Lo que entra: Cuestionario 1 y 2 Romanticism Realism Transcendentalism Edgard allan peo (dark romantics) Tell tale heart (summary

or plot)

Chapter Two A new nation 1 What was Europe's reaction to the lack of cohesion that the United States showed after the War of Independence? The Europeans, specially the British people, felt that the American government wasnt so important, that they were so weak that it wasnt worth spending time dealing with them. In France, the American representative Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter saying that the United States was the least important and less respected of all nations with embassies in Paris. On May 1787 fifty-five men attended a meeting in Philadelphia that became known as the Constitutional Convention were they worked out a new system of government for the United States. They set out a plan for this government in a document called the Constitution of the United States. Name the three branches of the constitution and their functions. -The legislative (It takes decisions in any agreement about the making of the laws and the constitution) -The executive (It would be the president to run the countrys everyday affairs and make sure that people obeyed the laws) -The judicial branch or law making (It was made up of representatives chosen by the people, they make sure of the ultimate meaning of the laws and constitution) 3 In 1791 ten amendments, or additions, were made to the Constitution. Together these ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. Refer to the reason for this modification and mention at least three of them. The main reason for the bill of rights it was because the original constitution mentioned nothing about the rights and freedom of individual citizens. The bill of rights promised: freedom of religion-a free press- the right to carry arms. 4. After 1783 more and more people set off for the new territories between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River that the treaty of Paris had granted to the United Stated States. This brought immediate conflict with the Amerindians already living in this territory. To solve this problem President

James Monroe passed a law called the Indian Removal Act. What was this act about and how did it affect the Amerindians? By the time American and Britain were fighting, many people set off looking for new territories between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi river. The American people, armed only with axes, guns and confidence, journeyed across the mountains looking for the land that was promised to them by the treaty of Paris. Many people moved to the lands north of the Ohio River, which were already occupied by Amerindians. The Amerindians thought that these people were thieves and attacked them; the settlers fought back, destroying entire villages. The new government of North America tried to make peace between them, and they created a law that said The Amerindians lands shall never be taken from them without their consent. But the American government changed ideas really soon and President Monroe believed that there was only one way Amerindians would survive; they would have to be moved to the west. In 1830 the government passed a law called The Indian Removal Act, the law said that all the Amerindians living east of the Mississippi river would be moved east to a place called Indian Territory. Some people claimed that this was a way of saving the Amerindians, but most said that his was just a way of get rid of them. Before the Indian Removal Act the Cherokees were an Amerindian people which lands lay between the state of Georgia and the Mississippi river. After that, by the early nineteen century they had changed themselves from a Stone Age tribe into a civilized community. 4 In 1789 an English Mechanic called Samuel Slater built the first cotton spinning machine in Rhode Island. What was the importance of the introduction of this new technology for the future of the United States? The new technology took an important role in terms that a process of change began in the United States, and that meant that new machines had made possible increases in production. Why was the War of 1812 an important lesson for the American manufacturing industry? The British navy's wartime blockaded the United States ports by cutting off the imported European manufactured goods upon which the country relied on. This forced Americans to begin making goods of their own by giving the Americans to start a manufacturing industry 6 What does the expression "manifest destiny" refer to and what implication did it have to Mexico? The manifest destiny refers to a special design of heaven; this means that the nation is destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The manifest destiny was the perfect excuse to justify the war and conquest of the Mexican lands of Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas. 7 What implications did slavery have on the relations between northern and southern colonies? What was Lincon position on this issue?

