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CASE F I L E
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NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS
Washington
July 1954
r NATIONAL ADVISORY COlNLTTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
e
TECHNICAL NOTE 3169
By Anatol Roshko
SUMMARY
I
By allowing for some annihilation of the vorticity in the free
shear l/ayys, it is shown how to corribine the free-streamline theory
with Karman's theory of the vortex street to obtain a solution
dependent on only one experimental measurement.
INTRODUCTION
The interest at GALCIT in the flow past bluff bodies has been
connected not so much with the problem of the drag as with that of
turbulent wakes. Many of the turbulent flows that are used for
experimental studies (e.g., behind grids) and almost all those that
cause practical difficulties (e.g., buffeting) are produced in the
wakes of bluff bodies. Much of the empiricism connected with these
problems can be resolved only by a better understanding of how the
wake is related to the body which produces it. This includes ques- I
tions of wake scale, frequencies, energy, interference between wakes,
and so forth. However, whatever the approach, one is led to consider
the relation between the wake and the potential flow outside the wake 4
b
and cylinder.
SYMBOLS
CD drag coefficient
cP pressure coefficient
cPS
base-pressure coefficient
PS base pressure
free-stream velocity
distance downstream
vorticity .
3
kinematic viscosity
S c h i l l e r and Linke i n 1933 ( r e f . 9 ) , but does not seem t o have been noted
s i n c e . I t s s i g n i f i c a n c e seems c l e a r - t h a t t h e low pressure i s a s s o c i -
J
a t e d with a low-pressure region a t t h e center of t h e vortex which i s
being formed. This low pressure must f l u c t m t e , of course, as t h e v o r t i c e s
form a l t e r n a t e l y , and it i s t h e mean e f f e c t which has been measured. It
b seems l i k e l y then t h a t a l a r g e p a r t of t h e low pressure on t h e base of
t h e f l a t p l a t e i s a s s o c i a t e d with t h e v o r t e x pressure, that i s , t h a t t h e
main mechanism f o r t h e base pressure i s t o be found not i n t h e d i f f u s i o n
of momentum across t h e shear l a y e r s but i n t h e dynamics of t h e v o r t i c e s .
I n f a c t , t h e moment-m-diffusion theory could p r e d i c t only a monotonically
increasing pressure from t h e base.
I n t h e experiment of f i g u r e 2 t h e chord of t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e w a s
almost 5 diameters. One immediately asks how t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e changes
with changing chord. Accordingly, some measurements were made with a
s p l i t t e r p l a t e whose chord w a s about 1 diameter. This w a s found not t o
i n h i b i t t h e vortex formation a t a l l , though it does change t h e shedding
frequency s l i g h t l y . More i n t e r e s t i n g i s t h e e f f e c t of moving t h i s s h o r t
p l a t e downstream, that i s , leaving a gap between it and t h e c y l i n d e r .
The e f f e c t i s t o decrease t h e shedding frequency and t o increase t h e base
pressure, as shown i n t h e lower p a r t of f i g u r e 4. The shedding frequency
becomes a minimum, and t h e base pressure a maximum, when t h e t r a i l i n g edge
of t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element i s 3.85 diameters downstream of t h e cylinder
base. It i s c l e a r t h a t such a minimum must be reached, f o r when t h e
element i s very f a r downstream of t h e cylinder i t s upstream influence
c
should be n e g l i g i b l e . What i s remarkable i s t h e abrupt jump t h a t occurs
t h e r e , p r a c t i c a l l y t o t h e o r i g i n a l value. Q u a l i t a t i v e l y , it appears t h a t
c l o s e t o t h e cylinder t h e element has a streamlining e f f e c t ; t h a t i s , it
extends the shear l a y e r s and f o r c e s t h e v o r t i c e s t o form downstream of
i t s t r a i l i n g edge. When it i s f a r downstream, t h e v o r t i c e s form on i t s
upstream s i d e , i n t h e normal p o s i t i o n c l o s e t o t h e cylinder, and t h e
element has only a slight e f f e c t . There must then be some c r i t i c a l posi-
t i o n where t h e flow must choose between one of t h e two configurations.
I t i s observed, i n f a c t , t h a t when t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e element i s a t t h i s
c r i t i c a l p o s i t i o n , t h e flow does jump, i n t e r m i t t e n t l y , from one configu-
I r a t i o n t o t h e o t h e r , as shown by t h e double values measured t h e r e .
