stair Slab Transverse Spanning Stair Slabs

Transverse spanning stair slabs span between walls, walls a wall and stringer, or between two stringer (edge beam). p g between a wall and a stringer, g , The stair slab spanning and the stair slab cantilevered from wall are shown in Fig. 5.10.
Longitudinal Spanning Stair Slabs

The stair slab spans between supports at the top and g The supports pp may y be beams, , walls bottom of the flight. or landing slabs. A common type of the staircase is shown in Fig. 5.11.
Main Reinf. B
A Span Tread Riser
Stringer St i Beam
B Light Mesh
L
C
Waist
Sec. A-A
Sec. B-B Cantilever Stairs Fig. 5.8 Figure 5.10

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Stairs spanning horizontally

Bending (Short Span) msx = sx*n*lx2 = 0.099*23.4*4.52 = 46.9 kNm d = 220 -25-12/2 25 12/2 = 189 mm
msx 46.9 *10 6 = = 0.038 < 0.156 bd 2 f cu 103 *189 2 * 35

M 46.9 *10 6 = = 655mm 2 As = 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *179
Provide T12 - 150 c/c (As = 754 mm2)

100 As 100 * 754 = 3 = 0.34 > 0.13 bh 10 * 220 < 4.0 4 0 O.K. OK

Bending (Long Span) msy = sy*n*lx2 = 0.051*23.4*4.52 = 24.2 kNm d = 220 -25-12 - 10/2 = 178 mm
msy bd 2 f cu = 24.2 *10 6 = 0.022 < 0.156 103 *1782 * 35

M 24.2 *10 6 = = 358mm 2 As = 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *169
Provide T10 - 200 c/c (As = 393 mm2)

100 As 100 * 393 = 3 = 0.18 > 0.13 bh 10 * 220 < 4.0 4 0 O.K. OK

Deflection (Check Short Span Only) Basic l/d ratio = 20 (table 7.3)
M sx 46.9 *106 = 3 = 1.31 2 2 bd 10 *189

fs = As req 2 2 655 fy = * 460 * = 266 N/mm 2 3 As prov 3 754
modification factor = 1.35 1 35
From design table 7.4, 74
Allowable l/d ratio = 20 20*1 1.35 35 = 27.0 27 0 Actual l/d ratio = 4500 / 189 = 23.8 < allowable ratio = 27.0 Deflection O.K.

Shear (Most Critical in Long Span Direction) Max. shear force p per 1 m width slab V= 23.4*4.5/2 = 52.7 kN Shear stress v = 52.7*103 / (103*178) = 0.30 N/mm2
100 As 100 * 393 = = 0.22 (Long Span) bd 1000 *178

35 From design table 6.3, vc = 0.47 N/mm2 x 25
2 > 0.30 0 30 N/mm / No shear reinforcement required.
1 3
5-52
Stair Slabs - Types of Stair Slab Transverse Spanning Stair Slabs

Transverse spanning stair slabs span between walls, walls a wall and stringer, or between two stringer (edge beam). p g between a wall and a stringer, g , The stair slab spanning and the stair slab cantilevered from wall are shown in Fig. 5.10.
Longitudinal Spanning Stair Slabs

The stair slab spans between supports at the top and g The supports pp may y be beams, , walls bottom of the flight. or landing slabs. A common type of the staircase is shown in Fig. 5.11.
Main Reinf. B
A Span Tread Riser
Stringer St i Beam
B Light Mesh
L
C
Waist
Sec. A-A
Sec. B-B Cantilever Stairs Fig. 5.8 Figure 5.10

5-54
Stairs spanning horizontally
C L
C L
Span Plan Sec

(a) Both Landings span traversely
C L
Span Plan Sec
(b) One landing spans traversely and the other spans longitudinally Fig. 5.9 Figure 5.11
5-55
Example 5.4 - Design of Staircase

