UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Arts and Science

DECEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS PHY 151H1F Duration - 3 hours Attempt all questions. All Questions have equal weight. Write your name and student number on every examination book you use. Allowed Aids: calculator and attached formula sheets. These formulas may be assumed, unless you are specically requested to derive the result as part of a question. You may detach the formula sheet if you wish. 1. Provide short answers to TWO of the following questions. Each answer is worth 5 points. If you answer more than two, indicate which two you would like graded. (a) Use Newtons second law of motion to derive the relationship between kinetic energy and work. (b) Dene angular momentum, torque and moment of inertia. What is the relationship between the angular momentum and angular velocity? (c) A racing car can go round a curve (on a at track) of radius 32.2 m at a maximum speed of 19.5 m/s, without slipping sideways. What is the coe cient of static friction between the tires and the track? (d) Explain the dierence between centrifugal force and centripetal acceleration. (e) Use dimensional analysis to deduce a relationship between the period of a planets orbit T , Newtons Gravitational constant G, the mass of the sun M , and the radius of the planets orbit R.

FIG. 1: the loop-the-loop track for Q.2

2. A solid marble of mass m and radius r rolls without slipping on a loop-the-loop track, the circular portion of which has radius R (see FIG. 1). The marble starts from rest at a height h above the lowest portion of the track. The instantaneous velocity of the marble along the track is v . In this question you 2 may assume that the moment of inertia of the marble about its centre of mass is 2 5 mr (you may assume r R). (a) [3 points] Show that the total kinetic energy of the marble (i.e. translational + rotational) is 7mv 2 /10. (b) [4 points] Find the time taken for the marble to reach the lowest point on the track (you may neglect the tracks curvature in this instance, and assume it is a straight ramp at angle to the horizontal). (c) [3 points] If h = 2R, nd the angle at which the ball leaves the track.

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3. A smooth wedge of mass M , whose thin edge is initially located at the origin, has one face inclined at an angle to the horizontal. The wedge rests on a smooth horizontal table and a small particle of mass m, initially at (x0 , y0 ), is released to slide down the inclined face.

FIG. 2: Figure for question 3

(a) [2 points] If V the velocity of the wedge, and vx~ ex + v y ~ ey is the velocity of the particle, use trigonometry to show that vy = (vx V ) tan . (b) [3 points] Use conservation of momentum to show that vx = M V /m, and hence y y0 = (1 + M/m)X tan ,

where X is the location of the thin end of the wedge, and y the height of the particle above the table. (c) [5 points] Using conservation of energy, show that M 2 + m tan V 2 = 2mgX tan cos2 and hence that the acceleration of the wedge equals (mg cos sin )/(M + m sin2 ).

4. (a) [5 points] Explain the relationship between Force and the Potential Energy of a one-dimensional system. If a system is in equilibrium (i.e. there is no net force acting on it) explain the signicance of the second derivative of the potential with respect to the dynamical variable.

FIG. 3: The teeter toy (see Q.4(b)).

(b) [5 points] The diagram on the left shows a teeter toy consisting of two identical weights of mass m, which hang from pegs on drooping arms of length l, set at an angle to the vertical. Ignoring the weights of the arms and supporting shaft (which has length L), derive an expression for the potential energy of the system when it is tilted by an angle , as shown on the right. Show that the toy should be a stable equilibrium in the upright position if L < l cos . At what angle of will the toy become unstable?

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FIG. 4: Pully and weights for Q.5.

5. A light string, whose ends are attached to two weights m1 and m2 , is wound over a pulley, of mass M and radius R. The pulley is supported from the ceiling by a stout rope, and, initially, the dierence in heights of the masses is 2h (see Fig.4). Assume that the string does not slip on the pulley. (a) [3 points] What is the angular acceleration of the pulley? (b) [3 points] If m1 > m2 , what is the angular velocity of the pulley when the weights are at equal height? (c) [4 points] Find the tension in the rope.

(a)

(b)

M1

R2

M2

M1

vi MP

M2

FIG. 5: Question 6.

6. Many stars exist as binary systems, where the two stars orbit the center of mass of the system. Consider a binary star system with stars of masses M1 and M2 whose orbits trace out circles about the center of mass as shown in Fig. 5(a). The two stars have the same angular velocity. Express your answers to the following questions in terms of the variables M1 , M2 , R2 , and G only. (a) If the radius of the orbit of M2 is R2 , what is the radius of the orbit of M1 ? (b) What is the period of the orbit of M1 ? (c) If a planet of mass mP is located at the point shown in Fig. 5(b), and has an initial velocity of ~ vi towards M1 , determine its velocity when it reaches the center of mass of the system. Your answer will be in terms of v1 as well as G, M1 , M2 , and R2 . (You can assume the planet is small enough such that it does not aect the center of mass or gravitational forces of the 2 stars).

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FIG. 6: Figure for question 7.