A t c/d = 1.13 t h e r e i s a p o i n t t h a t does not f a l l on t h e l i n e
drawn f o r Cps. This w a s thought t o be an e r r o r , but f u r t h e r checks and
readjustments indicated t h a t it i s real. This p o i n t corresponds t o t h e
case where t h e s p l i t t e r p l a t e w a s touching t h e back of t h e cylinder;
t h a t i s , t h e gap w a s completely closed. However, t h e j o i n t w a s by no
means p r e s s u r e t i g h t . It seemed, r a t h e r , that some o t h e r kind of com-
munication through t h e qap becomes e f f e c t i v e a t some f i n i t e gap width.
A t p r e s e n t , t h i s has not been thoroughly i n v e s t i g a t e d .
I
(3) For a given cylinder t h e shedding frequency i s r e l a t e d t o t h e
base pressure. Generally, an increase i n base pressure i s accompanied
NACA TN 3169 9
d'
Sketch 1
S* = nd'/Us
S d'
= E d
R* = Usd'/v
= R k d'/d
NACA TN 51-69 11
I n w h a t follows, t h e wake s i m i l a r i t y i s s t u d i e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e
parameter S*(R*). The method, which i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t from that of
Fage and Johansen, depends e s s e n t i a l l y on t h e r e s u l t s of t h e notched-
hodograph theory ( r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e s e c t i o n "Review of Theory of Flow
P a s t Bluff Bodies"). These r e s u l t s are b r i e f l y as follows: The v e l o c i t y
a t s e p a r a t i o n and on t h e i n i t i a l p a r t of t h e f r e e streamline i s Us = kU,
( s k e t c h 2 ) . The base pressure i s t h e same as that a t s e p a r a t i o n , and t h e
T
d'
Sketch 2
-
base-pressure c o e f f i c i e n t i s t h e r e f o r e Cps = 1 k2. For a given value
of k, t h e p o t e n t i a l flow outside t h e wake i s completely determined, and
s o t h e drag c o e f f i c i e n t CD i s a function only of k . The important
r e s u l t f o r t h e present consideration i s that a wake width d ' i s defined.
This a l s o depends only on k . Figure 7, which has been computed from t h e
r e s u l t s of reference 5 , shows how d ' / d v a r i e s with k f o r t h e t h r e e
cylinder shapes being considered. It gives t h e "measure of b l u f f n e s s "
alluded t o e a r l i e r ; that i s , t h e b l u f f e r cylinders have t h e wider wakes
a t a given value of k, but f o r a given cylinder t h e wake width decreases
with increasing k ( i . e . , increasing d r a g ) .
The shedding frequencies and base pressures which had been measured
f o r f i g u r e s 5 and 6 were used t o compute S*(R*) f o r t h e various cyl-
i n d e r s . The computation i s straightforward: k = -4
is calculated
from t h e measured base-pressure c o e f f i c i e n t . The corresponding value of
a d ' / d i s found i n f i g u r e 7. With t h e s e and measured values of S and R
t h e corresponding values of S* and R* a r e e a s i l y c a l c u l a t e d from
12 NACA TN 3169
I C
To close t h e K&rdn theory of t h e vortex s t r e e t , two a d d i t i o n a l
r e l a t i o n s a r e needed t o r e l a t e t h e v e l o c i t i e s and dimensions of t h e
s t r e e t t o t h e free-stream v e l o c i t y and cylinder dimension. The notched-
hodograph theory may f u r n i s h t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l two r e l a t i o n s , provided a
r e a l i s t i c way can be found t o j o i n t h e r e s u l t s of t h e two t h e o r i e s .
- u;! 2
L2 CU dv =
u12
2
or
where u i s t h e v e l o c i t y of t h e v o r t i c e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e f r e e stream
and 2 i s t h e spacing along a row. F i n a l l y , i n dimensionless form,
14 NACA 'I" 3169
.