The stairs shown in fig. 5.12 is spanning longitudinally pp g beams. The effective ff span p is 3m. The between the supporting waist of the stairs is 140 mm, the riser of the stairs is 150 mm with 260 mm treads . The imposed load is 3.0 kN/m2, and the characteristic material strengths are fcu = 30 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. The cover to the main reinforcement = 25 mm. Design the bending reinforcement and check deflection for the stairs.
5-56
Figure 5.12
400 2600 400
Beam 1
Beam 2
(140)
w = 12.7 12 7 kN/m
3000
Solution: Ex. 5.4 (Design Load)

Span = 400/2 + 2600 + 400/2 = 3000 mm Slope of the step = 260 2 + 150 2 = 300.1 300 1 mm Increase in weight due to the slope = 300.1 / 260 = 1.15 Consider a 1m width of stairs, D L Weight of waist = 0.14*24*1.15 D.L. 0 14*24*1 15 Steps = 0.15*0.5*24 total D.L. DL
= 3.86 3 86 kN/m = 1.8 kN/m = 5.66 5 66 kN/m
L.L L L. = 3.0 3 0 kN/m Design load = 1.4*5.66 + 1.6*3 = 12.7 kN/m

1400
150
1400

Design g moment M = wl2 / 8 = 12.7*32 / 8 = 14.3 kNm d = 140 - 25 - 10/2 = 110 mm M 14.3 *106 = = 0.039 < 0.156 0 156 bd 2 f cu 1000 *110 2 * 30 From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*110 = 104 mm
M 14.3 *106 As = = = 344mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *104

Provide T10 - 225 c/c (As = 349 mm2) as main reinforcement Provide T10 - 300 c/c (As = 262 mm2) as D.B. 100 As 100 * 349 0 13 = = 0.25 > 0.13 1000 *140 bh 100A s 100 * 262 = = 0.19 < 4.0 O.K. bh 1000 *140

Basic l/d ratio = 20, M 14.3 *106 = = 1.18 bd 2 1000 *110 2 As req 2 2 344 fs = f y = * 460 * = 303 N / mm 2 3 A s prov 3 349 From design table 7.4, modification factor = 1.25 As the flight occupies more than 60% of the span (2600/3000*100 = 86.7%), a further increase of 15 % is p permitted. Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1.25*1.15 = 28.8 Actual l/d ratio = 3000/110 = 27.3 O.K.
Example 5.5 - Design of stairs and landings

A reinforced concrete staircase well as shown in Fig. 5.13 has the staircases supported pp by y the landings. g The weight g of f finishes on the staircase and landings is equivalent to 25 mm thick of concrete on plan. The characteristic imposed load on the staircase is 3 kN/m2. Design the required bending reinforcement for each flight of staircase and landing. Given that the risers are 165 mm high, high treads are 250 mm wide and the waist and landings are 160 mm thick. Check the q y of f the f flight g section and landing g against g deflection. f adequacy The characteristic material strengths are fcu = 30 N/nn2 and fy = 460 N/mm2. The cover to main reinforcement = 25 mm.
5-61
1500
2000
1500
1400
w = 29.1 kN Nm
150
w =14.9 kN/m 750 2000 750
14.9 kN
14.9 kN
Fig. 5.11 Figure 5.13
1400
2800
5-62
150
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Flight - Design Load)

Span of stair = 750 + 2000 + 750 = 3500 mm Slope of the step = 165 2 + 250 2 = 300 mm Increase in weight due to the sloping length = 300 / 250 = 1.2 12 Consider a 1m width of stairs, D L Weight of waist = 0.16*24*1.2 D.L. 0 16*24*1 2 = 4.61 4 61 kN/m Steps = 0.165*0.5*24 = 1.98 kN/m Finishes = 0.025*24 0 025*24 = 0.60 0 60 kN/m total D.L. = 7.19 kN/m
L.L. = 3.0 kN/m D i load Design l d = 1.4*7.2 1 4*7 2 + 1.6*3 1 6*3 = 14.9 14 9 kN/m kN/
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Flight - Bending)

