Successful cold storage

By Sylvia Gist

Crisp carrot sticks, fresh cabbage, and fried potatoes from my Montana garden in June? Yes, but only if Ive kept them in cold storage from last summers garden. A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetables available during the summer. But I need it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challenge here in northwest Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating a local, seasonal,

Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winter

sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. We preserve, dehydrate, and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to the fruit room or freezer a real delight throughout the winter. But I also like to eat some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storing carrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onions until just about the time the next crop is ready. I manage to keep beets, pumpkins, squash, and apples into late winter. Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the produce I would like to keep. Unfortunately, its not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to store things. Fortunately, different vegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesnt have to go in the same place. Other storage options (depending upon the item) include in the ground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the ground, or extra refrigerators, to name a few. A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh vegetables in the winter. The first step begins with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choose cultivars which store well. For example, not every type of carrot will still be edible the following May. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage qualities. I have relied on their recommendations and have found particular cultivars of a number of vegetables

that store very well for me. Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Many storage vegetables are planted later and harvested after frost. In the following discussion, I will note what works best for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights. Carrots The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. It can be planted early for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will achieve a nice size of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fall storage. After storage, this carrot will still be crisp and sweet. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before the ground freezes. I snap off the green tops right where they join the carrot. I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked, broken, nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use in canning, juicing, or munching. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a pitcher of water to dampen it. Dont put too much water in the sand as it will pool in the bottom and make it too soggy. I try to dampen the sand in a different container and add the sand to my storage bucket as needed. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side by side. I prefer the carrots dont touch. Then in goes another layer of sand to cover the first layer of carrots. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and adding sand until I am near the top of the bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer of sand and lay the lid on top. This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter, which, for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage. When the weather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and blankets over the buckets to keep them from freezing. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. If you dont have varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store them in the ground with a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing. Potatoes Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. The challenge is to have an edible supply year around. Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red, Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes. Red Norland sprouted first, followed by Kennebec, Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red. Sangre Red, also called Sangre, is a round-tooblong, white fleshed red potato with shallow eyes. It is a very good new potato as well as being great for storage. Digging them is easy, as they generally cluster very near the plant; it is also a heavy producer. Even though a local nursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre has been the last to sprout in storage, with the Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of the fruit room largest potatoes keeping the best. I will eventually have to pull the sprouts from them also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement where I keep my canned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F during the year. Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Colder temperatures will turn them sugary. Much too crisp and

http://www.backwoodshome.com/articles2/gist82.html THE AUTHORS E. R. Gross is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has farmed and taught farm mechanics in Nebraska, Colorado, and Mississippi. He was professor and head of the department of agricultural engineering in Rutgers University from 1922 to 1946. He has written a number of bulletins, articles, and papers on sprinkling irrigation, stationary spraying plants for orchards, tractor farming, use of explosives in agriculture, terracing, farm buildings, and other subjects. H. H. Walkden is an entomologist in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. He is a graduate of Massachusetts State College, and a veteran of the First World War. He has served in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine since 1920. He has conducted research and published papers on cutworms, hessian fly, and insects attacking stored grain. He supervised the research on the insects attacking grain stored in farm-type bins.

The Cold Storage of Apples

by W. V. HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have improved a great deal in recent years. The progress does not depend so much on new discoveries or revolutionary changes as on closer attention to practical ways of providing the best conditions for keeping the fruit good. For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rotproducing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. With a few exceptions, these conditions embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly above the freezing point of apples, and a relative humidity of 85 percent. A few varieties grown in certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature disorders and have to be stored at temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in the development and use of controlledatmosphere storage. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in a controlled atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer periods than they can be stored in air at 32'. Varieties, however, have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of storage. Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruit becomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. The changes are retarded as the temperature is lowered; thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Research has shown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 . Apples standing in an orchard at 70 may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during a month's storage at 30 . When held in a cold storage room that has a temperature of 36 at one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will become overripe in the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other.

The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of all the processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table, equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or the execution of each process. Progress in cold storage of apples begins with management of the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing, harvesting, packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing. No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Those to be stored should be moved to the storage promptly. The length of storage period should be limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Apples should be moved from storage while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure during transportation to market and distribution. Good storage can be wasted on apples poorly chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after storage, just as good apples can be lost by poor storage. This principle is being applied more and more, and much of the current progress in apple storage is due to improvement in this kind of management. The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellar through the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come into common use in the past 20 years or so. Methods of applying refrigeration to apples have likewise been changing. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by moving cooled air through the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced about the rooms. Perhaps the most common way to cool the circulating air in modern plants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine. The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a temperature at or near the optimum. If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large demand upon the refrigerating machinery at harvesttime. A large volume of air must be circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Even after the apples are cooled, there is always some variation in temperature from time to time in a storage room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarily warmer than that in other parts. Best storage conditions are those that will keep the variation in temperature to a minimum. In order to effect prompt cooling. and uniform low temperatures, three requirements must be met. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would be about 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage daily. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a minute for each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. The third requirement is provision for the air to move effectively among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement of air ducts, freedom from obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement of the stacks of boxes to permit access of air. The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can be provided by machinery. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the apples promptly.

The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. A large number of methods of air distribution are in use. The simplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at one point in the storage room and pick up the return air nearby. This is likely to result in a relatively wide range of temperatures in different parts of the room. Perhaps the most elaborate method is to discharge cold air from a large number of openings in ducts spaced through the room, and to pick up the return in an equal number of return ducts. In that method, the air velocities through the room may be slow. The most effective placement of ducts for providing uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall of the room and a single return duct along the opposite side. For good operation, the air is delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it. Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling throughout the room. Girders that extend across the path of air flow or packages stacked too close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Failure to leave an open space between stacks of packages results in poor circulation. Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. The air leaving the room will be warmer than that entering. For that reason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings is exposed to the coldest air. In the most modern plants, the variation in temperature of the fruit at different points is held to a minimum by automatically reversing periodically the direction of air movement. By doing so, none of the fruit is continuously exposed to the coldest air, and none to the warmest. When warm apples are brought into a storage room, it is desirable that they be cooled as quickly as possible. Reversing the air direction periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger of freezing. For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the floor. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings are often used for insulating the roof of storage houses. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor insulation; they should be protected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. Wall and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside air. No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a wall or floor. Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receive heat from the ground, and they are kept too warm. Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage. In a well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely among the stacks and between the fruit and the walls. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the packages and under the ceiling at all points. Outside doors are not left open unnecessarily. Temperatures and conditions of fruit are observed regularly. A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation. In constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity, blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Fruit temperatures in this

type of storage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached, have shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for highest apple quality. The modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicy apples throughout the season with a program of management that segregates apples most suitable for late storage from those that should be consumed early. It gives special attention to getting storage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storage facilities, and handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements. THE AUTHORS W. V. Hukill is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has been with the Department since 1924, studying farm buildings, particularly crop storages, and engineering problems in the transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. Edwin Smith is a horticulturist in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He is in charge of handling, transportation, and storage investigations of fruits and vegetables at Wenatchee, Wash., field station. http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Part_6/Cold-Storage-of-Apples.html TERJEMAHAN

