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INGLS TCNICO MDULO NICO CARRERA: ADMINISTRACIN DE EMPRESAS CURSO: 3 AO CONTADOR PBLICO CURSO: 4 AO PROFESORA: GRACIELA FIGUEROA DE MORALEDA

SALTA - 2013

Educacin
A DISTANCIA

AUTORIDADES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CANCILLER


Su Excelencia Reverendsima Mons. MARIO ANTONIO CARGNELLO Arzobispo de Salta

RECTOR
Pbro. Licenciado JORGE ANTONIO MANZARZ

VICE-RECTOR ACADMICO
Mg. MARA ISABEL VIRGILI de RODRGUEZ

VICE-RECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO
Mg. Lic. GRACIELA PINAL de CID

SECRETARIA GENERAL
Dra. ADRIANA IBARGUREN

Indice general
CurrIculum Vitae ............................................. 9 I. Fundamentos ............................................. 13 II. Objetivos .................................................. 13 III. Programa de la Asignatura ....................... 14 IV. Bibliografa ............................................... 16 V. Presentacin de la asignatura .................. 17 VI. Evaluacin y condicin para la regularizacin ........................................... 19 VII. Gua de trabajos para mdulos y apndice de traduccin ........................................... 20 Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) ................................... 50 The Layout of the Company (El trazado de la compaa) ...................... 50 Buildings in a company (Edificar una compaa) ........................... 50 Extra Practice ............................................... 53

UNIT III
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1) .................................... 55 Meeting and Welcoming (Encuentros y Bienvenidas) ............................................ 55 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) .................................... 59 Describing business activities (Describiendo actividades de negocios) ... 59 An invitation for dinner (Una invitacion para cenar) ............................................... 60 Activities in the office (Actividades en la oficina)......................... 60 Activities at the weekend (Actividades el fin de semana).......................................... 60 Days of the week (Das de la semana) ......... 61 Frequency adverbs (Adverbios de frecuencia) ............................................... 61 Grammar structures (See Grammar notes) .. 61 Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) .................................... 65 Saying Goodbye (Despidindose) ................ 65 Months of the Year ........................................ 65 Extra Practice ............................................... 68 GRAMMAR NOTES ..................................... 71 To be - Past tense, negative form (pasado negativo)..................................... 81 To be: Past tense, question form (Pasado - Forma interrogativa) ................. 81 Past tense - Regular Verbs (Tiempo Pasado - Verbos regulares) ........ 83 Past tense: negative form (Pasado - Forma negativa) ....................... 84 Used to ......................................................... 87 To be + born (nacer) ..................................... 87 Future tense with will (Tiempo futuro con will) .......................... 88

UNIT I
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1) .................................... 23 Greetings: Saludos ....................................... 23 Introductions: Presentaciones ....................... 23 Welcoming: Dando la bienvenida .................. 24 Asking and giving the name .......................... 24 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) ................................... 26 Asking about cities, countries and nationalities (Preguntando sobre ciudades, pases y nacionalidades) .......... 26 Sking and answering about companies. (Preguntando y respondiendo sobre compaas) .............................................. 27 Talking about jobs (Hablando sobre empleos) ....................... 27 Talking about departments in a company (hablando sobre departamentos/secciones en una compaa.).................................... 28 Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) .................................... 33 The Alphabet (El alfabeto) ............................. 33 Numbers: 0 to 10 (Nmeros 0 a 10) .............. 33 Numbers: 11 to 100 ...................................... 33 The time: (La hora) ........................................ 34 Extra practice ............................................... 38

UNIT II
Lesson1(Leccin1) ....................................... 41 You and your company ................................. 41 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) .................................... 47 Ordinal numbers (Nmeros de orden) ........... 47 Numbers 100 to 1000 (Nmeros 100 a 1000) .............................. 47 Talking about the office (Hablando hacerca de la oficina) ............................... 47

APNDICE DE TRADUCCIN CAPTULO I


El artculo indefinido a - an ....................... 93 Plurales ........................................................ 93

CAPTULO II
Pronombres personales (sujeto) ................... 97 El verbo To be (irregular) .............................. 97 Verbo To be como ser. Ejercicios ................. 97 Verbo To be como estar ............................. 98 Verbo To be Forma negativa ..................... 99 Las formas abreviadas del verbo To be ...... 99 To be con adjetivos. Ejercicios ................. 100 Otras traducciones de To be .................... 100 To be: Simple Past Tense (Pretrito Imperfecto) ............................. 103

Forma pasiva con ought to: ought to be + participio ........................... 131 Formas impersonales con ought to .......... 131 Forma pasiva con should: should be + participio pasado ................. 132 Formas impersonales con should ............. 132 Forma pasiva con used to: ....................... 134 Formas impersonales con used to ............ 134

CAPTULO IX
El imperativo ............................................... 137

CAPTULO III
"There is"; "There are": Hay ........................ 105 There was, There were: hubo, haba ........... 105 Some, Any ............................................... 105

CAPTULO X
El tiempo Present Simple.......................... 139 El tiempo Past Simple ............................... 140 Formas impersonales con Present Simple y Past Simple ........... 142 The adjective and the adverb: el adjetivo y el adverbio .............................................. 143 El adverbio .................................................. 144 Grados de comparacin del adjetivo y del adverbio ................................................. 145 Grado Superlativo ....................................... 147 Adjetivos y adverbios que forman comparativo y superlativo irregularmente ........................................ 148 Traduccin de adverbios y frases adverbiales ............................................. 149 Palabras en funcin adjetiva ....................... 150 Los tiempos perfectos ................................. 150 Past Perfect ................................................ 152 Present and Past Perfect Continuous ......... 154 Formas pasivas de los tiempos Present Perfect y Past Perfect ........................ 154 Formas impersonales de los tiempos Present Perfect y Past Perfect .......... 155 Verbos defectivos con Perfect Tenses ..... 156 Los tiempos futuros .................................... 156 Future Continuous ...................................... 157 Future Perfect ............................................. 158 Formas pasivas del futuro ........................... 158 Formas impersonales del Futuro ................. 158 La forma ing .............................................. 159 Forma pasiva presente ............................... 161 Formas perfectas ........................................ 161 Formas impersonales ................................. 162 Oraciones condicionales ............................ 162 Ing ............................................................ 163 6

CAPTULO IV
Partes principales del verbo ........................ 109

CAPTULO V
Los tiempos continuos .............................. 111 Present Continuous con sentido de futuro 112 Going to .................................................... 112

CAPTULO VI
Voz pasiva .................................................. 113

CAPTULO VII
Pronombres ................................................ 115 Adjetivos Posesivos ................................... 116 Pronombres Posesivos .............................. 116 Pronombres Reflexivos .............................. 118 Pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos ....... 119 Pronombres recprocos .............................. 120 Pronombres relativos .................................. 121 Omisiones de pronombres relativos ............ 122

CAPTULO VIII
Verbos defectivos ....................................... 123 Formas impersonales con can y could ... 125 Formas de voz pasiva con May y Might . 127 Formas impersonales con May y Might .. 127 Formas pasivas con must y have to ...... 129 Formas impersonales con must y have to ................................................ 130

El infinitivo ................................................... 166 Traducciones del infinitivo ........................... 166 Infinitivo pasivo ........................................... 167 Infinitivo perfecto ......................................... 168 Forma continua ........................................... 168 Revisin de los tiempos verbales en voz pasiva ......................................... 169 Uso del Diccionario ..................................... 173

Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) .................................. 222 Plans for the future (Planes para el futuro) .. 222 Objectives of companies (Objetivos de las compaas) ....................................... 223 Extra Practice ............................................. 226

WRITING
First steps to business writing ..................... 227 Writing messages ....................................... 227 Writing faxes ............................................... 227 Writing e-mails ............................................ 228 Writing notes ............................................... 232 Writing memos ............................................ 233 Writing a business letter .............................. 235 BIBLIOGRAFA .......................................... 239 INTRODUCCIN ....................................... 240 Cmo facilitar nuestro trabajo de traduccin? ............................................ 240 Formacin de palabras ............................... 242 Accidentes gramaticales ............................. 243 Composicin ............................................... 244 Ubicacin de la palabra en la oracin .......... 245 El Sustantivo............................................... 247 El Verbo ...................................................... 247 Palabras que acompaan al verbo .............. 248 Recomendaciones para la lectura de textos largos .......................................... 252 Mtodo para la lectura de textos largos ....... 254 Tcnicas de lectura .................................... 255 A business book ......................................... 258 Human resources ....................................... 276 key words ................................................... 276 Cuestionario de Opinin .............................. 283

UNIT IV
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1) .................................. 181 Making arrangements (Planeando) ............. 181 Prepositions: (Preposiciones) ..................... 182 Dates .......................................................... 183 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) .................................. 187 Confirming arrangements (Confirmando planes) ............................. 187 Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) .................................. 190 Making excuses (Disculpndose) ............... 190 Apologies (Disculpas) ................................. 190 Excuses (Excusas) .................................... 190 Accepting apologies (Aceptando disculpas)............................ 190 Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes .............................. 191 Extra Practice ............................................. 194

UNIT V
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1) .................................. 195 Making and receiving calls .......................... 195 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) .................................. 199 Directions (Direcciones) ............................. 199 Lesson 3 (Leccin 3) .................................. 203 Entertaining ................................................. 203 Prices ......................................................... 204 Offers and requests .................................... 204 Drinks (Bebidas) ......................................... 204 Food (Alimentos) ........................................ 205 Desserts (Postres) ..................................... 206 Extra Activities ............................................ 210

UNIT VI
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1) .................................. 213 Your background (Su historia personal) ...... 213 Lesson 2 (Leccin 2) .................................. 218 Company History ........................................ 218

CurrIculum Vitae
Datos Personales
Apellido y Nombres: Figueroa de Moraleda, Alicia Graciela D.N.I: 11.283.789 Domicilio: San Juan 2.044 - Salta Telfono: 4316788 Lugar y Fecha de Nacimiento: Salta, 30 de Setiembre de 1.954 Estado Civil: Casada Estudios Primarios: Colegio Nuestra Seora del Huerto Estudios Secundarios: Colegio Nuestra Seora del Huerto Estudios Universitarios: Universidad Catlica de Salta Ttulos: Profesora en Ingls Certificado de la Universidad de Oxford (The Oxford Examination in English as a Foreign Languaje- Preliminary Level)

Cargos Ocupados
- Escuela de Manualidades Dr. Joaqun Castellanos -Profesora de Ingls- I.C.I.S (Instituto de Cultura Inglesa Salta) -Profesora de Ingls- E.N.E.T N 42 Alberto Einstein - Jefa Departamento de Ingls- Instituto Secundario Hernando de Lerma -Profesora de Ingls. - I.S.I.C.A.N.A -Profesora Nios, adolescentes y adultos- I.S.I.C.A.N.A -Secretaria Docente- I.S.I.C.A.N.A -Vice Directora-.I.S.I.C.A.N.A -Vice Rectora del Profesorado para la Enseanza de la Lengua Inglesa a nivel inicial y primario. - I.S.I.C.A.N.A (Profesorado de Ingls) - Profesora de la ctedra Metodologa y Observacin Pedaggica - Profesora de la ctedra Metodologa de la Prctica y Residencia Pedaggica - Colegio Santa Mara - Jefa del Departamento de Ingls- EGB3 y Polimodal. - E.N.E.T N 42 Alberto Einstein -Profesora de Ingls-.

Cargos Actuales
- Colegio de Jess -Profesora de Ingls-. - Colegio Santa Mara -Profesora de Ingls-.

- Directora de los Cursos de Ingls del Instituto "LIFE", auspiciados por la Universidad Catlica de Salta- Nios, jvenes y adultos. - Profesora de la Ctedra "Fundamentos de la Enseanza y Aprendizaje de Idiomas Extranjeros" - Universidad Catlica de Salta. - Profesora de la Ctedra "Lengua Inglesa I y II de la Carrera de Secretariado Ejecutivo, Universidad Catlica de Salta. - Profesora de la Ctedra "Ingls Tcnico" de la Carrera de Administracin de Empresas, Universidad Catlica de Salta. - Profesora de la Ctedra "Lengua Inglesa I, II y III" de la carrera de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Catlica de Salta. - Profesora de la Ctedra "Lengua Inglesa I y II de la Carrera de Relaciones Pblica, Universidad Catlica de Salta. - Directora de estudio Colegio de Jess. 2006.

Cursos Realizados (posteriores a 1.980)


- Congreso Internacional de coordinadores de Ingls ABS. Bs.As. Agosto 2005 - 2006. - Congreso Internacional de profesora de Ingls ABS. Bs.As. Agosto 2005 - 2006. - CONTENT BASED INTRUCTION AND THE MLTIPLE INTELLIGENCES. Curso taller. ISICANA, Setiembre, 2001. - 14th ARTESOL CONVENTION. Annual International Seminar for Teachers of English. Setiembre, 2000, Tucumn. - 12th ARTESOL CONVENTION. Annual International Seminar for Teachers of English. August,1998, Buenos Aires. - Seminario How accurate does your English have to be? dictado por el Prof. Richard Side, The use of dictionaries in the English classroom y A cross-curricular, content and task-based approach to the teaching of English at the Third Cycle, EGB, dictados por la Prof. Martha Frenkel de Frers. - Conferencia del Dr. Henry Widdowson PhD: English, whose English? Defining the Subject, auspiciada por Oxford University Press y The British Council- Setiembre, 1999. - Licenciatura en Ingls - Marzo a Diciembre, 1999 (Curso a finalizar ao 2000). - Conferencia Your Classroom Project and Project in the Classroom Agosto, 1998. - Seminario Anual Internacional de Perfeccionamiento Docente para Profesores de Ingls: CBI IN ACTION - Agosto de 1998.

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- 5th. Annual English Teachers and Students Congress - Facing the Challenges of the New Millennium. English for Everyone- Octubre,1997 - Fundacin de las Amricas- Conferencia Poder Transformador dictada por el Licenciado Miguel Angel Cornejo y Rosado, consultor internacional, fundador del Colegio de Graduados en Alta Direccin- Mexico D.F. - Octubre de 1997. - New Ideas for Teaching Young Learners: Towards a Multi Sensory Approach (curso dictado por Herbert Puchta) Agosto, 1.994.- Primer Encuentro Argentino de Enseanza de Ingls en la Escuela Primaria (Disertante: Susan Halliwell) Longman Argentina- Abril, 1.994. - Curso Taller Teaching Esol (George Wilcox)- Abril, 1.994. - Curso Taller The Power of Words (Prof. Luis Gonzlez). Octubre, 1.993. - Seminario Nacional de Profesores de Ingls Its all a question of Belief...and Beliefs (Jane Revell)- Agosto, 1.993. - Jornada de Estudio sobre la Ley Federal de Educacin. Secretara de Educacin- Agosto, 1.993. - Curso Taller Imagination can really make a difference- Abril, 1.993. - Seminario Anual Internacional de Perfeccionamiento Docente para Profesores de Ingls The Power of Words (Prof. Stephen Krashen) I.C.A.N.A Bs. As- Agosto, 1.992. - Curso Taller How to Teach Prepositions (Prof. Luis Gonzlez)- Junio, 1.992. - Curso sobre Languaje Integration (Prof. Ann Lippincott)- Agosto, 1.991. - Seminario Drama Techniques in Languaje Learning (Prof. Celia Zubiri)Octubre, 1.990. - Seminario Taller (dictado por Kathleen M. Bailey)- Agosto, 1.990. - Seminario Internacional Anual de Perfeccionamiento Docente para Profesores de Ingls: Mirando al Futuro. Nuevas Tcnicas para la Enseanza-Aprendizaje del Ingls como lengua extranjera. I.C.A.N.A Bs. As.- Agosto, 1.990. - The Seminar Workshop Reading in the Natural Approach (curso dictado por William Grabe) - Setiembre, 1.989. - Tcnicas y actividades para una efectiva comunicacin (curso dictado por la Dra. Amy Sales).- Setiembre 1.988. - Curso Taller (con evaluacin) Metodologa y Lengua Inglesa (dictado por Efrain Davis y George Lewis) - Agosto, 1.988. - The Natural Approach (curso dictado por el Prof. Gerald Strei) - Noviembre, 1.987. - Seminario Video in the Teaching of English - Abril, 1.987. - Metodologa de Estudio (Curso dictado por el Profesor Damin Bustos)- Diciembre, 1.986.
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- Providing a Balanced Languaje Programme (Curso dictado por Prof. Jeremy Harmer)- Mayo, 1.986. - Curso Taller en Metodologa de la Enseanza del Ingls (Prof. Efrain Davis)- Agosto, 1.985. - Seminario para Profesores de Ingls auspiciado por el Servicio Cultural de la Embajada de los Estados Unidos- Octubre, 1.984. - Three American Novels (Prof. Olga Flores), Noviembre, 1.981. - Communicative Approach and Testing (Dra. Noem Colmenero), Octubre 1.981

Talleres Presentados
- Curso Taller del Seminario Mirando al Futuro. Nuevas Tcnicas para la enseanza/aprendizaje del Ingls como lengua extranjera dictado en Bs. As. I.S.I.C.A.N.A. - Curso Taller del Seminario How Reading and Writing make you Smarter, dictado en Bs. As. I.S.I.C.A.N.A.

Otras actividades
- Coordinadora de Grupo de programas de Intercambio Cultural auspiciado por The Experiment in International living (U.S.A- Virginia, 1.988 y 1990). - Miembro del Tribunal Evaluador para la asignatura "Ingls" correspondiente a la carrera Ingeniera en Informtica, Plan de Estudios 1999. Resolucin N 009/2001. Febrero, 2001. - Miembro del Tribunal Evaluador para la asignatura "Ingls" en el Establecimiento Educativo "IEM" (Universidad Nacional de Salta). Diciembre, 2003.

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Carrera: Administracin de Empresas - Contador Pblico Curso: 3 Ao - 4 Ao Materia: Ingls Tcnico Profesor: Graciela Figueroa de Moraleda Ao Acadmico: 2013

I. Fundamentos
La competencia comunicativa favorece la autonoma intelectual, el desarrollo de las capacidades necesarias para insertarse en el mundo laboral. Es imprescindible profundizar el desarrollo de competencias comunicacionales para comprender los procesos globales y manejarse en un mundo cada vez ms complejo y competitivo. En funcin de esta situacin, resulta indispensable generar capacidades para interactuar de un modo efectivo. El idioma ingls constituye, en la actualidad, la lengua de comunicacin internacional por excelencia en el contexto de los cambios econmicos y polticos, en la tendencia mundial de la integracin de estados y en el desarrollo tanto de las comuncaciones como de la tecnologa.La asignatura Ingls ha sido planificada pensando en la necesidad del estudiante: - como futuro profesional, de usar la lengua inglesa para comunicarse efectivamente en forma oral o escrita en sus relaciones internacionales, y - en su posibilidad de acceder a la lectura de cualquier material escrito que se relacione a su area de trabajo.

II. Objetivos
Que el estudiante adquiera la lengua inglesa usada en una amplia gama de situaciones comunicativas, orales y escritas, importantes para su desenvolvimiento futuro en el area de relaciones internacionales. Que pueda leer material relevante a su area de trabajo con rapidez y sin mayores complicaciones. Que adquiera vocabulario especifico del area.

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III. Programa de la Asignatura


Unit 1 Greetings. Introductions. Welcoming. Asking and giving the name. Asking about cities, countries and nationalities. Asking and answering about companies. Talking about jobs. Talking about departments in a company. The alphabet. Numbers 1 to 100. The time. Unit 2 You and your company. Ordinal numbers. Numbers to 100 to 1000. The layout of the company. Buildings in a company. Unit 3 Meeting and welcoming. Describing business activities. An invitation for dinner. Activities in the office. Activities at the weekend. Days of the week. Frequency adverbs. Saying goodbye. Months of the year. Unit 4 Making arrangements. Dates. Confirming arrangements. Making excuses. Apologies. Accepting apologies. Unit 5 Making and receiving calls. Directions. Entertaining. Prices. Offers and requests. Drinks, food and desserts. Unit 6 Your background. Company history. Plans for the future. Objectives of the company.

Writing:
Writing messages, faxes, e-mails, notes and memos. Writing a business letter.

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Grammar structures:
Prersonal pronouns. Verb To Be: Present tense.Verb To Have. Possessive adjectives. Verb To Be: Past tense. Future tense with "going to". Future tense with "will". To be born.

Traduccin y Comprensin de texto Tcnica de traduccin:


- Estudio semntico. - Estudio morfolgico-sintctico: a.- Derivacin. b.- Composicin. - Estudio sintctico: A.-Bloque nominal: Identificacin de sustantivos. a.- Va morfolgica. b.- Va sintctica. B.-Bloque verbal: Identificacin de verbos: a.- Va morfolgica. b.- Va sintctica. - Verbos conjugados. - Identificacin sintctica de verbos no conjugados: 1.- Infinitivo. 2.- Forma -ing. 3.- Participio pasado. - Manejo del diccionario. - Organizacin conceptual del texto. - Conectores. - Referentes.

Estudio Gramatical:
- El artculo. - La preposicin. - La conjuncin.
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- El pronombre. - El sustantivo. - El adjetivo. - El verbo: 1.- estudio morfolgico. 2.- modo del verbo. a.- modo indicativo. b.- modo imperativo. c.- modo subjuntivo. 3.- Voz pasiva. 4.- Usos especiales de Be, Have y Do. - El adverbio. - Expresiones idiomticas.

Compresin de textos
- Tcnicas de lectura comprensiva: - Scanning (lectura rpida y general). - Skimming (lectura de ideas principales). - Predecir lo que est y no est en un texto. - Referencia: interpretar la relacin entre oraciones y palabras. - Identificar la funcin comunicativa del texto.

IV. Bibliografa
BIBLIOGRAFA OBLIGATORIA - Mdulo: Prof.Graciela Moraleda Grabacion. Ed. Universidad Catlica de Salta. Salta, 2004. - Cds. del mdulo: Silvana De Monte, Patricia Reyes Donoso y Christopher Vrooman. BIBLIOGRAFA COMPLEMENTARIA - Business Venture 2: Barnard, Roger and Cady. Ed. Jeff Oxford University Press, 1992. - Essential Grammar in Use: Murphy, Raymond. Ed. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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- Work in Progress: Hopkins, Andy and Potter, Jocelyn. Ed. Longman, 1997. - OXFORD Dictionary of Business English of Learners of English: Ed. Oxford University Press, 1994. - Diccionario Moderno Ingls/espaol: Badger, Ian. Ed. Ediciones Larousse. 1976. - American Business: Menzies, Pete and Daniel, David. Ed. Macmillan Publishers. 1994. - English Program

V. Presentacin de la asignatura
Estimado alumno: Le damos la bienvenida a Ingls Tcnico y en esta presentacin haremos referencia a diferentes aspectos importantes sobre la asignatura que va a cursar durante este ao lectivo.

Caractersticas y utilidad de la asignatura

a.La materia es anual y puede cursarla en cualquier momento de su carrera. b. Siendo el Ingls un medio internacional de comunicacin, esta asignatura lo ayudar no slo a interpretar bibliografa relevante a su carrera, sino a comunicarse correctamente en el mbito profesional.

QU COMPETENCIAS DEBE PONER EN PRCTICA PARA EL APRENDIZAJE?

Dedquele el tiempo necesario a su estudio. Acrquese a la asignatura, con el mismo nivel de compromiso que lo hara con cualquier otro proyecto, pensando en la utilidad de la misma a corto y a largo plazo. Tenga siempre a mano un buen diccionario. Dentro de lo posible, forme grupos de estudio, especialmente para trabajar los ejercicios y realizar la grabacin. El aprendizaje cooperativo, facilita y enriquece la tarea.

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QU COMPETENCIAS DEBE PONER EN PRCTICA PARA EL APRENDIZAJE?


Asista a las clases satelitales o utilice la grabacin que quedar en su UG. Participe activamente en el foro planteando todas sus inquietudes de aprendizaje, compartiendo sus dudas con los compaeros.

LOS ESPACIOS PARA LA INTERACCIN SERN

Las clases satelitales Comunicndose en forma directa con el aula satelital por messenger o por telfono. Consulte a su Coordinador de aula como hacerlo.

El foro Plantee sus dudas y recibir una respuesta desde la ctedra. Participe activamente resolviendo los ejercicios de prctica complementaria. En este espacio todos los participantes tienen la posibilidad de compartir las diferentes intervenciones, lo que enriquece el aprendizaje.

E-mail Utilcelo en casos especiales por cuanto sta comunicacin es muy personal.

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VI. Evaluacin y condicin para la regularizacin


IMPORTANTE!! Los requisitos para regularizar la materia sern informados por el docente a travs de los canales pertinentes de comunicacin (tanto para alumnos regulares como libres):

Tabln de anuncios Foro de la materia Cuadros de regularizacin publicados en la pgina web Mantngase atento!!!

CMO SE REGULARIZA LA ASIGNATURA? Si usted participa, cumple con los plazos indicados y aprueba todas las instancias evaluativas establecidas, estar en condiciones de regularizar la asignatura.

El desafo est planteado. Les deseamos mucha suerte, y a trabajar! Prof. Graciela F. de Moraleda. C.E.: gmoraleda@ucasal.net Lic. Silvana De Monte. C.E.: sdemonte@ucasal.net Traductora Teresa Melo. C.E.: tmelo@ucasal.net

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VII. Gua de trabajos para mdulos y apndice de traduccin


UNIDADES
Cada unidad ha sido dividida en tres (3) lecciones. Cada leccin est formada por: a) DOS SECCIONES b) Ejercicios de prctica controlada, prctica guiada y de transferencia a situaciones propias. Presentacin de palabras, frases y estructuras a usar y repeticin oral.

Se recomienda trabajar de la siguiente manera: Unidades 1. Lea el contenido de Words, Phrases and Grammar hasta que quede claro. NOTA: AL FINAL DEL MDULO SE ENCUENTRA NOTES CON EJERCICIOS DE APLICACIN.
LA EXPLICACIN DE

GRAMMAR

2. Escuche y repita las palabras y frases a continuacin, tantas veces como sea necesario. 3. Una vez que lo anterior est completamente entendido y practicado, trabaje con los ejercicios de la unidad, siguiendo las instrucciones. Las mismas estn dadas primero en Ingls y luego en castellano.

Listening (Ejercicios para escuchar)


Estos ejercicios estn grabados en un CD por unidad y leccin. a) Leer cuidadosamente las instrucciones: Listen and Repeat (Escuche y repita)

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Listen and Complete (Escuche y complete) Listen and write down (Escuche y escriba) etc. b) Leer el ejercicio a realizar o dilogo a completar c) Escuchar el ejercicio o dilogo una vez para familiarizarse con el mismo. d) Escuchar nuevamente y completar. e) Escuchar una vez ms para controlar.

Apndice de Traduccin
Forma de Trabajo a) Leer las explicaciones gramaticales. b) Traducir las oraciones en forma oral, haciendo uso del diccionario slo cuando sea necesario (se acompaa una explicacin de cmo usar el diccionario). c) Traducir los textos o realizar los ejercicios de comprensin.

Espero que desde estas primeras pginas haya respondido a sus inquietudes acerca de la asignatura. Lo invito a comenzar el trabajo...

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UNIT I

Lesson 1 (Leccin 1)
Words, phrases and Grammar (Palabras, frases y gramtica) Listen and repeat. (Escuche y repita.)

Listening 1

Greetings: Saludos

Good morning: (Buenos dias) Good afternoon: ( Buenas tardes) Good evening: (Buenas noches -a partir de las 18:00 mas o menos) Good night: (Buenas noches -para despedirse) Hello/Hi: (Hola) How are you: (Como esta?) Fine thanks, and you? (Bien gracias y usted?) How are things? (Como van las cosas?) Very well: (Muy bien) Not very well Im afraid: (No muy bien me temo.)

Listening 2
A.How do you do (mucho gusto) B. How do you do

Introductions: Presentaciones

A. Pleased to meet you. (un placer conocerlo) B. Nice to meet you, too./ Its nice to meet you.(un placer conocerlo) Mr.(Mister): Senor (Mr. Brown) Mrs. (Mistress): Senora (Mrs.Brown) Miss: Seorita (Miss Brown) Sir (Seor: se usa sin el apellido) Madam (Seora: se usa sin el apellido)

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Listening 3

Welcoming: Dando la bienvenida

Welcome to (Salta) Bienvenido a Salta.