The Northern colonies dont accept slavery, they believed in the constitution that mentioned that everybody in the United States are free and equal. On the other hand Sothern colonies didnt want slavery to be abolished because this affects their economy. Lincoln was against slavery, he believed in the freedom that was stated in the constitution, he was elected by the northern colonies and they started the civil war. 1. What two important factors made "The frontier" disappeared? Important factor #1 was the rush of gold found in California. Important factor #2 was the making and building of railroads. 2. Refer to the importance of the "grass of the Great Plains" for the economy of the United States. The sea of grass, the Great Plains or the prairies of North America, all refer to the same thing. It is important because in California they found gold so they started mining its surrounding, at the same time this brought the building of railroads closer. That meant, more people coming in, more communities expanding and being built, more land to explore even some farmers were ploughing the Great American dessert to grow wheat and sheepherders were grazing their flocks. In other words, more people, more work, more money, the economy starts to grow. 3. What consequences did the railroad and the finding of gold in The Black Hills of South Dakota bring the Amerindians? The Amerindians lived by the hunting of the buffalo. This animal moves in herds, it provided food, clothing, tools and homes. When the railroad started to push in, the Amerindians would let them go by with no problem, but this new machine brought white people who ended up staying on the prairies and began to work the land. The Amerindians tried to drive away the new people from their hunting grounds but this was impossible. They came up with the solution to make treaties with the government by giving up large pieces of their land. So the American government promised to leave their land alone but when the rush for gold began in their black hills, the government tried to buy them. The Amerindian refused to sell and the Americans ignored the agreement, by this time the buffalo was starting to disappear. More and more land was taken from the Amerindians, so the buffalo had nowhere to graze; even the white people were taking them down. In other words, the main consequence for the Amerindians was the loss of land and the buffalo which they depended upon on. 4. "send them powder and lead and for the sake of lasting peace let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffaloes are exterminated"

What does, in your opinion, this quotation reveal about the Europeans in relation to: a) Their relation to nature balance: I dont think that the Europeans were thinking of the buffalo as a part of nature, they saw it as a product. If the killed the buffalo they would gain a profit out of it, an example of this would be selling their skin to other countries to make coats. In a way they slaughtered the Amerindians not only by taking their land but by taking away their main resource for living. b) b) Their strategy to acquire more land from the Amerindians: I think that Europeans and Americans became ambitious for the land. For the Americans and Europeans this was The new world but for the Amerindians it was their home. Its very sa d to know how the Amerindians were fooled by the Americans. The Americans definitely took advantage of the Amerindians, even when there were agreements. The Americans would not respect the decision. The Americans also saw them as an inferior race because they were obliged to become civilized when they already had their customs. The Amerindians were people just like them but had a different culture. The strategy was outrageous; there are no words for what they did by taking the Amerindians out of their own land without respecting them. 5. What does the term "reservations" refers to in this text? The reservations are areas of land that were usually dry or rocky that the government thought white settlers would never want them. Here is where they sent the Amerindians. They were promised food, materials to build homes, tools to cultivate the land but the promises were broken and many died of diseases. 6. What were the old dreams the Amerindians had and what are their dreams now? The old dreams: to live in peace and to take their lands back. Their dreams now: to regain their Indian heritage that was lost. 7. What was the relation between the famous showman Buffalo Bill Cody and the respected Sitting Bull? (I couldnt find the relationship between them, since one was a leader and the other was a showman. The only thing that I could come up with was that they both cared for their people. One ran a show out of it and the other was actually working and trying to preserve their ways. (in other words, they worked together) 8. Refer to the importance of the Centennial Exposition for the USA's international reputation? The importance of the Centennial Exposition was that it organized the celebration of the United States 100th birthday as an independent nation by showing some of its achievement. The main attraction was the Machinery hall; inside they could see inventions such as the typewriter, the telephone and a lot of different machines with different purposes. 9. Refer to the relevance of the vast new deposits of coal and iron found in the USA at the end of the nineteen century.