7. Figure 6 shows a sketch the total potential energy U (in Joules) as a function of position x (in meters) for a particle A of mass mA = 2.0 kg. At time t = 0 seconds, when the particle is located at x = 0 and is at rest, it is given an impulse of J = 4.0 N s in the negative x direction. Between x = 10m and x = 14m the particle is subject to kinetic friction of magnitude Fk = 0.125N. (a) [2 points] Estimate the force (in Newtons) experienced by the particle when it is in position x=7m. (b) [3 points] Estimate the maximum and minimum values of x(t) during the entire motion (starting from t=0). (c) [2 points] Where will the particle eventually come to rest? (d) [3 points] Estimate the number of times the particle will pass the point x=12m before it comes to rest.

This is the end of the exam. HAPPY HOLIDAYS EVERYONE!

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Formulas
Mathematical Formulas Vectors Scalar Product: Vector Product: ~ ex ~ ey = ~ ez , ~ ey ~ ez = ~ ex , ~ G ~ = F G cos F ~ G ~ | = F G sin |F = F x G x + F y G y + Fz G z , ~B ~ = B ~ A, ~ A ! ~ d ~ ~ ] = dF G ~ +F ~ [F G dt dt

~ ez ~ ex = ~ ey

~ dG dt

Dierentiation Polynomials: Trig functions: f ( t) = c ( t B )n ! df = cn(t dt B )n

1

f (t) = A cos(Bt) )

Sum of two functions: Chain Rule: d df dg [f (g (t))] = dt dg dt

df = AB sin(Bt), dt d df dg (f + g ) = + , dt dt dt Integral of a sum:

df = AB cos(Bt) dt d df dg Product Rule: (f g ) = g + f , dt dt dt Z t Z t Z t 0 0 0 0 0 [f (t ) + g (t )]dt = f (t )dt + g (t0 )dt0 , f (t) = A sin(Bt) )

ti ti ti

t ti

c ( t0

B )n dt0 =

c( t

B )n+1 n+1

,
ti

(n 6=

1),

Trigonometric Functions Denitions: sin = opposite hypotenuse tan = Useful property (from Pythagoras): cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin , cos = adjacent hypotenuse

Sum rules:

opposite adjacent sin2 + cos2 = 1 sin( + ) = sin cos + sin cos

Solutions of Algebraic Equations Quadratic: ax2 + bx + c = 0 ) x = b

b2 2a

4ac

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Physics Formulas and constants: ~ v= d~ r , dt ~ a= d~ v , dt ~ v ( tf ) = ~ v ( ti ) + p ~ = m~ v, Z

tf

~ a(t)dt,
ti

~ r ( tf ) = ~ r ( ti ) +

tf

~ v (t)dt,
ti

dp ~ ~net = m~ F a= , dt ~ r=~ r 0 +~ v t,

Fk = k |~ n| , ~ a=~ a 0,

0 Fs s |~ n| , v = r! = r

wapp = |~ n| d , dt |! | = 2 , T

~ u=~ u 0 +~ v,

s = R ,

~ r(t) = x~ ex + y~ ey = R cos[(t)]~ ex + R sin[(t)]~ ey = R~ er , ~ a = ar ~ er + R~ e = ~= J Z

tf ti

R! 2 ~ er + R p ~, K=

d! ~ e , dt 1 mv 2 , 2

~ v (t) = R! sin[(t)]~ ex + R! cos[(t)]~ ey = R!~ e , Z tf Z tf ! ( tf ) = ! ( t i ) + (t)dt, ( tf ) = ( ti ) + ! (t)dt,

ti ti

~ (t)dt = F

Ug = mgy, W = Z
sf

Fspring = ~0 W =F

k s, ~ r,

Uspring = U= Wc ,

1 k ( s)2 , 2

Emech = K + U, Fs = dU , ds

K = Wnet , Emech = Wnc , P =

Fs ds,
si

Esys = Emech + Eth , dEsys ~ ~ =F v, dt M gxcm , xcm =

Eth =

Wdiss ,

Wnc = Wdiss + Wother , ~, ~ =~ rF Krot = ~g = F 1 2 I! , 2 Gm1 m2 ~ er , r2 net = I ,

g =

~ =~ L rp ~, Ug =

~ dL =~ net , dt Gm1 m2 , r
2

Z 1 X 1 mi xi = x dm, M M Z X 2 I= mi ri = r2 dm, I = Icm + M d2 , ! ~ = !~ ez , ~ = I! L ~ (sometimes), r3 , g = 9.8 m/s2 , G = 6.67 10

11

T =

4 2 GM

Nm2 /kg2

Total Marks = 70 Total Pages = 6

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Faculty of Arts and Science

DECEMBER 2012 EXAMINATIONS PHY 151H1F ADDENDUM
2 For Question 5, you may assume that the moment of inertia of the pulley is 1 2 M R without proof.

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