Asking and giving the name


A.Excuse me: (Disculpe) B. Are you Mr. Trevor? (Es usted el Sr. Trevor?) A. Yes, I am / No, Iam not (Si lo soy/ No lo soy) My name is (Lea): Mi nombre es Lea. First name: (Primer nombre) Middle name: (Segundo nombre) Last name: (Apellido) What is your (first) name? (Cual es su primer nombre?) Grammar structures: See Grammar notes (Estructuras gramaticales. Ver notas) Verb to Be Personal pronouns

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UNIT I - LESSON 1UNIT I LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES
1. Listen and read. (Escuche y lea) A. Excuse me. B. Yes? A. Are you Mr. Trevor? B. Yes, I am. A. My name is Mrs. Rodrguez. B. How do you do? A. Pleased to meet you. Welcome to Bariloche. B. Thank you. 2. Now listen again and repeat. (Ahora escuche nuevamente y repita) 3. Now complete this dialogue. (Ahora complete este dilogo) ___________me. ___________? ________you Mrs. Brown? Yes, _________ _________. _______names Mrs. Serrano. _________________to Salta. ____________you. 4. Now write a similar dialogue, changing names and places. Practice it and then, record it. (Ahora escriba un dialogo similar, cambiando nombres y lugares. Practiquelo.) __________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat. (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1 Asking about cities, countries and nationalities (Preguntando sobre ciudades, pases y nacionalidades)
COUNTRY Brazil England China Egypt France Hungary Japan The USA Argentina Canada NATIONALITY Brazilian English Chinese Egyptian French Hungarian Japanese American Argentinian Canadian

Where are you from, Mrs. Nigon? (De donde es usted, Senora Nigon?) Im from Virginia. (Soy de Virginia) Are you from Canada? (Es usted de Canada?) No, I live in Canada but Im from the USA. (No, vivo en Canada pero soy de los Estados Unidos) Are you Argentinian? (Es usted Argentino?) Yes, thats right. (Si, correcto) Where do you live? (Donde vive?) I live in Cordoba. (Vivo en Cordoba) Where is Mr. Nigon from? (De donde es el senor Nigon?) Where does he live? (Donde vive?) He lives in Canada. (El vive en Canada)

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Listening 2

sking and answering about companies. . (Preguntando y respondiendo sobre compaas)

What company do you work for? (Para que compania trabaja?) I work for RCD (Trabajo para RCD) Who are you with? Im with RCD Are you with RCD? (Trabaja ud. para RCD?) No, Im not. Im with MCM (No, trabajo para MCM) Do you work for MCM? (Trabaja para MCM?) Yes, Ido / No, I dont. (Si / No) I work for an insurance company called Salta Insurances (Trabajo para una compania de seguros que se llama Salta Seguros) What company does Mr. Nigon work for? (Para que compania trabaja el senor Nigon?) He works for... (El trabaja para...) Is he with....? Yes, he is. Does he work for...? Yes, he does.

Listening 3

Talking about jobs (Hablando sobre empleos)

What do you do? (Que hace ud.?) Im an (engineer) (Soy ingeniero) What does Juan Perez do? (Que hace Juan Perez?) He works for a company called Blue birds.(Trabaja para una compania llamada Blue birds.) Is he an (accountant)? (Es el contador?) Yes, he is. (Si)

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Are you an engineer? (Es ud. ingeniero?) No, Im not. Im a lawyer. (No, soy abogado) What about you? (Y usted?) Jobs: (empleos) engineer: ingeniero/a sales representative: representante de ventas accountant: contador/a sales manager: jefe de ventas finance director: director/a de finanzas personnel manager: jefe de personal sales clerk: vendedor/a travel agent: agente de viajes business administrator: administrador/a de empresa psychologist: psicologa/o security guard: guardia de seguridad designer: diseador a/an: articulo indeterminante (un/una). Normalmente usamos an antes de un sonido de vocal (a,e,i,o,i) y a antes de otras letras. a lawyer / an engineer

Listening 1 Talking about departments in a company y (hablando sobre departamentos/secciones en una compaa.)
finance department: (departamento de finanzas) personnel : (personal) accounts: (contaduria) human resource department: (departamento de recursos humanos) international relations department: (departamento de relaciones internacionales) research and development department: (departamento de investigacion y desarrollo) marketing department: (departamento de mercado)

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Are you in the sales department? (Esta usted en el departamento de ventas?) Yes, thats right. (Si, correcto) Do you work in accounts? (Trabaja en contaduria?) No, I dont. I work in personnel.(No, Yo trabajo en personal) What department are you in? (En qu area trabaja?) I am in personnel. Is he in the manufacturing division? (Esta l en la fabrica?) Yes, he is. No, I think hes in the sales department. (No, creo que esta en el departamento de ventas) Do you like your job? (Le gusta su trabajo?) Yes, I like it very much. (Si, me gusta mucho) No, I dont like it very much.(No, no mucho) Do you know the managing director? (Lo conoce al director gerente?) Yes, I know him very well. (Si, lo conozco muy bien.) No, I dont know him very well. (No, no lo conozco muy bien) No, not really. (No, no realmente.) Does she like...? Yes, she likes ... No, she doesnt like ... Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes (Ver notas gramaticales) Verb To Be Simple Present Tense Object Pronouns Possessive adjectives

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UNIT I - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES
1. Listen and read (Escuche y lea). A.Where are you from Mrs. Nigon? B. Im from Virginia. A.What company do you work for? B. I am with AMB A. What do you do? B. I am an accountant. A. Are you in the finance department? B. No, Im in the sales department. A. Do you like your job? B. Yes, I like it very much. A. Is Mr. Simpson from the finance department? B. No, I think he is a receptionist. A. Do you know him? B. No, not really. 2. Now listen to the dialogue again and repeat. (Escuche nuevamente el dialogo y repita. 3. Now, make up a similar dialogue, but changing information. Practise it and then record it. (Realice un dialogo similar, pero cambiando informacin. Practquelo) 4. Now, answer these questions about you. Ahora responda estas preguntas acerca de usted) Where are you from? _________________________________________ What company do you work for? _________________________________________ What do you do? _________________________________________

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Are you in the marketing department? _________________________________________ Do you like your job? _________________________________________ 5. Read: His name is Trevor McDonald. He works for Ulysses Construction. Glasgow. He is from London. He is in the perssonel department. He is a perssonel manager. 6. Now, write a paragraph about this person. (Ahora escriba un parrafo sobre esta persona.) Name: Claudia Mendoza Country: Argentina Home: Joaquin V. Gonzlez- Salta Company: Exel Petrol Job: psychologist Department: Human resources department. Likes her job: Yes ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Read: Im Lucinda Flores from CB Computing, Chicago. Im an electrical engineer. I work in the maintenance department. I live in Chicago, but I am from California 8. Now write a similar paragraph about you. Practise and record it. (Ahora escriba un prrafo similar acerca de usted. Practquelo) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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9. Now, complete this interview. Write the questions (Ahora complete esta entrevista. Escriba las preguntas.) A. __________________________________ B. Gonzalo Pedrozo. A. __________________________________ B. Im from Chile. A. __________________________________ B. I live in Valparaiso. A. __________________________________ B. I work for a company called Remson. A. __________________________________ B. I am in security. A. __________________________________ B. I am a security guard. A. __________________________the Managing director? B. Really, I dont know him very much. 8. Now practise the dialogue. (Ahora practque el dilogo)

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1
A B C P D Q E R F S G T H U I J

The Alphabet (El alfabeto)


K L Y M Z

N O

V WX

How do you spell your (first) name? (Como deletrea su nombre?) Spell your name, please. (Deletree su nombre por favor) A-L-I-C-I-A

Listening 2

Numbers: 0 to 10 (Nmeros 0 a 10)

0 (oh) 1 (one) 2 (two) 3 (three) 4 (four) 5 (five) 6 (six)7 (seven) 8 (eight)9 (nine) 10 (ten) Whats your telephone number? (Cual es su numero de telfono?) Its 0387-4317688 Whats your home /work/mobile number? (Cul es el nmero de su casa/trabajo/celular?) What is your passport number? (Cual es su nmero de pasaporte?) What is your flight number? (Cual es su numero de vuelo?) AA 204

Listening 3
11 12 13 14 (eleven) (twelve) (thirteen) (fourteen) 20 30 40 50 (twenty) (thirty) (forty) (fifty)
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Numbers: 11 to 100
21 32 43 54 (twenty one) (thirty two) (forty three) (fifty four)

15 16 17 18 19

(fifteen) (sixteen) (seventeen) (eighteen) (nineteen)

60 (sixty) 70 (seventy) 80 (eighty) 90 (ninety) 100 (a/one hundred)

65 (sixty five) 76 (seventy six) 87 (eighty seven) 98 (ninety eight) 109 (one hundred and nine)

Listening 1

The time: (La hora)

There are different ways of telling the time. (Hay diferentes maneras de decir la hora) On schedules, airport and railroad departure boards, we tell the time in figures. (En horarios, anuncios de partida en aeropuertos y estaciones, decimos la hora en nmeros) Whats the time? 9:15 Its nine fifteen Whats the time? 10:00 Its ten oclock Whats the time? 11:30 Its eleven thirty Whats the time? 8:45 Its eight forty five Whats the time? 3:50 Its three fifty Whats the time? 4:10 Its four ten In conversation we often tell the time in a different way. (En conversacion, a menudo decimos la hora de manera diferente) half past: y media a quarter past: y cuarto
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a quarter to: menos cuarto (ten) past: y diez (ten) to : menos diez 9:30 Its half past nine (Son las nueve y media) 9:15 Its a quarter past nine (Son las nueve y cuarto) 9:45 Its a quarter to ten (Son las diez menos cuarto) 9:10 Its ten past nine (Son las nueve y diez) 9:50 Its ten to ten (Son las diez menos diez)

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UNIT III - LESSON 3

ACTIVITIES
1. Listen to the telephone numbers and check the one you hear. . (Marque el nmero de telfono que escuche.) 1. 02 - 2354 - 7369 02 - 2356 - 7369 2. 03 - 9518 - 9926 04 - 9518 - 9926 3. 05 - 2028 - 3741 05 - 2038 - 3741

2. Listen to these flight numbers and check the one you hear. . (Marque el nmero de vuelo que escuche) 1. BA 245 AA 245 2. AF 404 AX 404 3. UA 163 UA 173

3. Listen to the dialogue and write the names and numbers. (Escuche el dilogo y escriba los nombres y nmeros) A. Whats your last name? B. _________________________________ A. How do you spell it? B. ___________________________________ A. Whats your passport number? B. ___________________________________ A. What company do you work for? B. I work for ___________________________ A. Spell it, please. B. ___________________________________

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4. Listen to the dialogues and check the times you hear. (Escuche los dilogos y marque las horas que escuche) a. 3:15 b. 5:10 c. 7:05 d. 9:45 or or or or 3:55 4:10 6:05 9:15

5.Now, use the numbers in exercise 4 to tell the time. Write and record the time. (Ahora, use los numeros en el ejercicio 4 para decir y escribir la hora) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Extra practice
Use the charts to make dialogues

Dialogue 1

Excuse me, are you _____________from ____________?

Yes, I am or No, Im not

Sorry

Thats OK. My names_________________ Im from ___________in _______________ Whats your name?

My names_______________I work for a/an__________________ Nice/Pleased to meet you. What do you do?

Im a/an _________________________ Im in the _______________department

Im a/an _________________

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Dialogue 2
What do you do

I work for a/an

company called _____________

Are you in the _____________section?/ department?

Yes, I am

No, Im not Im in the ____________________ Im a/an/the __________________

Do you like your job?

Yes, I do I like it ____________

No, I dont like it/very much

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40

UNIT II

Lesson1(Leccin1)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1
What is the name of the President? Who is the President?

You and your company y

What company do you work for? (Para que compaa trabaja?) I work for YMCD (Trabajo para YMCD) What company does he work for? (Para qu compaa trabaja el?) He works for_______(El trabaja para...) Where do you work? (Dnde trabaja?) I work at MALISA (Trabajo en MALISA) Where does he work? (Dnde trabaja l?) He works__________(El trabaja...) What do you do? (Qu hace/Cul es su trabajo?) Im a computer programmer. (Soy programador.) I develop programmes for the computer. (Desarrollo programas para la computadora.) What does he do? (Qu hace el?) He is a clerk. (El es empleado.) He prepares reports.(El prepara informes.) What does your company do? (Qu hace su compaa?) We make cars. (Fabricamos autos) How many employees does the company have? (Cuntos empleados tiene la Cia.) The Company has (20) employees. (La Compana tiene 20 empleados)

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Who is in perssonel? Juan Prez is in perssonel. We do business in South America (Hacemos negocios en Sudamrica) What are they doing at the moment? (Qu estn haciendo en este momento?) They are working on a new car. (Estn trabajando en un auto nuevo.) What are you working on at the moment? (En qu estn trabajando en este momento?) We are working on a new project. (Estamos trabajando en un proyecto nuevo) What are you doing here? (Que est haciendo aqu?) Im doing some work for the computer department. (Estoy realizando un trabajo para el departamento de computacin.) What is he doing here? (Qu est haciendo l aqui?) He is working__________ (El est trabajando...) We do business in South America (Hacemos negocios en Sudamrica)

COMPANY ACTIVITIES (Actividades de la Compaa) produce/s (producir) make/s (hacer) do/es (hacer) develop/s (desarrollar) sell/s (vender) export/s (exportar)

PRODUCTS (Productos) food (alimentos) cars (autos) business (negocios) electronic equipment (equipo electrnico) computers (computadoras) shoes (zapatos)

EMPLOYEES ACTIVITIES (Actividades de los empleados) design/s (Disea) organize/s (Organiza) coordinate/s (Coordina) check/s (Controla) new models (Nuevos modelos) sales (Ventas) plans (Planes) clients accounts (Cuentas de clientes)

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Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes Present continuous tense Simple present tense

43

UNIT II - LESSON 1

ACTIVITIES
1. Write sentences about companies in your city and their activities (Escriba oraciones acerca de compaas en su ciudad y sus actividades) For example: (Por ejemplo) Mc Donalds produces food. a. b. c. d. e. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

2. Listen and complete (escuche y complete) A. What are you doing here? B. Im __________ some work for your computer department. A. Really? What __________ you do? B. I ___________for TGIF Technology. We __________computers. A. Oh, I see. Are you _________ for very long?B. No, only for the weekend. 3. Now, record the dialogue. 4. Write sentences about these people and their activities. (Escriba oraciones sobre estas personas y sus actividades) NAME Julia Robins DEPARTMENT Research and development Personnel Marketing Accounts
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JOB designs new models

Juan Lazarte Marta Rivas Elena Bobes

organizes training develops new marketing plans checks clients accounts

For example: Julia Robins is in the Research and Development department. She designs new models. _________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

5. Now think about a company. Complete this information. (Ahora piense en una compaa. Complete esta informacin) The company name : ___________________ The president : ___________________ The company activity: __________________ The number of employees :_______________ Employees, departments and jobs: _________________ ______________ ________________ _________________ ______________ ________________ _________________ ______________ ________________ Your job in the company: ___________________ 6. Write a paragraph about the preceding information. (Escriba un prrafo acerca de la informacin anterior) The name of the company is ____________________________________________________ The president ________________________________________________________________ The company ________________________________________________________________ The company has ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Complete this interview about the American Company "Beauty". A. _______________________________________________? B. The president is Mr. Nakubasi. A. _____________________________________________do? B. We produce cosmetics.
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A. _______________________________________________? B. The company has 134 employees. A. Who is _______________________________________? B. Anita Tasaki is in production. A. _______________________________________________ B. She supervises quality control. A. _______________________________________________? B. Danny Krowe is in accounts A. _______________________________________________? B. He checks invoices. A. _______________________________________________? B. Katleen Ferrandi is in the marketing department. A. _______________________________________________? B. Her job is to coordinate plans. A. _______________________________________________? B. Me? Well, Im in research and development. I design the perfume bottles.

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Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1
1st first (primero) 2nd second (segundo) 3rd third (tercero) 4th fourth (cuarto) 5th fifth (quinto) 6th sixth (sexto) 7th seventh (sptimo) 8th eighth (octavo) 9th ninth (noveno) 10th tenth (dcimo)

Ordinal numbers (Nmeros de orden)


11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th (eleventh) (twelfth) (thirteenth) (fourteenth) (fifteenth) (sixteenth) (seventeenth) (eighteenth) (nineteenth) (twentieth) 21st (twenty first) 32nd (thirty second) 43rd (forty third) etc.

Listening 2
100 200 300 400 500 600 one hundred two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred six hundred

Numbers 100 to 1000 (Nmeros 100 a 1000)


700 hundred 800 hundred 900 nine hundred 1000 one thousand 204 two hundred and four 325 three hundred and twenty five etc.

Listening 3

Talking about the office (Hablando hacerca de la oficina)

Where do you work? I work at Apen Corporation. Where is the head office? (Donde est la casa central?) It is in Buenos Aires. (Est en Buenos Aires) Where is your office? (Donde est su oficina?)

47

Its in the centre of town. (En el centro de la ciudad) Its on the 3rd floor. (En el tercer piso) Are there any cafes/car parks/bars near your office? (Hay algun caf/ estacionamiento/bar cerca de su oficina?) Yes, there is one on Madison Street. (S, hay uno en la calle Madison) Let me introduce myself. (Permtame presentarme) Does your company have (a car park)? (Tiene su compaa estacionamiento?) Where are the main offices? (Dnde estn las oficinas principales?) They are 5 kilometres north of the city. (Estn a 5 kilmetros de la ciudad) They are 5 kilometres from downtown. (Estan a 5 kilmetros del centro)

Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes Some/Any Some : se utiliza para la oracion afirmativa Any: se utiliza para la negacion y la oracion interrogativa (Ver Set de Traduccin) There is / There are Present tense of the verb To Have. Possessive case

48

UNIT II - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES
1) Listen to the dialogue and complete the information (Escuche el dilogo y complete la informacin) A. Excuse me. Let me introduce myself. My names __________________ B. An my names __________________________ A. Where do you work? B. I work in ______________________ A. Oh, really? Where is the company? B. Its on _________________________ A. Is it a big building? B. Yes, it has four floors. A. Wheres your office? B. Its on the _______________floor. A. Does the company have a car park? B. __________________, but there is one nearby. A. I see. Are there any good ___________________near there? B. Yes, there are .

2) Now practise the dialogue. (Ahora practique el dilogo)

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y Repita)

Listening 1

The Layout of the Company (El trazado de la compaa)

This is the Conference centre (Este es el centro de conferencias) Where is the Conference Centre? (Dnde esta el centro de conferencias?) It is on the left. (Est a la izquierda.) It is between personnel and the secretarys office. (Est entre personal y la oficina de la secretaria)

Listening 2

Buildings in a company (Edificar una compaa)

Conference Centre: (Centro de Conferencias) Testing area: (Area de Prueba) Paint shop: (Negocio de pinturas) Car park: (Estacionamiento) Main Block: (Edificio Principal) Canteen: (Bar) Main production Building (Edificio de Produccin) Workshops : (Talleres) Stores: (Almacenes) Main Gate: (Entrada principal)

Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes Demonstrative pronouns: Prepositions of place this/that/ these/those

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in

on

next to

in front of

behind
L R

opposite
L

between
R

on the left of

on the right of

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UNIT II - LESSON 3

ACTIVITIES
1) Look at the diagram of a factory. Complete the sentences. (Mire el diagrama de una fbrica. Complete las oraciones) Source: Macmillan English Programme,1995 1. Conference Centre 2. Testing Area 3. Paint Shop 4. Car Park 5. Main Block (Edificio Principal (Canteen 2nd. floor) 6. Main production Building 7. Workshops 8. Stores 9. Main gate

7 9

a. The canteen is _________the Main Block b. It is __________thesecond floor c. The main block is _________the main gate d._____________________behind ___________________ e. _____________________between __________________ f. _____________________on the left of __________________________ g. _____________________next to ____________________________ h. _____________________on the right of ________________________
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2. Make simple site plan of your company or a company you know and point out places on it. For example: the managers office, the cafe, the secretarys office, personnel, the front door, the car park. Then, describe the plan, using prepositions. (Realice un plano simple de su compaa o una compaa que conozca y seale los lugares. Luego, describa el plano, usando preposiciones.)

Extra Practice
Dialogue 1

Where do you work?

I work in an/a office/factory near the centre of town.

Are there any good restaurants/ cafes, nearby ?

No, there arent. But theres a good coffee shop/canteen. Lets go there on Saturday.

Good/Great idea.

Dialogue 2
Hello, How are you? Fine, thanks and you?

Very well. What are you doing here/in Salta?

Im working on/finishing a project for my company.

What company do you work for?

I work for/ Im with_________

What are they working on ?/ What are they doing?

They are doing business with different countries.

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Dialogue 3

Where is your companys main office?

Our head office is in (Villa Mara)

Where is that?

It is about _______km from Crdoba.

And do you have an office in (Belle Ville)?

No, we dont Yes, we do.

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UNIT III

Lesson 1 (Leccin 1)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y Repita)

Listening 1

Meeting and Welcoming (Encuentros y Bienvenidas)

I have an appointment with (Mrs. Briones) at 10:00. (Tengo una cita con la Sra.Briones a la s 10:00) My name is John Taylor from AGM. (Mi nombre es Juan Taylor de AGM) Good (morning) Ms. Taylor. (Buenos dias Senorita Taylor.) Mrs. Briones. Miss Taylor is here. (Sra. Briones. La Srta. Taylor esta aqu.) Please, come this way. (Por aqu por favor) Mrs. Briones is waiting for you. (La Sra. Briones la espera.) Please, come in. (Entre por favor) How are you Joan? (Como est Joan?) Id like to welcome you to RPE. Bienvenida a RPE) How was your trip/flight? (Cmo estuvo su viaje/vuelo?) It was OK. ( Estuvo bien) Was your flight OK? (Estuvo bien su vuelo?) Were your travel arrangements OK? (Estuvieron bien sus arreglos de viaje?) Yes, everything was alright. (S, todo estuvo bien.) Id like you to meet (Maria Ferraris) (Quiero presentarle/que conozca a Mara Ferraris) Shes our (marketing consultant.) Nice to meet you/ Pleased to meet you/How do you do. (Mucho gusto)

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Please, sit down. (Por favor, sintese.) Would you like a cup o coffee, tea? (Le gustara tomar una taza de caf, t ? Coffee, please. Thanks. (Caf por favor. Gracias) Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes Simple Past Tense of the verb To Be

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UNIT III - LESSON 1

ACTIVITIES
1)a. Listen and Read (Escuche y lea) A. Good morning. I have an appointment with Mrs. Briones at 10:00. My name is Joan Taylor from AGM. B. Good morning Mrs. Taylor. Please come this way. Mrs. Briones is waiting for you. b. Correct these statements. (Corrija estas oraciones) * The name of the visitor is Joan Krowe. _______________________________________ * Her appointment is at 10:30. _______________________________________________ * She has an appointment with Mr. Briones. ____________________________________ * She works for General Motors. _____________________________________________ 2. Listen and complete. (Escuche y complete) Secretary: Mrs. Briones, Miss Taylor ________________________ Mrs. Briones: Please, ____________________________________ Id like to ______________________________to RPE. Ms. Taylor: ____________________________________________ Mrs. Briones: ___________________________________your trip ? Ms. Taylor ____________________________OK. Mrs. Briones: __________________________to meet Maria Ferraris. Shes our_________________________________. Ms. Taylor: How do you do. M. Ferraris: ______________________________ Mrs. Briones: _________ down. ___________________a cup of coffe? Ms. Taylor: Yes, ___________
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3. Now you write dialogues similar to number 1 and 2. Change the names and the time. (Ahora escriba dilogos similares a nmero 1 y 2. Cambie los nombres y la hora.

58

Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and grammar. Listen and Repeat (Escuche y Repita)

Listening 1

Describing business activities (Describiendo actividades de negocios)

Hows business? (Cmo van los negocios?) How do you like working in Canada? (Le gusta trabajar en Canad?) Its great. (Es buensimo) Do you like working in Canada? (Le gusta trabajar en Canad?) Yes, very much. (S, mucho) How long are you here for? (Por cunto tiempo se queda?) Is this your first visit to Chicago? (Esta es su primera visita a Chicago?) What is your job at BMA like? (Cmo es su trabajo en BMA?) I like it (Me gusta) I dont like it. (No me gusta.) It is a bit tiring, but I like it. (Es un poco cansador, pero me gusta.) I start work at (9:00) (Comienzo a trabajar a las 9:00) I finish at________ (Termino a las ________) In the morning I (attend meetings). (En la maana, asisto a reuniones) First/Then/After that I read the mail. (Primero, Luego, Despus, yo leo la correspondencia) Finally (Finalmente,) I have lunch in the office. (Almuerzo en la oficina) I have breakfast/have lunch/ have dinner... (Yo desayuno/ almuerzo/ ceno...) I hear you are leaving tomorrow. (Asi que parte maana) Yes, thats right. In the morning. (Si, correcto. En la maana) In the morning, In the afternoon, In the evening, At night. (En la maana, En la tarde, En la noche)

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Listening 2 An invitation for dinner (Una invitacion para cenar)


What are you doing tonight? (Qu va a hacer esta noche?) I have no plans. (No tengo planes.) Lets have dinner together. (Cenemos juntos.) Would you like to have dinner with me tonight? (Le gustara cenar conmigo esta noche?) That would be nice. (Sera agradable) Yes, thanks. (S, gracias.)

Listening 3

Activities in the office (Actividades en la oficina)

read the mail (leer la correspondencia.) attend meetings: (asistir a reuniones) phone the suppliers (telefonear a los proveedores) help clients with problems (ayudar a los clientes con problemas) write reports (escribir informes) answer the telephone (contestar el telefono) give instructions to the staff (dar instrucciones al personal) visit branches (visitar las sucursales) have a business breakfast/ business lunch (tener un desayuno/almuerzo de negocios)

Listening 4

Activities at the weekend (Actividades el fin de semana)

What about weekends? (Y los fines de semana?) I relax with my family (Descanso con mi familia.) I play (tennis) (Juego al tennis.) My family and I go (camping) (Vamos de campamento con mi familia.) I go shopping with my friends. (Voy de compras con mis amigas.) Do you play any sports? (Juega algun deporte?) How often do you play tennis? (Con que frecuencia juega al tennis?)

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Once a week/ Twice a week/ Three times a week (Una vez por semana/ Dos veces por semana/Tres veces por semana.) On (Monday morning/afternoon/evening ) El lunes por la manana/tarde/ noche) Every morning/afternoon/evening. (Todas las mananas/tardes/noches)

Listening 5
Monday (Lunes) Tuesday (Martes) Wednesday (Miercoles) Thursday (Jueves) Friday(Viernes) Saturday (Sabado) Sunday (Domingo)

Days of the week (Das de la semana)

Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes

Listening 6

Frequency adverbs (Adverbios de frecuencia)

Always (siempre) 100% Usually (usualmente) Often ( a menudo) Sometimes (A veces) Occasionally (Ocasionalmente) Never (Nunca) 0%

Grammar structures (See Grammar notes)


Present simple Present Continuous for the future

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UNIT III - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES
1. Listen and read (Escuche y lea) A. Is this your first visit to the States? B. Yes, it is. A. How do you like Chicago? B. Well, its great. A. How long are you here for? B. Im leaving tomorrow. In the evening. A. What are you doing tonight? B. I have no plans. A. Lets have dinner together. B. Good idea. 2. Read and practise the dialogue. (Lea y practique el dilogo) 3. Are these statements True or False? (Estas oraciones son verdaderas o falsas?) * B doesnt like Chicago. _____________ * She is there for two days ____________ * A and B are having dinner tonight_____________ 4.a. Mrs. Mendoza and Mrs. Legarri are talking after dinner. (La Sra. Mendoza y la Sra. Legarri estan conversando despues de la cena.) Listen and read (Escuche y lea) A. What is your job like? B. Well, its a bit tiring, but I like it. A. What do you usually do at weekends? B. Well, I relax at home with my family, or go shopping with my friends. A. Do you play any sports? B. Yes, tennis and paddle. A. How often do you play tennis? B. Twice a week. On Monday and Friday evening.