The relevance of the production of coal and iron was because it was cheap, easy to mine and remarkably free of chemical impurities. The increases of both came as a result the manufacturing industries of those years. Huge amount of coal and iron were used to make steel for their trails, locomotives, freight wagons and passenger cars. The railroads linked together buyers and sellers all over the country. 10. What is the connection between Pittsburgh, Chicago and the railroad? Without the railroad the big new centres of industry would not have developed. The railroad carried cattle to Chicago and it was the same machine that took reapers, windmills and barbed wire. It was a win- win situation because it connected them. 11. What was Thomas Edison's greatest contribution to the world? Edisons greatest contribution was the practical using of electricity. He invented a long-lasting light bulb. 12. Mention the role the businessmen played in the growth of American Industries and the base of their success. The growth of the American Industries started with men coming from poverty, who got out of it. They started by living and earning very little money to huge pay rolls. At the same time, they would have great abilities, work hard but ignore the rights of others so they would become wealthy and powerful themselves. Their role became so big that they even broke other companies and would raise the prices of their products to whatever level they wished. 13. What's the relation between Eli Whitney, Henry Ford and standardization? Both used identical parts in manufacturing, one with guns and the other with cars. They are standardized because they both discovered ways to make a lot of them, leading them to mass production. They had machines that would make their products alike to other companies, now everybody could have a gun or a car. 14. Refer to the relation between the following words: trusts, control and politicians. The big corporations became trusts, they controlled the steel industry, the oil, and others. The biggest trusts were richer than other nations, with their wealth and power they controlled the lives of millions of people. The U.S was supposed to be a land of equality and opportunities for everyone. This was not happening because the control was of rich and powerful men. Politicians were bribed to pass laws that favoured this trusts. In other words, big corporations= trusts + control of the industries. Control= people and no equality. Politicians + trusts= Bribes of laws.

15. What did the Golden Door represent for the world immigrants? The golden door represented hope and freedom. This was because back at their birth homes, they had poor crops, political causes and religion as well. The immigrants were offered land to those who would serve as soldiers in the union armies. 16. Elaborate on the conditions immigrants had to face once in the USA. The immigrants in USA were given the right to vote, a place to live and let their children grow up as Americans. 17. Refer to the positive and negative aspects of the immigration process for the USA. One of the processes for the immigrants was an examination to see if they were mentally ill or criminals. Another process another was an examination of diseases, such as heart and eye disease. A positive aspect was that they were free from political persecution and religion. There were free schools for their children and they could also afford cheap soap. The immigrants would find jobs if they worked hard. They were also better dressed. A negative aspect was that they were outsiders in a strange land, they couldnt speak the language and only the hardest and lowest paid job were opened for them. They lived in dangerous conditions and in an overcrowded slum. 18. What is your opinion about the duality with which the Americans treated the immigrants? Take the Chinese workers as an example. I think that there is some percent of duality but at the same time, the Americans believed that the immigrants were taking their jobs, lowering their standard of health and education. The Chinese in a way, they dont have that opportunity to be free, they are obliged to work, and not only for money but to have a bag of rice, so in America they were cheap labour. Even to go to schools its difficult for the Chinese its 1 out of a million that beats poverty. At least the immigrants in America had a more substantial way of surviving, even though they are not being seen as equal and probably never will. Immigrants have to work but they get a chance to be rich. The Chinese may work all his or her life and its wont make a high living in their own country at least. 19. What does the term Melting pot or salad bowl refer to? The melting pot is the mixture and a get together of people with different races, languages and histories but with the hope of becoming Americans. The salad bowl refers to small groups from similar national and ethnic backgrounds that would get together but keeping alive their old identities and old customs creating Chinatowns or Little Italys. 20. Refer to the relation between workers and employers by the beginning of the 20th century. The relation between workers and employees was awful. The workers had no rights, no work protection, no health insurance and no voice. The employee would exploit them. They didnt measure the dangers of such jobs, some even died working and there was no