The Cold Storage Apel

by WV HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have improved a great deal in recent years. oleh WV HUKILL dan EDWIN SMITH ATAS METODE apel menyimpan telah meningkat banyak dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. The progress does not depend so much on new discoveries or revolutionary changes as on closer attention to practical ways of providing the best conditions for keeping the fruit good. kemajuan tidak sangat tergantung pada penemuan baru atau perubahan revolusioner seperti pada perhatian lebih dekat dengan cara-cara praktis memberikan kondisi terbaik untuk menjaga buah yang baik. For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rotproducing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. Untuk hasil terbaik dalam penyimpanan, apel harus dipanen pada saat jatuh tempo namun belum sepenuhnya matang dan disimpan dalam kondisi yang akan menahan laju pematangan dan pertumbuhan jamur busuk-memproduksi, menghindari menyusut, dan tidak menyebabkan gangguan temperatur rendah. With a few exceptions, these conditions embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly above the freezing point of apples, and a relative humidity of 85 percent. Dengan beberapa pengecualian, mewujudkan kondisi suhu penyimpanan 30 F., atau sedikit di atas titik beku apel, dan kelembaban relatif 85 persen. A few varieties grown in certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature disorders and have to be stored at temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in the development and use of controlled- atmosphere storage. Sebuah beberapa varietas yang

ditanam di daerah-daerah tertentu yang rentan terhadap gangguan suhu rendah dan harus disimpan pada suhu 36 atau 38 F. Hal ini menyebabkan dalam pengembangan dan penggunaan penyimpanan atmosfer terkendali. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in a controlled atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer periods than they can be stored in air at 32'. McIntosh apel dapat disimpan di 40 dalam suasana yang dikendalikan dari 5 persen karbon dioksida dan oksigen 2 persen untuk waktu lebih lama daripada mereka dapat disimpan di udara di 32 '. Varieties, however, have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of storage. Varietas Namun, memiliki persyaratan atmosfer khusus untuk jenis penyimpanan. Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruit becomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. perubahan kimia kompleks dalam jaringan apel terus selama pematangan sampai menjadi buah masak dan enak, dengan runtuhnya berikutnya. The changes are retarded as the temperature is lowered; thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Perubahan yang terbelakang karena suhu diturunkan, sehingga kehidupan penyimpanan buah ini diperpanjang. Research has shown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 . Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa pada tanggal 30 F. tentang waktu yang lebih keempat diperlukan untuk apel matang dari pada 32. Apples standing in an orchard at 70 may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during a month's storage at 30 . Apel berdiri di sebuah kebun pada 70 matang sebanyak mungkin dalam 3 hari karena mereka akan selama penyimpanan satu bulan di 30. When held in a cold storage room that has a temperature of 36 at one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will become overripe in the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other. Ketika diadakan di ruang penyimpanan dingin yang memiliki suhu 36 di salah satu ujung dan 30 di, apel lain, meskipun sama ketika disimpan, akan menjadi masak di satu tempat tetapi tetap dalam kondisi yang sangat baik yang lain. The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of all the processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table, equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or the execution of each process. Tingkat dimana persyaratan dapat diisi tergantung pada pengelolaan semua proses melalui mana apel harus pergi dalam perjalanan mereka dari pohon ke meja, peralatan yang tersedia untuk setiap proses, dan pengoperasian peralatan atau pelaksanaan setiap proses. Progress in cold storage of apples begins with management of the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing, harvesting, packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing. Kemajuan dalam penyimpanan dingin apel dimulai dengan manajemen dari gerakan buah melalui berbagai proses tumbuh, panen, pengemasan, penyimpanan, pengangkutan, dan distribusi. No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Tidak ada apel harus diserahkan untuk penyimpanan terlambat kecuali jika mereka memiliki kualitas yang baik. Those to be stored should be moved to the storage promptly. Mereka yang akan disimpan harus dipindahkan ke penyimpanan segera. The length of storage period should be limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Panjang waktu penyimpanan harus dibatasi oleh varietas dan kualitas buah. Apples should be moved

from storage while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure during transportation to market and distribution. Apel harus dipindahkan dari penyimpanan sementara mereka masih memiliki hidup yang cukup untuk menahan penanganan normal dan paparan selama transportasi ke pasar dan distribusi. Good storage can be wasted on apples poorly chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after storage, just as good apples can be lost by poor storage. penyimpanan yang baik dapat terbuang pada apel buruk dipilih untuk penyimpanan atau buruk ditangani sebelum dan sesudah penyimpanan, seperti apel yang baik bisa hilang oleh penyimpanan miskin. This principle is being applied more and more, and much of the current progress in apple storage is due to improvement in this kind of management. Prinsip ini diterapkan lebih dan lebih, dan banyak kemajuan saat ini di gudang apel adalah karena peningkatan dalam jenis manajemen. The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellar through the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come into common use in the past 20 years or so. Peningkatan bangunan dan peralatan dapat ditelusuri dari buah ruang bawah tanah dini melalui penyimpanan ventilasi didinginkan dengan udara malam, untuk penyimpanan berpendingin yang telah datang ke umum digunakan dalam 20 tahun terakhir. Methods of applying refrigeration to apples have likewise been changing. Metode penerapan pendinginan untuk apel juga telah telah berubah. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by moving cooled air through the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced about the rooms. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir pendinginan ini kebanyakan dilakukan dengan memindahkan udara didinginkan melalui ruang penyimpanan daripada dengan memiliki kumparan pendingin spasi tentang kamar. Perhaps the most common way to cool the circulating air in modern plants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine. Mungkin cara paling umum untuk mendinginkan udara yang beredar di pabrik modern untuk lulus melalui semprotan air garam dingin. The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a temperature at or near the optimum. Tujuan pertama dalam penyimpanan beku adalah untuk mendinginkan buah segera dan mempertahankan suhu pada atau di dekat optimum. If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large demand upon the refrigerating machinery at harvesttime. Jika pendinginan yang harus dilakukan dengan cepat akan ada permintaan yang besar pada mesin pendingin di musim panen. A large volume of air must be circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Sebuah volume besar udara harus diedarkan untuk mendistribusikan pendingin untuk semua buah disimpan. Even after the apples are cooled, there is always some variation in temperature from time to time in a storage room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarily warmer than that in other parts. Bahkan setelah apel didinginkan, selalu ada beberapa variasi suhu dari waktu ke waktu di ruang penyimpanan, dan buah di beberapa bagian ruangan yang selalu hangat dibandingkan di bagian lain. Best storage conditions are those that will keep the variation in temperature to a minimum. kondisi penyimpanan yang terbaik adalah mereka yang akan menjaga variasi suhu ke minimum.