2 (3) J
r = 2 p (4)
UZ
U -
2
CD ;
d = 5.63 - 2.25(-) = f(k,E)
U,
t h a t t h e c e n t e r s of v o r t i c i t y i n t h e vortex s t r e e t a r e t h e same d i s t a n c e
a p a r t as i n t h e f r e e shear l a y e r s . This then gives t h e second r e l a t i o n ,
simply
CD d/h = CD d/d'
S = nd/Um
s* = -
0.2
(81l -
k
k)
S* = 0.164, and f o r t h e
Using t h e s o l u t i o n obtained above, t h i s gives
cylinder Strouhal numbers t h e values 0.206, 0.167, and O.l27, r e s p e c t i v e l y . (I
These may be compared with t h e experimental r e s u l t s of f i g u r e 5 .
DISCUSSION
,
The s i m i l a r i t y parameter S*(R*) together with t h e notched-hodograph
theory, reduces t o one t h e number of parameters that must be found empiri-
c a l l y i n order t o have a complete s o l u t i o n . E s s e n t i a l l y , it allows t h e
drag t o be determined from a measurement of t h e shedding frequency.2
C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology,
Pasadena, C a l i f . , August 13, 1953.
18 NACA TN 3169
REFERENCES
,4
C
~ ~ - - -- -
Cylinder and symbol
(as plotted in ST % k T -
d'
d
S* R* S R k
cPS
pigs. 4, 5, 6, and 8)
- - -- -
A 0 3.144C 8,030 1.48: 1.633 ).159 19,50C ). 135 7,53c 1-391 -0.94
.1411 L1,OW 1.48t 1.625 .154 26,60c .I33 -0, 32c 1.396 -.95
,142f ~2,1301.46: 1.674 .162 29,70C .I33 .1,40C 1.37; -.68
.1445 ~3,6401.46( 1.680 .I6733,50C .136 2,EQC 1 37C -.88
.1441
.1442
L5,950 1.451 1.682 .166 39,loC
L7,900 1.44: 1.710 .17144,2OC
-135 -4,536~1.36E -.87
.6,80c 1* 35f -.a4
.135
.141C
.14gC
3,220 1.42; 1.742 -173 8703C
3,900 1.45( 1.700 -175 9,61C
.I33
.140
-
3,02C 1 335 -.ea
3,6& 1.36~ - .85
.142C 4,190 1.42t 1.747 .174 10,44C .I33 3,93c 1.34C -.80
.144C 5,670 1.47~1.659 .162 13,800~ * 135 5,32c 1.3& -.go
.14K 6,320 1.45( L .700 .166 15,60c .132 5,93c 1.36~ -.85
.142C 6,610 1.42; 1.742 .174 16,50c * 133 6,20c 1.335 -.eo
B 8 .142C 7,950 1.45t 1.682 .164 19,50c - 133 7,45c 1.36t -.88
,143C 3,850 1.45t 1.700 .168 9,50C .I37 3,69c 1.392 -.93
.1425 4,790 1.45: 1.690 .165 ii,80c .136 4,59c 1* 391 -.94
.141e 5,860 1.46: ~.678 .163 14,40C ,136 5,610 1.40c - .95
.1407 7,060 1.44; 1.706 .166 17,40C .135 6,76c 1.38: -.g1
.1401 7,900 1.45: 1.700 .164 19,50C .134 7,570 1* 39C -.93
.1401 8,860 1.46; L .675 .161 21,70c * 135 8,500 1.40C -.96
I) .141C 9,630 1.441 ~.721.I69 23,gOC .I35 9,22C 1.3& -.go
.140t! -0,630 135 0,200
.140? -1,1101.44E L 705 .166 27,40C 135 0,60c 1.38: -e92
0
.2041 .1,6501.397 L .120 .164 18,200 .200 1,400 1* 37c -.88
.2010 .j,200 1.40C L .116 .160 20,600 197 2,900 1* 372 -.88
d=2.22c .2015 .4,2001.401 L. 114 .160 22,200 .198 3,900 1.375 -.89
.2004 -7,1301.421 L .093 .i54 26,700 * 197 6,800 1.394 -.94
.2020 -5,2201.42C t .096 .156 25,800 .198 4,900 1 * 392 -.94
.2100 885 1.395 L .120 .169 1,380 .209 880 L 390 -.93
.2110 956 1.3& t.148 .176 1,510 .210 950 1.375 -.89
.2097 1,078 1.35~L .179 .18j 1,720 .209 1,070 L .345 -.81
E -2097 1,270 1.325 ..215 .i92 2,050 .209 1,265 1.324 -.75
.2124 1,510 1.342 t .190 .188 2,420 .212 1,500 L. 337 -.79
-2075
.2065
1,700 1.322 i.230 -193 2,770 .207 1,690 1 317 -.74
1,935 1.311 t.250 -197 3,180 .206 1,930 1.306 -.71
UaD 0 .2088
.2103
2,145 1.322 t.230 -194 3,500
2,950 1.322 ~.230 .196 4,800
.208
.210
2,135 L .317
2,940 L. 317
-.74
-.74
d =0.638 .2090 3,250 1* 334 t.205 .18a 5,250 .208 3,240 L. 334 -.78
.2091 3,675 1.33~t.243 .195 6,060 .20a 3,660 1.325 - .76
.2090 3,950 1 . W .I95
L .208 3,930 1.335 -.78
.2081 4,330 1.33E L .2O0 .207 4,310 L. 333 -.78
.2050 4,890 1.34C - .195 .204 4,870 1.335 -.78
- - -
&No base-pressure measurements made.