Design moment M=14.9*(2/2)*1.75 - 14.9*1*0.5= 18.6 kNm d = 160 - 25 - 10/2 = 130 mm 18.6 *106 M = = 0.037 < 0.156 bd 2 f cu 1000 *130 2 * 30 From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*130 = 123 mm
M 18.6 *106 As = = = 378mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 * 460 *123
Provide T10 - 175 c/c (As = 449 mm2) as main reinforcement Provide T10 - 350 c/c (As = 224 mm2) as D.B. 100 As 100 * 449 = = 0.28 > 0.13 0 13 1000 *160 bh 100A s 100 * 224 = = 0.14 < 4.0 4 0 O.K. OK bh 1000 *160
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Flight - Deflection)

Basic l/d ratio = 20
M 18.6 *106 = = 1.10 bd 2 1000 *130 2
fs =
As req 2 2 3 8 378 fy = * 460 * = 258 N/mm 2 3 A s prov 3 449
From design table 7.4, modification factor = 1.46 Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1 20*1.46 46 = 29 29.2 2 Actual l/d ratio = 3500/130 = 26.9 < allo allowable able ratio = 29 29.2 2 O.K.
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Landing - Design Load)

Span = 1400 + 150 + 1400 - 150/2 -150/2 = 2800 mm Consider the whole width of the landing (i.e. (i e 1500 mm)
DL D.L.
Weight of landing = 0.16 0 16*24*1 24 1.5 5 Finishes = 0.025*24*1.5 total D.L. DL 3 0 *1.5 3.0 *1 5
= 5.76 5 76 kN/m = 0.9 kN/m = 6.66 6 66 kN/m = 4.5 4 5 kN/m
L L. L.L
Reaction from stairs (factored)
= 14.9 14 9 kN/m
D i loading Design l di = (1.4*6.7 (1 4*6 7 + 1.6*4.5) 1 6*4 5) + 14.9 14 9 = 31.5 31 5 kNm kN

Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Landing - Bending)

Design g moment M = wl2 / 8 =31.5*2.82 / 8 = 30.9 kNm d = 160 - 25 - 10/2 = 130 mm
M bd fcu
2
30.9 * 10 6 1500 * 130 * 30

2
= 0.041 < 0.156
From design table 1, z = 0.95d = 0.95*130 = 123 mm

M 1000 30.9 *10 6 = = 419mm 2 As = * 0.87 f y z 1500 0.87 * 460 *123
5-67
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Landing - Bending)

Provide T10 - 175 c/c (As = 449 mm2) as main reinforcement (As = 224 mm2) as D.B. Provide T10 - 350 c/c (
100 As 100 * 449 = = 0.28 > 0.13 bh 1000 *160 100A s 100 * 224 = = 0.14 < 4.0 O.K. bh 1000 *160
5-68
Solution: Ex. 5.5 (Landing - Deflection)

Basic l/d ratio = 20
M 30.9 *10 6 = = 1.22 bd 2 1500 *130 2
fs =
As ,req 2 2 419 fy = * 460 * = 287 N / mm 2 3 As , p 3 449 prov
From design table 7.4, modification factor = 1.30 Allowable l/d ratio = 20*1.30 = 26 Act al l/d ratio = 2800/130 = 21.5 Actual 21 5 < Allowable ratio = 26 OK O.K.
DESIGN FORMULAE (Based on HK Code 2004)
K z = d 0.5 + 0.25 0.9
Table 1:
K= M/bd fcu l a = z/d
2
0.043 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.156
0.950
0.941
0.928
0.915
0.901
0.887
0.873
0.857
0.842
0.825
0.807
0.789
0.775
5-70
Table 3 Area of Steel Reinforcement p per Meter