backup for their families, they would just have to move on. If a worker started a riot or even joined specific unions to fight for their rights, they wouldnt get hired. Employees would lease spies to make sure that the workers werent going to revolt against them. 21. What was the relevance of Upton Sinclair' novel The Jungle in creating awareness in Americans about a side of their nation's life that they hardly knew existed. The relevance of this novel was that is gave a description of life among the immigrant workers in the slaughter houses of Chicago. The Americans had no idea what went into their food, at the same time they were even more horrified because the government had backed up the story. With this novel a law that aimed for meat inspection was quickly passed so they could sell again. 22. Refer to the core characteristic of the American "laissez faire" government and the Progressive movement. The laissez faire is the idea that the government should interfere with business and peoples lives in general. With this many Americans became progressive that meant that is was someone who believed that where necessary, the government should take action to deal with the problems of society. The president Roosevelt believed that is was the presidents duty to use the power of the federal government to improve the conditions of life and people. 23. How did presidents Roosevelt try to deal with the power of trusts? Roosevelt was concerned with the power of the trusts. He wanted to allow the business men enough freedom of action to make their companies efficient but he also wanted to prevent them from taking unfair advantage of the workers. To do this he made the owners that unless they agreed to negotiate with their workers the federal government would take control of their companies, as an example is the coal mines, oil companies and meat-packing, this was named after the square deal. He just wanted a fair treatment from both employee and worker.

24. Refer to the "human cost" that USA's industrial achievements have brought with. The human cost was high because workers, farmers, and owners of small companies they all saw their opportunities become scarce due to the growth of the big business over the nations economic life. The real equality of opportunity seemed to disappear. Laws were being made to prevent this, such as reducing custom duties in order to encourage trade between the U.S and other countries. The banking system was also created and with this the system of federal taxes was settled. Other laws reduced the power of the trusts by giving more rights and the borrowing of money for farmers easier so they could develop their lands. Even though many other laws were not passed, this movement changed and improved the American way of life in various ways it was still disturbing that the government would interfere in their lives.

25. What's your opinion about Roosevelt conservation laws? Do you believe that the issue of conservation has been correctly carried out in our country? I think that the conservation law is a great because it tries to preserve the natural resources but at the same time, it isnt carried out in the practical term. There are reservations but not that many, since we continue to exploit the land. In Chile, I dont know much of the conservation of the nature but there are programs, there are reservations that are untouchable even though we need more plants, we need to preserve the most that we can of our nature. 26. What was the Monroe Doctrine? How has this doctrine, in your opinion, shaped the American foreign policy? The Monroe Doctrine means that it warns Europeans nations not to interfere in Latin American affairs. In terms of the American foreign policy, I think that it strongly divided the world, because that meant that all of south America and central America would now be looked after the Americans. Even though at that time, the Europeans ruled half of it the rebel Spanish colonies made sure that no foreign enemy would gain influence in them. Romanticism Romantics saw the city as a place of moral corruption, poverty and death. The romantic journey is to the country side, it was associated with independence, moral clarity and purity. The dark romantics: Edgard allan poe. they saw the country as a place of phantasm. at the core of everyone was a dark, sinister being. Romanticism is a reaction against rationalism. Romanticism values feelings and intuition. They also valued imagination, emotion spontaneity and nature over reason. Romanticism views life as we would like it to be rather then how it really is. Romanticism values youthful innocence, values the lessons in the past. It values individual freedom. Romanticism values poetry, myth, legend and folk culture. Romantic escapism Romantic writing looked for comforting or exotic settings from the past This was found in the supernatural, in nature, and/or in folk legends Romantics believed in contemplating, or becoming one with the natural world The Gothic novel emerged from Romanticism Romanticism also used lyrical poetry as a means to contemplate the beauty of nature It focused on simple natural beauties Its intent was to seek truth through a calm contemplation of a simple natural beauty Romantics saw God in this contemplation Here the new American hero exists as: youthful, innocent, intuitive, he was one with nature, he was a loner uneasy around women, handsome, brave, he was moral and honorable