I
20 NACA TN 3169
4
CALCULATED AND MEASURED now PARAMETERS FOR TEST CYLINDERS
- -
Cylinder and symbol
d'
1
(as plotted in
Ygs. 4, 5, 6, and 8
T' % % a S* R* S
.1&6 1,210 1.461 1.322 .165 .01c .181 1,200 1.446 -1.05
.I830 1,380 1.457 1.326 .167 .181 1,370 1.442 -1.Of
-1865 1,570 L.480 1.310 .165 .185 1,550 1.465 -1.1:
.1&5 2,030 t.476 1.312 .164 .183 2,010 1.461 -1.14
.la32 2,240 ..495 1.301 .160 .181 2,220 1.480 -1.1:
.la24 2,510 t.483 1.310 .161 .181 2,490 1.468 -1.lt
.1820 2,750 t.488 1.306 .160 .180 2,722 1.4'73 -1.17
38 Pressure '\tube .la18 3,030 ..488 1.306 .160 .le0 3,000 1.473 -1.1;
.1%6 3,400 ..492 1.303 .161 .183 3,370 1.477 -1.lE
-.
.0998 5,600 311 2.115
.io08 6,430 -.3oi 2.162
.161 .o6t .094 5,250 1.230 -.51
J D .167 * 095 6,030 1.220 -.45
.io02 6,750 ..323 2.063 .156 .094 6,340 1.241 -.54
.io30 7,650 ..jO3 2.155 .170 * 097 7,180 1.223 -.5C
1 .io06 6,950 ..j42 1.990 .149 .094 6,500 1.260 -.55
-.?TO 2.035 159 .097 7,850 1.248 -.5t
.350 1.963 .156 .lo1 0,400 1.266 - . 6 ~
I-
I
10 + -330 2.035
330 2.035
-330 2.035
.162
.161
.160
* 099
.098
.098
1,900
3,300
5,000
1.248 -.56
1.248 -.56
1.248 -.56
.323 2.060 .162 .098 6,700 1.241 -.54
K 0 .260 1.370 .162 .020 .147 5,850 1.242 -.54
.27O 1.351 *1.55 ,143 7,220 1.245 -.55
.258 1.385 .154 137 0,100 1.232 -.52
.240 1.445 .161 .135 1,200 1.216 -.48
.244 1.430 .158 135 2,600 1.221 -.49
.236 1.461 .162 .134 5,800 1.211 -.47
.246 1.425 .157 * 135 5,300 1.220 -.49
t
22 NACA TN 3169
a
W
I-
-JI-
a
a-
I-
3
0
X
-
I-
3-
0
NACA TN 3169 23
-3
?
0 0
'. Q t 0
Q.
0
24 NACA 'I" 51-69
.I 8
S*
.I 6
.I 4
.22
.20 0
.I 8 -.2
CPS
.I 6 -.4
.I4 -. 6
.I 2 -.8
.I 0 - 1.0
4 5 6 7
c/d
-C
7-71"
-
0
a0 0 cu
NACA TN 3169
2 .I
2.4
2.2
d '/C
2 .c
8 I .a
I .e
I .4
1.2
I .o
28 NACA TN 3169
m
0 (I
w w
I
J
5v
NACA TN 3169
3.5
3.c
d
COX
2.5
d
CDji
2.0
8 I .s
I .o
.5
0
I,
k
Figure 9.- Wake solutions.