In order to effect prompt cooling. Untuk efek pendinginan prompt. and uniform low temperatures, three requirements must be met. dan suhu rendah seragam, tiga syarat harus dipenuhi. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would be about 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage daily. Ini pertama cukup pendingin kapasitas; di Pacific Northwest ini akan menjadi sekitar 6 ton setiap kotak pendingin untuk 1.000 bidang apel dibawa ke penyimpanan setiap hari. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a minute for each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. Yang kedua adalah volume cukup sirkulasi udara; 1.000 kaki kubik udara satu menit untuk setiap ton pendingin dianggap minimum. The third requirement is provision for the air to move effectively among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement of air ducts, freedom from obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement of the stacks of boxes to permit access of air. Persyaratan ketiga adalah penyisihan udara untuk bergerak secara efektif di antara semua paket, hal ini tergantung pada pengaturan saluran udara, kebebasan dari halangan untuk gerakan udara melalui ruangan, dan pengaturan tumpukan kotak untuk memungkinkan akses udara. The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can be provided by machinery. Pendinginan persyaratan-cukup pertama dan kedua dan sirkulasi udara - dapat disediakan oleh mesin. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the apples promptly. Tanaman dimuat melebihi kapasitasnya tidak dapat mendinginkan apel segera. The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. Persyaratan ketiga, distribusi udara yang baik, lebih dari masalah kapasitas pabrik, melainkan panggilan untuk perhatian terhadap detail dalam desain dan operasi. A large number of methods of air distribution are in use. Sejumlah besar metode distribusi udara sedang digunakan. The simplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at one point in the storage room and pick up the return air nearby. Yang paling sederhana adalah untuk debit udara dingin melalui nozel pada satu titik di ruang penyimpanan dan mengambil kembali udara di dekatnya. This is likely to result in a relatively wide range of temperatures in different parts of the room. Hal ini mungkin mengakibatkan berbagai temperatur yang relatif luas di berbagai bagian ruangan. Perhaps the most elaborate method is to discharge cold air from a large number of openings in ducts spaced through the room, and to pick up the return in an equal number of return ducts. Mungkin metode yang paling rumit adalah debit udara dingin dari sejumlah besar bukaan pada saluran spasi melalui ruangan, dan untuk mengambil kembali dalam jumlah yang sama dari saluran kembali. In that method, the air velocities through the room may be slow. Dengan metode ini, kecepatan udara melalui ruangan mungkin lambat. The most effective placement of ducts for providing uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall of the room and a single return duct along the opposite side. Penempatan yang paling efektif untuk menyediakan saluran distribusi udara seragam debit saluran tunggal sepanjang satu dinding ruangan dan kembali saluran tunggal sepanjang sisi berlawanan. For good operation, the air is delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it. Untuk operasi yang baik, udara dikirimkan ke dan kembali dari ruang di langit-langit atau di dekatnya.

Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling throughout the room. Apapun susunan saluran, perlu untuk memiliki ruang yang jelas di langit-langit di seluruh ruangan. Girders that extend across the path of air flow or packages stacked too close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Balok-balok yang membentang di seluruh jalur aliran udara atau paket ditumpuk terlalu dekat ke langitlangit mencegah gerakan bebas dari udara. Failure to leave an open space between stacks of packages results in poor circulation. Kegagalan untuk meninggalkan sebuah ruang terbuka antara tumpukan paket hasil dalam sirkulasi yang buruk. Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. Bahkan dengan banyak kapasitas dan volume pendingin udara, dan dengan distribusi udara terbaik, keseragaman temperatur mutlak tidak dapat memiliki. The air leaving the room will be warmer than that entering. Udara meninggalkan ruangan akan lebih hangat dari itu masuk. For that reason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings is exposed to the coldest air. Oleh karena itu, buah terdekat bukaan pengiriman terkena udara dingin. In the most modern plants, the variation in temperature of the fruit at different points is held to a minimum by automatically reversing periodically the direction of air movement. Pada tanaman yang paling modern, variasi suhu buah di tempat berbeda diadakan untuk minimum dengan secara otomatis membalik berkala arah gerakan udara. By doing so, none of the fruit is continuously exposed to the coldest air, and none to the warmest. Dengan demikian, tidak ada buah secara terus-menerus terkena udara dingin, dan tidak untuk terpanas tersebut. When warm apples are brought into a storage room, it is desirable that they be cooled as quickly as possible. Ketika apel hangat yang dibawa ke ruang penyimpanan, maka diharapkan bahwa mereka didinginkan secepat mungkin. Reversing the air direction periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger of freezing. Menyetel arah udara secara berkala izin menggunakan udara sedingin 22-25 F. untuk mendapatkan pendinginan cepat tanpa bahaya pembekuan. For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the floor. Untuk ekonomi, beberapa inci isolasi yang digunakan pada semua dinding luar, atap dan lantai. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings are often used for insulating the roof of storage houses. Di Pacific Northwest, sebanyak 24 inci dari serutan pabrik kering sering digunakan untuk bahan isolasi atap rumah penyimpanan. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor insulation; they should be protected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. bahan mineral yang terbaik untuk isolasi lantai dasar, mereka harus dilindungi dari air tanah oleh membran tahan air. Wall and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside air. Dinding dan langit-langit isolasi dilindungi oleh lapisan uap-bukti antara itu dan udara di luar. No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a wall or floor. Tidak ada jumlah isolasi benar-benar akan mencegah panas dari datang melalui dinding atau lantai. Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receive heat from the ground, and they are kept too warm. Paket buah duduk langsung di lantai dasar menerima panas dari tanah, dan mereka terus terlalu hangat.

Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage. perhatian Persistent untuk rincian operasi sangat penting bahkan dalam penyimpanan apel terbaik. In a well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely among the stacks and between the fruit and the walls. Dalam sebuah pabrik yang dioperasikan dengan baik, paket spasi sehingga udara dapat bergerak bebas di antara tumpukan dan antara buah dan dinding. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the packages and under the ceiling at all points. Sebuah ruang yang jelas yang tersisa untuk udara beredar di paket dan di bawah langit-langit pada semua titik. Outside doors are not left open unnecessarily. Di luar pintu dibiarkan terbuka tidak perlu. Temperatures and conditions of fruit are observed regularly. Suhu dan kondisi buah diamati secara teratur. A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation. Sejumlah penyimpanan apel sekarang dilengkapi untuk sirkulasi udara terbalik efektif. In constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity, blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Dalam membangun sebagian besar tanaman, perhatian diberikan pendingin kapasitas, kapasitas blower, dan semua rincian yang mempengaruhi distribusi udara. Fruit temperatures in this type of storage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached, have shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for highest apple quality. Buah suhu dalam jenis penyimpanan baik selama periode pendinginan dan setelah mencapai suhu penyimpanan, telah menunjukkan bahwa ia merupakan langkah ke arah yang berbeda memenuhi seluruh persyaratan untuk kualitas apel tertinggi. The modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicy apples throughout the season with a program of management that segregates apples most suitable for late storage from those that should be consumed early. Penyimpanan apel modern dapat memberikan konsumen dengan renyah, apel juicy sepanjang musim dengan program manajemen yang mensegregasikan apel paling sesuai untuk penyimpanan akhir dari orang-orang yang harus dikonsumsi lebih awal. It gives special attention to getting storage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storage facilities, and handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements. Memberikan perhatian khusus untuk mendapatkan apel penyimpanan ke penyimpanan segera, mencegah overloading fasilitas penyimpanan, dan menangani buah di semua tahapan sesuai dengan persyaratan perusahaan.