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b. Answer these questions about the dialogue. (Responda estas preguntas sobre el dilogo.) 1) Is Mrs. Legarris job tiring? __________________________________ 2) What does she do at weekends? _____________________________ 3) Does she play any sports? _________________________________ 4) How often does she play tennis? _____________________________ 5) When does she play? _____________________________________ 5. Write a similar dialogue. Change the information. Practise the dialogue. (Escriba un dilogo similar. Cambie la informacin. Practquelo) __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

6.a. Mrs. Mendoza is describing her day at her company. Listen. (La Sra. Mendoza describe su da en su compaa. Escuche) I start work at 8:00. First I check my mail and then I phone the suppliers. I always have a meeting with the staff to talk about the activities of the day. After that, I usually answer urgent messages and I occasionally help clients with their problems. I usually have lunch at a restaurant near the company but I never have a business lunch. Once a month I have a business breakfast with the Board of Directors. b. Listen again and number the activities in the order you hear them. (Escuche nuevamente y numere las actividades en el orden que las escucha) check the mail start work have a meeting have lunch ________ ________ ________ ________

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answer urgent messages have a business breakfast help clients

________ ________ ________

7. What about you? Describe your day in the office. Write a paragraph. (Y usted? Describa su da en la oficina. Escriba un prrafo) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y Repita)

Listening 1

Saying Goodbye (Despidindose)

Have a good day. (Que tenga un buen da) Thank you for everything (Gracias por todo) Thanks for the dinner/ lunch (Gracias por la cena) Give my regards to your boss/husband/wife (Dle mis saludos a su jefe/ esposo/esposa) I will (Lo har) Have a good flight (Que tenga un buen viaje) Ill see you in April (Lo ver en Abril) Ill call you in May (Lo llamar en Mayo) Ill visit you in two months.(Lo visitar en dos meses) Well, thank you for coming. (Bien, gracias por venir) Keep in touch (Mantngase en contacto) I will. Thanks for your help. Lo har. Gracias por su ayuda. Dont forget to send a fax. (No se olvide de enviar un fax.) Dont forget to call me. (No se olvide de llamarme.) Ok. Bye. (Adis) See you soon. (Bien. Nos vemos pronto) Bye . (Adis)

Listening 2
January February March April (Enero) (Febrero) (Marzo) (Abril) July August September October

Months of the Year


(Julio) (Agosto) (Setiembre) (Octubre)

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May June

(Mayo) (Junio)

November December

(Noviembre) (Diciembre)

Grammar Structures: See Translation Set (Set de Traduccin) Imperatives

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UNIT III - LESSON 3

Will for promises

ACTIVITIES
1. Listen to the recording and complete the dialogue. (Escuche la grabacin y complete el dilogo) A. Well, thank you for the ____________. B. You are welcome. Have a good ___________. A. Thank you. Ill call you next _____________. B. OK. Dont forget to send the __________ A. I wont. Give my regards to your boss. B. I will. See you in _________. A. See you. _________. B. Good bye. 2. Practise the conversation (Practique la conversacin) 3. Answer these questions. (Responda estas preguntas) 1. Is she thanking for the lunch or for the dinner? ________________________________________ 2. Is she travelling by train or by plane? ________________________________________ 3. Does she have to send a letter or a fax? ________________________________________ 4. Is she giving her regards to her boss or to her husband? ________________________________________ 5. Will they see each other in April or in May? ________________________________________

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Extra Practice
Listen to a manager in Argentina explaining how the company selects teachers for English Training Courses. First we advertise in the paper. Then we interview the applicants After that we read their Cvs. Next we make a short list and call them for another interview Next we choose the best applicant. Finally we inform our decision to the applicants. 1) Explain how your company selects a member for their staff. Record it.

Dialogue 1

ThisThat is the (main building/ production building) Those are the administrative offices

Whats (that place?) What is (that building?)

Its the (testing area) Its a warehouse

Where is the (paint shop)? Where are the workshops?

Its (opposite________) They are (behind__________)

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Dialogue 2

Hello/Hi. My names ________ Nice to meet you/see you

Hello/Hi. Im __________ Pleased to meet/see you, too

How was your flight/trip?

It was (fine) It was (terrible)

Oh, good./ Oh, dear. Were the travel arrangements OK?

Yes, they were. No, they werent

Well/Anyway/ welcome to _______.

Dialogue 3
How are you/ your family? Fine/Verywell.

How is business? Is business going well?

Fine/Not bad Yes. / Not very well, I'm afraid I love/hate it Yes, it is/ No, it isnt

Well. How do you like __________? Is this your first visit to __________?

How long are you here for? I hear you are leaving (tomorrow morning)

Three days Tomorrow, but in the evening

Nice talking to you. Good to see you.

Nice talking to you, too. Good to see you, too. Bye.

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Dialogue 4
Thanks for everything/for your help/for the dinner. Ill call you (on Monday) Ill see you in April. My pleasure. You are welcome Right/OK

Dont forget to send the fax Keep in touch

I wont I will.

Have a good fligh/a good trip Give my regards to ____________

Thank you. I will.

Good bye.

Good bye.

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GRAMMAR NOTES
Personal Pronouns: Pronombres Personales I: yo We: nosotros You: t You: vosotros He: l They: ellos She: ella It: el/ella (animal/cosa) Verb To be (Present Tense - Tiempo Presente) (Ser o estar) I am You are He is She is It is Im Youre Hes Shes Its We are You are They are Were Youre Theyre

Nota: se puede contraer el verbo en la expresin oral. Write the correct form of the present tense of To be in the blanks. (Escriba la forma correcta del presente del verbo To be en los espacios). 1. I......................a student. 2. Dennis............a student. 3. This.................a good book. 4. John and Pat.........................good accountants. 5. We.................in class now. 6. Mara .............at work today. 7. Today............Monday. 8. You and Henry.....................sales managers. 9. They..............in my company. 10 She..............a business administrator. Select the correct form. (Seleccione la forma correcta) 1. John (is/are) a good student. 2. We (am/are) sales managers. 3. The company (is/are) in Bs. As. 4. Ana and I (am/are) in the same class.

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5. This (is/are) a good exercise. 6. They (is/are) accountants. 7. Mr. Jones (am/is) the Vice-President. 8. I (am/are) with Coca-Cola. 9. He (is/are) in the sales department. To be: Negative form (forma negativa) Form the negative of To be by putting not after the verb. (Forme el negativo agregando not despus del verbo) I am not (Im not) You are not (You arent) He is not (He isnt) She is not (She isnt) It is not (It isnt). We are not (We arent) You are not (You arent) They are not (They arent)

Change to the negative form. (Cambie a la forma negativa). 1. We are business administrators. We arent business administrators. 2. Today is Monday. 3. She and Mary are students. 4. I am a good accountant. 5. They are friends. 6. He is busy today. 7. You and Henry are with Nissan. 8. You are with Chrysler. To be: Question form (Forma interrogativa) Place the verb before the subject (Coloque el verbo antes del sujeto). e.g She is a good student. Is she a good student? You and Henry are cousins. Are you and Henry cousins? You can answer these questions with Yes or No. (Ud. puede responder estas preguntas con S y No).

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Yes, she is. Is she a good student? No, she isnt. Yes, we are. Are you and Henry cousins? No, we arent. Change to the question form and answer. (Cambie a la forma interrogativa y responda). 1. They are students. Are they students? Yes, they are. 2. This lesson is easy. ...........................................? No,.............................. 3. He is a supervisor. ...........................................?. Yes,............................ 4. She is a good customer. ...........................................?. No,.............................. 5. Helen and she are busy. ...........................................?. Yes,............................ Verb To have: Present tense Some meanings (algunos significados) 1. have: tener breakfast: desayunar lunch: almorzar dinner: cenar

. .

2. have

3. have a bath: baarse. I have You have He has She has It has
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We have You have They have

Write the correct form of To have in the blanks. (Escriba la forma correcta de To have en los espacios). 1. Helen ...............a new hat. 2. I........................many friends in this class. 3. We....................new English books. 4. They.................a computer. 5. She...................lunch at the cafeteria. 6. He....................dinner at home. 7. John and Henry......................a new business. 8. The teacher always................a bath after dinner. 9. This room.....................many windows. 10. You ...........................a good tape recorder.

To have: Negative form (Forma negativa) To form the negative of To have, place do not (dont) or does not (doesnt) before the verb. (Para formar el negativo de To have coloque do not (dont) or does not (doesnt) antes del verbo. I You We They He She doesnt have blue eyes It *

dont have a car

* Fjese que al usar doesnt con He, She, It, tiene que escribir have y no has. Change to the negative form 1. She has a new hat. She doesnt have a new hat. 2. He has red hair. 3. I have two sisters. I dont have two sisters. 4. They have new computers. 5 We have lunch at home. 6. The room has many windows.

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To have: question form (forma interrogativa) To form questions with To have, place Do or Does before the subject. (Para formar preguntas con To have coloque Do or Does antes del sujeto. e.g I have a camera. Do you have a camera? She has a mobile telephone. Does she have a mobile telephone? I We They he she it

Do

You have....?

Does

have....?

You can answer these questions with Yes or No. (Usted puede responder estas preguntas con S o No). Yes, I do Do you have a camera? No, I dont. Yes, she does Does she have a mobile phone? No, she doesnt. Change to the question form and answer (cambie a la forma interrogativa y responda) 1. She has a new apartment. Does she have a new apartment? No, 2. We have different books. Yes, 3. This book has a blue cover. No,

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4. They have breakfast at home. ? Yes, 5. You have a bath everyday. ? Yes, Simple Present Tense The Simple Present Tense describes an action which goes on everyday, is a habit or a general truth. In the third person singular s or es is added to the verb. (El Presente Simple describe una accin que ocurre todos los das, es un hbito o una verdad general. En la tercera persona del singular se agrega s o es al verbo). I produce You produce He produces She produces It produces We produce You produce They produce

Third Person * Cuando el verbo termina en o: go goes * Cuando el verbo termina en s, sh, ch, x o z teach wash fix teaches washes fixes

* Cuando el verbo termina en y (en este caso, la y se cambia por i antes de agregar es si la y est precedida por una consonante). study studies

Select the correct form (seleccione la forma correcta) 1. I (study/studies) English everyday. 2. Mr. Brown (checks/check) invoices.
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3. Mary (work/works) in the production department. 4. The company (sells/sell) computers. 5. They (do/does) market research. 6. You always (comes/come) to work late. 7. He never (smoke/smokes) at the office. 8. We (go/goes) home late on Mondays. Simple Present Tense Negative Form (Forma negativa) To form the negative of the Simple Present Tense, place do not (dont) or does not (doesnt) before the verb. (Para formar el negativo del presente simple, coloque do not (dont) o does not (doesnt) antes del verbo. I You He She It We You They do not (dont) work

does not (doesnt) work (*)

do not (dont) work

(*) Fjese que despus de doesnt el verbo ya no lleva la s en la tercera persona. Change to the negative form: 1.He studies in class. He doesnt study in class. 2. They go to work by car.

3. We deal with customers complaints.

4. She works for Coca-Cola.

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5. The company distributes soft drinks.

6. I organize training.

7. They visit the branches on Fridays.

Simple Present Tense - Question Form (1) (Forma interrogativa) Form questions in the Simple Present Tense by placing do or does before the subject. (Forme las preguntas en el presente simple colocando do o does antes del sujeto). I you we they

Do

work?

Does

he she it

work (*)

(*) Fjese que en la pregunta con does el verbo ya no lleva s. You can answer these questions with Yes or No. Yes, I do. Do you work? No, I dont.

Yes, he does. Does he work? No, he doesnt.

Change to the question form and answer (cambie a la forma interrogativa y responda).
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1. He comes to school by bus. Does he come to school by bus? Yes, he does. 2. They organize training. Do they organize training? No, they dont. 3. She checks quality control. ? No, 4. He distributes software. ? Yes, 5. We coordinate plans. ? No, 6. They sell sporting goods. ? Yes, 7. She designs furniture. ? Yes,

Simple Present Tense - Question Form 2 Do or does is used with question words like: (Do o Does se usa con palabras interrogativas como:) When? Cuando? Where? Dnde? What? Qu? How many? Cuntas/os? Who....for? Para quin?

Write do or does in the blanks: 1. Where...............you work? 2. What company................she work for?
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What.................they do? How many cigarrettes..........he smoke? When...............we start work? What..........she do? Who...........she work for?

Possessive Adjectives (Adjetivos Posesivos) My (mi) Your (tu) His (su de l) Her (su de ella) Its (su de l o ella) e.g Our (nuestro) Your (vuestro) Their (su de ellos)

They have their meetings in the morning. What is your name? My names Olga.

Write the correct possessive adjective in the blanks. (Escriba el adjetivo posesivo correcto en los espacios) 1. He walks to.........................office. 2. The employees have..........................new computers. 3. What is.............address? Her address is 474 Caseros street. 4. I work in...........office. 5. The company sells..........own production. 6. The president likes..........job. We are pleased, too. Verb To Be - Past Tense (Tiempo pasado) I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were

Change to the past tense (Cambiar al pasado) 1. He is a good student. 2. I am very hungry.
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He was a good student.

3. The weather is good. 4. You and Eleni are good friends. 5. There are many students in our class.

To be - Past tense, negative form (pasado negativo)


To form the negative of to be in the past tense, place not after the verb. (Para formar el pasado negativo del verbo to be, coloque not despus del verbo). Notice how the contractions are formed. (Note cmo se forman las contracciones). I was not (wasnt) You were not (werent) He was not (wasnt) She was not (wasnt) It was not (wasnt) We were not (werent) You were not (werent) They were not (werent)

Change to the negative form. Use the contractions. (Cambie a la forma negativa. Use contracciones) 1. John was in my class. 2. The door was open. 3. They were cousins. 4. I was busy yesterday. 5. We were dead tired. John wasnt in my class.

To be: Past tense, question form (Pasado - Forma interrogativa)


To form questions in the past tense of to be, place the verb before the subject. In there sentences, place the verb before there. (Para formar preguntas en el pasado de to be, coloque el verbo antes del sujeto. En oraciones con there, coloque el verbo antes de there.
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You were in Europe last year. It was a good movie. There was a pie for dessert.

Were you in Europe last year? Was it a good movie? Was there a pie for desert?

1. The exercises were difficult. 2. There was a book on the table. 3. He was a very intelligent person. 4. Angela was angry with me. 5. You were late for the lesson.

Were the exercises difficult?

You can answer the questions with Yes or No. (Puede contestar las preguntas con S o No.) Were the exercises difficult? Yes, they were No, they weren't Yes, she was No, she wasn't

Was she angry?

Answer these questions with Yes or No. (Responda estas preguntas con S o No) Was it a small dark object? Was the woman a stranger? Were the windows open? Were they busy all day? Was she a businesswoman?
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Yes, it was.

Past tense - Regular Verbs (Tiempo Pasado - Verbos regulares)


The past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding ed to the simple form of the verb. (El pasado de los verbos regulares se forma agregando ed a la forma simple del verbo). e.g: work worked

Notice the formation of the past tense with these regular verbs. (Note la formacin del pasado con estos verbos regulares. live lived study studied

When the simple form of the verb ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i before adding ed. (cuando la forma simple del verbo termina en y precedida por una consonante, la y se cambia a i antes de agregar ed.) Change the verb of each sentence to the past tense. (Cambie el verbo de cada oracin al pasado) 1. He always walk to school. 2. Our lesson ends at 2.00. 3. I like chess a lot. 4. They study in our class. 5. The dog follows me everywhere. Past Tense-Irregular Verbs (Tiempo pasado-Verbos irregulares) Many verbs in English have special past tense forms. (Muchos verbos en Ingls tienen formas pasadas especiales) e.g: go went buy bought see saw sleep slept drink drank eat ate have had come came etc.
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walked

Change the following sentences to the past tense. (Cambiar las siguientes oraciones al pasado.) 1. He buys many books. 2. They have a new car. 3. We eat dinner at home. 4. She comes by car. 5. I drink Coke. * NOTE: Verbs in the past are the same for all the persons. (Los verbos en el pasado son los mismos para todas las personas) He bought many books.

Past tense: negative form (Pasado - Forma negativa)


To form the negative past tense of all verbs (except to be), place did not before the simple form of the verb. The auxiliary did is the same for all the persons in the past tense. The contraction didnt is generally used. Para formar el pasado negativo de todos los verbos, (excepto to be), coloque "did not" antes de la forma simple del verbo. El auxiliar "did" es el mismo para todas las personas en el pasado. Generalmente se usa la contraccin "didn't". I did not stop He did not stop. They did not stop (I didnt stop) (He didnt stop) (They didnt stop)

Change to the negative form 1. She came to the lesson. 2. He liked French movies. 3. I bought all my books there. She didnt come to the lesson.

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4. We ate lunch in the cafeteria. 5. They had many friends in the class.

Past Tense: question form (Pasado - Forma interrogativa) Form the past tense question by placing did before the subject and by changing the verb to its simple form. (Forme el pasado interrogativo colocando did antes del sujeto y cambiando el verbo a su forma simple). e.g: You went home. Did you go home? Change to the question form. (Cambie a la forma interrogativa). 1. She waited for us. 2. They had dinner at home. 3. You came to school by car. 4. The lesson ended at 8.00. 5. He lived near us. Did she wait for us?

You can answer the questions with Yes or No. e.g:

Yes, she did. Did she go to the U.S? No, she didnt.

Yes, they did. Did they have a meeting? No, they didnt.

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Answer these questions with Yes or No. 1. Did she get up early? 2. Did he buy his car in Europe? 3. Did they write him several letters? 4. Did you know her very well? Yes, she did.

Future Tense with going to (Futuro con going to) A common way to form the future tense is to use the appropiate form of to be going to and the simple form of the verb. (Una forma comn de formar el tiempo futuro es usar la forma apropiada de to be going to y la forma simple del verbo). I You He She It We You They am are finish soon

is

going to

buy that car

see the new film are get up early

Write the verb in the future. (Escribir el verbo en futuro). 1. We (study) English next year. 2. She (buy) a new dress for the dance. 3. They (have) a picnic next Saturday. 4. I (watch) T.V tonight. 5. He (be) a doctor. are going to study

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Used to
It is used to indicate an action that one did in the past, bus it is not done any more. (Se usa para indicar una accin que se haca en el pasado, pero no se hace ms) e.g: He used to box. (Sola boxear) Re-write the sentences using used to. 1. I (smoke). 2. They (live) in a farm. 3. He (work) in a textile factory. 4. We (go) on business trips. 5 She (buy) a lot of chocolate. I used to smoke.

To be + born (nacer)
I was You were He was She was It was We were You were They were She was born in 1978.

in 1978

born

in Salta

two weeks ago

Ella naci en 1978.

They were born in Salta. Ellos nacieron en Salta.

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Answer 1. Where were you born? 2. When was your friend born? 3. Were you born 20 years ago?

Future tense with will (Tiempo futuro con will)


To form the future tense, the auxiliary will is used with the simple form of the verb. (Para formar el tiempo futuro, se usa el auxiliar will con la forma simple del verbo). The contracted form (ll) is generally used. (Generalmente, se usa la forma contrada (ll) I You He She It We You They e.g: Ill walk. She will phone him this afternoon.

run

will

walk

ll

finish it phone him this afternoon

Change to the future tense 1. He studies in this class. 2.You speak English well. 3. I bring you many presents.
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He will study in this class.

4. They have lunch in the cafeteria. 5. The train leaves at 8:00.

NOTE: For more grammar information read the Translation Set. (Para mayor informacin gramatical lea el Set de Traduccin)

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APNDICE DE TRADUCCIN

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CAPTULO I

El artculo indefinido a - an
Ambas formas se traducen por un-una. 1. a program 2. an image 3. a computer 4. an exhibitor 5. a machine 6. an error 7. a mistake 8. an element 9. a newspaper 10. a scientist 11. a light 12. an answer 13. a university 14. an angle 15. an aim

El artculo definido the: se traduce por los artculos el-la-los-las-lo the book: el libro the books: los libros the reasonable: lo razonable 1. the design 2. the designs 3. the card 4. the cards 5. the function 6. the functions 7. the system 8. the systems 9. the programmer 10. the programmers the ruler: la regla the rulers: las reglas

11. the beautiful 12. the true 13. the good 14 the useful 15. the classic 16. the best 17. the worst 18. the bad 19. the interesting 20. the boring

Plurales
1) El plural de los sustantivos con s: se forma agregando una s: girl: girls student: students

2) El plural de los sustantivos con es: sustantivos que terminan en o, x, s, ch, sh forman el plural agregando es. mango tomato box match
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church kiss

hero brush dress Pero: piano: pianos

watch class lunch dynamo: dynamos

dish

photo:photos

3) El plural de los sustantivos con ies: sustantivos que terminan en y precedida por una consonante forman el plural cambiando y por i y agregando es (ies). duty: duties fly country sky cry authority capability memory battery inquiry laboratory lady

Pero cuando la y va precedida por una vocal, el plural se forma agregando s: monkey: monkeys donkey day boy toy

4) El plural de los sustantivos con ves: los sustantivos que terminan en f o fe pierden la f o f y se agrega ves. wife: wives leaf Pero hay excepciones: roofs - handkerchiefs - chiefs - griefs - proofs - cliffs - gulfs 5) Plurales irregulares child: children man: men woman: women tooth: teeth goose: geese mouse: mice foot: feet louse: lice ox: oxen half life shelf knife

6) Algunos tienen la misma forma para el singular y plural: sheep deer fish news Chinese Japanese

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7) Algunos sustantivos de origen latino retienen los plurales originales: agendum erratum terminus oasis phenomenon agenda errata termini oases phenomena memorandum stratum basis analysis formula formulas memoranda strata bases analyses formulae

radius radii crisis crises axis axes appendix appendices datum data Pero: dogma: dogmas. Posicin del adjetivo: generalmente precede al sustantivo y es invariable en gnero y nmero. 1) A risky situation: una situacin riesgosa 2) The powerful features 3) A powerful database 4) The unlimited use 5) The unlimited uses

Ejercicios: 1. A fast compiler 2. The new contract 3. A large company 4. Large companies 5. The manageable parts 6. The new library 7. The new libraries 8. The important information 9. The new versions
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16. The old standby 17. The big old dictionary 18. The big old dictionaries 19. A couple of days 20. The conference brochures 21. A brilliant speech 22. A wide range of possibilities 23. The usual schemes 24. Some sophisticated systems

10. An interesting idea 11. An interesting new project 12. Some interesting new books 13. Some technical articles 14. A standardized highlevel language 15. The automatic discount

25. The quarterly report 26. Two very good reasons 27. The complete procedure 28. The wrong way 29. A powerful diagnostic tool 30. An amazing speed, power and flexibility

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CAPTULO II

Pronombres personales (sujeto)


En Ingls nunca se omiten. Singular I you He She It (yo- tu/Ud.- el / ella / depende del sustantivo que reemplaza). Plural We You They (Nosotros / Vosotros/Ustedes / Ellos/as)

El verbo To be (irregular)
Como todo verbo puede usarse de tres formas distintas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa. Present Simple Tense (tiempo presente) a)Forma afirmativa I am (soy/estoy) You are He is She is It is We are (somos/estamos) You are (sois/son/estais/estan) They are

Verbo To be como ser. Ejercicios


1. I am an accountant 2. You are a good boss 3. You are good bosses 4. Tom is a programmer. 5. They are Chairmen 6. Time is money 7. Bussinesses are complicated 8. The next meeting is crucial 9. She is a client. 10. The price is right. 11. It is fast and complete. 12. Its a complete budget

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Nota: el artculo indefinido a no se traduce al castellano en los casos en que el sustantivo exprese nacionalidad, religin o profesin.

Verbo To be como estar


Con palabras que indican posicin: in, on, under, over, below, above, at, near ,by, far from, here, there, at the bottom, at the top, belhind, in front of, opposite, at the back ; el verbo To be se traduce por estar. Ejercicios 1. The power is at your fingertips. 2. The system is ready. 3. The problem is under control. 4. The examples are at the top of the page. 5. The diagrams are on the screen. 6. The stapler is behind the folder. 7. The source data are on the right. 8 .The information is in front of you. 9. Informations, opinions, ideas and discussions are in this manual. 10. Precise information is at the end of the page. Verbo To be. Forma interrogativa Am I? soy?/estoy? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Palabras interrogativas Who: quien What:qu, cual Which:cual Ejercicios 1. Is flexibility important?
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Are we? Are you? Are they

Where:dnde Why: por qu How:cmo

When:cuando

2. Why is this issue interesting? 3. Where is the information? 4. What is the name of that manufacturer? 5. Are you ready to write the minutes? 6. What are the different possibilities? 7. Which is the long-term one?

Verbo To be Forma negativa


I am not; no soy / no estoy You are not He is not She is not It is not Ejercicios: 1. Budget changes are not easy. 2. The graphics are not on the screen. 3. A few changes are not necessary. 4. You are not ready to test the program. 5. Compatibility is no problem. We are not You are not They are not

Las formas abreviadas del verbo To be


I am You are He is She is It is Im We are Youre You are Hes They are Shes Its Were Youre Theyre She is not It is not We are not You are not They are not I am notIm not You are not You arent He is not He isnt She isnt It isnt We arent You arent They arent

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To be con adjetivos. Ejercicios


1. This information is irrelevant. 2. The graphics are colourful. 3. The invoice is incorrect. 4. The file is incomplete. 6. The records are updated. Ejercicios en que the se omite en ingls, no as en su traduccin al castellano. ej:Time is money. El tiempo es oro. 1. Certificates are issued. 2. Life is hard 3. Commercialization is neccesary. 4. Clients are money 5. Photocopiers are expensive. 6. Old buildings are inadequate. 7. Prospective clients are important. 8. Management is an art. 9. Books are good companions Ejercicios con this (este, esta, esto); that (ese, aquel, esa, aquella, aquello); these (estos estas); those (aquellos, aquellas, esos, esas); too (tambin, demasiado). 1. Those formulae are wrong 2. This book is too difficult. That book is difficult too 3. These colours are too bright 4. This machine is too expensive 5. This issue is free.

Otras traducciones de To be
a) To be seguido por el infinitivo. Generalmente se traduce por: voy a, vas a etc., que tiene muchas veces el sentido de obligacin u orden. Ej: We are to go soon: Vamos a ir pronto. We are to go at once: Debemos ir de inmediato (obligacin).
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Ejercicios: 1. They are to postpone the business 2. He is to replace these three machines 3. They are to install the new system 4. He is to object the plan 5. I am to answer the questions 6. They are to make the effort. b) To be + about + infinitivo: estar a punto de, estar por Ejercicios 1. He is about to plan the new factory 2. I am about to prepare the new program 3. He is about to spend money for a good printer 4. You are about to be seduced by power and money 5. They are about to replace those desks. c) Condicin fsica o mental. Para expresar condicin o mental to be se traduce por tengo, tienes, etc. Ej: Im cold: Tengo fro They are hot: Tienen calor He is hungry: Tiene hambre She is afraid of computers: Tiene miedo a las computadoras. We are sleepy: Tenemos sueo Im thirsty: Tengo sed d) Edad: To be se traduce por tengo, tienes, etc. Ej: Im twenty: Tengo 20 aos How old are you? Qu edad tienes? How old is that machine? Qu antigedad/tiempo tiene esa mquina? How old is that baby? He is three days old How old is that church? Its four centuries old This system is two months old e) Tamao, peso y dimensin. Tengo, tienes, etc. Ej. How tall is the machine? Qu altura tiene la mquina?
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Its 50 cm. tall. Tiene 50 cm de alto. How large is the computer? Qu dimensin/tamao tiene... How deep is the well? Qu profundidad .... How high is that mountain? Qu altura tiene... How thick is the wall? Qu espesor tiene... Its 60 cm. thick. Tiene 60 cm. de espesor f) Distancia: Estoy, ests... La expresin how far se traduce por a qu distancia. Ejemplos: How far is it to the park? Its two blocks from here Im not far from the next village How far is it from here to B.A? Qu distancia hay...? g) Precio y cantidad. Ejemplos: How much is it? Its 20 pesos. Its not expensive. Its cheap How much are the programs? How many monthly issues are there? h) Estado atmosfrico. hace, esta, es. Ejemplos: Its Its Its Its warm in November. Hace calor en noviembre wet after the rain a stormy night cloudy today

i) Para expresar prisa o tardanza. Ejemplos: You are early. Llegas temprano You are late I am in a hurry. Estoy apurado. Tengo prisa j) Tiempo y fecha. Ejemplos: Today is Monday. Its 25th May. What time is it? Its 4 oclock

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The clock is slow/ fast What year are we in? We are in 1.988 Ejercicios: 1. She is to reduce the number of colours 2. The secretary is in a hurry 3. Its not a single card 4. How wide is this project? 5. How old is this index? 6. Its expensive to install a new memory program 7. Accommodation is not available. 8. What is a laser printer? 9. What is the source of information? 10. Auditors are valuable in the company. 11. Performance is all-important when your database grows 12. It is tiring at the end of the year. 13. Fear is a human reaction 14. The surface of the screen is smooth 15. Variety is necessary in advertising. 16. Photocopying is illegal. 17. The aim of the symposium is to consider the influences of commerce and business in a social and political context 19. My problem is to remember the names of all the applicants. 20. The flat screen is the ideal monitor for many business and educational applications

To be: Simple Past Tense (Pretrito Imperfecto)


Afirmativo: I was: fui - era/estuve, estaba You were He was She was It was We were You were They were
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Negativo: I was not You were not He was not She was not It was not We were not You were not They were not Interrogativo: Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they? Ejercicios: 1. Your old computer was powerful and easy to use. 2. It was a good machine but it was slow. 3. The first problem was a message distortion. 4. Those procedures were the best available at the time. 5. They were the first to withdraw the credit facilities. 6. The figures on sales of this product were very high. 7. The plans for the ceremony were clear. 8. Dr. George Lewicki was in charge of the research area. 9. Money wasnt a real problem. 10. Those managers were honest about past mistakes and current problems.

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CAPTULO III

"There is"; "There are": Hay


There is; there are: Hay Afirmativo: There is, there are Negativo: There is not, there are not Interrogativo: Is there? Are there? Ejercicios 1. There is a meeting on Tuesday. 2. In that company there are shifts. 3. There are comfortable seats in that office. 4. There is an illustration of this process in photo N 11 5. There is a big difference between an assisstant and an administrator. 6. There are three points of access.

There was, There were: hubo, haba


Afirmativo: There was, there were Negativo: There was not, there were not Interrogativo: Was there? Were there? Ejercicios: 1. There were different kinds of computers in the exhibition. 2. There was not a bilingual secretary in the company. 3. There were differents types of requests . 4. How many visitors were there? 5. There was not a new model of filing cabinets.

Some, Any
a) Some in invariable y se traduce por unas, unos, algunas/os, un poco, algo, algo de ciertos.