Steel Reinforcement - Area per one meter (mm2 /m) Bar Spacing in mm 100 125 150 175 200 Bar Size 503 402 335 287 251 8 785 628 524 449 393 10 1131 905 754 646 565 12 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 16 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 20 4909 3927 3273 2805 2454 25 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 32 12566 10053 8378 7181 6283 40
225 223 349 503 894 1396 2182 3574 5585
250 201 314 452 804 1257 1964 3217 5027
275 183 286 411 731 1142 1785 2925 4570
300 168 262 377 670 1047 1636 2681 4189
350 144 224 323 574 898 1403 2298 3590
5-71
Table 4.1 Classification of Exposure Conditions
Table 4.2 Nominal Cover to All Reinforcement
Table C Minimum Slab Thickness (FRP)
Table F Minimum Thickness of Stairs (FRP)

Reproduce from Ref. 3
5-75
Table 6.3 - Values of vc Design Concrete Shear Stress
Reproduce from Ref. 3 5-76
Table 6.4 - Ultimate Bending Moment and Shear Forces in One way Spanning Slabs One-way
Table 6.8 - Form and Area of Shear Reinforcement in Solid Slabs
Table 7.3 - Basic Span/Effective Depth Ratio
Table 7.4 - Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement
Self-Assessment Questions Q
Q1. State the conditions for using the moment coefficients of the Table 6.4 of HK Code. Answer What are the functions of distribution bars in slab? Choices: (a) To increase the flexural strength of the slab. (b) To increase the shear strength of the slab. slab (c) To prevent cracking. (d) To tie up the concrete of the slab. slab
Q2.
5-81
Q3. State the conditions for using the simplified rules of curtailment of slab in accordance of BS8110.. Answer What is the maximum spacing of main reinforcement in y assume the effective a 150 mm thick slab? You may depth = 120 mm. Choices: (a) 250 mm (b) 300 mm (c) 350 mm
Q4.
5-82
Q5. Can you redistribute the moment at the support of a cantilever slab of a multi-span p continuous slab? Answer For a simply supported two-way spanning slab with a ly/ lx ratio of 1.65. Determine the the values of sx and sy. Answers: sx = 0.1094 sy. = 0.0406
Q6.
5-83
Q7. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct g g the design g of shear reinforcement for slab? regarding (a) v should not exceed 0.8 f cu or 7 N/mm2 whichever is less. less (b) If v < vc, no shear reinforcement is required. (c) If v < vc, min. links are required. ( ) If vc < v ( (d) (vc + 0.4), ), min. links are required. q (e) If 0.5vc < v (vc + 0.4), min. links are required. (f) ( ) If v > ( (vc + 0.4), ), p provide shear links. Answer: a, b, d & f are correct.
Assignment g No. 5
AQ1 A simply supported one-way spanning slab has an effective span p of 4.5 m. The slab is 225 mm thick and is subjected to a characteristic imposed load of 5 kN/m2. There is a 25 mm thick finish on top of slab. Design the main and secondary reinforcement for the slab. Check for deflection of the slab by using spaneffective depth ratio approach. approach (a) The unit weight of finishes = 24 kN/m3. (b) The nominal cover to reinforcement is 25 mm. (c) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.
5-85
Assignment No. 5
AQ2 A continuous one-way spanning slab has an effective p of 3.6 m as shown in Fig. g AQ2. Q The slab is 140 span mm thick. The slab is subjected to a ceiling load of 0.5 kN/m2, a partition load of 1 kN/m2 and a characteristic imposed load of 5 kN/m2. There is a 30 mm thick finish on top of slab. Design the main and secondary reinforcement for the slab. slab Check the shear resistance and the span-effective depth ratio of the slab. ( ) The (a) Th unit i weight i h of f finishes fi i h = 24 kN/m kN/ 3. (b) The nominal cover to reinforcement is 25 mm. (c) fcu = 30 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2. (d) Bay size > 30 m2
Assignment No. 5
140 160
F 3600 4000 000
G 3600 4000 000
H 3600 4000 000
I 3600 4000 000
Fig. AQ2
5-87
Assignment No. 5
AQ3 A two-way spanning slab in an office building g 5m x 7.5m is simply p y supported pp at the edges g measuring with no provision to resist torsion at the corners or to hold the corners down. The slab is 220 mm thick. The total dead load including the self-weight, finishes partitions, services, etc. is 6.2 kN/m2. The imposed load is 3 kN/m2. Design the bending reinforcement for the slab. Check the shear resistance and the spanp ratio of the slab. effective depth (a) The nominal cover to reinforcement is 30 mm. (b) ( ) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.
5-88
Assignment No. 5
AQ4 A reinforced concrete staircase well is shown in Fig. AQ4. The weight of finishes on the staircase is equivalent to 30 mm thick concrete on plan. The characteristic imposed load on the staircase is 5 kN/m2. D i the Design th required i d bending b di reinforcement i f t and d check h k the span-effective depth ratio for the flight and landing of staircase. Given that the risers are 175 mm high and treads are 225 mm wide. The waist of flight and the thickness of landing are 140 mm. (a) The nominal cover to reinforcement is 30 mm. (b) fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2.
5-89
Assignment No. 5
2000 150 0 2025 250
(14 40)
Be eam 1
26 600
(140)
150
Fig. AQ4
14 400
10 00
1400