Transcendentalism (Emerson is the father of transcendentalism) Weird One must go beyond (transcend) the everyday human experience in order to determine the ultimate reality of God What is perceived by the senses is not necessarily true Believed in human perfectibility Ralph Waldo A belief in a higher reality than that achieved by human reasoning. Suggests that every individual is capable of discovering this higher truth through intuition. They saw humans and nature as possessing an innate goodness. Opposed strict ritualism and dogma of established religion. The tenets; Believed in living close to nature/importance of nature. Nature is the source of truth and inspiration. Taught the dignity of manual labor. Advocated self-trust/ confidence. Valued individuality/non-conformity/free thought. Advocated self-reliance/ simplicity Self-reliance -Emerson intuition Nature; Thoreau began essential living. Built a cabin on land owned to Emerson in Concord, Mass. near Walden Pond. Lived alone there for two years studying nature and seeking truth within himself. Realism The rationalistic view of urban life was replaced by the Romantic view. Rationalists saw cities as a place to find success and self-realization Cost of the civil war: human lives. The beginning of the industrial revolution. Migration from rural to urban areas Large corporations were established devaluing the personal relationship between management and workers or company and customers. Growth of population Intellectual revolution: Changes in science Charles darwin Hypothesized that man is the product of evolution. Man is special not because God created him in His image, but because man had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on his survival-making characteristics to his progeny. Changes in psychology Sigmund Freud Believed that the mind could be understood in terms of repressed urges, usually sexual;

Theorized an unconscious system of ideas that governs human reactions and response; Id, Ego, and Super-ego. Changes in philosophy Karl Marx Explained human history as the result of class struggles; Human identity is defined by social context; It is human nature to transform nature. Characteristics of realism: Subject matterordinary people and events; PurposeVerisimilitude, the truthful representation of life; Point of View omniscient and objective. Charactersmiddle class, psychological realism. Plot de-emphasized. Focus on everyday life. Complex ethical choices often the subject. Events are made to seem the inevitable result of characters choices With realism comes naturalism: A literature that depicts social problems and views humans as victims of larger biological, psychological and social and economic forces.

Tell tale heart: A dark romantic. Edgard allan poe. Summary: The Tell-Tale Heart begins with the famous line True!nervousvery, very nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The narrator insists that his disease has sharpened, not dulled, his senses. He tells the tale of how an old man who lives in his house has never wronged him. For an unknown reason, the old mans cloudy, pale blue eye has incited madness in the narrator. Whenever the old man looks at him, his blood turns cold. Thus, he is determined to kill him to get rid of this curse. Again, the narrator argues that he is not mad. He claims the fact that he has proceeded cautiously indicates that he is sane. For a whole week, he has snuck into the mans room every night, but the victim has been sound asleep with his eyes closed each time. The narrator cannot bring himself to kill the man without seeing his Evil Eye. On the eighth night, however, the man springs up and cries Whos there? In the dark room, the narrator waits silently for an hour. The man does not go back to sleep; instead, he gives out a slight groan, realizing that Death is approaching. Eventually, the narrator shines his lamp on the old mans eye. The narrator immediately becomes furious at the damned spot, but he soon hears the beating of a heart so loud that he fears the neighbors will hear it. With a yell, he leaps into the room and kills the old man. Despite the murder, he continues to hear the mans relentless heartbeat. He dismembers the corpse and hides the body parts beneath the floorboards. There is a knock on the front door; the police have come to investigate a shriek the neighbors have reported. The narrator invites them to search the premises. He blames his scream on a bad dream and explains that the old man is not home. The officers are satisfied but refuse to leave. Soon the sound of the heartbeat resumes, growing more and more distinct. The narrator grows pale and raises his voice to muffle the sound. At last, unable to stand it any longer, the narrator screams: I admit the deed!tear up the planks! here, here!it is the beating of his hideous heart! Lo que entra: Cuestionario 1 y 2 Romanticism Realism

Transcendentalism Edgard allan peo (dark romantics) Tell tale heart (summary or plot)