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There are some Italian orders to deal with. There is some information on the right Nota: Cuando some se repite en una misma oracin, el primero se traduce por unos/as; el segundo por otros/as. There are many appointments ; some are important, some are not. b) Any, forma interrogativa. Es invariable y se traduce por alguno/a/os/ as. Are there any good systems here? Are there any dificulties in this explanation? Is there any copy here? Any, forma negativa. not...any. Se traduce en el singular por ningn, ninguno/a. En el plural preferentemente se omite. There is not any information here. (No hay ninguna informacin aqu) There are not any mistakes in the problem. (No hay ningn error en el problema. No hay errores en el problema). Any, forma afirmativa. Se traduce por cualquier, cualquiera Any suggestion is welcome. (Cualquier sugerencia es bien recibida). c) No-none. Estas palabras pueden ser usadas con verbos afirmativos para expresar una negacin. Son una construccin alternativa a la del verbo en forma negativa + any. Ambos trminos se traducen por ningn, ninguna. There is no information here. No hay ninguna informacin aqu There are no important computer markets here There is none. No hay ninguno d) Palabras compuestas SOME: someone: alguien somebody: alguien something. algo somewhere: en alguna parte/lugar

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ANY: Anyone Afirmativo cualquier/cualquiera Anybody cualquier/cualquiera quienquiera Anything cualquier cosa

Negativo nadie

Interrogativo alguien

nadie

alguien

nada

algo

Anywhere cualquier parte/lugar ninguna parte/lugar alguna parte/lugar NO: no one: nadie nobody: nadie nothing: nada no where: ninguna parte EVERY: everyone: todos everybody: todos everything: todo everywhere: en todas partes o lugares Ejercicios: 1. Everrything is ready for the conference 2. There is no time for the next problem 3. There are not any difficult solutions here 4. There is nothing like your new idea. 5. No one was in the Accounts Department yesterday. 6. Everyone is free to go 7. None of the typists are useful for the program 8. Some drawers are full; some are not.

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CAPTULO IV

Partes principales del verbo


Hay dos clases de verbos en ingls: regulares e irregulares. Tanto los verbos regulares como los irregulares tienen las siguientes partes principales: infinitive, past simple, past participle and -ing form. Verbos regulares son aquellos que forman el past simple y el past participle agregando ed o d a la forma simple. La forma -ing se forma agregando ing al infinitivo. Se usa para los tiempos contnuos. INFINITIVE to work to clean to improve to study to play PAST SIMPLE worked cleaned improved studied played PAST PARTICIPLE worked cleaned improved studied played -ING FORM working cleaning improving studying playing

Verbos irregulares forman el Past Simple y el Past Participle cambiando parcial o totalmente la forma del infinitivo. A veces el Past Simple y el Past Participle tienen la misma forma que el infinitivo. Ejemplos: to beat to begin to buy to cut to grow to come etc. Ejercicio Fotocopiar o copiar de un diccionario o libro de gramtica la lista completa de verbos irregulares. beat began bought cut grew came beaten begun bought cut grown come beating beginning buying cutting growing coming

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CAPTULO V

Los tiempos continuos


I) Present Continuous: se forma con el presente del verbo To be y la forma -ing del verbo. Se traduce por estar + gerundio. Afirmativo I am working (estoy trabajando) You are working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working Ejercicios: 1. They are assembling a new computer 2. Is he experimenting with new programs? 3. Several thousand people are solving legal problems . 4. Are you trying to elaborate a new report? 5. They are experiencing in logistics. 6. We are living in an age of progress. 7. The author of the book is contrasting two different situations. 8. The bad publicity is affecting our reputation. 9. In the picture two men are buying stocks and shares. 10. The prices are always changing. 11. Now we are always flying direct form Milan. II) Past Continuous: se forma con el pasado del verbo to be y la forma -ing. Se traduce por estaba+ gerundio o a veces por el Pretrito Imperfecto del Indicativo. Afirmativo I was working (Yo estaba trabajando) You were working Negativo I was not working Interrogativo Was I working? Negativo I am not working Interrogativo Am I working?

You were not working Were you working?


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He/She/It was working We were working You were working They were working Ejercicios: 1. He was demonstrating the commercial possibilities of the television program. 2. He was reading a book about a new educational system. 3. Were you bribing the boss of the company? 4. You were forcing the man to accept the unfavourable conditions. 5. The prices were going up at intervals. 6. The new ideas were changing the face of the company. 7. Our competitor bankrupt was increasing our maket shares.. 8. A factory agency was collecting our debts. 9. He was completing the documentation. 10. It was getting difficult to convince the seller.

Present Continuous con sentido de futuro


She is coming tomorrow: Viene/ vendr/ va a venir maana. They are arriving next week.

Going to
I am going to work tomorrow. Voy a trabajar maana. I was going to work yesterday. Yo iba a trabajar ayer. Ejercicios: 1. They are going to plan the new experiments carefully. 2. She was going to spend a lot of money in a new system. 3. He was going to check the books last week. 4. They are going to improve some methods of leasing. 5. We were going to draw the plans for the new building but there was no time. 6. When is the board of directors going to modify the plan?
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CAPTULO VI

Voz pasiva
En ingls se forma con el presente del verbo to be y el participio pasivo del verbo. Se encuentra de las siguientes maneras: 1) The payment is controlled by the accountant every day. (El pago es controlado por el contador todos los das.) The payment was controlled by the accountant every day. (El pago era controlado por el contador todos los das.) 2) The payment is controlled every day. (se controla) was controlled (se controlaba) O sea, que cuando la voz pasiva en ingls va acompaada de la palabra by (por), la oracin se traduce literalmente. De lo contrario se traduce al castellano, siempre que sea posible, con la partcula se. Ejercicios: 1. When the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. 2. Calculus, a branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both, Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. 3. In 1.930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush. 4. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1.944. 5. The computed results were printed inmediately. 6. Binary arithmetic is based on two digits: 0 and 1. 7. There is no limit on the kinds of things a computer can do: its versatility is limited only by the imagination of those using it. 8. Programs or data are stored on tapes or disks. 9. Calculations were done using devices that are still used today; the slide rule (a perfect example), not to mention the ten fingers of the hands.

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10. It wasnt until the mid-1.940s that the first digital computer was built. 11. The memory of a computer is used for storing information. 12. Software packages are sold by various vendors and not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. 13. These packages are coded in machine language on magnetic tapes or disks which can be purchased, leased or rented by users who choose the package that most closely corresponds to their needs. 14. Although systems programs are part of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine. 15. Certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly, things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.

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CAPTULO VII

Pronombres
Pron. personales en caso nominativo: Sujeto I You He She it We You They yo tu, Ud. l ella nosotros/as vosotros/as, Uds. ellos/as

Pron. personales en caso acusativo: Objeto me you him her it us you them me,mi te, le, la; ti, Ud. lo. le; l la, le; ella le, lo, la; l, ella, ello nos; nosotros/as os, les, vosotros/as; Uds. les, los, las; ellos, ellas

Nota: it es un pronombre neutro que generalmente no se traduce. Ejercicios: 1. There is a book for me at the post office. 2. They are telling us how they were projected 3. George was coming to see her that afternoon. 4. I am pleased to know that you are giving us every encouragement. 5. Thank you for your recent note. 6. We cant do anything about it, so we cant give you any money back. 7. I acknowledge receipt of your letter of 5 January. 8. This computer is for her, those are for them. 9. She showed them how to pack the goods.

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Adjetivos Posesivos
Concuerdan en gnero y nmero con el poseedor, no con lo posedo, como en castellano. my your his her its our your their Ejercicios: 1. She gave me her advice on how to invest. 2. Our research was about consumer attitudes. 3. After a practical demonstration my instructions were easy to follow. 4. She has found work in his investment firm. 5. We have changed our premises to new ones in Lombard Street. 6. The job Im doing at the moment is very difficult. Im responsible for its reliability. 7. They owe me four months salary in arrears. 8. They often experience problems with their computer network. mi, mis tu, tus; su,sus (de Ud.) su, sus (de l) su, sus (de ella) su, sus (neutro) nuestro/a nuestros/as vuestro/a/as/os, sus (de Uds) suyos, sus (de ellos/as)

Pronombres Posesivos
mine yours his hers ours yours theirs mo/a; mos/as tuyo/a/os/as; suyo/a/os/as; de Ud. suyo/a/os/as; su, sus; de l suya/o/os/as; su; sus; de ella nuestro/a/os/as vuestro/a/os/as; suyo/de Uds. suyos; de ellos/as

Los pronombres posesivos tambin concuerdan en gnero y nmero con el poseedor, no con lo posedo como en castellano.

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Ejercicios: 1. What colour is your book?, Mine is red, but hers is black. 2. The papers were corrected yesterday. Ours were right but theirs were wrong. 3. We are relatives of hers. 4. The house opposite ours is hers. 5. That is my chart, the graph is mine too. 6. She is carrying out her plan. Ours is not correct. 7. My pencils are on the table. His are lying on the floor. 8. The car next door is theirs. 9. My work is poor, but yours is bad. Caso posesivo. Se forma aadiendo al sustantivo singular o plural (plurales irregulares) una s precedida de apstrofe. Ejemplo: The companys strategy was unclear. (La estrategia de la compaa...) Mens clothes stores are on the next floor. Cuando el sustantivo poseedor es plural se coloca solamente el apstrofe despus de la s. Ejemplo: The employeess salaries are in the safe deposit box. Otra forma de expresar posesin es usando la preposicin of. Ejemplo: The capital of the company. Ejercicios: 1. First draw the organigram of Archer Electronics Board of Directors. 2. The management organization of the company was led by the president.. 3. Bakers orders were to drive the visitors to and from the factory. 4. Most of the sales today are for the new product. 5. The finance managers observations of the selling system were a great contribution to the company. 6. The philosophy of the company is easy to understand. 7. As a wedding present she received 33.3%of the companys shares. 8. Redundancy pay depends both on salary and length of service. 9. You can choose the companys name, what it makes and how and where it operates.

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Pronombres Reflexivos
myself yourself herself himself itself me te, se se se se ourselves yourselves themselves oneself nos se se se

Estos pronombres se traducen al castellano de tres formas distintas. a) Como un simple reflexivo castellano: me, te, se, nos, os, se. Ejemplo: I was looking at myself in the mirror. (Me estaba mirando en el espejo). Ejercicios: 1. She was developing the new project herself. 2. He was running the hotel by himself. 3. We were transmitting ourselves a wide variety of regularly up-dated information. 4. The poor client was talking to himself.

b) Como expresin de nfasis. Se traduce por: yo mismo, tu mismo, l mismo, etc. o en persona. Ejemplo: I myself was to blame for the mistake. (Yo mismo/a (tengo la culpa/soy culpable del error). Ejercicios: 1. He himself was forced to do the delivery. 2. We were compelled to carry out the survey ourselves. 3. The secretary herself was delivering the minutes of the meeting. 4. The president himself is going to open the new branch. c) Cuando va precedido de by significa solo o por s mismo, s mismo, etc. Ejemplo: I was going to the leisure center by myself. (Iba al club sola).

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Ejercicios: 1. The programmes were planned by the presidents themselves. 2. I made this program by myself. 3. The fax machine stopped suddenly by itself. 4. He lives here by himself. 5. A good result comes back by itself.

Pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos


Son invariables en gnero pero no en nmero Singular This That Plural These Those Ejemplos: This is my boss; these are my co-workers. (Este es mi jefe; estos son mis companeros de trabajo) Thats an old subsidiary and it is still working properly. (Aquella es una subsidiaria vieja y todavia trabaja corrrectamente). Those services were offered last year. (aquellos/esos servicios se ofrecieron el ano pasado). a) Las formas acentuadas ste, ese, aqul, sta. esa, aquella corresponden generalmente al ingls this one, that one, o sea el demostrativo correspondiente seguido de one. I like this one, not that one. (Me gusta ste, no aqul). b) Cuando los pronombres demostrativos castellanos este, aquel, etc. son sinnimos de el ltimo, el primero, corresponden a las formas inglesas the former, the latter. Ejemplo:
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este, esta, esto ese, esa, eso, aquel, aquello/a

estos, estos esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas

Those books are expensive, these are cheap; the former are illustrated, the latter are not. (Aquellos/Esos libros son caros, estos son baratos; los primeros estn ilustrados, los ltimos no). Ejercicios: Finance and Human Resources are divisions of the company. The former is concerned with money, the latter with employees. Life is defined by men of science and by philosophers. The former are discussing it from the point of view of a scientific possibility. The latter are considering it from two different angles: moral and religious. Ejercicios (Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos) 1.This decision would raise your product price. 2.That new phenomenon attracted considerable attention. 3. Wha are the advantages and disadvantages of these offers? 4. Those potential clients were considered for the interview. 5. Progress in those under developed countries is not steady. 6. In these two cases, only the feasible schemes were considered. Those which were not feasible were discarded. 7. These calculations were of inestimable value not only to investors but also to savers.

Pronombres recprocos
Son los siguientes: one another, each other (el uno al otro, entre s). Se usan indistintamente y se colocan despus del verbo. Ejemplo: At present, the members of the club are helping one another. (Actualmente, los miembros del club se estn ayudando mutuamente). Ejercicios: 1. They were studying each other carefully at the meeting. 2. They are copying from each other. 3. While I was there, they were speaking to one another only when it was necessary.
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Pronombre personal indefinido One uno, una. Ejemplo One is never sure of the result. (Uno nunca esta seguro del resultado). One is always thinking of tomorrow.

Pronombres relativos
Who quien, que, cual (se refiere solamente a personas) Whom que, cuya, quien (personas) Whose cuyo/a/os/as (personas) Which que, cual (animales, cosas, personas) What lo que That lo que Ejemplos: 1. My uncle, who is coming tomorrow, is a lawyer. 2. (Mi to, que viene maana, es abogado). 3. The lady from whom this package was obtained is in London. 4. (La dama de quien se obtuvo este paquete est en Londres). 5. John, whose briefcase was stolen yesterday, lives next door. 6. (John, cuyo portafolios fue robado ayer, vive al lado). 7. I was not able to decide which was better. 8. (No pude decidir cul era mejor. 9. What she is saying is incorrect. 10. (Lo que ella dice es incorrecto). Ejercicios: 1.The International Conference Centre which was opened las year, seats 3,000 people. 2. The new manager who is a natural leader is also very imaginative. 3. The methods which were used there were faultless. 4. You have to organize a Trade Fair for organizations who train people in using all forms of new technology. 5. What is shown in the graph is sugar production on a small scale.

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Omisiones de pronombres relativos


En ingls el pronombre relativo puede omitirse, quedando sobreentendido. En castellano no se omite. This is the company (of which I was speaking). (I was speaking of) The man (to whom I was speaking) is very reliable. (I was speaking to) 1. I was just organizing the meeting he was speaking of. 2. Here is the brochure you were asking for. 3. That is the convention I was talking about. 4. The explanation she is giving to the members of the commitee is not correct.

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CAPTULO VIII

Verbos defectivos
Son verbos que no tienen variantes en su declinacin y que slo poseen uno o dos tiempos verbales: CAN - COULD- MAY- MIGHT - MUST- SHOULD - OUGHT TO Sus formas interrogativas se logran invirtiendo el verbo con el pronombre personal. Sus formas negativas se logran agregando luego del sujeto y el verbo la partcula negativa not. Can: se traduce por el presente Indicativo del verbo poder. (Yo puedo, tu puedes, etc.). Ej: - Forma afirmativa: He can decide which characteristic is important (El puede decidir que caracteristica es importante). - Forma interrogativa: Can he decide which characteristic is important? (Puede el decidir que caracteristica es importante?) - Forma negativa: He cannot decide which characteristic is important. (El no puede decidir...).

Ejercicios: 1.He cannot invest in new technology. 2.She can apply for transfer to another section. 3.Can they work under stress? 4.A computer can do many kinds of calculation quickly and accurately. 5.The new secretary can solve a problem faster than any other in the company. 6.He can be made redundant if his work is not profitable. 7.The production process can be automatized. 8.A customer engineer can help users solve the computer problems. Could: se traduce al cstellano segn el sentido de la oracin por: yo poda/pude/podra. Ejemplo:

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Could he be accepted is he is efficient? (Podra ser aceptado si es eficiente?). The parent company could encourage a generous budget for training. (La compaa pudo alentar un generoso presupuesto para entrenamiento. Ejercicios: 1.He could not understand the meaning of the graph. 2.The project could be an important source of income if managers could find a way to control it. 3.No one could describe the new job as monotonous. 4.Could they analyse how time and money were spent? To be able to: esta forma verbal no es defectiva. Suple los tiempos de que carece can. Puede usarse en presente y en pasado. Se traduce por: poder, ser capaz. Ejemplo: The president is able to express his feelings in precise terms through voice or gesture. Ejercicios: 1.He is not able to create an atmosphere which produces good teamwork. 2.Why is their performance able to affect the managers success? 3.They were able to define the ideal candidate 4.The essential quality of that definition is that we are able to apply it to all cases. 5.You were unable to act in any other way. Formas de la voz pasiva con can y could Can + be + participio pasado Could Ejemplos: Priorities can be identified easily. (Se pueden identificar las prioridades facilmente).
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Priorities could be identified easily. (Se pudo/podra/poda identificar las...) (Las prioridades se pudieron/podan/podran ser identificadas fcilmente). Ejercicios: 1.Ideas can be presented persuasively. 2. Giving a presentation cannot be planned in two days. 3. There are advertising methods which can be evaluated with some accuracy. 4. His ways of managing stress are inefficient. How could their efficiency be increased? 5. A big problem can be solved by solving a number of little problems one after another. 6. Tapes and disks are devices that can be stored for future use. 7. Only one course can be held in two days. 8.Many lines are printed simultaneously, and speeds of 20.000 lines per minute can be attained. 9. Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations can be performed by an operator.

Formas impersonales con can y could


There can be There could be Ejemplos: There can be no objections to the plan No puede haber objeciones al plan. There could be no objections to the plan. No pudo/poda/podra haber objeciones... It can be said that foreign consultants are expensive. Se puede decir que los consultores extranjeros son caros. It could be said that foreign consultants are/were expensive. Se pudo/poda/podra decir que los consultores extranjeros son/fueron caros.
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It can be It could be

Ejercicios: 1. It can be said that all are basically the same. 2. It could be said that computers are limited by mans imagination. 3. There can be no doubt that one of your potential clients is that international hotel chain. May: expresa permiso o posibilidad de hacer algo. Se traduce por: yo puedo, tu puedes, etc., o tal vez. Ejemplo: The relocation package may include his hotel expenses. El paquete de reubicacion puede incluir sus gastos de hotel. Tal vez el paquete de reubicacion incluya ..... Ejercicios: 1.The computers of the future may be quite different from those in use today. 2.The result of this programe may change the whole course of your researches. 3.What may the possible consequences be? 4.A belief may be wrong even though it may seem reasonable. 5.In terms of its effects, we may think that the machinery is up-dated. Might: expresa posibilidad o probabilidad ms remota que May. En el presente se traduce por: podra/as...y pudiera/se....etc. Ejemplo: Some people might consider the new policy lucrative, but this is not accurate. Algunos podran considerar la nueva politica lucrativa, pero esto no es correcto. Ejercicios 1. The production process in the company might produce pollution. 2. He said that it might work. 3. He is not here. He might be in a meeting.

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Formas de voz pasiva con May y Might


Se forman: may be + participio pasado might Foreign books may be translated accurately. (Los libros extranjeros pueden ser traducidos con precisin). (Se puede traducir...) Foreign books might be translated in class. (Los libros extranjeros podran ser traducidos en clase. Se podran traducir los...).

Ejercicios: 1.An engineering project may be applied in your area.. 2. This article may be discussed in two parts. 3. At the rate the company is improving the quality of its product, it might reduce the cost of its production. 4. The easiest solution may be to lay off the workforce in the recently acquired factory.

Formas impersonales con May y Might


There may be There might be It may be + participio pasado It might be

There may be foreign books in the library. (Puede haber libros extranjeros en ....) There might be foreign books in the library. (Podra haber libros...) It may be said that foreign books are expensive. (Se puede decir que los libros....). It might be said that foreign books were scarce in 1.900. (Podra decirse que los libros extranjeros eran escasos en 1.900).
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Ejercicios: 1.There might be unknown factors which may change the result of the contract. 2.It may be said that anger is always characterized by some aggresive response. 3.Usually, there may be no legal obligation to change your process. Must: expresa una obligacin ineludible. Se traduce por el Presente del Indicativo debo/es...etc, o tengo , tienes....que, etc. All new project must have a time to prove its validity. Ejercicios: 1.Sometimes we must reduce the cost of the production to make the product uncompetitive. 2. We must work out the details of a problem before reaching a solution. 3. We must be able to play an active part in the project. 4.You must make a flexi-time proposal. 5. You must read this book. Its really excellent. 6. Tell her that she must be here by six. I insist on it. To have to: esta no es una forma defectiva. Se usa para suplir todos los tiempos verbales de los que carece must. Se traduce por tener que. Se conjuga de la siguiente manera: Presente Simple I have to: tengo que You have to He has to She has to It has to We have to You have to They have to Pasado Simple I had to: tuve, tena que
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You had to He had to She had to It had to We had to You had to They had to I have to read these books to pass the examination. (Tengo que leer estos libros...) I had to read those books to pass the examination. (Tuve que leer esos libros...) Ejercicios: 1.During that time they had to negotiate for a long-term and valuable contract. 2. The law officer had to investigate a case of bribery. 3. They have to decide on a price which can be both attractive to the consumer and profitable to them. 4. I hadnt enough money and I had to pay by cheque. 5. You have to take off your shoes to go in their houses.

Formas pasivas con must y have to


must have to + be + participio had to Foreign books must be read.... Se deben leer libros extranjeros.... This foreign book has to be read. Se tiene que leer este libro.... Ejercicios: 1. The greatest care must be exercised in order to eliminate errors.
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2. All information must be prepared in such a way that the computer can understand it. 3.The meetings must be programmed in order to be useful. 4.Even the most careful employee must be told what to do. 5.What provision have to be made with regard to holiday work? 6.Instructions must be given to the new staff. 7.Employees must be motivated to learn quickly.

Formas impersonales con must y have to


There There There There must be: debe haber has to be: tiene que haber have to be: tiene que haber had to be: tena que haber/tuvo que haber Debe decirse/Se debe decir Tiene que decirse Se tuvo que decir

It must be It has to be It had to be Ejercicios:

+ participio (said)

1. There must be foreign books in lthe library. (Debe haber libros....) 2. There has to be a technical dictionary here. 3. There have to be foreign books here. 4. There had to be suggestions to be judged. 5. It must be said that that area is attractive. 6. It has to be kept in mind that there might be over building costs. 7. It must be remembered to rank them in order of importance. 8. There must be no doubt about the limitation of the scheme. 9. There has to be a solution to your problem. Ought to: indica obligacin moral. (No ordena ni prohbe. Aconseja y recomienda lo que es deseable, correcto y adecuado). Se traduce por: debiera, debera, etc. You ought to analyse why the sales of your product are declining. Debera (Debiera) analizar...

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Ejercicios: 1. Which consequences ought we take into account? 2. Dont you think we ought to examine it first? 3. Everybody ought to be able to solve this problem. 4. You ought to finance the production of that revolutionary product.

Forma pasiva con ought to: ought to be + participio


Foreign books ought to be read for the translation course. Debieran o deberan ser ledos.... Se debieran/deberan leer.

Ejercicios: 1. Those methods ought to be used with precaution. 2. They ought to specialise in arranging conferences and conventions.

Formas impersonales con ought to


There ought to be It ought to be + participio pasado There ought to be foreign books in the library. Debera/debiera haber libros.... It ought to be realized that foreign books are necessary for this course. Se debera/debiera considerar que los libros extranjeros son necesarios... Debera/debiera decirse que los libros extranjeros son necesarios... Ejercicios: 1.There ought to be remembered that it is difficult to accomodate so many people for the conference. 2.There ought to be a suitable text for translation students. 3.It ought to be considered that our need for training courses is constantly increasing.
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Should: se traduce por debe, debiera/se, debera. En traducciones cientficas generalmente por debe. Only doctors should prescribe vitamins. Slo los mdicos deben/deberan recetar.... Ejercicios: 1.Handwriting should be legible and in possible attractive. 2.The forces should be equal to produce a balance. 3.You should not intervene unless they ask you to. 4.When a right-handed person is writing, the light should come from his left. 5.The manager should have an active mind, imagination, tact and the ability to control others. 6.You should be very careful and exact in recording the true observation. 7.In planning a series of conferences one should be aware of the difficulties.

Forma pasiva con should: should be + participio pasado


Foreign books should be read in this course Los libros extranjeros deben/debieran/deberan ser ledos en este curso. Se deben/debieran/deberan leer libros extranjeros.... Ejercicios: 1. Goods should be paid in advance. 2. How should employees be selected, trained and paid? 3. Decisions should never be taken without the advice of a consultant.. 4. The recording of data should be carefully checked.

Formas impersonales con should


There should be It should be + participio pasado

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There should be foreign books in the library. Debe/debiera/debera haber libros.... It should be kept in mind that errors in measurement are common. Debe/debiera/debera tenerse en cuenta que.... Se debera tener en cuenta que.... Ejercicios: 1.It is very important that there should be no errors of spelling or grammar. 2.It should be kept in mind that there should be no mistakes when such a project is performed. 3.It should be remembered that the Cv should be clear and attractive to read. 4.There should be a clause in t he contract to specify what amounts of money should be paid to the her. 5.It should be remembered that computers can process information at extremely rapid rates. 6.There should be a multicolor graphic to emphasize contrast.

Used to: The students used to read many foreign books for the translation course. Los estudiantes solan leer muchos libros.... A pesar de no ser un verbo defectivo propiamente dicho, es por tener una sola forma y por lograrse sus formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa de la misma manera que los defectivos, que se lo trata aqu. Se traduce por sola/as...., etc. Ejercicios: 1.When he was a little boy he used to live in the country. He used to get up early everyday. There was a little dog in the house and he used to play with him all morning. At twelve oclock he used to have his lunch. 2.He always used to drink fresh milk. After lunch he used to go swimming in the river. He could swim very well, and he used to swim across the river from one side to the other. Back at home, he used to eat dinner and then take a short walk. He always used to go to bed early.

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Forma pasiva con used to:


Used to be + participio pasado Foreign books used to be read for the translation course. Libros extranjeros solan ser ledos para... Libros extranjeros solan leerse para el curso... Ejercicios: 1.It must be remembered that formal language is used por public meetings. 2.Substantial resourses used to be brought for the campaign by the agency. 3.Many books used to be sent abroad. 4.The majority of senior managers used to be men. 5.The photocopier used to break down very often.

Formas impersonales con used to


There used to be It used to be + participio pasado There used to be foreign books in the library. Sola haber libros... It used to be said that the Earth was flat. Sola decirse que la Tierra.... Ejercicios: 1.It used to be thought that that was the strategy of the company. 2.There used tobe a reduction in price every two years. 3.It used to be thought that it was necessary to delegate. 4.At other times there used to be unofficial strikes rather than collective bargaining.

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Ejercicios generales: 1. Now scientists and inventors are able to build machines to help us do almost any kindof work. 2. The National Gas industry was privatized by the government. 3. The market can be said to be bearish or bullish. 4. It was said that she was selling most of her portfolio. 5. She must build up a database of customer records on her computer system. 6. Could I come back and see you in a months time? 7. Visitors may visit the workshops by prior arrangement. 8. You may well be right. 9. The commitee meeting may be cancelled as most of the members are going to be away. 10. We could not start the project without additional staff.

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CAPTULO IX

El imperativo
a)El imperativo afirmativo singular y plural se forma usando el infinitivo de un verbo sin to. Read the book. Lea el libro. b)El imperativo negativo se forma colocando do not delante del infinitivo sin to. Do not read the book. No lea el libro. Otra forma de expresar el imperativo es con el verbo let. a) Let us se usa en la primera persona plural para hacer una sugerencia. Let us read the book. Leamos el libro. b) Let seguido de me, him, her, it, them, se traduce por permitir, dejar. Let me read the book. Djeme/Permtame leer el libro. Ejercicios: 1.Explain the meanings of the words underlined and discuss the general style of the passage. 2.Do not make new changes unless theyre necessary. 3.Let me give you some advice. 4.Go ahead with the plan after his confirmation. 5.Ask the technician to clean the machine. 6.Make your agent pay for local advertising and promotion. 7.Obtain bank references for open accounts customers.

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CAPTULO X

El tiempo Present Simple


Forma afirmativa I work (trabajo) You work He works She works It works We work You work They work Forma negativa I do not work (no trabajo) You do not work He does not play She does not work It does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work Forma interrogativa Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? a) Tiene una sola persona variante en la conjugacin y es la s o es de las terceras personas del singular.