Yearbook of Agriculture 1943-1947 Part 6

Crisp batang wortel, kubis segar, dan kentang goreng dari kebun Montana saya di bulan Juni? Yes, but only if I've kept them in cold storage from last summer's garden. Ya, tetapi hanya jika saya telah membuat mereka dalam penyimpanan dingin dari kebun musim panas lalu. A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetables available during the summer. taman adalah sebuah investasi yang bijaksana dan menyediakan, segar sayuran yang paling bergizi tersedia selama musim panas. But I need it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challenge here in northwest Montana. Tapi aku perlu untuk pasokan sayuran sepanjang tahun, dan yang dapat

menjadi tantangan di sini, di barat laut Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating a local, seasonal, sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. Aku membungkuk ke arah swasembada dan makan, lokal musiman, diet yang berkelanjutan, kami mencoba untuk mengembangkan apa yang kita makan dan makan apa yang kita tumbuh. We preserve, dehydrate, and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to the fruit room or freezer a real delight throughout the winter. Kami melestarikan, dehidrasi, dan bekukan baik buah-buahan dan sayuran, membuat perjalanan ke ruang buah atau freezer menyenangkan nyata sepanjang musim dingin. But I also like to eat some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storing carrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onions until just about the time the next crop is ready. Tapi aku juga suka makan beberapa sayuran segar dan telah berhasil menyimpan wortel, kentang, kubis, dan bawang sampai hanya tentang waktu panen berikutnya sudah siap. I manage to keep beets, pumpkins, squash, and apples into late winter. Aku berhasil mempertahankan bit, labu, squash, dan

Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winter Pusaka Australia squash biru pada pertengahan musim dingin

apel ke akhir musim dingin. Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the produce I would like to keep. Idealnya, saya akan memiliki ruang bawah tanah akar yang mempertahankan suhu yang benar untuk menghasilkan saya ingin terus. Unfortunately, it's not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to store things. Sayangnya, bukan itu yang ideal, jadi saya harus mencari tempat lain untuk hal-hal toko. Fortunately, different vegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesn't have to go in the same place. Untungnya, sayuran yang berbeda seperti temperatur yang berbeda, jadi semuanya tidak harus pergi ke tempat yang sama. Other storage options (depending upon the item) include in the ground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the ground, or extra refrigerators, to name a few. Pilihan penyimpanan lain (tergantung pada item) termasuk dalam tanah, di bawah tangga, kamar pemanas, tangga luar, lubanglubang di tanah, atau lemari pendingin ekstra, untuk beberapa nama. A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh vegetables in the winter. Sebuah metode penyimpanan hanya langkah terakhir untuk memiliki cold storage sukses dan sayuran segar di musim dingin. The first step begins

with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choose cultivars which store well. Langkah pertama dimulai dengan katalog benih; itu sangat penting untuk memilih kultivar yang menyimpan dengan baik. For example, not every type of carrot will still be edible the following May. Sebagai contoh, tidak semua jenis wortel masih akan dimakan Mei berikut. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage qualities. Kebanyakan katalog benih yang baik di memberitahu kita mana yang memiliki kualitas penyimpanan yang baik. I have relied on their recommendations and have found particular cultivars of a number of vegetables that store very well for me. Aku telah mengandalkan rekomendasi mereka dan telah menemukan kultivar tertentu dari sejumlah toko sayuran yang sangat baik bagi saya. Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Waktu tanam dan waktu panen juga mempengaruhi keberhasilan penyimpanan. Many storage vegetables are planted later and harvested after frost. Banyak penyimpanan sayuran kemudian ditanam dan dipanen setelah embun beku. In the following discussion, I will note what works best for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights. Dalam diskusi berikut, aku akan mencatat apa yang terbaik bagi saya ketika saya menghadapi musim tanam yang cukup singkat dan malam dingin.

Carrots Wortel
The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. wortel itu bernama Bolero, sebuah hibrida Nantes-jenis, adalah wortel tujuan ganda. It can be planted early for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will achieve a nice size of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fall storage. Hal ini dapat ditanam awal untuk wortel manis lezat, tetapi bila ditanam kemudian (pada bulan Juni di sini), itu akan mencapai ukuran baik 6 sampai 7 inci panjang dengan diameter 1-1 inci pada saat penyimpanan jatuh. After storage, this carrot will still be crisp and sweet. Setelah penyimpanan, wortel ini akan tetap renyah dan manis. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before the ground freezes. Harvest sebagai terlambat mungkin, setelah embun beku, tetapi sebelum tanah membeku. I snap off the green tops right where they join the carrot. Aku snap off puncak hijau yang tepat di mana mereka bergabung wortel. I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked, broken, nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use in canning, juicing, or munching. Aku memilih wortel bagus sehat lurus ukuran yang baik untuk penyimpanan dan tas menaiki bercabang, rusak, melukai, kecil, atau yang besar untuk dimasukkan ke dalam lemari es untuk segera digunakan dalam pengalengan, jus, atau mengunyah. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a pitcher of water to dampen it. Lalu aku mengambil ember plastik lima-galon, pasir dicuci bersih, dan sebotol air untuk meredam itu. Don't put too much water in the sand as it will pool in the bottom and make it too soggy. Jangan memasukkan terlalu banyak air di pasir karena akan kolam di bagian bawah dan membuat terlalu basah. I try to dampen the sand in a different container and add the sand to my storage bucket as needed. Aku mencoba untuk meredam pasir dalam wadah yang berbeda dan menambahkan ember pasir untuk

penyimpanan saya yang diperlukan. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side by side. Pertama saya meletakkan lapisan pasir dan berbaring di samping sisi wortel. I prefer the carrots don't touch. Saya lebih suka wortel jangan sentuh. Then in goes another layer of sand to cover the first layer of carrots. Kemudian pada tahun berjalan satu lapisan pasir untuk menutupi lapisan pertama wortel. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and adding sand until I am near the top of the bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer of sand and lay the lid on top. Aku terus menekan wortel ke dalam pasir dan menambahkan pasir sampai saya di dekat bagian atas ember, di mana aku memakai tambahan lapisan tebal pasir dan meletakkan tutup di atas. This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter, which, for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage. ember ini sangat berat, jadi saya memasukkan wortel ke dalamnya pada situs itu akan menghabiskan musim dingin, yang, bagi saya, adalah di bagian bawah tangga menuju ruang bawah tanah dari garasi. When the weather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and blankets over the buckets to keep them from freezing. Ketika cuaca jadi sangat dingin, saya melemparkan beberapa karpet dan selimut di atas ember untuk menjaga mereka dari pembekuan. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. Untuk penyimpanan yang ideal, wortel lebih suka 32 hingga 40 C dan kelembaban 90-95%. If you don't have varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store them in the ground with a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing. Jika Anda tidak memiliki varmints bawah tanah mencari makanan gratis di musim dingin, Anda dapat menyimpannya dalam tanah dengan lapisan tebal mulsa untuk mencegah pembekuan.

