Data Analysis Using SPSS

Dr. Abdullah Al-Swidi Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, UUM

Tomorrow PLS Path Modeling Workshop

Research Process
PO Problem Statement

LR

TF

Hypothesis

D&C

Findings

Research Design

Data Quality !!

Operational Definition
Operationally defining a concept is basically to render that concept measurable. This is achieved by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets or properties denoted by the concept. Measures for many concepts has already been developed by researchers. Eg. Job satisfaction, Organizational Culture, etc. Researchers are advised to note the measures used to measure a construct of interest when conducting the literature review.

Is there a difference between The Concept and The Construct???

Variable
A variable is something that can be observed and measured. Examples: Age, Exam score Both of the Age and Exam score are well defined and measurable.

Types of Variables
There are four main types of variables: Independent variable Dependent variable Moderating variable Mediating (Intervening) variable

Measurement Scale
The operational definition of a construct is the way through which this construct is going to be measured. There are four types of measurement scales, or called sometime the level of the data:
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

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Much of the data in management and social science research is gathered using questionnaires or interviews. The validity of the results depends on the quality of these instruments.

Questionnaires and Management Research

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Remember!!!!!
Good questionnaires are difficult to construct; bad questionnaires are difficult to analyze.

Reflective Construct OR Formative Construct

After collecting my data what I have to do???

I have collected my data, So what?

Are you ready with your statistical knowledge to go for data analysis???

I dont like Statistics!!!!

What to do to learn Statistics?

Be Determined!!!

Have A Strategic Goal !!!!

Learn!!!

Be Patient!!!!

Data Screening

Data Cleaning
Wrong data entry

 Missing Data Handling

MCAR MAR NMAR

 Outliers

Univariate Outliers Multivariate Outliers

 Normality

Univariate Normality Multivariate Normality

The Two Main Steps in Data Analysis

First : The Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Model

Pilot Study
To ensure the validity and reliability of the instrument used, Pilot Study is highly recommended.
It is also used to mitigate the effect of Common Method Variance and other issues related to the questionnaire design.

The Two Main Steps in Data Analysis

Second : Hypothesis Testing (Structural Model)

Statistical Test Approaches Parametric Statistics Non-parametric Statistics

The Relationship between Two Variables

Correlation Analysis

The effect of a set of variables on other variable Multiple Linear Regression

x1

x2 x3

Remember!!!

To Run Regression Analysis

Example

Parametric Statistics Non-Parametric Statistics

In Summary
T test ANOVA Test Factor Analysis, Validity. Cronbachs Alpha, Internal consistency Regression Analysis Hierarchical Regression Analysis

Second Generation Statistical Modeling Path Analysis

x1

x2 x3

Structural Equations Modeling

1 e4 1 e3 1 e2 1 e1 EP4 EP3 1 EP2 EP1 e17 e18 1 JS2 1 e19 1 JS3 e20 1 JS4 e21 1 JS5 e24 1 1 SI1 1 SI2 e22 e14 1 SI3 1 e23 1 SI4 e16 e15 e13

EP

1 JS1

JS
1

SI

1 e8 1 e7 1 e6 1 e5 AC4 AC3 1 AC2 OC1 AC1

OC
1 OC2 1 e11 OC3 1 e10 OC4 1 e9

AC

1 e12

SO!!!
When Should I learn about Statistical Modeling???

Thank you