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Con el verbo to go: I go - You go- He goes - She goes - It goes - We go - You go - They go b) Para el interrogativo y negativo usamos los auxiliares do y does para la tercera persona del singular. Do y does no afectan la traduccin al castellano del verbo principal. Ejercicios: 1. How do computers work? 2. He works for a major firm in the city of London.. 3. ABC manufactures a wide variety of adhesives. 4. The prices have full insurance cover. 5. How often do they have a departamental meeting? 6. What does it have branches? 7. I dont understand how the profit margin is calculated. 8. I realize that there has been a breakdown. 9. Mantex owns over 50% of the shares. 10. We assure you that your request will receive our best attention.

El tiempo Past Simple


Se forma en los verbos regulares agregando d o ed a la forma del Present Simple; y en los verbos irregulares, como su nombre lo indica, irregularmente. Se conjuga as: Afirmativo I worked (trabaj) You worked (trabajaste) He worked She worked It worked We worked You worked They worked

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Negativo I did not work You did not work He did not work She did not work It did not work We did not work You did not work They did not work Interrogativo Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did she work? Did it work? Did we work? Did you work? Did they work? Ejercicios: 1. What project did you work on? 2. They believe in free trade. 3. I enclosed a detailed quotation. 4. They suggested they look at the figures very careful. 5. We did not produce semi conductors in the sixties. 6. When did they move to noew premises? 7. After she paid death duties, she invested most of her capital. 8. She dealt with the problem already. 9. Nobody told me about the decision. 10. Mr. Weston asked her to send a telex. 11. When did they decide to close the office in Brussels? 12. Did she show them how to pack the goods? Nota: hemos visto hasta ahora que los auxiliares do, did, does, cuando se encuentran en oraciones negativas e interrogativas no afectan la traduccin del verbo principal. Pero cuando el auxiliar do, does, did
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did not: didnt

va en oraciones afirmativas precediendo al verbo principal toma un sentido enftico y se lo traduce por s, si que...., claro que..... They do work on the project everyday. S/s que/claro que trabajan en el proyecto todos los das. He does work on the project everyday. Si/si que/claro que trabaja en el.... They did work on the project everyday. S/si que/claro que trabajaron en el proyecto.... Ejercicios: 1. The board did send you an official reply. 2. We do feel you should spend more time on training. 3. We did pay the expenses.

Formas impersonales con Present Simple y Past Simple


There + present simple It There seems (parece) It exists (existe)

There + past simple It There seemed (pareci, pareca) It existed (existi, exista) It y There no se traducen. Ejercicios: 1. It seems that he was wrong. 2. There exist some very serious problem in that company.
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3. There came a time when we had high hope for the nex model. 4. It seemed that his influence on the young author was good.

The adjective and the adverb: el adjetivo y el adverbio


El adjetivo en Ingls es invariable en gnero y nmero y se antepone generalmente al sustantivo. The modern building is near the river. El edificio moderno est cerca del ro. The modern buildings are near the river. Los edificios modernos estn cerca del ro. * Hay palabras que son adjetivos propiamente dichos. Por ejemplo: pretty, red, good, bad, few, fat, thin, large, small, short, heavy, etc. * Pero hay adjetivos que se forman de otras palabras al agregarles un sufijo: a) Sufijo y rain cloud water storm rainy cloudy watery stormy (lluvia - lluvioso) (nube - nublado) (agua - acuoso) (tormenta - tormentoso)

b) Sufijo able consider - considerable count - countable measure - measurable c) Sufijo ful doubt - doubtful care - careful beauty - beautiful use - useful (duda - dudoso) (cuidado - cuidadoso) (belleza - bello) (uso - til)
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(considerar - considerable) (contar - contable) (medir - medible)

d) Sufijo less (tiene sentido negativo) use - useless care - careless doubt - doubtless fault - faultless end - endless e) Sufijo en ash - ashen lead - leaden silk - silken gold - golden (ceniza - ceniciento) (plomo - plomizo) (seda - sedoso) (oro - dorado) (uso - intil) (cuidado - descuidado) (duda - indudable) (error - intachable/sin error) (fin - sin fin/infinito)

f) Prefijo un (sentido negativo) countable - uncountable common - uncommon certain - uncertain conscious - unconscious (contable - incontable) (comn - no comn) (cierto - incierto) (consciente - inconsciente)

El adverbio
Adverbios propiamente dichos: always, never, sometimes, often, almost, perhaps, seldom, here, here, there, now, soon, today, tomorrow, once, twice, very, etc. Adverbios derivados: la mayora de los adverbios de modo se forman agregando el sufijo ly (mente) a ciertos adjetivos: easy - easily silent - silently quick - quickly slow - slowly constant - constantly (fcil - fcilmente) (silencioso - silenciosamente) (rpido - rpidamente) (lento - lentamente) (constante - constantemente)

Ntese que hay varios adjetivos tambin terminados en ly:

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daily - daily weekly - weekly monthly - monthly yearly - yearly friendly - friendly only - only fast - fast near - near nearly hard - hard hardly

(diario - diariamente) (semanal - semanalmente) (mensual - mensualmente) (anual - anualmente) (amistoso - amistosamente) (slo/nico - solamente/nicamente

(veloz - velozmente) (cercano - cerca) (casi) (duro/difcil - mucho) (apenas)

Grados de comparacin del adjetivo y del adverbio


a) Comparativo de Igualdad Forma afirmativa Forma negativa: as...as (tan...como) (la misma que) not as...as (no tan, tanto...como) not so...as

Madrid is almost as big as Barcelona. Madrid es casi tan grande como Barcelona. Russian is not so difficult as Chinese. El ruso no es tan difcil como el chino. He came as quickly as he could. Vino tan rpido como pudo. Ejercicios: 1.Output rose four times as much as in 1982. 2. Frankfurt is as expensive as the others. 3.They are working as hard as last year.

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b) Comparativo de Superioridad Se forma agregando la terminacin er al adjetivo o adverbio seguido o no de than, o bien colocando la palabra more delante del adjetivo o del adverbio, a su vez seguido o no de than. Generalmente se agrega er a las palabras de una o dos slabas y more a las palabras de ms de dos slabas. In February the days are longer than in July. En Febrero los das son ms largos que en Julio. The English are more conservative than the Americans. Los ingleses son ms conservadores que los americanos. Leasing is becoming more popular nowadays. Leasing se est volviendo ms popular hoy en da. Ejercicios: 1. Robots are faster than human beings. 2. The TD9 is cheaper than the CFT20 3. She speaks spanish more fluently than english. 4. Hours of work now are longer than 30 years ago. 5. Typewriters are slower than word processors. c) Comparativo de Inferioridad Se forma colocando la partcula less delante del adjetivo o adverbio seguido o no de than. Se traduce por: menos...que. 1.It takes less time to send a document. Lleva menos tiempo enviar un documento. 2.Five is less than seven. Cinco es menos que siete. 3.He comes less often than he used. Viene menos seguido que antes. Nota: las siguientes formas de los comparativos de superioridad y de inferioridad:
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the + comparativo............the + comparativo. Ejemplo: The more he earns, the more he wants. Cuanto ms gana, tanto ms quiere. The less he works, the less money he gets. Cuanto menos trabaje, tanto menos gana. The higher we get the more we work. Cuanto ms alto llegamos, mas trabajamos.

Grado Superlativo
Se forma agregando est al adjetivo o adverbio precedido de the o anteponiendo al adjetivo o adverbio las palabras the most (el ms, la ms, lo ms, los ms, las ms) o the least (el menos, la menos, lo menos, los menos, las menos). Ejemplos: 1.April is the busiest month. Abril es el mes ms ocupado. 2.Our shares fell to the lowest level in nine months. Nuestras acciones cayeron al nivel ms bajo en nueve meses. 3.The chemicals division was the most profitable last year. La divisin de qumicos fue la que mas ganancia tuvo el ao pasado. Ejercicios: 1. 29 June is the earliest date I can manage. 2. They have the fewest telephone lines. 3. Which machines holds the most numbers in its memory? 4. Which is the best value for money?

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Adjetivos y adverbios que forman comparativo y superlativo irregularmente


Positivo good well bad badly, ill little many much far far old out up in Comparativo better better worse worse less more more farther further older outer upper inner Superlativo best best worst (lo mejor) (lo, el mejor) (lo, la, el peor)
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(bueno) (bien) (malo) (malo) (poco) (mucho) (mucho) (lejos) (muy, mucho) (viejo) (afuera) (arriba) (dentro)

(mejor) (mejor) (peor) (peor) (menos) (ms) (ms) (ms, lejos) (ms, adicional) (ms viejo, mayor) (exterior) (superior) (interior)

worst least most most farthest furthest oldest outermost uppermost innermost

(lo, la, el peor) (el, la, lo menos) (lo, la, el ms) (lo, la, el ms) (lo, la, el ms lejos) (lo, la, el ms lejos) (la, el ms viejo) (la, el mayor) (lo ms exterior) (superior) (lo ms interno)

Traduccin de adverbios y frases adverbiales


ever since: desde entonces, desde que at last: al fin, finalmente at length: a la larga, extensivamente at once: enseguida, inmediato all at once: inmediato at present: actualmente presently: pronto, luego, ahora as yet: hasta ahora by and by: luego, ms tarde, despus de un rato forever: para siempre in time: a tiempo, en su tiempo on time: a horario, puntualmente now and then: de vez en cuando like: como, igualmente unlike: a diferencia de likely: probable/mente likewise: tambin, asimismo in short: en resumen shortly: en breve, en pocas palabras afterwards: ms tarde by degrees: gradualmente not at all: de ninguna manera, en absoluto, nada after all: despus de todo at least: al menos, por lo menos not in the least: en absoluto, en lo ms mnimo not even: ni an, ni tampoco
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any longer: ms, ya no, no ms no longer: no ms any farther: ms (lejos) any further: ms of course: por supuesto, naturalmente every other day: da por medio long ago: hace mucho tiempo long since/ever since: desde entonces by the way: de paso, a propsito, entre parntesis by all means: de todas maneras, por supuesto hence: de all, desde entonces pretty: pasablemente, bastante however much/however many: por mucho/os

Palabras en funcin adjetiva


Cuando el sustantivo va acompaado de adjetivos o palabras en funcin adjetiva no existe una regla precisa para su traduccin. No obstante puede decirse que se traducen primero aquellas palabras que ms restringen el significado del sustantivo. The Eastern region is the most densely populated part of the country. La regin Este es la parte del pas ms densamente poblada.

Ejercicios: 1. There was a row of perfectly executed graphics on the screen. 2. Half-erased diagrams could be seen on the blackboard. 3. Radio-waves have higher frequencies than sound waves.

Los tiempos perfectos


Present Perfect: se forma con el Simple Present del verbo to have y el past participle de los verbos. Se conjuga de la siguiente manera:

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Afirmativo I have lived (yo he vivido) You have lived He has lived She has lived It has lived We have lived You have lived They have lived Negativo I have not lived You have not lived He has not lived She has not lived It has not lived We have not lived You have not lived They have not lived Interrogativo Have I lived? Have you lived? Has he lived? Has she lived? Has it lived? Have we lived? Have you lived? Have they lived? Present Perfect - Ejercicios: 1. We have sold 25,000 units so far. 2. Computers have changed the way in which we live. 3. Unemployment has not been so low since 1982. 4. We have not contacted them for over a year. 5. Has she ever been to Algeria? 6. I have now received your letter placing the order..
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7. As requested we have sent you a proforma invoice. 8. They have agreed to a 5% discount. 9. She has worked on that report all day. 10. Money is a factor which has played an important part in establishing the pattern of modern scientific investigation.

Past Perfect
Este tiempo se forma con el Simple Past del verbo to have y el Past Participle de los verbos. Se conjuga as: Afirmativo I had lived (haba vivido) You had lived He had lived She had lived It had lived We had lived You had lived They had lived Negativo I had not not lived You had not lived He had not lived She had not lived It had not lived We had not lived You had not lived They had not lived Interrogativo Had I lived? Had you lived? Had he lived? Had she lived?
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Had it lived? Had we lived? Had you lived? Had they lived? In the year 1.500 Europe knew less about science than Archimides had known in 212 B.C. En el ao 1.500 Europa saba menos de ciencia que lo que Arqumides haba sabido en 212 A.C. Ejercicios: 1.She told me she had dealt with the problem already. 2.We had spent thirty hours in delicate negotiations before we concluded the deal. 3.They decided to use the money they had inherited from their father. 4.As soon as the accountant had discovered his error, he made the necessary corrections to his figures. Nota: cuando los tiempos "Present Perfect" y "Past Perfect" van con just, se traducen: He has just come: El acaba de llegar. He had just come: El acababa de llegar. Y cuando van con For, se traducen: I have lived here for years. He vivido aqu durante aos. Hace aos que vivo aqu. I had lived there for years. Haba vivido all durante aos. Haca aos que viva all. La construccin have/object/Past Participle se usa para expresar oraciones del siguiente tipo: emple alguien para que haga algo para m. I have the fax machine controled every two months. Hago controlar el fax cada dos meses. Es decir: empleo a alguien para que pcontrole la maquina.
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I had the fax machine controlled before they came. Hice controlar el fax antes que vinieran. Ejercicios: 1. They have just gone. 2. We have just studied the use of program in France. 3. For years they have studied the way to improve the business. 4. I had an extra room added close to the study. 5. We had the offices painted every summer.

Present and Past Perfect Continuous


Se forman: have been +.....ing had I have been studying: He estado estudiando. I had been studying: Haba estado estudiando.

Ejercicios: 1. It was obvious that she had been studying the project for weeks. 2. All these years they have been trying to remodel the company. 3. I had been thinking of moving for a long time and then I got a job at ICL.

Formas pasivas de los tiempos Present Perfect y Past Perfect


Se forman: have been + Past Participle had

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The technique has been developed by a German scientist. La tcnica ha sido desarrollada por un cientfico alemn. Ejercicios: 1. Has Mr.Wess been informed? 2. They had been consulted earlier. 3. The production line has been automated.

Formas impersonales de los tiempos Present Perfect y Past Perfect


There has been a book on the table for weeks. Ha habido un libro sobre la mesa..... There have been books on the table for weeks. Han habido libros sobre la mesa..... There had been books on the table before she came. Haba habido libros sobre la ..... Impersonal pasiva: It has been thought that there is a product to launch. Se ha pensado que hay un producto para lanzar. It had been thought that the plans had been stolen but then they were found. Se haba pensado que los planos haban sido robadas pero luego fueron encontrados..... Ejercicios: 1.It has been said that the essential components will be delivered to the factory. 2.It has been explained that the meetings are held on Monday morning. 3.It has been proved that premiums must be increased. 4.There has been great progress in the field of human resourses recently. 5. There have been times when she sent a copy of the report every day.
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Verbos defectivos con Perfect Tenses


Los verbos defectivos con Perfect Tenses guardan el siguiente orden dentro de la oracin: could may must ought to should

have + Past participle

I could have gone to Chile: Pude haber ido a Chile.

Ejercicios: 1. She must have done all the paperwork. 2. They might have thought unnecessary another meeting. 3. He ought t to have faced the fact before it was too late. 4. They should have lowered the price. 5. She must have tried to pay with a crossed cheque.

Los tiempos futuros


Simple Future: se forma anteponiendo al verbo principal los auxiliares shall (primeras personas del singular y plural) y will para todas las dems, o bien will para todas las personas del singular y plural. I shall go: ir I will go: ir You will go: irs He will go She will go It will go We shall go We will go You will go They will go

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Negativo I shall not go You will not go etc. Interrogativo Shall I go? Will you go? etc. I shall be away for a week. Estar ausente durante una semana.

Ejercicios: 1. I will do whatever I can to help. 2. The company will be 50 years old next Monday. 3. We wil become the worlds leading manufacturer. 4. I will give you a lift if you like.

Future Continuous
Se forma: shall be + .....ing will By this time tomorrow he will be travelling to Europe. A esta hora maana l estar viajando a Europa. Ejercicios: 1. He will be inaugurating the company by this time tomorrow. 2. What will he be doing on Friday evening? 3. Within a few weeks they will be finishing with the survey.

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Future Perfect
Se forma: shall have will + Past Participle

By next Tuesday I will have controlled all the figures. Antes del Martes, habr controlado todos los nmeros. Ejercicios: 1. In a week or two, the company will have moved to a new premise. 2. Will they have decided by then, what advertising media to use? 3. In a fortnights time, we will have taken our examination. 4. She will have cancelled the appointment by tomorrow. 5. The students will have completed the project by the end of this month.

Formas pasivas del futuro


Se forman: Future simple pasive: shall/will/be/Past Participle Future perfect pasive: shall/will/have/been/Past Participle The book wil have been read by the end of the year. El libro habr sido ledo antes de fin de ao. Ejercicios: 1. The AGM will be held in Frankfurt.. 2. Profits will have increased by about 15 %..

Formas impersonales del Futuro


There will be new books in the library next week. Habr libros nuevos en la biblioteca la semana que viene.
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It will be impossible to interview so many people in two days. Ser imposible entrevistar a tanta gente en dos dias. There will have been many debates on the subject by the end of the year. Habr habido muchos debates sobreel tema para fin de ano.

La forma ing
I) ing como sustantivo: se traduce al castellano generalmente como otro sustantivo, por un infinitivo o por -ando, -iendo. Y puede ser: a) Sujeto de la oracin: se traduce generalmente por un sustantivo o por un infinitivo. Rising costs have contributed to our deficit. La suba de costos ha contribuido a nuesto dficit. Ejercicios: 1. Studying B A is very demanding. 2. Resigning to the company was not a good idea. 3. We know that printing the invoices was expensive. 4. Meeting the new staff was very shocking. b) Objeto de la oracin: se traduce generalmente por infinitivo. I like reading detective stories. Me gusta leer novelas policiales. Ejercicios: 1. The president cannot risk delaying the launching of the product. 2. They stopped sending messages with him. 3. They suggested using a different way of trading. c) Objeto de la proposicin: se traduce por i. Un infinitivo..
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His success consisted of speaking a lot with his staff.. Su triunfo consistio en hablar mucho con su gente. ii. Las preposiciones on, in, when, seguidas de -ing se traducen generalmente por al + inifinitivo. It is essential to be careful in choosing books about that subject. Es esencial tener cuidado al elegir libros acerca de esa materia. iii. La preposicin by seguida de -ing se traduce por la forma ando, iendo y al + infinitivo. He made a lot of money by specializing in that topic. Hizo mucho dinero especializndose en ese tema. Ejercicios 1. In designing computers, mathematicians have had to develop new techniques. 2. We got a second hand fax, by bargaining its price. 3. Let us begin by examining what is done by each activity. 4. Investigating the strength and uses of the sources is an example of the interaction of basic an applied research. II) ing en funcin adjetiva: se traduce al castellano generalmente por: a) We left a burning question without answer. Dejamos una pregunta candente sin respuesta. b)The interesting fact is that manufacturing costs are going down. El hecho interesante es que los costos de fabricacin estn bajando. Ejercicios: 1.A suprising idea was presented to the board of Directors. 2.The secret is to have manufacturing capacity in place before the competition. 3.They have had to increase prices in order to cover rising costs.

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c) Por la forma que + verbo conjugado The gardens surrounding the office are well-kept. Los jardines que rodean la oficina estn bien conservados. Ejercicios: 1.A Bill of Exchange requiring them to pay on a future date is drawn up 2.Theories describing the nature of the universe are constantly revised by scientists. 3.The force holding all the staff together is the manager. Nota: la forma ing precedida de las siguientes expresiones, se traduce por: - It is worth considering this point as the main subject of the book. Vale la pena/Es digno de considerar este punto como el tema principal del libro. - It is worth while waiting for the results of the experiment. Vale la pena esperar los resultados del experimento. - It is no use discussing this matter any longer. No vale la pena discutir ms este asunto. La forma ing tiene tambin: a) forma pasiva presente; b) formas perfectas y c)formas impersonales.

Forma pasiva presente


being + past participle = siendo + participio pasado The dog, being mistaken for a wolf, was killed. El perro, al ser confundido por un lobo, fue muerto.

Formas perfectas
1) Activa: having + past participle (ando-iendo + participio pasado) 2) Pasiva:
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having been + past participle (ando-iendo + sido + participio pasado) infinitivo + past participle (infinitivo + sido + participio pasado). Having left her contract in the office she had to postpone the meeting. Habiendo dejado su contrato en la oficina, tuvo que posponer la reunin. He was accused of having stolen the plans. Fue acusado de haber robado los planos. Ejercicios: 1.After having been offered the position he refused it. 2.I remember having been told that that post had an irresistible attraction for young professionals. 3.He denied having seen the budget before.

Formas impersonales
There being (traduccin variable de haber) It being: siendo, estando. He denied there being anything wrong with the machine. Neg que hubiera algo anormal en la mquina. It was a cheap lodging house, and, it being holiday time, owner and tenants went away. Era una casa de pensin barata, y siendo poca de vacaciones, el dueo y los inquilinos estaban ausentes. There not being much time left, she called for a meeting. No habiendo mucho tiempo disponible, ella llam a una reunin.

Oraciones condicionales
Tipo I, se forma: If + Simple Present.......................Future.
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Si + Presente del Indicativo............Futuro. If there is an increase in sales, we will increase production. Si hay un aumento en las ventas, aumentaremos la produccin.

Ejercicios: 1. If we pay our workers better, we will become a popular employer. 2. If you come, well discuss it in detail. 3. The product will be a success if we have good advertising. 4. If we reach agreement we will sign the contract the same day. 5. If payment comes late, we can make other arrangements. Variantes del Tipo I a) Cuando expresamos leyes naturales o resultados autnomos, se usa: If + Present................Present Si + Presente..............Presente If a company pays well, it attracts good workers. b)If + Present....................Imperative Si + Presente..................Imperativo If there is a major problem, go back to the starting point.

Ing
1.Leading a team is a key management function. 2.You should consider upgrading the system to make the software run faster. 3.That would involve redesigning many of the programmes. 4.After reading through the accounts, we noticed a number of curious entries in your books. 5.We are interested in hearing about the new RD 230 6.Weve spent a lot of time getting the quality right. 7.We are used to paying local prices.
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Tipo II, se forma: If + Past Simple....Should, would, could, might + forma simple del verbo. Si + Pretrito Imp. Subjuntivo....Potencial If we paid our workers better, we would become a popular employer. Si pagramos mejor a nuestros trabajadores, seramos un empleador popular. Ejercicios: 1.If you had a serious accident you would have to stop work. 2.If you stopped work, there would not be any protection for your family. 3.If you had to stay in hospital, there would not be enough money to pay. 4.If the house caught fire the insurance wuld be insufficient to cover the lost items. Tipo III, se forma: If + Past Perfect....should/would/might/could + have + Past Participle Si + Pluscuamperfecto....Potencial del Subjuntivo If we had paid our workers well, they wouldnt have left the company. Si le hubieramos pagado bien a nuestros trabajadores, no hubieran dejado la compaa. Ejercicios: 1.If the supplier had delivered late, a penalty clause would have been applied. 2.We would have terminated the contract if the customer had refused to accept the goods. 3.If we had taken your advice, we would not have spent more money. Las oraciones condicionales pueden ser introducidas por: If (si): If you are ready, we shall leave. Si ests listo, partiremos.

supposing (suponiendo):

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Supposing the supplier were to deliver late, a penalty clause would be applied. Suponiendo que el proveedor entregara tarde, se aplicaria una clausula penal. in case: (en caso de que): Customers are reminded to keep proof of purchase in case they wish to make a complaint. Se les recuerda a los clientes que guarde la comprobacion de la compra en caso de que quiera reclamar. so long as (con tal de que) The buyer would be entitled to a refund so long as he returned the goods within 7 days. El comprador tendra derecho a un reembolso con tal que devuelva la mercadera dentro de los 7 das. provided: (a condicin (de) que): (con tal (de) que) (siempre que) We will replace the equipment, on condition that the purchaser follows the service schedule. Reemplazaremos el equipo siempre que el comprador silla el programa de servicio. unless, if not: (excepto, a menos que, a no ser que) We will not renew our contract unless you are able to offer better conditions. No renovaremos en contrato a menos que pueda ofrecer mejores condiciones. but for, if it was not for: (si no fuera por)

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If it was not for the manager, we would have lost the business. Si no fuera por el gerente, hubiramos perdido el negocio. as though:(como si) He spoke as though it was his last day in the company. El hablaba como si fuera su ltimo da en la compaa.

El infinitivo
Las formas del infinitivo son las siguientes: Activo: to make (hacer) Pasivo: to be made (ser hecho) Perfecto: to have made (haber hecho) Pasivo perfecto: to have been made (haber sido hecho) Infinitivo progresivo: To be making (estar haciendo)

El infinitivo en ingls puede ir, o no, precedido de la partcula to que no tiene traduccin. Cuando la oracin en ingls comienza con un infinitivo siempre lleva la partcula to. To get up early is healthy. Levantarse temprano es saludable. Cuando el infinitivo no comienza la oracin puede o no llevar to. I begin to work in the morning. Comienzo a trabajar por la maana. They made us go. Nos hicieron ir.

Traducciones del infinitivo


Se traduce al castellano por un infinitivo. A veces por el infinitivo solo y otras por el infinitivo precedido de las preposiciones a, para, de. I saw him leave the office. Lo v salir de la oficina. They began to talk early. Empezaron a hablar temprano.
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I want a book to read. Quiero un libro para leer. We should try to avoid it. Deberamos tratar de evitarlo. He sat in the front row in order to listen to the speech well. so as to see Se sent en la primera fila para escuchar el discurso bien. Ejercicios: 1. A business success, to be accurate, must be based on readings and reports from a large number of people. 2. Some years ago, Americans considered it impossible to operate successfully in that area. 3. We should try to avoid acquiring habits that will be harmful to us. 4.An opinion pool is used to know what the people think. Con los verbos que expresan deseo, orden, consejo, ruego, se encuentra el infinitivo en ingls colocado de la siguiente manera: verbo + acusativo + infinitivo y se traduce por un infinitivo o un subjuntivo. They advised him to go. Ellos le aconsejaron ir. Ellos le aconsejaron que fuera. Ejercicios: 1.The representatives wanted the government to give them more power to solve the problem by themselves. 2.The asked him to consider the alternatives. 3.The board was asked to leave the decision for the following day.

Infinitivo pasivo
to be + past participle To be considered educated one must have a certain amount of knowledge. Para ser considerado educado se deber tener un cierto grado de conocimientos.
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Ejercicios: 1. Meetings ought not to be held when it is not necessary. 2. People seemed to be impressed by the new regulations. 3. There are considerations to be looked at before you make a decision.

Infinitivo perfecto
to have + past participle (haber + part. pasado) (que + verbo conjugado) to have been + past participle (haber sido + part. pasado). He seems to have considered himself a great businessman. Parece que se consideraba un gran hombre de negocios. He seems to have been considered a great businessman El parece haber sido considerado un gran hombre de negocios. Ejercicios: 1.The bribery appears to have been committed by a man in the company. 2.The plan is considered to have been the most useful one in the last few years. 3.The research seems to have been very expensive. 4.To have recorded his impressions, was a great help to him.

Forma continua
Se forma: to be + ing The Parliament claimed to be defending rights which the Reign had long possessed. El Parlamento sostuvo que estaba defendiendo/defenda derechos que el Reino haba posedo durante mucho tiempo.

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Ejercicios: 1.We seem to be tending to turn the state into a great industrial and financial corporation. 2.The company seems to be speeding the conversations about falling sales.

Revisin de los tiempos verbales en voz pasiva


Presente When time is short, the goods are sent by plane. Cuando el tiempo es poco, se enva la mercadera por avin. The figures are prepared by the new accountants. Las cifras son preparadas por los nuevos contadores. Pasado The finished products were packed into boxes. Se empacaron en cajas los productos terminados. Verbos Defectivos A new branch can be set up here. Se puede establecer una nueva sucursal aqu. could - must - should - ought to - may - might - used to Perfect Tenses (present and past) A new plan has been developed recently. Se ha desarrollado un nuevo plan recientemente. A new plan has been developed by the firm recently. Un nuevo plan ha sido desarrollado por la firma recientemente. A new plan had been developed before the company broke. Se haba desarrollado un nuevo plan antes que la compaa quebrara. Future Tenses (simple - perfect) A new plan will be developed next year. Se desarrollara un nuevo plan el ano prximo.

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A new plan will be developed by the firm next year. Un nuevo plan ser desarrollado por la firma el ao prximo. A new plan will have been developed by the next year. Se habr desarrollado un nuevo plan para el ao prximo. A new plan will have been developed by the firm by the next year. Un nuevo plan habr sido desarrollado por la firma para el ao prximo. Imperativo Develop a plan for the production area. Desarrolle un plan para el area de produccin. Let a plan be developed for the production area. Desarrllese un plan/que se desarrolle un plan para el rea de produccin. Conditional (simple - perfect) A new plan por the production area will be developed if it were necessary. Se desarrollara un nuevo plan para el rea de produccin si fuera necesario. A new plan for the production area will be developed by the firm if it were necessary. Un nuevo plan para el rea de produccin sera desarrollado por la firma si fuera necesario. A new plan would have been developed if it had been necessary. Se habra desarrollado un nuevo plan si hubiera sido necesario. A new plan would have been developed by the firm if it had been necessary. Un nuevo plan habra sido desarrollado por la firma si hubiera sido necesario. Infinitivo Any plan to be developed is risky. Cualquier plan que se desarrolle es riesgoso. The plan seems to have been developed by a famous business administrator. El plan parece haber sido desarrollado por un administrador de empresas famoso.
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Impersonal It is said that there is a new plan for the production area. Se dice que hay un nuevo plan para el rea de produccin. It was said that there was a new plan for the production area. Se dijo/deca que haba un nuevo plan para el rea de produccin.