Potatoes Kentang
Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. Kentang adalah makanan tradisional penyimpanan segar, tapi semua kultivar tidak sama. The challenge is to have an edible supply year around. Tantangannya adalah untuk memiliki persediaan tahun dimakan sekitar. Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red, Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes. Musim gugur yang lalu saya disimpan Merah daerah utara, Sangre Merah, Yukon Gold, dan kentang Kennebec dari semua ukuran. Red Norland sprouted first, followed by Kennebec, Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red. Red daerah utara tumbuh pertama, diikuti oleh Kennebec, Yukon Gold, dan Sangre Merah. Sangre Red, also called Sangre, is a round-to-oblong, white fleshed red Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of the fruit room Kentang disimpan dalam sebuah keranjang potato with shallow eyes. Sangre Merah, juga besar di lantai ruang buah disebut Sangre, adalah kentang, bulat-untukoblong merah putih fleshed dengan mata dangkal. It is a very good new potato as well as being great for storage. Ini adalah kentang yang baru sangat baik dan juga menjadi besar untuk penyimpanan. Digging them is easy, as they generally cluster very near the plant; it

is also a heavy producer. Menggali mereka adalah mudah, karena mereka umumnya cluster sangat dekat pabrik, melainkan juga merupakan produsen berat. Even though a local nursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre has been the last to sprout in storage, with the largest potatoes keeping the best. Meskipun pembibitan lokal daftar mereka sebagai begitu-begitu penjaga, Sangre telah menjadi terakhir untuk tunas di gudang, kentang terbesar dengan menjaga yang terbaik. I will eventually have to pull the sprouts from them also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement where I keep my canned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F during the year. Akhirnya aku harus menarik kecambah dari mereka juga, tapi saya tidak memiliki fasilitas penyimpanan-hanya ideal sebuah kamar di ruang bawah tanah tempat aku menyimpan barang-barang kalengan saya, dimana suhu berkisar antara 50 dan 60 F sepanjang tahun. Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Kentang lebih 40 derajat. Colder temperatures will turn them sugary. Dingin suhu akan mengubah mereka manis. Much too crisp and juicy for hash browns in the fall, these Sangres reach the perfect condition for frying in June and July. Terlalu garing dan juicy untuk kentang goreng di musim gugur, Sangres ini mencapai kondisi sempurna untuk menggoreng pada bulan Juni dan Juli. By planting these early season potatoes the end of May, I get large potatoes by the end of August, which I harvest in late September. Dengan musim tanam kentang ini awal akhir Mei, saya mendapatkan kentang besar pada akhir Agustus, yang saya panen pada akhir September. Planting earlier, I can have new potatoes earlier, but for storage it works better to plant later here where frosts may kill the tops the first of June and potatoes grow well into summer as the nights are cool and the days moderate. Penanaman sebelumnya, saya dapat memiliki kentang baru sebelumnya, tetapi untuk penyimpanan bekerja lebih baik untuk tanaman kemudian di sini di mana cuaca penuh es bisa membunuh puncak pertama dari bulan Juni dan kentang tumbuh dengan baik ke musim panas sebagai malam yang dingin dan hari-hari moderat.

Cabbage Kubis
One of the greatest challenges in storing vegetables has been the cabbage. Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam sayuran menyimpan telah kubis. I tried a number of methods, but nothing worked until I started to grow cabbage especially bred for storage. Aku mencoba beberapa metode, tetapi tidak ada yang berhasil sampai aku mulai tumbuh kubis terutama dibiakkan untuk penyimpanan. So far my favorite is Storage #4 (available from Johnny's Seeds). Sejauh ini favorit saya adalah Storage # 4 (tersedia dari Seeds Johnny's). It will produce a large, very solid head, which is still nice and solid the following June. Ini akan menghasilkan kepala, besar sangat padat, yang masih bagus dan kokoh Juni berikut. While I start my early cabbages in March (eight weeks before the last expected spring frost), I start the storage cabbages the first week in May, about 100 to 120 days before the first expected frost in the fall, as it will make most of its head late in summer, but grow some and hold well into fall. Sementara aku mulai kubis awal saya di bulan Maret (delapan minggu sebelum embun beku musim semi lalu diharapkan), aku mulai

penyimpanan kubis minggu pertama bulan Mei, sekitar 100 sampai 120 hari sebelum embun beku diharapkan pertama di musim gugur, karena akan membuat sebagian besar yang kepala akhir di musim panas, tetapi beberapa tumbuh terus dengan baik sampai jatuh. I dig mine before the ground freezes or before the weather stays below freezing. Aku menggali tanah tambang sebelum membeku atau sebelum cuaca tetap di bawah titik beku. I cut off the root, leaving 6 inches of the stalk, and trim off those loose outer leaves. Aku memotong akar, meninggalkan 6 inci tangkai, dan trim off daun-daun luar longgar. I then wrap each very loosely in a plastic grocery bag and store them in the extra refrigerator or upside down in the stairwell next to the buckets I store the carrots in. During the cold months, they do best in the stairwell where ventilation is better. Aku lalu bungkus masing-masing yang sangat longgar dalam tas belanja plastik dan simpan di dalam lemari es tambahan atau terbalik di tangga di sebelah toko aku ember wortel masuk Selama bulan-bulan dingin, mereka melakukan yang terbaik di tangga di mana ventilasi lebih baik. They prefer 32-40 degrees with 90% humidity. Mereka lebih suka 32-40 derajat dengan kelembaban 90%. As the temperature rises outside, I have to move them to a refrigerator to last into summer. Saat suhu naik di luar, aku harus memindahkan mereka ke lemari es untuk terakhir dalam musim panas. They can produce cabbagey fumes, which may make one reconsider keeping them in the house long term. Mereka dapat menghasilkan uap cabbagey, yang dapat membuat satu kembali menjaga mereka di rumah jangka panjang.

Onions Bawang
Perhaps my favorite vegetable in storage is the onion. Mungkin sayur favorit saya di penyimpanan bawang. The sweet ones have to be eaten in the summer and early fall, but the pungent ones can last until you have the next crop. Yang manis harus dimakan pada musim panas dan awal musim gugur, tetapi yang tajam dapat bertahan sampai Anda memiliki tanaman berikutnya. A couple of long-day hybrids, Copra and Norstar, have worked well for me. Beberapa hibrida lama-hari, Kopra dan Norstar, telah bekerja dengan baik bagi saya. I start the seed indoors in February, feed them fish fertilizer, and set tiny plants out in early May. Aku memulai ruangan benih pada Februari, memberi mereka makan pupuk ikan, dan menetapkan tanaman kecil di awal Mei. Norstar matures sooner than Copra, but both are narrow necked hard onions of medium size. Norstar jatuh tempo lebih cepat dari Kopra, namun keduanya sulit berleher sempit bawang ukuran medium. In August, I quit watering them. Pada bulan Agustus, saya berhenti penyiraman mereka. When they mature, pull and dry them in the sun. Ketika mereka dewasa, menarik dan mengeringkannya di bawah sinar matahari. If the weather isn't warm enough, it is necessary to push the tops over and then pull them and lay them out to dry for quite a while. Jika cuaca tidak cukup hangat, perlu untuk mendorong puncak atas dan kemudian menarik mereka dan berbaring mereka sampai kering selama beberapa waktu. When they have dried sufficiently, remove the dry tops (but not the skins) and put the onions in a basket or mesh bag and set or hang in a dry, cold (32 to 35 F.) place where they get ventilation. Ketika mereka telah kering cukup, hapus bagian atas kering (tapi bukan kulit) dan menempatkan bawang dalam keranjang atau tas mesh dan mengatur atau

