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MATHEMATICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Web: http://www.maths.liv.ac.uk/~vadim/M298 Lecturer: Prof. Vadim Biktashev (pronounced nearly as: big tah, chef!) Oce: 415A, Mathematical Sciences Building Phone: 794 4006 Email: vnb@liv.ac.uk Lectures: Mon 1012 Wed 0911 Oce hours: Mon 1314 Thu 1314
MATH298
Set 1
2008/01/21
Another system of linear algebraic equations: 2a + 3 b = 1 5a + 4 b = 1 Solution: a = 1, b = 1.
MATRICES
A system of linear algebraic equations: 2x + 3 y 5x + 4 y = 1 = 1
Solution: x = 1, y = 1.
Do we have to solve the second system if we know the solution to the rst? Both systems have: the same matrix of coecients: A = = the same augmented matrix A the same vector of solution Example (DIY) System of equations 5x 2y 3x + has matrices + z 4z = 0 = 7 5 2 1 0 3 0 4 7
2
2 5 2 3 5 4
3 4 1 1
and and
1 1
A=
5 2 1 3 0 4
= and A
Denition
An m n matrix is a rectangular table of numbers (variables, expressions . . . ) with m rows and n columns: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = 21 = [ajk ] = [a] . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn A column of matrix A: a12 a22 . am2 Example: Sales gures M T W Th 0 50 27 F S I II III of a week 47 96 78
3
40 33 81 0 12 78 10 0 0
21 47 50 96 43 78
a=
a1 a2 . . . a n
e.g.
a=
5 3
1 2
A column vector is a matrix with only one column: b1 4 b2 b= e.g. b= 0 . . . 7 bm A scalar is a number, i.e. not a matrix neither a vector. But sometimes a matrix 1 1, like
c=
would be called a scalar too.
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4
Transposition
Vectors: Tr. converts rows to columns and vice versa: 5 T 1 a= 5 3 2 a = 3 4 b = 0 bT = 7
1 2
4 0 7
Matrices: If A is an m n matrix, then AT is an n m matrix so that every i-th column of AT is transposed i-th row of A: a11 a12 . . . a1n a22 . . . a2n a A = [ajk ] = 21 . . ... . am1 am2 . . . amn a11 a21 a22 a AT = [ajk ] = 12 . . a1n a2n so ajk = akj . Example: 5 4 A = 8 0 1 0
T
A=
5 8 1 4 0 0
Equality
Denition Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and corresponding elements are equal. Examples 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 11 0.5 0.1 1 0 3 10 0.5
A=
B=
C=
0 .1 1 0 D = 3 10 0.5 1 0 0
Addition
Deniton If two matrices A and B have the same size, then their sum A + B is obtained by adding corresponding entries. Example: DIY
A=
4 6 3 0 1 2
B=
5 1 0 3 1 0
A+B=
1 5 3 3 2 2
6
A + (1)B A B.
Example: If 2.7 A= 0 9.0 3 10 A= 0 9 10
1.8 0 .9 4.5 2 1 , 5
then
and
2 .7 1. 8 0 .9 , A = 0 9 .0 4. 5 0 0 0A = 0 0 . 0 0
Example (DIY):
A=
4 6 3 0 1 2
then
2A =
8 12 6 0 2 4
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Some properties
If A, B . . . are matrices of the same size, 0 is a matrix of the same size with all elements zeros, and c is c, k are scalars, then
A + B = B + A. A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C, A + 0 = A, A A = 0,
(A + B)T = AT + BT .
AT
= A + (1)A = 0.
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