ECE 3710 Problem Set 1: Solution manual *P1.17.

* current : flow of charge, unit : amperes = coulombs/second Charge : (10 amperes ) (36,000 seconds) = 3.6 105 coulombs * energy : Integral (sum) of power between time intervals, unit : Joules * power : rate of energy transfer, P = V x I. unit : watts = joules/second Energy = 12.6 V 10 A 36,000 seconds = 4.536 106 Joules *P1.20. *Remember the Passive reference configuration Energy is being absorbed by the element. (a) P = -Vaia = 30 W (b) P = Vbib = 30 W Energy is being absorbed by the element. (c) P = - VDEiED = - 60 W Energy is being supplied by the element. *P1.36. *Remember the Kirchhoff Current Law At the node joining elements A and B, we have ia + ib = 0. Thus, ia = - 2 A. For the node at the top end of element C, we have ib + ic = 3. Thus, ic = 1 A. Finally, at the top right-hand corner node, we have 3 + ie = id. Thus, id = 4 A. Elements A and B are in series. Elements C, D, and E are in parallel. *P1.41. *Remember the Kirchhoff Voltage Law KVL on the lower left-hand loop, we have -5 + Va + 10 = 0. Thus, Va = -5 V. Then for the top-most loop, we have Vc 15 Va = 0. Thus, Vc = 10 V. Finally, on the lower right-hand loop, we have 15 + Vb 10 = 0. Thus, Vb = -5 V. *P1.42. *Both Kirchhoff Laws. KCL At the node joining elements A and B, we have ia + ib = 0. Thus, ib = - 2 A. For the node at the top end of element C, we have ib + ic + id = 0. Thus, ic = 1 A. KVL For the right-hand side loop, we have Vc = Vd. Thus, Vc = 4 V. For the left-hand side loop, we have Vc = Va + Vb. Thus, Vb = - 6 V. Power Element A : Pa = 10 V -2 A = -20 W Element B : Pb = -6 V -2 A = 12 W Element C : Pc = 4 V 1 A = 4 W Element D : Pd = 4 V 1 A = 4 W Pa + Pb + Pc + Pd = 0.

*P1.58. *Ohms Law. Power in a resistor Power = Voltage Current. 100 W = 100 V Current. Thus, current = 1 A. Ohms Law : V = I R. 100 V = 1 A R. Thus, R = 100 . Assuming that resistance remains constant, if voltage is reduced by 10 percent then the current is also reduced by 10 percent. Since power in a resistor is V I or I2R, the power will be 81% of the pervious power. Thus, there is a 19% reduction in power. *P1.62. A voltage source guarantees an absolute amount of voltage and polarity across 2 terminals. A current source guarantees an absolute amount of current in a direction defined through a series connected elements. a. Not contradictory. b. Contradictory. When 2 current sources are connected in series they contradict each other. Currents in series elements must be equal. c. Not contradictory. d. Contradictory. Current through an open circuit is zero by definition and current in series elements must be equal. Thus, this is contradictory to the definition of the 2 A current source. e. Contradictory. The voltage across a short circuit is zero by definition. However, voltages across parallel elements must be equal. Thus, the two elements connected in parallel is contradictory. *P1.63. KCL on the node connecting the 2 A current source and the 5 resistor. iR = 2 A. Power in resistor = I2R = 4 5 = 20 W. Absorbs power. Power in 10V voltage source = VI = 10 V 2 A = 20 W. Absorbs power. Power in 2 A current source = VI = 20 V -2 A = - 40 W. Supplies power. *P1.64. Start from the far right, where all the info needed is given, and move towards to the left. Far right 5 resistor, has 1 A flowing through. Thus, the voltage across is 5 V, positive polarity being the top terminal. Parallel elements will have equal voltage across them. We can calculate the current flowing through the other 5 and 10 resistor, 1A and 0.5 A. Perform KCL on the nodes starting from the far right. We can show that the current flowing through the 5 resistor on the far left is 2.5 A. Thus, the voltage across the 5 resistor on the far left is 12.5 V, positive polarity being the left terminal. KVL shows that Vx = 12.5 V + 5 V = 17.5 V

*P1.70. The 4 and 2 resistor are connected in series. Thus, the current through the 4 resistor is also 1 A. Vx = 1 A 4 = 4 V. The dependent current source will supply 0.5 A/V 4 V = 2 A current downwards and will have a Vx + 1 A 2 = 6 V voltage across itself, the top terminal having the positive polarity. KCL at the top middle node leads to the current flowing through the 3 resistor being 3 A, in the direction into the node. As a result Vs = 3 A 3 + 6 V = 15 V.