menggantung dalam kering, dingin (32 sampai 35 F.) tempat di mana mereka mendapatkan ventilasi. I don't have a perfect place, but these two cultivars do well even when ideal storage can't quite be met. Saya tidak punya tempat yang sempurna, tetapi kedua kultivar baik bahkan ketika penyimpanan yang ideal tidak bisa dipenuhi. For those who prefer non-hybrids, the yellow potato onion, a multiplier onion, is terrific. Bagi mereka yang lebih memilih non-hibrida, bawang merah kuning kentang, bawang pengali, hebat. They are smaller (up to 1 inch), but store extremely well, being very hard well into summer. Mereka lebih kecil (hingga 1 inci), tapi toko sangat baik, menjadi sangat keras baik dalam musim panas. You plant this onion in early fall and mulch for winter. Anda menanam bawang ini di awal musim gugur dan pupuk untuk musim dingin. Remove the mulch in spring to find sprouts which can soon provide green scallions or grow (with liberal watering) into bunches of small onions which will dry down in July. Lepaskan mulsa di musim semi untuk mencari kecambah yang segera dapat memberikan daun bawang hijau atau tumbuh (dengan penyiraman liberal) menjadi tandan bawang kecil yang akan kering turun pada bulan Juli. Be sure to save some to plant for the next crop. Pastikan untuk menyimpan sebagian untuk menanam untuk tanaman berikutnya.

Squash and pumpkins Squash dan labu

An easy crop to store is squash or pumpkins. Sebuah tanaman yang mudah untuk menyimpan adalah squash atau labu. Nearly all kinds labeled winter squash and even mature summer squash, such as the Mid East cousa type, can keep almost six months if they are picked at the right time and cured properly. Hampir semua jenis labu berlabel musim dingin dan musim panas bahkan labu matang, seperti jenis cousa Timur Tengah, dapat menyimpan hampir enam bulan jika mereka diambil pada waktu yang tepat dan disembuhkan dengan benar. At harvest, the skin should be so hard that a fingernail won't puncture it. Pada panen, kulit harus begitu keras sehingga kuku itu tidak akan tusuk. Leave the stem on and cure both squash and pumpkin in the sun at 70 to 80 F for 10 to 14 days. Tinggalkan batang dan menyembuhkan kedua squash dan labu di bawah sinar matahari pada 70 80 F selama 10 sampai 14 hari. If properly cured and later stored at 55 to 60 F with 60 to 70% humidity, they should hold through most of the winter. Jika benar disembuhkan dan kemudian disimpan pada 55 sampai 60 F dengan kelembaban 60-70%, mereka harus terus hampir sepanjang musim dingin. An unheated bedroom works well for me. Sebuah kamar tidur pemanas bekerja dengan baik bagi saya. Pies from fresh pumpkin taste delicious in March. Pai dari labu segar rasa lezat pada bulan Maret.

Beets Bit

I hadn't even considered storing beets until a few that I had just thrown in a plastic bag in the refrigerator were in pretty good shape a couple of months later. Aku bahkan tidak dianggap bit menyimpan hingga beberapa yang saya baru saja dibuang dalam kantong plastik di dalam lemari es itu dalam kondisi yang cukup baik beberapa bulan kemudian. Upon investigation, I discovered that, although the common Detroit Dark Red that I was planting can be stored if done properly, there are specific beets for winter storage. Setelah penyelidikan, saya menemukan bahwa, walaupun umum Detroit Red Dark bahwa aku tanam dapat disimpan jika dilakukan dengan benar, ada bit Cabbage after a winter in storage Kubis setelah musim dingin di penyimpanan khusus untuk penyimpanan musim dingin. I purchased some Lutz Greenleaf seed and sowed it in the spring along with my other spring beets. Saya membeli beberapa biji Lutz Greenleaf dan menabur di musim semi bersama dengan bit saya yang lain musim semi. It took a long time to germinate and then grew slowly, but in October, I dug some softball sized beets to store. Butuh waktu lama untuk tumbuh dan kemudian berkembang secara lambat, tetapi pada bulan Oktober, aku menggali softball berukuran beberapa bit untuk menyimpan. Unless you are using a long season beet like Lutz, the seed should be sown in June or July for late harvest. Kecuali Anda menggunakan bit musim panjang seperti Lutz, biji harus ditanam pada bulan Juni atau Juli untuk panen terlambat. Beets tend to be more susceptible to frost damage (their shoulders often stick out of the ground), so they should be harvested before a killing frost. Bit cenderung lebih rentan terhadap kerusakan embun beku (bahu mereka sering tongkat keluar dari tanah), sehingga mereka harus dipanen sebelum embun beku membunuh. Harvest only mature beets and cut off the tops, leaving an inch of stem. Panen hanya jatuh tempo bit dan memotong bagian atas, meninggalkan inci batang. Do not remove any of the root tip. Jangan menghapus salah satu ujung akar. Brush off the dirt and pack in layers in damp sawdust, sand, or moss. Sikat kotoran dan dikemas dalam lapisan dalam serbuk gergaji lembap, pasir, atau lumut. Keep cold (near 32 F) and very moist at 90 to 85% humidity. Tetap dingin (dekat 32 F) dan sangat basah di kelembaban 90-85%. As mentioned before, unwashed beets keep quite a while in bags in a refrigerator. Seperti yang dijelaskan sebelumnya, bit dicuci tetap cukup lama di tas dalam lemari es. Depending upon storage conditions, beets can last anywhere from two to five months in storage. Tergantung pada kondisi penyimpanan, bit bisa bertahan dua sampai lima bulan di gudang.

Winter radishes Winter lobak

If you like radishes, you can enjoy them throughout the winter if you plant the winter type. Jika Anda seperti lobak, Anda dapat menikmati mereka sepanjang musim dingin jika Anda jenis tanaman musim dingin. There are a number of cultivars which lend themselves to storage: Miyashige (fall harvest Daikon), Long Black Spanish, Misato Rose Flesh, China Rose, Round Black Spanish, and Radish Sakwiajima Mammoth to

name a few. Ada beberapa kultivar yang meminjamkan diri untuk penyimpanan: Miyashige (jatuh panen Daikon), Long Black Spanyol, Misato Rose Daging, Cina Rose, Round Black Spanyol, dan Lobak Sakwiajima Mammoth untuk beberapa nama. Generally, the planting date is July or early August, but each cultivar could be different, so pay attention to what the seed catalog tells you and adjust for your particular growing season. Secara umum, tanggal tanam Juli atau awal Agustus, tetapi masing-masing kultivar dapat berbeda, sehingga memperhatikan apa katalog benih memberitahu Anda dan menyesuaikan musim tertentu yang sedang tumbuh. These radishes use more space; they not only may grow larger roots, but their tops are more leafy. Lobak ini menggunakan lebih banyak tempat, mereka tidak hanya dapat tumbuh akar yang lebih besar, tetapi puncak mereka lebih rimbun. Harvest in the fall and store only perfect roots. Panen pada musim gugur dan toko yang sempurna hanya akar. Trim off the leafy tops and treat like carrots, layered in moist sand, moss, or sawdust in your coldest above freezing storage place. Trim dari puncak rindang dan memperlakukan seperti wortel, berlapis-lapis di pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji di tempat dingin terdingin di atas Anda penyimpanan. They should last until February if stored properly. Mereka harus bertahan hingga Februari jika disimpan dengan benar.