Ejercicios en contexto: 1.Our company produces electronic components for washing machines. We are based in Singapore and we have subsidiaries in Korea, Malaysia and Japan. We sell our products throughout Europe and our biggest customers are in Europe. At present we are setting up a new distribution centre in France. Our department is working on the design plans and at the moment I am studying different plant layouts. 2.On Monday at 16.30 a construction worker was hurt at the Iribas plant. The foreman said that four men were working on a roof when a crane hit the wall of the building. One of the men slipped and fell to the ground. The crane driver was trying to lift a metal pipe when he lost control. A preliminary report identifies three factors which contributed to the accident: the injured worker was not wearing a safety harness. The crane was working in a prohibited area. It was raining, so work should have been stopped. 3.JBM is a Financial Services Company. The managing Director is Martina Pavlovski. Here is an extract from a speech she made to shareholders at the AGM. For our sector, recent times have been difficult. However, it is clear that we are not alone. The world economy has suffered a downturn and all sectors of industry have experienced difficulties. But this year we have already seen signs of improvement; I am sure you know that especially in Asia there has been increased growth and this will benefit us greatly. Also, turning to insurance, we have been involved in the insurance market for only a relatively short time, but it is good to see that this sector has grown rapidly since 1991.

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4. Deposit and payment: No holiday booking will be accepted unless accompanied by the necessary deposit. A confirmation will then be issued once the deposit has been received. The balance may be paid at any time provided it is not later than eight weeks before departure. 5.The consultant said falling sales was a problem. She suggested changing the advertising strategy and improving the products. She said there was a quality deficit. This could be improved by introducing a new quality control system. 6. Antibiotics today The conference, which will discuss the action of antibiotics on diseases, will be held at University College, whis is one of the oldest colleges in the city. People who wish to attend should send an application form to the President of the Society, who is in charge of bookings. Anyone who is presenting a paper at the conference will automatically receive full details. 7.Each day we process hundreds of orders. Every order comes by telephone. All orders are entered into our computer network. Each request is checked with our current stock. Every order is immediately transferred to the warehouse. All orders are despatched within one hour. 8.This is an opportunity to work in a research organisation publishing economic surveys on Eastern Europe. This is a new position created to meet growing demand for products in this area. Those applicants with a good economics degree, experience in publishing and a good knowledge of the region should write with a concise CV to Steven Wright, Personnel Officer, PO Box 456, London SE 22 5RF. 9.After experiencing a period of instability, the company recruited a new Finance Manager. Since she arrived, the company has gone from strength to strength. Whenever she sees problems she has an innovative solution. As soon as she decides on a change, it is readily absorbed by her colleagues. Until the department was reorganised, there were repeated problems. Since she has worked for the company, there has been a period of unprecedented expansion.

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10. We need to increase the quality of our research. Increasing the quality of our research will be expensive. Our present research is on a new pocket-sized communications device. The research we are presently engaged in is potentially very exciting. A major technological advance is possible. 11. There are four production plants. One is responsible for 50 per cent of the total production of the company. This one is in Athens. The smallest plant, in Thessalonika, is also the newest. It was opened in 1992. A new plant is to be opened near Athens next year. 12. The National Bank will probably decide today to raise the cost of borrowing. Interest rates will increase by 2.0 per cent. Many companies already have large debts and are paying heavy costs. Any new increase will definitely make problems worse. A representative of the Industrial Federation said Many businesses will close. Profits are nonexistent for many companies. This new increase in the cost of borrowing is a disaster.

Uso del Diccionario


I) Normas a tener en cuenta
El diccionario es una herramienta muy importante para la traduccin de idiomas extranjeros. Para usarlo correctamente es conveniente tener en cuenta los siguientes consejos: a. Detectar la funcin gramatical que cumple en la oracin la palabra a buscar, pues en distintas funciones puede tener diferentes significados. Tomaremos como ejemplo la palabra mean. 1. Como verbo to mean: significar, intentar, pensar, destinar, querer decir. 2. Como sustantivo, mean: promedio, (matemt.) media. means: medios, manera. 3. Como adjetivo, mean: inferior, pobre, vil, medio.

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b. Una vez cumplido el paso a. se debe elegir dentro de todos los significados que presenta esa palabra en esa funcin, el que vaya mejor con el contexto. Ejemplo: 1.Swansons report on the mean body weights of 1.072 women in Iowa reflects the difficulty in maintaining a desired weight in adulthood. En este contexto la palabra mean en funcin de adjetivo se debe traducir como medio (promedio) Traduccin: El informe de Swanson de los pesos corporales promedios (o medios) de 1.072 mujeres adultas en Iowa refleja la dificultad en mantener un peso deseado en la adultez. 2.Dont be mean! En esta oracin mean significa malo, vil. Traduccin: No seas malo! c. Las palabras que funcionan como verbos pueden variar mucho en su significado si van seguidas de preposiciones o adverbios (estas combinaciones se vieron como Frases Verbales, pg. 40). Por esta razn es aconsejable buscar en el diccionario la combinacin del verbo ms la preposicin o adverbio aunque se conozca con seguridad el significado del verbo por un lado y el de la preposicin o adverbio por el otro. Ejemplo: to look: mirar to look to: ocuparse de to look after: cuidar to look for: buscar to look down (on something): despreciar to look into (something): investigar (algo) to look like: parecerse a d) Otros puntos a considerar son: 1. El conocimiento de prefijos y sufijos ayuda a deducir el significado de ciertas palabras formadas con los mismos, pues buscando el significado de la raz y unindolo con el del sufijo o prefijo tenemos el significado de esa palabra conmbinado. Ejemplo: weight: peso overweight: sobrepeso
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underweight: peso insuficiente weightless: sin peso weightlessness: ingravidez 2. Otro problema es que algunos verbos presentan su forma de Pasado o Participio Pasado igual al infinitivo de otro verbo que tiene un Pasado o Participio Pasado muy diferente. Ejemplo: Infinitivo to find to found Pasado found founded Part. Pasado found founded

(encontrar) (fundar)

3. Los verbos conjugados se buscan en su forma de infinitivo pero en el caso de que un verbo en pasado o participio pasado no sea reconocido por el alumno, el diccionario le indicar si es el pretrito o participio pasado de tal infinitivo. Entonces buscar el infinitivo y a ese significado se lo pondr en el tiempo que corresponda. Ejemplo: The architects drew the plan of the factory. Los arquitectos dibujaron el plano de la fbrica. El alumno busca: drew Diccionario: drew = pret. de draw. El alumno busca: draw = (pret. drew, part. p. drawn) arrastrar, tirar, sacar, alargar, atraer, derramar, aspirar, robar (naipes), girar (cheque), dibujar, trazar, cobrar, empatar, etc. 4. Los sustantivos deben ser buscados en la forma singular pues la mayora de los diccinarios no tienen los plurales. Ejemplo: Plural buildings leaves compatibilities nuclei Buscar singular building leaf compatibility nucleus

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II) Afijos
Prefijos y sufijos: Son partculas que preceden o siguen, respectivamente, a ciertas palabras para modificar su significado, o bien para cambiar su funcin en la oracin.
A.

FORMACIN DE SUSTANTIVOS 1. PREFIJOS: un- (denota negacin) mis- (denota error en una accin) mal- (mal) im- (negacin) in- (negacin) 2. SUFIJOS: -er, or, (our), ar (denota agente) operator: operador engineer: ingeniero saviour: salvador vicar: vicario shovel: pala ladder: escalera wisdom: sabidura Kingdom: Reino -red (denota sustantivo abstracto) -ship (denota sustantivo abstracto) -ing (denota una accin) -ance (la accin de...) -ment (la accin de...) -ness (denota sust. abstracto)
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unbelief: incredulidad mistake: error malformation: malformacin inmutability: inmutabilidad incapacity: incapacidad

-el, le (denota instrumento) -der (denota instrumento) -dom: i. denota condicin ii.dominio, grupo de personas

hatred: odio relationship: relacin working: trabajando appearance: apariencia arrangement: arreglo correctness: correccin

-th (denota estado o condicin) -ter (denota sust. abstracto) -let (denota diminutivo) -en (denota plural) -s (denota plural) -ie, y (denota diminutivo o afecto)

length: largo laughter: risa starlet: estrellita children: nios tools: herramientas auntie: ta (diminutivo) baby: beb playwright: dramaturgo leaves: hojas electricity: electricidad

-wright (denota agente) -ves (denota plural) -ity (denota calidad de) -ist (la persona que practica una ciencia, profesin,etc)
B.

physicist: fsico

FORMACIN DE ADJETIVOS 1. PREFIJOS: un- (denota negacin) unsystematic: no-sistemtico unequal: desigual dissimilar: distinto malcontent: descontento inconvenient: inconveniente

dis- (denota negacin) mal- (negativo) in- (negativo) 2. SUFIJOS: -ed (denota cond.) -en (significa hecho de)

tired: cansado wooden: hecho de madera

-ern (denota direccin u orientacin) northern: norte

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-fold (denota un nmero de veces) -ful (significa lleno de) -less (significa desprovisto de) -ly (significa semejante a) -ant, ent (formacin de adj. y sust.derivados de verbos) -al (la condicin de perteneciente a) -like (denota semejanza) -some (sign. lleno de

twofold: doble, duplicado useful: til stainless: inoxidable, limpio friendly: amistoso

resistant: resistente dependent: subordinado

chemical: qumico warlike: blico troublesome: lleno de problemas

-y (sign. lleno de, perteneciente a) -ish (denota pertenencia) -th o d (denota orden)

purity: pureza English: Ingls third: tercero fifth: quinto

-er (denota comparacin entre dos) prettier: ms linda -est (denota comparacin entre ms de dos) prettiest: la ms linda -ic (formacin de adj.)
C.

electrolitic: electroltico

FORMACIN DE VERBOS 1. PREFIJOS: a- (denota negacin) be-: i. convierte verbos intransitivos en transitivos ii. sirve para formar verbos transitivos de adj. o sust.
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abase: degradar

befall: suceder befit: convenir

iii. enfatiza el significado de verbos transitivos. for- (denota negacin) fore- (con la idea de antes de de- (despojado de) mis- (denota error en la accin) un- (denota el reverso de la accin) with- (con la idea de contra) out- (con la idea de sobrepasar) over- (con la idea de por encima de o demasiado under- (con la idea de por debajo o demasiado poco

beseech: suplicar forbid: prohibir foretell: predecir decrease: bajar mistake: equivocarse undress: desvertirse withdraw: sacar outlive: sobrevivir

overthrow: demoler

undersell: vender a bajo precio

2. SUFIJOS: -er (denota accin repetida o enftica) -el,le (con idea de accin repetida o de diminutivo) -en (con el sentido de hacerse o convertirse) -ed (denota pasado o part. pasado) -ed (denota pasado o part. pasado) -en (denota part. pasado de verbo) chatter: charlar

snivel: llorar como criatura

lengthen: alargarse

played: jug - jugado

danced: bail - bailado broken: quebrado, roto

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-ing (denota gerundio) D. OTRAS PALABRAS 1. PREFIJOS: off- (sign. falto de) 2. SUFIJOS: -ward(s) (con la idea de hacia, en la direccin de -ly (para formar adverbios,mente) -s (denota posesin) -teen (con la idea de diez) -ty (con la idea de multiplicado por diez) -wise (con la idea de manera, forma)

hammering: martillando

off-colour: sin color

forward(s): hacia adelante quickly: rpidamente Johns: de John sixteen: diecisis

thirty: treinta

clockwise: en el sentido de las agujas del reloj

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UNIT IV
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Making arrangements (Planeando)

Hello, this is Maria Ferraris from AGM. (Hola. Habla Maria Ferraris de AGM) Good morning, Ms. Ferraris. What can I do for you?( Buenos das seorita Ferraris. Qu puedo hacer por usted?) Can I speak to Mrs. Tasaki? (Puedo hablar con la seora Tasaki?) Mrs. Tasaki speaking. (Habla la seora Tasaki) How can I help you? (En que puedo ayudarla?) Could I meet you sometime next week? (Podra verla en algn momento la prxima semana?) Id like to ... (Me gustara...) ...talk about the new project. (hablar sobre el proyecto nuevo) ...discuss a few things. (discutir unas cuantas cosas) ...show you our new catalogue. (mostrarle nuestro catlogo nuevo) ...go over the plan. (analizar el plan) Certainly. When do you have in mind? (Seguro. Cuando piensa que puede ser?) Could I visit you tomorrow? (Puedo visitarla maana?)

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Are you free tomorrow? (Est desocupada maana?) No, but Im free today. (No, pero estoy desocupada hoy) Could we meet some time next week? (Nos podramos encontrar en algn momento la semana prxima?) Can you make Monday? (Puede ser el Lunes?) How / What about Monday at 4:00? (Qu le parece el Lunes a las 4:00?) Next week will be fine. (La prxima semana est bien) Ill see you next Monday at 4:00 (La ver el prximo lunes a las 4:00) Im afraid I cant / Im afraid I cant make it. (Me temo que no puedo) Im sorry I cant in the morning. (Lo siento, no puedo en la maana.) Im busy all day. Im sorry. (Estoy ocupado todo el da. Lo siento) Thats a little difficult. Im busy all afternoon. ( Es un poco difcil. Estoy ocupado toda la tarde.) Then how about the morning? Say 9:30? (Entonces qu le parece en la maana? Digamos a las 9:30?) Let me see... (Dejeme ver...) That would be fine. (Estara bien.) See you then.(Lo veo entonces.)

Listening 2
See you / Ill see you ... ...at four oclock ( a las cuatro) ...in the morning. (en la maana)
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Prepositions: (Preposiciones)

...on Wednesday. (el mircoles) ...in January (en enero) ...on January the 27th , 1993 (el 27 de enero de 1993)

Listening 3
1492 fourteen ninety two (se dice el ao en dos etapas) 1999 nineteen ninety nine 2001 twenty oh one April 4, 1996 April fourth, nineteen ninety six 15/ 4 / 99 the fifteenth of April, nineteen ninety nine. 4 / 15 / 99 April the fifteenth, nineteen ninety nine. Grammar structures: See Grammar Notes Can / Cant

Dates

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UNIT IV - LESSON 1

ACTIVITIES 1. Say the following dates: (Diga las siguientes fechas) 3/7/56 _______________________________ 2/6/98 _______________________________ 27th November ________________________ November 27th ________________________ 2. Listen and write the dates. (Escuche y escriba las fechas) A. Please, let me know when they are meeting. B. Yes, I think it is on _______________ A. When was that contract signed? B. The date here is __________________ A. Was the letter received on Monday 7th or Tuesday 8th? B. _________________ A. When did the project start? B. I guess it was _________________ 3. Listen to the telephone conversation and read (Escuche la conversa cin telefnica y lea) A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. Good morning BB Systems. Can I help you? Hello. This is Maria Ferraris from AGM. Hello, Ms. Ferraris. This is Mrs. Tasaki . How can I help you? Could I meet you sometime this week? Id like to show you our new catalogue. Certainly. When do you have in mind? Can you make Thursday morning? Let me see... Im sorry I cant. I have a conference. Well, what about the afternoon? Say 5:30? Five thirty is fine.

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B. So, see you Thursday at 5:30. Good bye. A. Good bye. 4. Listen again and repeat. Record the dialogue. (Escuche nuevamente y repita. Grabe el dilogo) 5. Now, listen and complete. (Ahora escuche nuevamente y complete) Use the words in the box. (Use las palabras en la caja) then speaking mind about morning week speak fine

A. Good ____________. Nexus S.A. May I help you? B. Could I _____________to Mrs. Mendoza, please? This is Ms. Legarri. A. Mrs. Mendoza _______________. How can I help you ? B. Could I visit you this ____________? Id like to discuss a few things. A. Fine. When do you have in _______________? B. What ______________ Tuesday morning? Say 9:30? A. Just a moment. Thats ____________. B. Well, see you ________. Good bye. A. Good bye. 6. Now, make up your own dialogues. Use the following information. (Ahora realice sus propios dilogos. Use la siguiente informacin) a. discuss the sales figures - tomorrow - 10:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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b. go over the project - Friday - 10:00 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. show you our new plan - next Monday - 9: 30 a.m. / afternoon 5:30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat. (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Confirming arrangements (Confirmando planes)

Iam (Im) calling / phoning to / in order to ... (Llamo para...) Iam writing to... (Escribo para...) ...confirm Wednesday meeting / the meeting (Llamo para confirmar la reunin del mircoles / la reunin) ...confirm the details of our meeting. (confirmar los detalles de nuestra reunin) Can you still make it? ( Es todava posible?) Can I check the time? (puedo confirmar la hora?) What time is... (A qu hora es...) ...the meeting? (la reunin?) ...the appointment? (la cita?) ...the conference ? (la conferencia?) ...lunch ? (el almuerzo?) ...my meeting with Mr Brown ? (mi reunin con el Sr. Brown.) ... my flight? (mi vuelo?) Where is it ? (Dnde es?) Is it in (your office?) (Es en su oficina?)

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UNIT IV - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES 1. Listen and read. (Escuche y lea) A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. Hello. Mrs. Robin? Speaking. This is Clara Schiff calling. Oh, hello Ms. Schiff. Mrs. Robin, Im calling to confirm the meeting on Friday at 10:00. The meeting? Oh yes, about the new project. Can you still make it? Yes, Friday at 10:00 is allright. Then, see you on Friday. See you. Bye. Bye.

2. Now listen and repeat. Record the conversation. (Ahora escuche y repita. Grabe la conversacin) 3. Look at this chart and make up dialogues confirming day, time and place.(Mire el cuadro y realice dilogos confirmando da, hora y lugar. Day meeting Appointment lunch Tuesday Thursday Friday Time 4:30 11:00 1:20 Room Conference room MDs office La Casona

e.g. A. B. A. B. A. B.

Hello, Marcia? Speaking. Im phoning to confirm the meeting. Yes. How can I help you? Is it still on Tuesday? Yes, thats correct.

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A. B. A. B. A. B.

What time is it? At 4:30. And where is it? I think it is at the conference room. Thanks a lot. Youre welcome.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y Repita)

Listening 1

Making excuses (Disculpndose) Apologies (Disculpas)

Im sorry ... (lo siento..) ...Im late. (llego tarde) ... I missed our appointment this morning. (falt a nuestra cita esta maana) ...I didnt bring the project . (No traje el proyecto) ...I didnt call you yesterday. (No lo llam ayer) ...I dont have the financial report. (No tengo el informe financiero)

Listening 2

Excuses (Excusas)

I couldnt find a parking space. ( No pude encontrar estacionamiento) I missed the plane. (Perd el vuelo ) I had to finish some other work (Tena que terminar otro trabajo) I forgot it in the office. (Lo olvid en la oficina) I had a cold. (Estaba resfriado) I finished very late.(Termin muy tarde) I couldnt find your number / your address .(No pude encontrar su nmero / direccin) I lost your number (Perd su nmero) Im still working on it. (Todava estoy trabajando en l)

Listening 3

Accepting apologies (Aceptando disculpas)

Thats OK. (Est bien) Dont worry.(No se preocupe) Oh, thats all right (Oh, est bien)

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Grammar Structures: See Grammar Notes


Simple past tense (Pasado simple) Present Miss (perder) Park (estacionar) Bring (traer) Call (llamar) Finish (terminar) Present Find (encontrar) Forget (olvidar) Work (trabajar) Have (tener) Lose (perder) Past missed parked brought called finished Past found forgot worked had lost

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UNIT IV - LESSON 3

ACTIVITIES 1. Make dialogues with the information below. Record the dialogues (Grabe los dilogos) e.g. A: Good morning Mr. Takashi. Im sorry I missed the train. B. Thats OK. 1.afternoon / Mrs. Sallis / didnt call this morning / lost your number -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.evening / Miss Merani / forgot the report /in the office -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.morning / Mrs. Mendoza / dont have / marketing report -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Listen to the messages in the answer machine and complete them. (escuche los mensajes en el contestador y compltelos.) Dear Peter, Im sorry I missed your _________on________. I lost the _________ and I didnt have your ____________ _______________. Dear Mara, Im sorry I missed our ________________ on 1st ________. I had to finish ________ _______and Im afraid I forgot to ________ ________.

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Dear Mr. Briones, Im sorry I didnt send you the ____________. I am working on it but it is not ______________.

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Extra Practice
Dialogue 1
Can you make the( meeting/ appointment) on (Friday 27th?)

What time is it? When is it?

At _________ On _________

No, Im afraid I cant

How about__________? What about__________? Yes, I can make it. Yes, thats OK Yes, no problem. See you then. See you on _________

Dialogue 2
Im sorry Im late Im sorry I missed the appointment yesterday. Im sorry I forgot the meeting yesterday morning.

Did you miss the plane? Did you finish late? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. I ____________

Thats OK / Dont worry / Never mind.

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UNIT V
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1)
Words, phrases and grammar (Palabras, frases y Gramtica) Listen and Repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Making and receiving calls

Hello, can / could I speak to Mrs Merani? (Hola, puedo / podra hablar con la Sra. Merani? Is it possible to speak to Mrs Merani? (Es posible hablar con la Sra. Merani?) Is that Mrs Merani? (Habla Mrs. Merani?) Who is calling, please? (Quin habla, por favor?) Its Mrs. Schiff. (Habla la Sra. Schiff.) This is Mrs. Schiff from ABC. (Habla la Sra. Schiff de ABC) Just a moment, please. Ill put you through. (Un momento por favor. La conectar.) One moment, please. (Un momento por favor.) Hold on, please. (Espere por favor.) You are through (Est conectado) Mrs. Merani speaking. (Habla la Sra. Merani.) Im calling about the conference in La Pampa. (Estoy llamando por la conferencia en La Pampa)

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Grammar Structures This and That in telephone calls: We use This to introduce ourselves and That to refer to the people or offices on the other sideo of the line. (Usamos This para presentarnos y That para referirnos a las personas u oficinas del otro lado de la lnea.)

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UNIT V - LESSON 1

ACTIVITIES 1. Rewrite the following sentences using Can/Could...? or Is it possible to...? Can I speak to Mr. Vini? ____________________________________? Is it possible to have Mr. Meranis telephone number? __________________________________________? Could you hold on, please? __________________________________________? 2. Listen to the calls to ABC telephone operator and complete the information about the caller. (Escuche las llamadas a la operadora de ABC y complete la informacin sobre la persona que llama) Name: Marcia Norton Company: ____________________ About ________________________ _____________________________ Name: ________________________ Company: Rim S.A. In connection with: ________________________ ____________________ Name: _________________________ Company: ______________________ About: the seminar in July. 3. Order the dialogue.(Ordene el dilogo). Practise it and record it. (Practquelo y grbelo) 1. 2. 3. 4. K-A-V-A-C-K Hold on, please. Whos calling? Is it possible to speak to Mr. Brown? _______ _______ _______ _______

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5. How do you spell that? _______ 6. My names John Kavack from AGM. _______ 7. You are through. _______ 8. Speaking. _______ 9. Is that Mr. Brown? _______ 10. Good morning John. _______ 11. This is John Kavack. _______

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Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and Grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Directions (Direcciones)

Excuse me. How do I get to ABM company? (Disculpe. Cmo llego a la compaa ABM?) Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to the bank? (Me puede indicar el camino al banco?) Excuse me , can you tell me how to get to the nearest hotel? (Como llego al hotel ms cercano?) How can I get to the restaurant ? (Cmo llego al restaurant?) Go along this street. (Siga derecho esta calle) Go straight. (Vaya derecho) Turn left / Turn right on (Madison Avenue) (Doble a la izquierda, derecha en la Avenida Madison) Turn left at the bank. (Doble a la izquierda en el banco.) Take the (second )turning on the right. (Tome la segunda a la derecha) Its on the left/right. (Est a la izquierda /derecha) Its next to / across from / between the (post office) and the (bank). (Est al lado / cruzando / entre la oficina de correos y el banco) Youll see the bank on the corner. (Ver el banco en la esquina) Go past the hotel. (Pase el hotel)

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The office is around the corner. (La oficina est a la vuelta de la esquina) Go down / up Pacific Road. (Vaya hacia abajo /arriba de Pacific Road)

Grammar Structures. See the Translation set. (Vea el Set de Traduccin) Imperatives (Imperativos) Prepositions (Preposiciones)

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UNIT V - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES 1. Listen to the conversation and complete the map. A. B. A. B. A. Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to ABM company? Sure. Go along this street. Take the second turning on the right. It is just across from the International Bank. Thanks. Youre welcome.

2. Now you write your dialogue. Find out the location of the post office. (Ahora escriba su dilogo. Averigue la ubicacin de la oficina de correos.) 3. Find out the location of different places in the map (Averige la ubicacin de distintos lugares del mapa). 4. Getting to the office. Follow the arrows ( ) on the map. Put the directions in order. (Llegando a la oficina. Siga las flechas en el mapa. Coloque las direcciones en orden) ___ Youll see the Bank of Boston on the corner. ___ When you leave the subway, cross the street in front of you.

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___ After you cross Madison Street, go past the post office to the corner of Broadway and Forest Road. ___ Turn right and then go down Pacific for two blocks. ___ Turn left at the bank and then go straight. ___ Turn left on Forest and our office is around the corner, next to the post office.

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Entertaining

Would you like to go out for lunch? / dinner? (Le gustara salir a almorzar, cenar?) Can I have the menu please? (El menu, por favor) Can I take your order? What would you like to drink? (Qu le gustara tomar?) Would you like something to drink? (Quiere tomar algo?) Would you like a cup of coffee? Tea? (Quiere una taza de caf, t?) How do you like it? (Cmo le gusta?) Black, please. (Negro, por favor) Sugar? Milk? Cream? (Azcar, Leche, Crema?) Sugar, please. (Two) spoonfuls. (Azcar, por favor. Dos cucharadas) No, thanks. (No, gracias.) Would you like something to eat? (Quiere comer algo?) What would you like to eat? (Qu le gustara comer?) Can I have some cake? (Puedo comer torta?) A coffee, please. (Un caf, por favor)

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Id like a beer. (Quisiera una cerveza.) Could I have some milk? (Podra tomar leche?) Anything else? (Algo ms?) The bill, please. (La cuenta, por favor) Here you are. (Aqu est su caf, su t, su pedido, la cuenta, etc.)

Listening 2
Its ... $ 54.50 Fifty four dollars and fifty cents. $ 2.99 Two ninety nine.

Prices

Listening 3
Would you like...? (Le gustara...?, Quiere...?)

Offers and requests

What would you like? (Qu le gustara...? Qu quiere...?) Can I have ...? (Quiero..., Puedo comer...?) Could I have....? Quisiera..., Podra comer...?) Id like... (Me gustara...)

Listening 4

Drinks (Bebidas)

Coffee, (caf) black (sin azcar or crema) with milk /with cream (con leche / con crema)
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Tea (t) Milk (leche)

cold / hot (fro / caliente ) with lemon (con limn)

Whiskey (whiskey) with ice (con hielo ) straight up (slo) a lemonade (una limonada) orange juice (jugo de naranja) beer(cerveza) white wine (vino blanco) red wine (vino tinto)

Listening 5
Toast ( tostadas) Butter (manteca) Jam (jalea / mermelada) A hamburger (una hamburguesa)

Food (Alimentos)

a cheese sandwich (un sandwich de queso) a ham sandwich (un sandwich de jamn) a beef sandwich (un sandwich de carne) a chicken sandwich ( un sandwich de pollo) chicken (pollo) meat ( carne) fish (pescado) vegetables (vegetales) salad (ensalada) tomato and lettuce salad (de tomate y lechuga)

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Listening 6
- Vanilla cake (torta de vainilla) - strawberry icecream (helado de frutillas) - fruit salad (ensalada de frutas) a (chocolate) pudding (un budn de chocolate)

Desserts (Postres)

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UNIT V - LESSON 3

ACTIVITIES 1. Listen to the dialogue and Repeat. (Escuche el dilogo y reptalo) A. B. A. B. A. B. Would you like something to drink? Tea? Coffee? Id like some coffee, please. How do you like it? With sugar, please. Two spoonfuls. Here you are. Thank you.