This Chapter Will Discuss The Following Topics:: 5. Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab

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5.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab

This chapter will discuss the following topics:

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

5. Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab Types of Slab

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Effective Span p of Slab

Effective span p (l) for different support pp conditions

Definitions of p panels and bays y

Analysis and Redistribution of Moments

Analysis using Moment Coefficients

Moment Shear NOTE:

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

for mild steel

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Curtailment of Bars in Slabs

Curtailment of Bars in Slabs

The simplified rules are shown in Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.2 - Simplified Rules for Curtailment of Steel Bars of Slabs

Eff i Span Effective S L (a) Simply supported Slab

L (b) Cantilever Slab

0.3L 0.15L or > 45

Anchor 12 or stopped at support

Span L (c) Continuous slab

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Shear ( for fcu 40 MPa )

Asv 0.4b sv 0.87 f y yv

The detailed requirements are given in table 6.8 of the Code.

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Example 5.1 - Design of a Simply Supported Slab

T10 150 T10-150 4000 Fig 5.3 Fig. 53

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Design load)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Bending)

d = 175 - 25 - 10/2 = 145 mm

27 *10 6 M = = 0.043 bd 2 f cu 103 *1452 * 30

Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Bending)

100 As 100 * 524 = 3 = 0.30 > 0.13 bh 10 *175

100 As 100 * 262 = 3 = 0.15 < 4.0 bh 10 *175

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 5.1 (Shear)

100 As 100 * 524 = 3 = 0.36 bd 10 *145

Example 5.2 - Design of a Continuous Slab

G C 4000 Fig. 5.4

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex. 5.2 (Design Load)

Solution: Ex.5.2 (Design Moments & Shear Forces)

0.04FL 0 04FL = 0.04*50.4*4 = 8.1

0 086FL = 0.086FL 0.086*50.4*4 = 17.3

0 063FL = 0.063FL 0.063*50.4*4 = 12.7

0.46F = 0.46*50.4 = 23.2

0.6F = 0.6*50.4 = 30.2

0.5F = 0.5*50.4 = 25.2

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Solution: Ex.5.2 (At Supports A & E)

= 0.018 < 0.132 ( b = 0.8 )

Solution: Ex.5.2 (At Supports B & D)

From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95*120 0 95*120 = 114 mm. mm

27 10 6 M = = 0.043 bd 2 f cu 103 1452 * 30

0.04FL 0 04FL = 0.0450.44 = 8.1

0 086FL = 0.086FL 0.08650.44 = 17.3

0 063FL = 0.063FL 0.06350.44 = 12.7

From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95120 0 95120 = 114 mm. mm

From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95120 0 95120 = 114 mm. mm

From design table 1, 1 z = 0.95d 0 95d = 0.95120 0 95120 = 114 mm. mm

M sx 46.9 106 = 3 = 1.31 2 2 bd 10 189

L.L L L. = 3.0 3 0 kN/m Design load = 1.45.66 + 1.63 = 12.7 kN/m

M 14.3 106 As = = = 344mm 2 0.87 f y z 0.87 460 *104