Rutabagas/turnips Rutabagas / lobak

Rutabagas, known also as Swede turnips, are good candidates for storage. Rutabagas, dikenal juga sebagai lobak Swedia, adalah kandidat yang tepat untuk penyimpanan. The turnip, however, gets mixed reviews. lobak, bagaimanapun, mendapat tinjauan yang beragam. Johnny's Seeds doesn't recommend turnip storage, but some people have done it. Biji Johnny tidak merekomendasikan penyimpanan lobak, tetapi beberapa orang telah melakukannya. Plant Purple Top White Globe in July or August and harvest three-inch maximum roots before heavy frost, cut off the tops, and treat them like carrots. Tanaman Ungu Top Putih Globe pada bulan Juli atau Agustus dan panen akar maksimum tiga inci sebelum embun beku berat, memotong puncak, dan memperlakukan mereka seperti wortel. Laurentian and Purple Top (rutabaga, not turnip) are two common rutabaga cultivars recommended for winter storage. Laurentian dan Ungu Top (rutabaga, tidak lobak) adalah dua kultivar rutabaga umum direkomendasikan untuk penyimpanan musim dingin. Plant in mid-June to mid-July or 90 days before intended harvest. Tanaman pada pertengahan Juni hingga pertengahan Juli atau 90 hari sebelum panen dimaksudkan. Wait until there has been at least a couple of good frosts, usually October here, before digging for storage. Tunggu sampai ada setidaknya beberapa frosts baik, biasanya Oktober sini, sebelum menggali untuk penyimpanan. If the roots are working their way out of the ground, I would hill some soil over them or mulch them when there may be a chance of freezing so the roots don't get damaged before I harvest. Jika akar bekerja dengan cara mereka keluar dari tanah, saya akan bukit tanah beberapa atas mereka atau mulsa mereka ketika mungkin ada kesempatan untuk membeku sehingga akar tidak rusak sebelum panen. Cut off the tops and store like carrots. Potong bagian atas dan toko seperti wortel. However, rutabagas shrivel easier than carrots, so you want to be sure to keep them moist. Namun, rutabagas mengerut lebih mudah daripada wortel, sehingga Anda ingin

memastikan agar tetap lembab. They can be waxed (sometimes you see them waxed in the supermarkets) to reduce dehydration; beeswax would be best if you choose this route. Mereka bisa wax (kadang-kadang Anda melihat mereka wax di supermarket) untuk mengurangi dehidrasi; lebah akan lebih baik jika Anda memilih rute ini. Rutabagas can be expected to last for two to four months in storage. Rutabagas dapat diperkirakan berlangsung selama dua sampai empat bulan di gudang.

Celeriac Celeriac
Celeriac, sometimes described as turnip-rooted celery, is an excellent keeper. Celeriac, kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai lobak-seledri berakar, adalah penjaga yang sangat baik. Monarch and Brilliant are two good cultivars available. Brilliant raja dan dua kultivar yang baik yang tersedia. The trick with celeriac is the planting time. Trik dengan Celeriac adalah waktu tanam. Start indoors (slow to germinate) in April but do not set out in the garden until June when the temperatures are averaging above 50 F. If the weather is too cold, the plant will think that it has passed through the first summer (in your house or greenhouse) and is in the winter cool down; when it warms up, the plant may bolt and go to seed. Mulai di dalam ruangan (lambat berkecambah) pada bulan April tetapi tidak menetapkan di taman sampai Juni ketika suhu rata-rata di atas 50 C. Jika cuaca terlalu dingin, tanaman akan berpikir bahwa ini telah melewati musim panas pertama (dalam Anda rumah atau rumah kaca) dan di musim dingin dingin; ketika menghangat, tanaman dapat baut dan pergi ke benih. Celeriac requires rich soil and plenty of moisture like celery, but is actually easier to grow. Celeriac membutuhkan tanah yang subur dan banyak air seperti seledri, tapi sebenarnya lebih mudah untuk tumbuh. You don't want the plant to mature too early and get woody before you harvest. Anda tidak ingin pabrik untuk dewasa terlalu dini dan mendapatkan kayu sebelum panen. When you dig celeriac, break off the stocks, brush off the dirt, and remove long fine roots, if desired. Ketika Anda menggali celeriac, istirahat dari saham, sikat kotoran, dan menghilangkan akar baik panjang, jika diinginkan. It will keep a while on a shelf in the cellar; for the long haul, layer in moist sand, moss, or sawdust. Ini akan terus sementara di rak di ruang bawah tanah, untuk jangka panjang, lapisan di pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Keep at 32 to 40 F with 90 to 95 % humidity. Jauhkan pada 32 sampai 40 F dengan kelembaban 90-95%.

Onions hanging in ventilated baskets in fruit room Bawang tergantung di keranjang buah ventilasi dalam kamar

Parsnips Lobak

Rated as the hardiest of all root vegetables, the parsnip could be awarded best of show when it comes to storage. Dinilai sebagai paling tabah semua sayuran akar, ubi itu bisa diberikan "terbaik menunjukkan" ketika datang ke penyimpanan. Harris Model and related cultivars are popular. Harris Model dan kultivar terkait populer. Since all parsnips are intended for storage, choose one that fits your needs (some are resistant to disease, etc.). Karena semua lobak dimaksudkan untuk penyimpanan, pilih satu yang cocok dengan kebutuhan Anda (beberapa yang resisten terhadap penyakit, dll). Dig a deep bed and plant fresh seeds early in the spring, March through May (depending upon your season). Menggali tempat tidur dalam dan bibit tanaman segar di awal musim semi, Maret sampai Mei (tergantung pada musim Anda). Be patient as they may germinate slowly (up to 28 days). Bersabar karena mungkin tumbuh perlahan (sampai dengan 28 hari). It takes a long season (100-120 days) and freezing weather to produce tasty parsnips. Dibutuhkan musim panjang (100-120 hari) dan beku cuaca untuk menghasilkan lobak enak. Frosty weather helps starch in the root turn to sugar so they taste sweeter. Cuaca dingin membantu pati dalam akar gilirannya menjadi gula sehingga rasanya manis. Then you can begin harvest. Kemudian Anda bisa mulai panen. You actually have four options. Anda benar-benar memiliki empat pilihan. You can take advantage of all four. Anda dapat mengambil keuntungan dari semua empat. First, after a few moderate to heavy frosts, you can dig some to eat immediately. Pertama, setelah beberapa moderat untuk frosts berat, Anda dapat menggali beberapa makan segera. Because the roots can get very long, digging, not pulling, is recommended. Karena akar bisa menjadi sangat lama, menggali, tidak menarik, dianjurkan. Or to keep the ground from freezing, put down some mulch so you can dig later. Atau untuk menjaga tanah dari pembekuan, meletakkan beberapa mulsa sehingga Anda dapat menggali nanti. Even though the ground may not freeze under the mulch, you may not want to go out and dig in mid-winter; dig and store some in the cellar. Meskipun tanah mungkin tidak membeku di bawah mulsa, Anda mungkin tidak ingin keluar dan menggali dalam pertengahan musim dingin, menggali dan menyimpan beberapa di ruang bawah tanah. These roots should have the leaves trimmed and be stored like carrots in damp sand, moss, or sawdust. Akar ini harus memiliki daun dipangkas dan disimpan seperti wortel di pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Ideal conditions are 32-35 degrees and 90-95% humidity. kondisi ideal adalah 32-35 derajat dan kelembaban 90-95%. And for the final option, when the ground thaws in the spring, go out and dig the sweetest parsnips. Dan untuk pilihan terakhir, ketika thaws tanah di musim semi, pergi dan menggali lobak manis. They will be good until new leaves are formed; they get woody after they begin to grow. Mereka akan baik sampai daun baru terbentuk, mereka mendapatkan kayu setelah mereka mulai tumbuh. With parsnips, the last really could be the best. Dengan lobak, yang terakhir benar-benar bisa menjadi yang terbaik.