2. Practise the dialogue and record it. (Practique el dilogo y grbelo) 3. Now, you complete this dialogue. (Ahora usted complete este dilogo) A. __________you like _______________to eat? A hamburger? A sandwich? B. Id ___________a sandwich, please A. A cheese or a_____________sandwich? B. A ham sandwich, ___________ A. Here _________ _________. B. ____________ 4. Now, record the dialogue. (Ahora grabe el dilogo) 5. A. Look at this menu. (Mire este men) LA PASTA RESTAURANT Breakfast Croissant Toast, butter, jam Eggs (boiled, fried, scrambled) Snacks Sandwiches (cheese, chicken, beef)

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Main Courses Grilled steak Chicken supreme Fried fish Desserts

Salad (lettuce, tomato, olives)

Drinks

Icecream (vanilla, chocolate, strawberry) Coffee, tea, beer, wine, Apple pie Orange juice, milk Lemon pie Chocolate pudding Fruit salad

b. Elsa Kaplun invites Ana Tasaki to the restaurant. Listen and read. (Escuche y lea) A. What would you like to eat? B. The chicken, please. With a tomato salad. A. And to drink? B. White wine. C. Would you like dessert? D. Hmm. I dont know. E. What about icecream? F. Well, good idea. Some vanilla icecream. G. Anything else? H. Coffee, please. 6. Now make up your own dialogue and record it. (Ahora realice su propio dilogo y grbelo) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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7.Write the prices. $25.95 ____________________________________ $62.50 ____________________________________ $80.25 ____________________________________

Note: In English they use the decimal point where we use the comma and viceversa. (En ingls se usa el punto decimal donde nosotros usamos coma y viceversa)

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Extra Activities
Dialogue 1
Hello, can /could I speak to _________? Hello. Is it possible to _____________?

Whos calling, please?

Its ______________ This is ___________

Just a minute. / One moment, please.

You are through, now.

Hello. Is that ____________?

Speaking. Yes, whos that?

Hello. This is ____________ From __________. Im calling about ____________________

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Dialogue 2
Would you like to go out for dinner tonight? Thank you. That would be very nice.

Great. Do you like Italian food? What about Italian food? Yes, I love it. Yes, I like it very much. Good. Theres an excellent Italian Restaurant near the company. How can I get there? Where is it?

Its called (La Pasta) and its On (Madison Avenue), (just across from The post office.) What time shall we meet? (When shall we meet?)

Is 9:00 OK with you? (What about 9:00?) We can meet at _______________

(9:00) is fine. See you at _________ (See you then.) Good bye. Good bye. (See you.) Good bye

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Dialogue 3

What would you like to drink? Would you like a ____________? Tea, please. Yes, please.

How do you like it? Do you take sugar/ lemon?

With lemon and sugar, please. Sugar. Not lemon, please.

Anything else? Would you like anything else?

Yes, more tea please. No, thanks.

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UNIT VI
Lesson 1 (Leccin 1)
Words, phrases and Grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y repita)

Listening 1

Your background (Su historia personal)

Whats your name? (Cul es su nombre? ) My names_______ (Mi nombre es...) How old are you ? (Cuantos aos tiene?) Im (36) (Tengo 36) What do you do? (Qu hace usted?) I work for an (advertising) company. (Trabajo para una compaa de publicidad) Im responsible for the (designs). (Estoy a cargo de los diseos) Who do you work for? (Para quin trabaja?) A company called AGM (Una compaa llamada AGM) Which department are you in? (En qu departamento est?) Design. (En diseo) Where did you study? (Dnde estudi?) At the Bellas Artes School. (En la escuela de Bellas Artes) Where did you go to university? (Dnde fue a la universidad?) The Catholic University (La Universidad Catlica) What qualifications do you have? (Qu titulo tiene?)

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I have a degree in Business Administration (Tengo el ttulo en Adm. de Empresas) I studied International Relations. (Estudi Relaciones Internacionales) Where are you from? )De dnde es? Salta, Argentina. (Salta, Argentina) Where were you born? (Dnde naci?) I was born in Resistencia, Chaco. (Nac en Resitencia, Chaco.) Where do you live? (Dnde vive?) In Santa Fe. (En Santa Fe) Are you married ? (Es casado?) Yes, I am / No, Im not. (S - No) Im single / engaged / separated / divorced. (Soy soltero / comprometido/separado / divorciado) Do you have any children? (Tiene chicos?) Yes, I have (two children) (S, dos) No, I dont. (No) How old are they? (Cuntos aos tienen?) One is (three) and the other is (five) (Three) and (five). (3 y 5) What do you do in your free time? (Qu hace en su tiempo libre?) I (play tennis) (spend my free time with my family.) (Juego al tenis/paso mi tiempo libre con mi familia)

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UNIT VI - LESSON 1

ACTIVITIES 1. Listen and read. (Escuche y lea) Betty Molino, aged 32, our new human resources manager, is a former student of Catholic University, where she studied psychology. She previously worked at a consultant company. She is single and she doesnt have any children. She lives in Salta. In her free time she enjoys studying English and doing exercises. 2. Now answer the questions. a. How old is Betty Molino? _________________________________ b. What is her new job? _________________________________ c. What qualifications does she have? _________________________________ d. Where did she work before she joined the company? _________________________________ e. Is she married? ________________________________________ f. What does she do in her free time? _________________________________ 3. Look at Betty Molinos resum (Mire el Curriculum Vitae de Betty Molino)

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BETTY MOLINO 2044 San Juan Street 4400 Salta Tel: (0387) 4317254 E-mail: bemolino@sinectis.com

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2000-Present GFM Salta Human Resource Dep. Personnel Manager 1998-2000 CONSULTORA S.A. Buenos Aires Finance Department EDUCATION Catholic University, Salta. Psychology SKILLS Good user of Microsoft Word, Exel, Tango. French (fluent), English (Basic)

1993-1997

Computers: Languages:

REFERENCES ON REQUEST

4. Now write your resum (Ahora escriba su Curriculum Vitae). Follow the preceding example. (Siga el ejemplo anterior) 5. Your name is at the top. (Su nombre va arriba) 6. Include your full postal address. (Incluya su direccin postal completa) 7. Your phone number goes above the e-mail address. (Su nmero de telfono va arriba del correo electrnico.) 8. Write the most recent information first. (Escriba la informacin ms reciente primero) 9. Dont include your high school education.(No incluya su educacin en escuela secundaria)

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10. Dont mention your hobbies and interests. (No nombre sus hobbies o intereses)

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Lesson 2 (Leccin 2)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and Repeat (Escuche y repita)
Listening 1

Company History y

They founded the company in Buenos Aires . (Ellos fundaron la compaa en Buenos Aires) ...started production in ______ (Ellos comenzaron la produccin en...) ... expanded in the 90s (...se expandieron en los aos 90)

... entered the American market in_______ (... entraron al mercado americano en...) ... opened a branch in_______ ... bought a plant___________ (... abrieron una sucursal en ...) (...compraron una planta ...)

...moved their headquarters _____ (trasladaron su sede principal...)

Where did they found the company? (Dnde fundaron la Cia.?) They founded the company in (Salta). When did they founded the company (Cundo fundaron la Ca.?) They founded the company in (1992). When did they expand? (Cundo se expandieron?) In (1993) When did they enter the american market? In (February) What did they buy? They bought a new plant

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The installation of the first centre (La instalacin del primer centro) They hired (2 teachers). (Ellos emplearon 2 profesores) On the west side of the city. (En la zona oeste de la ciudad)

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UNIT VI - LESSON 2

ACTIVITIES 1. a. Read the story of this company. (Lea la historia de esta compaa.) 1995 LIFE INSTITUTE founded in Salta, Argentina, to teach English to people from university. 1996 The installation of the first centre. The teaching to adults started. 1997 Teaching expanded. A branch opened on the west side of city. 2000 Hired two new teachers. 2001 LIFE bought new computers for teaching. A group of teachers founded LIFE in Salta in 1.995, to teach English to people from the university. They installed the first centre in 1.996 and they started teaching adults. Teaching expanded in 1.997 and they opened a branch on the westside of the city. LIFE hired 2 new teachers in 2.000 and in 2.001 LIFE bought new computers for teaching. b. What are the questions for these answers? (Cules son las preguntas para estas respuestas?) 1. They founded it in Salta. _______________________ 2. They installed it in 1996. _______________________ 3. On the west side of the city. _______________________
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4. Two new teachers. _______________________ 5. New computers for teaching. _______________________

2. Write a paragraph about the history of your company ( Escriba un prrafo acerca de la historia de su compaa) Then,record it (Luego grbelo).

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Lesson 3 (Leccin 3)
Words, phrases and grammar Listen and repeat (Escuche y lea)
Listening 1

Plans for the future (Planes para el futuro)

What is the project for? (Para qu es el projecto?) We want to build a new school (Queremos construir una escuels nueva) Where is it going to be? (onde se llevar a cabo?) How long is it going to take? (Cunto llevar?) How big is it going to be? (Qu tamao tendr?) When are you going to open? (Cuando la inauguran?) Is it going to have a conference room /a cafeteria / a library? (Va a tener una sala de conferencias / una confitera / una biblioteca) I am planning to go on holiday / to go on a trip. (Estoy planeando ir de vacaciones / ir de viaje) Yes, thats right (S, cierto) When are you going to travel? (Cundo va a viajar?) Where are you going to travel? (Adonde va a viajar?) Im going to visit (La falda) (Voy a visitar La Falda) How are you going to travel? (Cmo va a viajar?) Im going to travel by plane / car / bus. (Voy a viajar en avin / auto / colectivo)

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Where are you going to stay? (Dnde se quedar?) At a hotel / At a friends house. (En un hotel / casa de amigo) How long are you going to stay? (Cunto tiempo se quedar?) (Two weeks) (Dos semanas) What are you going to do in the evening? (Qu har por la noche?) I am going to go to restaurants and discos. (Ir a restaurantes y discos)

Listening 2

Objectives of companies (Objetivos de las compaas)

Open / close branches (Abrir / cerrar sucursales) Hire more staff (Emplear ms personal) Increase the turnover (Aumentar la ganancia anual) Reduce prices (Reducir los precios) Reduce costs (Reducir los costos)

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UNIT VI - LESSON 3

ACTIVITIES 1. Listen to the dialogue and complete the information (Escuche el dilogo y complete la informacin) A new School project Place: _____________________________________ Starting: ___________________________________ Finishing: __________________________________ Size: ______________________________________ Sports facilities : ____________________________ Other facilities : _____________________________ 2. Now write a paragraph with the information. Record it (Ahora escriba un prrafo con la informacin. Grbelo). Begin like this. (Comience as) The government is planning a new school . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. Complete the dialogue with the correct questions. (Complete el dilogo con las preguntas correctas.) A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. So, you are taking a trip. Yes, thats right. ____________________________________? In July. ____________________________________? Im not sure, but Chile or Brazil. ____________________________________? In a hotel of course. I want to relax. ___________________________________? By plane. ____________________________________? Two or three weeks, it depends on the weather. ____________________________________?

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B. At night? Imagine. Go to expensive restaurants and Im going to visit the best discos. A. Well, enjoy yourself. B. Thanks a lot. 4. Write about one of your companys objectives. It can be real or imaginary. e.g. Our objective is to give English courses to the staff. To do that, we are going to hire English teachers. We are also planning to set up a language laboratory in the company. Our objective is to _______________________________________ To do that, we are going to ________________________________ We are also planning to ___________________________________

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Extra Practice
Dialogue 1
Interview a candidate for a job. (Entreviste un candidato para un trabajo). Ask about: Personal information; Past job; Studies; Skills.

Dialogue 2
Interview the owner of a company where you live about : The name of the company; The activity of the company; When and how the company started; The location of the company; The size and the facilities; The number of employees; The plans for the future.

Write te dialogues and record them (Escriba los dilogos y grbelos)

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WRITING
First steps to business writing
Writing messages
1. Follow the examples and write the messages. Use the correct prepositions. (Siga los ejemplos y escriba los mensajes. Use las preposiciones correctas) e.g. meet me /10:00am / Monday. Please meet me at ten oclock on Monday. 1. 2. 3. 4. call Mr.Legarri / 11.00 /morning. send the fax / Monday afternoon come / 9.00 / evening dont cancel /meeting with Ms. Tasaki / Saturday.

Writing faxes
1.Read this fax message (Lea este fax) GFM CONSULTANTS Riobamba 1040 Buenos Aires Argentina- 1000 Tel/Fax (011) 4234 5620 To: ABM Food Corporation From: Ana Tasaki Date: May 17 Dear Mrs. Legarri, Thank you for your letter of May 10, and your invitation to visit your company. I am arriving at 3.00 on May 20. My flight number is AA 465. I look forward to meeting you. Sincerely, Ana Tasaki
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Attention: Mrs. Norma Legarri Subject: My visit to the company

2. Now write a similar fax. You are going to visit a car factory. Use the information below. (Ahora escriba un fax similar. Usted va a visitar un fabrica de autos. Use la informacin a continuacin) GFM CONSULTANTS Riobamba 1040 Buenos Aires Argentina 1000 Tel/Fax: 011- 42234 5620 To: ______________________ From: ___________________ Date:_____________________ Attention: __________________ Subject: ___________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Writing e-mails
1. Read these e-mail messages Dear Mr. Aramayo, The project for the new school is ready, and I would like to discuss a few things with you. Can we meet at your office at 10.00 am on Monday next week? Best wishes, Betty Villalba

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Dear Mrs. Villalba, Thank you for your e-mail about the project for the new school. 10.00 am on Monday next week at my office would be fine. I look forward to seeing you then. Best wishes Jose Aramayo

2.Now read the e-mail you received yesterday afternoon. Answer it. (Ahora lea el e-mail que recibi ayer a la tarde. Respndalo)

Dear __(your name)__________ The arrangements for the conference are finished. I would like to show them to you. Could you come to my office at 3.00 on Friday, May 25? Best wishes Magdalena Nallar

Dear_________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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3. Read this e-mail message (Lea este e-mail) Date: Thur, 17 May 2001 7:30 From: gmoraleda @ucasal.net To: ccruz @ ucasal.net Subject: Saturday meeting Cecilia Regarding our conversation yesterday, I would like to confirm the details of our meeting on Saturday to discuss the new exam dates. I will be at your office at 11.30 am. I look forward to seeing you then. Regards Graciela

4. Now write a similar e-mail. Use this information.(Ahora escriba un email similar. Use esta informacin.) Gloria Crespo called Cecilia Cruz . She wants to meet on Monday morning to discuss the teleconferences schedules. They agreed to meet at 9.30 am. Complete Glorias e-mail message to Cecilia Cruz confirming the details of the meeting. Date: Friday, 18 May 2001 3:30 From: Gloria Crespo gcrespo @ ucasal.net To: ccruz @ ucasal.net Subject:__________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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5.Read the e-mail message (Lea este e-mail) Dear Ms. Mendoza I am looking forward to meeting you on Friday, May 25 during your trip to Buenos Aires. I would like to invite you to lunch on Saturday after the conference. It will give me the possibility to know more about your company. Please let me know if this will be convenient. Best wishes Jose Aramayo

6. Now write a similar e-mail. Use your name and this information. (Ahora escriba un e-mail similar. Use su nombre y esta informacin) Write to Maria Ferraris. She is going to give a lecture in your company next Wednesday. Invite her to dinner after the lecture. You want to talk about a new lecture in three months time. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7.Read Ms. Mendozas reply to Jose Aramayo. (Ahora lea la respuesta de la seorita Mendoza a Jose Aramayo) Dear Mr. Aramayo, Thank you very much for your invitation. I would love to have lunch with you on Friday. I look forward to seeing you in Buenos Aires next week. Claudia Mendoza

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8. Now write an e-mail replying to this invitation. Use your own name. (Ahora escriba un e-mail contestando a esta invitacin. Use su nombre) I am looking forward to meeting you on Tuesday, June 12 , during your trip to Salta. I would like to invite you to dinner on Tuesday evening at my place. This will give you the opportunity to meet my family. Please let me know if this will be possible. Jorge Figueroa

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Writing notes
1. Read this note (Lea esta nota) Magdalena, I am very sorry but I cant make the meeting on Friday at 3.00 because of a doctors appointment. Is it OK if we meet next Monday? Thank you Connie

2. Now write a similar note to a business acquaintance. You had a meeting on Monday at 5.00 pm. You cant make it because of a trip to Corrientes. (Ahora escriba una nota similar a un conocido de negocios).

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Writing memos
1.Read this memo (Lea este memorndum) To: All Training officers From: Claudia Mendoza Human Resources Manager Date: 17 May 2001 There will be a meeting on Friday 25 May to discuss the English training course. Please invite all the managers in the company. Thank you

2.Now use the note below to write a memo to all staff in the Finance Department. (Ahora use la nota a continuacin para escribir un memo a todo el personal del Departamento de Finanzas) Elsa, Could you organise a meeting at 9.30 am on Monday with all the Finance Department to discuss our new financial project and then send a memo to inform them about it? Thanks.

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MEMO To: Finance Dept. From: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Walter Echazu is going to be the new Human Resources Manager at your company. He is going to visit your office to learn more about the company. Write a memo to all staff: (Escriba un memo a todo el personal) * explain who he is (explique quien es l) * say when he will be in the office (diga cuando estar en la oficina) * ask the staff to introduce themselves to him.(pdale al personal que se presenten) MEMO To: All staff From:_________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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Writing a business letter


1. Read this letter CCIM PRODUCTIONS Daniel Krowe SPA Ltd. 345 Silver Ridge Drive Virginia Dear Mr. Krowe, I am visiting Virginia in June and I would like to meet you to discuss the plans for the new hotel. I am free on June 10, 11 and 12. Can we meet any of these days? I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely Patricia Saenz Designer Manager

2. Now write a similar letter. Use your name and this information.(Ahora escriba una carta similar. Use su nombre y esta informacin) You are visiting IAC in July. The address is 3555 Congreso Street. You would like to meet Cecilia Barni to discuss the new transmissions. You are free on 9, 10, and 11 July. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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Estimado alumno: Esta seccin ha sido preparada con la conviccin de que Usted ya ha trabajado exhaustivamente con el Set de Traduccin que acompa al Mdulo N1 y que complet un estudio gramatical del idioma. En consecuencia, se eligi material extrado de libros especficos para la enseanza del idioma, como as tambin material autntico de peridicos, libros de texto e informes. El objetivo es proporcionarle habilidades, estrategias y vocabulario que lo ayudarn a leer material ms especfico del rea ms eficientemente. Lea cuidadosamente la Introduccin, como tambin las distintas tcnicas.

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BIBLIOGRAFA
- Revel, Rod and Sweeney, Simon. IN PRINT . Reading Business English. Cambridge University Pres. Great Britain, 1993. - Badger, Ian Menzies, Pete and Daniel, David. AMERICAN BUSINESS ENGLISH PROGRAM. Macmillan Publishers. Hong Kong, 1994. - Badger, Ian and Menzies, Pete. MACMILLAN BUSINESS ENGLISH PROGRAMME. Hong Kong, 1993. - Bach, George. ECONOMICS. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall Inc., 1963. - Duckworth, Michael. GRAMMAR & PRACTICE. Oxford University Press. China, 1998. - Buenos Aires Herald Magazine. May 5, 2001. - Buenos Aires Herald newspaper. April and May, 2201. - BEC 1. Sample Papers. University of Cambridge. Local Examination Syndicate. - Perino, Ins y otros. Introduccin a la Lectura en Ingls. Date Editores. Bs. As., 1.994.

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INTRODUCCIN
En el mundo de los negocios, hay siempre mucho material para leer (distintos tipos de texto, artculos) y no hay tiempo suficiente para leer todo. El objetivo que debemos perseguir es aprender a leer mejor. Esto no significa simplemente leer ms rpido. Significa pasar el menor tiempo, consiguiendo la mxima comprensin de lo que leemos. Tenga siempre una opinin positiva. Lea tanto como sea posible en Ingls y trate de seguir las tcnicas que se explicarn y practicarn en este Mdulo.

Cmo facilitar nuestro trabajo de traduccin?


Antes que nada debemos considerar a las palabras ... Por su significado: Se debe tener en cuenta el significado de las palabras, y ver si las mismas expresan un concepto o no. Por ejemplo: The staff The (El) es una palabra estructural staff (personal) es una palabra conceptual

Las palabras conceptuales (sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo , adverbio) expresan ideas o conceptos del mensaje. Las palabras estructurales (preposiciones, artculos, adjetivos determinantes, conjunciones, pronombres) sirven de unin entre las ideas o conceptos y le dan coherencia al texto. Por su forma: Se debe tener en cuenta la forma de la palabra para saber qu funcin cumple en la oracin y que significado tiene.
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Por ejemplo: employ employee unemployed Por su ubicacin en la oracin: Se determina que funcin gramatical cumple (sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo, adverbio, preposicin, artculo, adjetivo determinante, conjuncin o pronombre) Por ejemplo: They never smoke in the office (Ellos nunca fuman en la oficina) smoke: verbo the: artculo (delante de sustantivo) Smoke is coming out of the room (Sale humo de la habitacin) smoke: sustantivo Veamos en este ejemplo las palabras conceptuales: Employees sust. reject verbo new adj. offer sust. (verbo) emplear (sustantivo) empleado (adjetivo) desempleado

(Empleados rechazan nueva oferta) Agreguemos a la oracin las palabras estructurales para conectar el mensaje. The art. employees sust. reject verb the art. new adj. offer sust.

(Los empleados rechazan la nueva oferta) En esta oracin podemos observar que hay palabras que son claves para el mensaje: Employees (Empleados reject rechazan
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offer oferta)

Podemos entonces como en castellano delimitar dos partes importantes en la oracin:

sujeto: cuyo ncleo es un sustantivo. Puede ser tambien un pronombre (referente) o un verbo en funcin de sustantivo. predicado: cuyo ncleo es un verbo

Veamos nuevamente la oracin : /The employees / reject the new offer/ sujeto predicado Hacemos un anlisis ms completo: The employees / reject / the new offer /

Formacin de palabras
La forma de la palabra brinda informacin acerca de su funcin. Por ejemplo: Employ (verbo ) employee (sustantivo)

Hay dos maneras importantes para formar nuevas palabras: Derivacin: Se forman nuevas palabras agregando prefijos (partculas que se agregan delante de la palabra), sufijos (partculas que se agregan al final de la palabra) y flexiones (partculas que marcan los accidentes que sufren las palabras) Por ejemplo: Employ____________employment (empleo) Employ ___________unemployment (desempleo)

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Employ ___________employs (presente 3ra persona del singular) Employ____________ employed (pasado regular) Nota: Ver ejemplos de prefijos y sufijos en mdulo 1 (set de traduccin)

Accidentes gramaticales
1.Nmero: (singular y plural) Por ejemplo: Report Company Box Excuse reports companies boxes excuses (informe / informes) (compaa / compaas) (caja / cajas) (excusa / excusas)

2.Gnero (masculino y femenino) Por ejemplo: Steward stewardess (camarero / camarera de un barco)

3.Caso posesivo Por ejemplo: Mr. Browns report (El informe del sr. Brown)

4.Grado (comparativo y superlativo) Por ejemplo: Fast / faster / the fastest

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5.Tiempo y Persona Por ejemplo: Presente (3 persona del singular) I report He reports (Yo informo El informa) Pasado (todas las personas iguales) They report They reported (Ellos informan / Ellos informaron)

6.Modo (subjuntivo) Por ejemplo: They would improve if they had the money. (Ellos mejoraran si tuvieran el dinero) Nota: es muy importante conocer cmo se forman palabras por derivacin y los accidentes que sufren para buscar las mismas en el diccionario. Por ejemplo: - Si vamos al diccionario a buscar la palabra companies, no la vamos a encontrar por que est en plural. S vamos a encontrar la palabra en singular company. - Puede que la palabra unemployment no figure. Entonces le quitamos la partcula un- y buscamos employment (desempleo). Si sabemos que la partcula un- es negativa, reconocemos que la palabra significa desempleo.

Composicin
Las palabras compuestas se forman por dos o ms palabras, que tambien pueden usarse independientemente la una de la otra. A saber: Sustantivos compuestos: firearms (armas de fuego) Adjetivos compuestos: tax-free (libre de impuesto)
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Verbos compuestos: go down (bajar) Adverbios compuestos: sometime (en algn momento) Estas palabras compuestas indican una idea en su totalidad. Es decir que debemos determinar su funcin en la oracin como un todo. Por ejemplo: Car production Sustantivo costs (costos en la produccin de autos) sustantivo (car production modifica a costos)

Si necesitamos traducir (car production) por que no entendemos debemos buscar las palabras por separado: Car: auto production: produccin

Las palabras que forman la palabra compuesta no siempre tienen la misma funcin gramatical. Por ejemplo: A high-class market (un mercado de clase alta) adj. sust. La ltima palabra de la palabra compuesta (production, class) determinan la funcin gramatical.

Ubicacin de la palabra en la oracin


Al estudiar la ubicacin de la palabra en la oracin se puede determinar su funcin gramatical. Por ejemplo: Pat Baker is an administrative assisstant. (artculo delante de sustantivo adjetivado)

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Jennifer Brown is a systems analyst. systems: (sustantivo en funcin de adjetivo) analyst: (sustantivo)

Es fcil reconocer el sustantivo y el verbo porque son los que denotan concepto por s mismos.

Por ejemplo: Meetings (sustantivo: Reunion Start ! (verbo imperativo: Comience ) To start (forma imperativa del verbo: comenzar

El adjetivo siempre aparece relacionado con:

Un sustantivo: early meeting..................reunin temprana adj. sust. Un verbo: The meeting is early............La reunin es temprano. Sust. V adj.

El adverbio modifica a:

Un verbo: The meeting starts early ......La reunin comienza temprano. Sust. V adv. Un adjetivo: the meeting is very early. .....La reunin es muy temprano. Sust. V adv adj. Otro adverbio: The meeting starts very early ................La reunin comienza muy temprano. El pronombre, la preposicin, la conjuncin y el artculo se conectan con otras funciones gramaticales sustituyendo, relacionando, uniendo o determinando.

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El Sustantivo
Se lo reconoce por: Su forma 1)sustantivo en plural s, (-es, -ies) reports, boxes, companies. 2)s / scorresponde a un sustantivo en caso posesivo Mr. Browns report / Carlosidea. 3) Algunas terminaciones ms comunes: -in / ment / -ing / -ance / ship / -age Competition / arrangement / training / assisstance / relationship / patronage Su posicin y las palabras que lo acompaan: at work: en el trabajo (preposicin + sustantivo) the project: el proyecto (artculo + sustantivo) interesting project: proyecto interesante (adjetivo + sustantivo) staff available: personal disponible (sustantivo + adjetivo) company secrets: secretos de la compaa (sustantivo + sustantivo) completely wrong idea: idea completamente errnea (adverbio + adjetivo + sustantivo)

El Verbo
Se lo reconoce por: Su forma Terminacin de la tercera persona del singular( -s / (-es / -ies)

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Mr. Jones works for a major firm in the City of London (El seor Jones trabaja para una gran firma en la ciudad de Londres) Terminacin del pasado y el participio pasado de los verbos regulares (-ed) They expanded the business (Ellos expandieron el negocio) They have expanded the business (ellos han expandido el negocio) The business was expanded (El negocio se expandi) When expanded, the business did very well. (Cuando se expandi el negocio anduvo muy bien) Terminacin del participio presente (-ing) They are expanding the business. (Ellos estn ampliando el negocio) This idea is useful for expanding the business. (Esta idea es buena para expandir el negocio) Terminaciones de verbos ms comunes: -ify, -en, -ate, -ize/ise, et. Classify / strengthen / create / categorize / practise Los verbos irregulares forman el pasado y el participio pasado modificandose en una o ms letras, completamente o no modificndose. Para poder determinar que es un verbo en pasado o participio pasado, debemos ir a una lista de verbos, buscar el verbo que necesitamos y luego ir al diccionario.