Apples Apel
Apples are the only fruit I have tried to store fresh through the winter. Apel adalah buah yang saya miliki mencoba untuk menyimpan segar melalui musim dingin. Since there are

hundreds of cultivars, there should be quite a few that store well. Karena ada ratusan kultivar, harus ada beberapa yang cukup baik toko. The nursery catalogs will usually indicate that attribute. Katalog pembibitan biasanya akan menunjukkan atribut itu. Usually, the storage apple will ripen late, so that it can be picked in cool weather. Biasanya, apel penyimpanan akan matang terlambat, sehingga bisa dipetik dalam cuaca dingin. The apple I have had great success with is Honeycrisp. apel yang saya telah sukses besar dengan adalah Honeycrisp. It has a sweet-tart flavor and is exceptionally crisp, features that were still noticeable after months in my extra refrigerator. Memiliki rasa manis-asam dan sangat segar, fitur yang masih terlihat setelah berbulan-bulan di kulkas ekstra. Although a tad shriveled, they made excellent applesauce. Meskipun anak laki-laki yang keriput, mereka membuat saus apel sangat baik. Some helpful pointers in harvesting apples: pick mature fruit, leave the stem on the apple, and cool fruit overnight before storing if the day is somewhat warm. Beberapa pointer membantu dalam panen apel: memetik buah matang, biarkan batang pada apel, dan buah semalam dingin sebelum menyimpannya jika hari ini agak hangat. Apples last best if stored near 32 F at 80 to 90% humidity; the warmer the temperatures, the faster they soften. Apel terakhir terbaik jika disimpan dekat 32 F pada 80 hingga kelembaban 90%, sedangkan suhu yang hangat, semakin cepat mereka Bolero carrots being removed from melunak. They should be kept in shallow layers in baskets or the bucket of sand in June following slatted crates; they also need to be checked for spoilage eight months in storage Bolero dipindahkan dari ember pasir occasionally. Mereka harus disimpan dalam lapisan dangkal wortel pada bulan Juni berikut delapan bulan di gudang di keranjang atau peti slatted, mereka juga perlu diperiksa untuk pembusukan sesekali. It is wonderful to have some homegrown fresh fruit to go with all those winter vegetables. Alangkah baiknya untuk memiliki beberapa buah segar sendiri untuk pergi dengan semua sayuran musim dingin. They should be stored separately, though, as apples give off ethylene gas, which ages vegetables. Mereka harus disimpan secara terpisah, meskipun, seperti apel mengeluarkan gas ethylene, yang usia sayuran.

General harvesting tips Tips panen Umum

In cold storage, we are taking advantage of the plant's natural dormant stage between seasons. Dalam penyimpanan dingin, kita mengambil keuntungan dari panggung alam yang tidak aktif tanaman antara musim. Success rates are also raised by following proven guidelines. tarif Sukses juga dibangkitkan dengan mengikuti pedoman yang telah terbukti. Harvesting in dry, cool weather is helpful because cold weather encourages the vegetables to store sugars and starches rather than water in the roots. Panen di kering, cuaca sejuk sangat membantu karena cuaca dingin mendorong sayuran untuk menyimpan gula dan pati daripada air dalam akar. Brush off the dirt gently, but cleaning isn't necessary. Sikat kotoran dengan hati-hati, tetapi tidak perlu pembersihan. Don't bruise the produce. Jangan memar menghasilkan. Store only the best produce; bruised, broken, or nicked vegetables be used soon. Simpan hanya yang terbaik menghasilkan; memar, rusak,

atau dicuri sayuran digunakan segera. Tops should be clipped immediately; if left on, they suck moisture from the root. Tops harus segera dipotong, jika dibiarkan, mereka menyedot air dari akar. Many tops are good to eat; chop some and dehydrate to add to soups later. Banyak tops baik untuk makan; memotong beberapa dan dehidrasi untuk ditambahkan ke sup kemudian. Folklore recommends that you pick apples and harvest root vegetables during the decrease of the moon, in the third and fourth quarters, because bruised spots will dry, not rot, and the food will keep better. Cerita Rakyat menganjurkan agar Anda memilih apel dan sayuran akar panen selama penurunan bulan, pada triwulan ketiga dan keempat, karena memar bintik-bintik akan kering, tidak membusuk, dan makanan akan terus lebih baik. If you follow the moon in planting and harvesting, you might want to keep this in mind also. Jika Anda mengikuti bulan di tanam dan panen, Anda mungkin ingin ingatlah ini juga. Two books which have been helpful for me to pursue my goal of providing the kitchen with year around vegetables from my garden are Root Cellaring by Mike and Nancy Bubel and Four-Season Harvest by Eliot Coleman. Dua buku yang telah membantu bagi saya untuk mengejar tujuan saya menyediakan dapur dengan tahun sekitar sayuran dari kebun saya Root Cellaring oleh Mike dan Nancy Bubel dan Four-Season Panen oleh Eliot Coleman. The first is about the natural cold storage of fruits and vegetables, with drawings for possible root cellars (and alternate hideaways) and details of how to store many different varieties of garden produce. Yang pertama adalah tentang penyimpanan dingin alami buah-buahan dan sayuran, dengan gambar untuk gudang root mungkin (dan hideaways alternatif) dan rincian tentang bagaimana untuk menyimpan berbagai varietas dari kebun produksi. Coleman's book is basically about ways to extend your gardening season, but includes a chapter on root cellars and indoor harvesting. Coleman buku pada dasarnya adalah tentang cara-cara untuk memperpanjang musim berkebun, namun juga memuat bab tentang gudang root dan indoor panen. Reading these books opened my eyes to the possibilities of having a larger variety of fresh vegetables from my own garden throughout the year. Membaca buku ini membuka mata saya untuk kemungkinan yang lebih besar memiliki berbagai sayuran segar dari kebun sendiri sepanjang tahun.