Palabras que acompaan al verbo


Pronombres sujeto y pronombres objeto They are considering the new plan (Ellos estn considerando el plan nuevo) Pron verbo They must consider the new plan (Ellos deben considerar el nuevo plan)

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It is necessary el nuevo plan)

to consider

the new plan (Es necesario considerar

They have to consider inmediatamente)

it Pron.

inmediately. (Deben considerarlo

Verbos que acompaan al verbo principal: Be (am is are- was- were- bee- being) Be + verbo con ing (estar + -ando/ endo) The directors are considering the plan (Los directores estn considerando el plan) Be + verbo en participio pasado (voz pasiva) (ser + -ado / -ido) The plan is considered (El plan es considerado / se considera ) Have + participio pasado (tiempo perfecto) (haber + -ado / -ido) They have considered the plan (Ellos han considerado el plan) Do / Does + sujeto + verbo (tiempo presente interrogativo) Do they consider the plan? (Consideran ellos el plan?) Does he consider the plans? ( El considera el plan?) Did + sujeto + verbo (tiempo pasado interrogativo) Did they consider the plans (Consideraron el plan?) Shall / Will (futuro) We shall consider the plan (Consideraremos el plan) They will consider the plan (Ellos considerarn el plan)

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Would (potencial) The plan would be necessary (El plan sera necesario) Should (deber / debera / debiera) They should consider the plan (Deberan considerar el plan) Must / Ought to ( Deber) He must consider the plan (El debe considerar el plan) Can / May (Poder) She can consider the plan (Ella puede considerar el plan) Could / Might (Podra) We could consider the plan (Podramos considerar el plan)

Verbo en infinitivo (Cmo se traduce) A + infinitivo He comes to consider the plan (El viene a considerar el plan) Para + infinitivo He is here to consider the plan (El est aqu para considerar el plan) De + infinitivo They tried to consider the plan (Ellos trataron de considerar el plan) En voz pasiva The plan is said to be very useful (Se dice que el plan es muy til)

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For + noun + to + infinitive This plan is ready for the company to evaluate it (Este plan est listo para que la compaa lo evale) To + infinitivo (a veces no se traduce) It is his job to study the possibility of the plan (Es su tarea estudiar la posibilidad del plan) To study the possibility of the plan takes time (Estudiar la posibilidad del plan lleva tiempo)

Verbo + -ing (Cmo se traduce) Preposicin + -ing (Traducir como: Preposicin + infinitivo) They are paid for considering the plan (Les pagan para considerar el plan) By considering his plan, the company is giving him a good possibility. (Al considerar su plan, la compaa le est dando una buena posibilidad ) He must be cautious in considering the plan (Debe ser cuidadoso al considerar el plan) By + -ing ( No traducir la preposicin y traducir el verbo como ando / -endo) You can start by considering his plan (Puede comenzar considerando su plan) Al comienzo de la oracin Considering plans is one of his tasks. ( Considerar planes es una de sus tareas) En mitad de la oracin They accepted the plan, considering that it was possible. (Ellos aceptaron el plan, considerando que era posible)
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Sustantivo + -ing They are the staff considering the new plan. (Ellos son el personal que considera el plan nuevo) When / While + -ing When considering the plan, they didnt like it. (Cuando consideraron el plan no les gust) After / Before +-ing After considering the plan, they accepted it. (Despues de considerar el plan lo aceptaron) Despus de verbos como: begin / stop / prefer / finish, etc. Finish + -ing They will finish considering the plan in a couple of hours. (Terminarn de considerar el plan en un par de horas)

Verbo en participio pasado (Cmo se traduce) If considered carefully, the plan is useful. (Si se considera cuidadosamente, el plan es til) Considered this way, the plan is useful (Considerado de esta forma, el plan es til)

Recomendaciones para la lectura de textos largos


- Use pginas de contenido, ndices, cuadros, listas, etc. para ubicar partes de un libro, manual o informe que sean de especial inters. - No fije sus ojos en cada palabra. Debe permitir que se muevan sobre el texto a una velocidad constante mirando a varias palabras a la vez.

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- No lea en voz alta. Este tipo de lectura es una habilidad diferente, til para practicar pronunciacin y como parte de preparacin para dar presentaciones. - No lea la misma oracin o prrafo repetidas veces. Despreocpese de cualquiere parte que no sea de inters o sea imposible de entender. Sin embargo, puede Usted pasar ms tiempo en partes, o prrafos de especial inters. - Para una lectura comprensiva debe tener en claro estos trminos y saberlos determinar en cualquier libro o revista. 1) un ttulo 2) un encabezamiento 6) una pgina de contenido 3) un prrafo 4) un cuadro

5) un captulo

7) un ndice

8) un diagrama

9) una introduccin a un libro / captulo / artculo

10)una conclusin a un libro / captulo / artculo

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Mtodo para la lectura de textos largos

Entrada Lea / realice algo diferente Mire el texto Ttulo / Longitud encabezamiento figuras Interesante

Contenidos o Indice Scan: mire rpidamente

No es interesante

Lea introduccin

Skim:lea brevemente buscando ideas principales

Lea conclusin

Lea resumen

Mire figuras / diagramas cuadros en ms detalle

No es importante

Decida si el texto es importante

Partes importantes

Todo importante

Lea brevemente buscando ideas principales en cada prrafo Lea / estudie en detalle Tome notas si quiere

Mire brevemente / busque ms partes importantes

Lea / estudie esas partes

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Tcnicas de lectura
Scanning: significa mirar brevemente un texto antes de leerlo para ver si (o donde) contiene informacin especfica que usted est buscando. Cuando encuentra la informacin que usted quiere, lea la seccin en ms detalle. Ejemplos: - Mirar brevemente un horario de trenes para averiguar horario de partida. - Mirar brevemente la lista de contenidos de un peridico para encontrar el nmero de pgina de las noticias financieras. - Mirar brevemente un informe anual para encontrar el prrafo que trata de un producto en particular. Skimming: significa leer un texto sin atencin a los detalles pero slo buscando ideas principales. Esto incluir prestar atencin al ttulo, encabezamientos, introduccin y conclusin, como as tambin a los puntos principales en los prrafos. Ejemplos: - Mirar brevemente un peridico para entender los puntos principales de las noticias. - Leer un informe de 20 pginas en 10 minutos para buscar las ideas claves. - Leer slo los encabezamientos, la introduccin, conclusin, o resumen de un informe, y mirar a las figuras, grficos, etc. Predecir lo que est y no est en el texto Esta tcnica es muy importante porque al entender el ttulo podemos comenzar a pensar acerca de la informacin que encontraremos y dnde la encontraremos.

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Entonces, cuando haya seleccionado algo para leer, primero mire el ttulo, encabezamientos y la letra acentuada (negrita). Mire la longitud y cualquier figura o material grfico, por ejemplo diagramas, cuadros, etc. Luego pregntese: qu me contar este artculo? o qu informacin es probable en el mismo?. Esto es prediccin. Identificacin de puntos principales en un texto Una manera de identificar los puntos principales en un texto es leer solamente el primero o segundo prrafo y el ltimo o los dos ltimos. Esto especialmente en caso de artculos largos donde usted podr ver las palabras Introduction (introduccin), Summary (resumen) o Conclusion (conclusin). No lea todo el texto en detalle en esta etapa. Lea solamente la introduccin, o el primer prrafo cuidadosamente. Luego lea la parte final del texto o los dos ltimos prrafos. El comienzo y el final de los textos largos a menudo tienen la informacin ms importante. Prediccin: qu viene a continuacin en el texto? Ya vimos una tcnica de prediccin por medio de los encabezamientos y letra negrita. Las palabras especficas o una frase en particular (parte de una oracin) puede tambin ayudarnos a predecir qu viene a continuacin. Frases como "The first thing to do is ..." (Lo primero que hay que hacer es ...), "Secondly" (En segundo lugar ...), "The last stage is ... (La ltima etapa es ...). Reconocer y entender estas palabras y frases pueden ayudarlo a leer ms eficientemente. Ellas ayudan tambin a entender la estructura de un texto. Referencia: Interpretar la relacin entre oraciones Lo primero que se debe hacer es leer el texto, buscando slo las ideas principales. Al hacerlo, se dar cuenta que algunos textos contienen palabras que se refieren a otras en el mismo. Esto tambin puede ocurrir de un prrafo a otro. Reconocer e interpretar esta relacin lo ayudar a entender la estructura interna del texto. Vocabulario: predecir el significado de una palabra del contexto. Usar el diccionario para averiguar el significado de cada palabra que no sepa, toma mucho tiempo y reduce la eficacia de su lectura. Es importante tratar de suponer el significado. Generalmente, el contexto (el resto del
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texto y especialmente las palabras y oraciones cercanas a las desconocidas) lo ayudarn a decidir su posible significado. Slo busque una palabra en el diccionario si no tiene idea de lo que significa y est seguro que es necesario entenderla para conseguir la informacin que necesita. SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM INPRINT, CUP, 1.993.

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A business book
ECONOMICS An Introduction to Analysis and Policy FOURTH EDITION George Leland Bach Copyright 1954, 1957, 1960 and 1963 by PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. L.C. Cat. N: 63-10591 Third printing ..... February, 1964 Designed by Harry Rinehart Ilustrations by Felix Cooper 22740-C

CONTENTS PART FOUR THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME Page 470 28 HOW IS INCOME DISTRIBUTED?, page 470 29 WAGES AND SALARIES, page 483 30 LABOR UNIONISM AND COLLECTIVE BARGAINING, page 502 31 GOVERNMENT AND LABOR, page 524 32 PROPERTY INCOMES-RENT AND INTEREST, page 537 33 PROFITS, page 552 34 WAGES, PROFITS, AND STABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, page 562 Appendix to Part Four: CURRENT RESEARCH, page 575

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Actividad N 1
Aproximacin al texto 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ttulo del libro: Autor: Edicin: Editorial Tipo de lector Tema de la parte N4: Escriba el ttulo de cada captulo de la parte 4 en castellano. Qu captulo se podr consultar para leer sobre: "cambios tecnolgicos, salarios y desempleo"?

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Actividad N 2
Read the dialogues and choose the correct alternative (A,B or C) DIALOGUE 1

What does Mr. Cash want to drink? A. Beer B. Water C. Orange juice

X. Would you like a drink Mr. Cash? A beer perhaps? Y. Thanks, but Id rather just have a glass of water, if thats all right. X. Waiter, a glass of water and Ill have an orange juice, please.

DIALOGUE 2 X. Attention all passengers waiting at Gate 17 for flight BA203 to Bangkok. Please proceed immediately to Gate 12 where your plane will be boarding shortly. Which is the Gate number for the flight to Bangkok? A. Gate 3 B. Gate 12 C. Gate 17 Source: University of Cambridge - Local Examinations Syndicate (Sample papers).

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Actividad N 3
Read the conversation between a manager and her assistant discussing the agenda for a meeting and then write the missing numbers in the spaces. M. There are just a couple of extra points to add to the agenda. A. OK. Is this for the December meeting? M. Yes, thats right. The one on the 19th. Two more points about the budget. Ive just been told what we can have for social events, and for anyone who wants to attend any of those conferences I put up on the board. For the social events we get $100 more than last year, which means well have $500 this year. Then for the conferences. Only 4 of us went to conferences last year so were only allowing $200 this year. A. Right. Is that it? How many copies do you want? M. Yes. Well. Its 19. Plus one for you and me. Thats 21. To be given out in advance please. Thanks. Points to add to the agenda for the meeting of _____________December: Money available this year for a: b: social events: conferences: $ ______________ $ ______________

Number of copies to be distributed: _____________

Read this conversation and complete the form Caller: Hello. Could I speak to the Manager please? Secretary: Im afraid hes not available at the moment. Can I help you? Caller: Yes. Id like to make an appointment to see him. Secretary: Can I take your name? Caller: Its F E N T O N. And thats Mrs. Secretary: Do you have an account with us already? Caller: Yes. Ive had a business account since 1993. Secretary: An what is your business?

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Caller: I run a restaurant in Highfield Old Town. Secretary: Well. The Manager could see you on the 14th. August at 10.30 a.m. Caller: What day is that? Secretary: Wednesday. Caller: Yes, thats fine. Secretary: Can I ask what its about? Caller: Well. I wanted to talk about a loan. I wrote to him a couple of weeks ago and. He asked me to come in and see him. Secretary: Thats great. Thanks very much.

PHONE MESSAGE

Name of caller: Mrs ____________________ Type of account: ______________________ Occupation: _____________________Manager. Date of appointment: 10.30 am _________________________ Purpose of appointment: to talk about ____________________ Source: University of Cambridge -(Local Examinations Syndicate) (Sample papers)

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Actividad N 4
Look at questions 1-5. In each question, which phrase or sentece is correct? For each questions, ma Mark one letter A, B or C .

Example:

Dont forget Flight BA692 6.45 pm

The plane arrives at A quarter to seven in the morning. B quarter past six in the evening. C quarter to seven in the evening. The correct answer is C.

1.You will receive the full amount as soon as the work is complete A. You should finish all the work quickly. B. Full payment will be made soon. C. When you finish the work you will be paid.

2.For further copies of this guide, please phone 01279 662714. Call this number if you want to A. get more details B. receive extra leaflets. C. Photocopy this brochure.

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3.

FLIGHTS FROM TOKYO TO LONDON HEATHROW Flight number JAL 415 JAL 425 JAL 435 Dep.Time 08.45 12.15 16.30

Mr Muriyama is travelling to London after a lunch-time meeting in Tokyo. Which flight will he catch? A B C JAL 415 JAL 425 JAL 435

4. 13.4.01 Dear Mr Parker, Thank you for telephoning yesterday about... Mr. Parker called on A B C 12 April 13 April 21 April

5. We are pleased to announce the promotion of our Sales Manager, Mr. Tannerman, to Regional Sales Director. A B C The Sales Manager will become the new Regional Sales Director. The Regional Sales Director is looking for a new Sales Manager. Mr Tannerman will be appointed as the new Sales Manager.

Source: University of Cambridge -(Local Examinations Syndicate) (Sample Papers)

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Actividad N 5
Look at the notice below. It shows the departments in a company. For questions 1-5, decide which department A-H each employee should contact. For each questions, mark one letter A-H. Do not use any letter more than once. MOLEWORTH PLC CABERRA, AUSTRALIA Ground Floor: A Wages & Salaries B Marketing C Quality Control First Floor: D E F G H Typing Service Exports Purchasing Personnel Training

Second Floor

1.Ms Williams needs to send a large order to an important customer in the USA. 2.John Carter needs extra staff to help with an unexpected order. 3.Mr Wales wants to discuss advertising for his new product 4.Mary Walden thinks she has been charged too much tax on her pay. 5.Ian Whittaker has a box of faulty goods which a shop has sent back Source: University of Cambridge -(Local Examinations Syndicate) (Sample Papers)

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Actividad N 6
Read the text below, which is a talk about training courses for new staff. These four introductory training courses will generally last two or three hours each and will be timetabled over the first two weeks of your employment. For all of the courses, you should go to the Training Centre, except for the Health and Safety Course, which is held in Room 301. You will be shown key places such as the post room, The first course will begin with a tour of the building. the first aid room and the Chief Executives office. Everyone must attend the second course, on health and safety. This will include what to do in case of fire. Any employees who would like to follow a course on emergency first aid should tell their instructor after this talk. The third course covers company goals, plus information on the structure of the company and the senior management team. The final course looks at hours of work, salaries and sick leave. However, we will not be able to discuss individual contracts and job descriptions. If you have any doubts about what your job includes, please, speak to your department Head. Source: University of Cambridge (Local Examinations Syndicate)

Now, answer these questions about the text. You can answer in Spanish or in English. 1.How many courses will there be? ____________________________ 2.How long will they last? ____________________________ 3.When will they be timetabled? ____________________________

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4.Where should you go for the Health and Safety Course? _____________________________ 5.Where should you go for all the other courses? _____________________________ 6.How will the first course begin? _____________________________ 7.What will you be shown? ________________________ 8.Is it possible not to attend the second course on health and safety? ____________________________ 9.What will this include? ____________________________ 10. Who should you tell if you are interested in an emergency first aid course? ___________________________ 11. What does the third course cover? ___________________________ 12. What does the final course look at? ____________________________ 13. Will they be able to discuss individual contracts with the staff on that course? ___________________________ 14. Who do you have to speak to if you have doubts about what your job includes? _____________________________ Now, read the text above again, and decide: Are sentences 1-7 Right or Wrong? If there is not enough information to answer Right or Wrong, choose Doesnt say. For each sentence 1-7, mark one letter A, B or C.

1. Each training course is two weeks long. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

2. Only one training course will be in Room 301. A Right B Wrong


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Doesnt say

3. The tour begins with a visit to the post room. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

4. You do not have to go to the first aid course. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

5. On the third training course, you will meet a member of the senior management team. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

6. On the final training course, you will talk about what you will do in your own job. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

7. If you can attend none of the training courses, you should talk to your department Head. A Right B Wrong C Doesnt say

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Actividad N 7
Read this extract from an annual report, written by the Managing Director of a toy company called Bambinos, and answer questions 1-B A-13 . 1996 began well for Bambinos, with the purchase in January of National Toy Shops Ltd for $2.3 million. All departments avoided job losses, except Sales, where both companies had previously had agents serving the same areas. In the Production department, eighty temporary workers were taken on in February to work on a contract with a new client in Japan. These jobs will probably disappear by the beginning of the summer, though staffing levels may rise again soon afterwards when we launch the new robot toy, Roboman. The export order to Japan has been a major success, but it cannot hide the problems we have had in this area. Despite the huge amounts we have invested in designing world-leading toys and in the distribution of our products, I am disappointed to see we are losing customers to rival firms, especially in Asia. We do not seem able to offer the same quality of service as our rivals. I want to see a system for improving the way we deal with calls form customers wanting information or help, checking on details of products, or making complaints. I would like to see major improvements in this area as soon as possible. There are many achievements to be proud of. The increase in annual profits in 1996 was partly the result of Mr Becs new system of producing and following up on invoices for company accounts. But I am particularly pleased to see the 50% growth in the number of staff who are now able to use computers for major parts of their work. This is an excellent result for the small amount of money invested last year in staff training. We have now advertised for a new Training Manager and will be increasing the amount spent in this area to over 3% of annual profits. This will provide a variety of courses for staff in all departments. Finally, I would like to mention Roboman. Many of our future plans depend on the success of this project, which will go into production in February. In 1993 our engineers in the Research and Development department had already succeeded in producing one of the worlds smallest radio-controlled robots, so efficient that the batteries do not need to be changed for at least

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25 hours of use. What makes this new one particularly exciting is that it is controlled simply by the user giving it spoken instructions. It is this, rather than sales techniques or pricing policy, that will make Roboman the bes-selling toy for the next five years. Source: University of Cambridge (Local Examinations Syndicate) Answer these questions about the text. 1. What did Bambinos buy in 1996? 2. How many temporary workers were taken on in the Production department? 3. What were they going to work on? 4. When will these jobs probably disappear? 5. Has the export order to Japan been a success? 6. Have they invested a lot of money in designing world-leading toys? 7. Have they spent a lot of money in the distribution of their products? 8. Are they still losing customers to rival firms? 9. Have the annual profits in 1996 increased? 10.What percentage of people in the company are now able to use computers to do their work? 11. Did the company invest a lot of money in staff training last year? 12. What do many of their future plans depends on? 13. What is it that makes Roboman particularly exciting? Now, for questions 1-4 choose the correct answer.

For each question, mark one letter A, B or C.

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Extra staff were employed for A a new order from overseas. B an increase in demand over the summer. C the development of a new toy. The main problem during 1996 was A the increase in distribution costs. B competition form other companies. C the high level of staff turnover.

The company has improved A B its advertising methods. communication between departments.

C the computer skills of its staff. The most important development in the new Roboman is that A it doesnt need batteries. B it responds to speech. C it is very small.

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Actividad N 8
Look at the charts below. They show the number of passengers using eight different airlines over a three-month period. Which chart does each sentence 1 to 8 describe? For each sentence, mark the correct letter (A H) Do not use any letter more than once.
Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

2 A

3 Month

2 B

3 Month

2 C

3 Month

Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

2 D

3 Month

2 E

3 Month

Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

Passengers 0.75 m 0.5 m 0.25 m

2 F

3 Month

2 G

3 Month

2 H

3 Month

1. The number of passengers climbed steadily throughout the period. 2. There was a sharp drop in the number of passengers in the second month. 3. The number of passengers was constant for months two and three.

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4. The number of passengers rose very slightly each month. 5. The number of passengers fell dramatically in the third month. Source: University of Cambridge (Local Examinations Syndicate)

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Actividad N 9
Read the text below about working at home, and answer the questions Working at home rather than in an office has received considerable attention from people in business, with some reports suggesting that places where people work together will soon be a thing of the past. However, a recent survey carried out by an international property consultant, Larry Newson, finds that only eight per cent of office staff actually work form home more than one day a week. The percentage has increased little over the last few years, and only 17 % of all office workers said they would want to work from home regularly. Separate findings, from an insurance company, stress one of the main areas of concern. Paul Orchard, the firms senior partner, says, People enjoy meeting other people at work, and working at home is a lonely alternative. One bank employee who took part in home working found that this loneliness lowered the quality of her work, as she was unable to concentrate. Other problems she experienced included computer failures, which meant she had to go into the office anyway. Joe Seer, in his research for a trade union, reported: I studied one particular home worker from a public relations firm. She would go into the office for meetings because of loneliness and to get help from other staff, but would find that they thought she was just avoiding work. They considered home working the lazy way of doing things, and this caused several arguments. Some of these problems may be caused simply by the fact that such patterns of work are unfamiliar. That does not help people such as one publishing worker, who was allowed to work from home, but then had to accept a 2000 pounds pay cut. Another employee, a senior marketing consultant, had a whole list of complaints, including no assistance with the extra cost of electricity and the phone, and being contacted 24 hours a day, even in the evenings and at weekends. Home working may seem an attractive idea, but when faced with problems like these, it is not surprising that relatively few people actually choose to do it. Source: University of Cambridge (Local Examinations Syndicate)

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1. What did Larry Newsons survey contain? (Leer todo el texto) A numbers of people working at home B main reasons why people dislike working at home C suggestions for ways of increasing numbers of home workers 2. Recently, the number of people working at home has A fallen very little. B stayed exactly the same. C risen only slightly. 3. How was the bank employee affected by loneliness? A She did not enjoy her work. B Her work was not as good as before C She did not want to contact her office

4. The marketing consultant wants more A help with his expenses B contact with his office. C technical support for his work.

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Human resources
key words
appointment assignment employee to earn to compare to negotiate paycheck recruitment salary survey survival tax factory turnover venture expenses

Actividad Integradora
N 1: una las palabras apropiadas 1. salary 2. annual 3. to earn 4. to claim 5. to conduct 6. to pay 7. to fix 8. a joint 1).......... 5) ......... 2)......... 6) ........ a) turnover b) negotiations c) a survey d) expenses e) a living f) an appointment g) tax h) venture 3)......... 7) ........ 4)......... 8) .........

N 2: Traduzca las frases del ejercicio anterior. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

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N 3: Lea rpidamente el siguiente extracto de un libro llamado "Going International". Qu ttulo le dara a la historia? a) How to do business in Saudi Arabia. b) Too many cups of coffee. c) Learning the hard way. When the Saudi government announced that it was going to invest several million dollars in communications technology, an American businessman went to Riyadh to "get something going". His plane fare and expenses for a week were projected to be $3700. He arrived on a Monday, checked into his hotel and began making phone calls to the "obvious points of contact". To his surprise he could not track down anyone to see regarding his business. By Wednesday he discovered that most offices were closed on Thursday afternoon and on Friday, the Islamic day of prayer. There was nothing he could do but extend his stay and hope for better luck next week. Eventually he made several appointments, but in each case he was frustrated by hour-or-more waits, interrupted meetings endless cups of coffee, and instructions to "come back another day". He was particularly unsettled by the Arab habit of straying from the subject. After a month he ran into an old army buddy who introduced him to the basic rules of Saudi etiquette and how to do business with the Arabs. He was horrified to discover that he had repeatedly insulted his contacts by his thinly disguised impatience, refusal to take coffee, rush to talk business, aggressive selling, occasional swearing, exposing the sole of his shoe when sitting on the floor, and even when he conversationally asked an Arab official about his wife. By now his trip had cost well over $13,000 and he had only established himself as an arrogant, rude and untrustworthyAmerican. He learned too late the three secrets to successful business in Saudi Arabia: patience, relationship building, and respect for the Arab and his ways. Source: INPRINT - CUP, 1.993.

N 4: Answers this questions. (En castellano o ingls) 1) Where did the American businessman go? 2) How much were his expenses projected to be? 3) Could he contact the people inmediately?
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4) What did he discover by Wednesday? 5) What was he frustrated by? 6) What did the old army buddy introduce him to? 7) What did he discover? 8) How had he repeteadly insulted his contacts? 9) How much had his trip cost by that time? 10)How had he established himself? 11)What are the three secrets to successful business in Saudi Arabia?

N 5: Cul es el significado de los siguientes conectores en el texto? Lnea 1: When Lnea 9: To his surprise Lnea 11: By Lnea 17: Eventually Lnea 23: After: Lnea 34: By now Texto N 2 Actividad N 6: el siguiente texto de la revista "International Management" tambin da ejemplos de problemas en negocios internacionales. Lalo detenidamente para encontrar la siguiente informacin: 1) Qu problema tuvo el empresario americano en Arabia Saudita? No conoca las reglas. = = = = = =

2) Cul fue el resultado del problema? Gast demasiado y no realiz ningn negocio.

3) Explique cul fue la causa del problema con el gerente americano y su personal japons y cul fue el resultado.

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4) Porqu pidi el gerente japons ser transferido?

5) En qu se especializan algunas firmas consultoras?

6) Cul es el significado de: "Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab" "Never arrive on time for a party in Brazil" "Don't think "yes" means "yes" Japan"

7) Qu han producido Copland y Grigs?

8) Cmo pueden ser las penalidades por ignorar diferentes formas de pensar?

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THE PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT BUILDING BRIDGES OVER THE CULTURAL RIVERS A growing number of multinationals are training their staff to work in other, particularly oriental, cultures, hoping to avoid the waste from no-communication An Asian engineer is assigned to a U.S laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown. A U.S executive tells his staff he's going to treat them fairly -and creates dissension. A Japanese manager is promoted by his British president, but within six months asks for a transfer. Each of this real-life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management. "Multinational companies have studied everything else; now they're finally looking at culture", says Clifford Clarke, founder and president of the Californiabased IRI International Inc., one of a small but growing number of consulting firms that specialise in teaching business people from differing cultures how to communicate and work with each other. "Never show the sole of your shoe to an Arab; never arrive on time for a party in Brazil; and in Japan, don't think 'yes' means 'yes' " , advise U.S consultants Lennie Copland and Lewis Brown Griggs, who have produced a series of films and a book to help managers improve their international business skills. But simply learning the social "dos" and "don'ts" is not the answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous. For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling his Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded; but when some workers received higher salary increases than others, there were complaints. "You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us", accused one salesman. "It took me a year and a half", sighed the American, "to realise that 'fair', to my staff, meant being treated equally". The Asian engineer who suffered in America was the victim of another mistaken expectation. "He was accustomed to the warm group environment so

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typical in Japan", said his U.S manager. "But in our company, we're all expected to be self-starters who thrive on working alone. For him, it was emotional starvation. He's made the adjustment now, but he'd be humiliated if I told you his name. That's another cultural difference". The Japanese manager who failed to respond to his promotion couldn't bring himself to use the more direct language needed to communicate with his London-based superiors. "I used to think all this talk about cultural communication was a lot of baloney", says Eugene J. Flath, president of Intel Japan Ltd., a subsidiary of the American semiconductor maker.. "Now, I can see it's a real problem". Miscommunication has slowed our ability to coordinate action with our home office". That's why Intel, with the help of consultant Clarke, began an intercultural training programme this spring which Flath expects will dramatically reduce decision-making time now lost in making sure the Americans and the Japanese understand each other. Copyright International Source: Inprint Cambridge University Press, 1.993

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Actividad N 10
Read the text below and give the meaning of these words: However: Actually: Though: When: While: According to: Overall growth: Gains: Work force:

THE MIDDLE CLASS DIVIDE (By Kevin Carrell Footer) BA Herald magazine . May, 2001 ....The aura of gloom today in Argentina is in many ways a direct result of three long years of recession and more recent political turmoil,. However, there are actually fewer people below the poverty line today than in 1989 though poverty has increased slightly since 19998 when the current recession began. But while fewer are imporverished, the distribution of income is less equal today than in 1990-. According to a World Bank report on poverty in Argentina, The deterioration of income distribution reflects the fact that while overall growth has been positive, an average per capita income has risen, the gains have gone largely to the more skilled and educated in the work force....

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Cuestionario de Opinin
Estimado alumno:
Mediante este cuestionario solicitamos su colaboracin para evaluar este material. Sus opiniones sern valiosas porque contribuirn de este modo a la evaluacin del sistema A Distancia del cual Ud. est participando.

Muchas Gracias

CONSIGNA: marque la opcin que corresponda 1. Utiliz la gua para el estudio de la materia S No

Si Ud. ha respondido s en la opcin anterior, califique de 0 a 10 puntos cada uno de los aspectos planteados a continuacin referidos a la gua. 2. La introduccin y las orientaciones generales

3. Los contenidos de la gua

4. Las actividades de aprendizaje

5. Las grabaciones

Realice las sugerencias que crea convenientes para mejorar la comprensin de las guas de aprendizaje.

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FICHA DE EV AL UACIN EVAL ALU MDULO NICO


Sr. alumno/a: El Instituto de Educacin Abierta y a Distancia, en su constante preocupacin por mejorar la calidad de su nivel acadmico y sistema administrativo, solicita su importante colaboracin para responder a esta ficha de evaluacin. Una vez realizada entrguela a su Tutora en el menor tiempo posible. 1) Marque con una cruz MDULO 1. Los contenidos de los mdulos fueron verdadera gua de aprendizaje (punto 5 del mdulo). 2. Los contenidos proporcionados me ayudaron a resolver las actividades. 3. Los textos (anexos) seleccionados me permitieron conocer ms sobre cada tema. 4. La metodologa de Estudio (punto 4 del mdulo) me orient en el aprendizaje. 5. Las indicaciones para realizar actividades me resultaron claras. 6. Las actividades propuestas fueron accesibles. 7. Las actividades me permitieron una reflexin atenta sobre el contenido 8. El lenguaje empleado en cada mdulo fue accesible. CONSULTAS A TUTORIAS 1. Fueron importantes y ayudaron resolver mis dudas y actividades. 2) Para que la prxima salga mejor... (Agregue sugerencias sobre la lnea de puntos) 1.- Para mejorar este mdulo se podra ................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

En gran medida

Medianamente Escasamente

SI

NO

3) Evaluacin sinttica del Mdulo.


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Evaluacin: MB - B - R - I 4) Otras sugerencias.............................................................................................................................................................


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