Democracy Direct democracy: the citizens of the state assemble to make collective decisions on matters of common interest Deliberative

democracy: perspective of democracy that enhances and emphasizes value of public discussion among free, rational and equal citizens in giving legitimacy to decision making Representative democracy: Citizens elect a parliament who is responsible for making decisions on behalf of the people and are held to account at elections Liberal democracy: representative democracy which is limited by constitutional protection of rights. Fair elections are held and universal suffrage is present Illiberal democracy: representative democracy where the rulers neither govern without limits nor respect for the rights of the people. Usually using intimidation and media coverage to get re-elected Liberal democracy: Limited government: aims to secure individual liberty for the citizen and to protect them from the unwarranted demands of the state The population can also be defended from tyranny by the majority Governed by laws. Electives are subject to work within the constitution and the rights of the people. Power is given to the people Settlement between collective politics and individual liberty with a desire to entrench religious freedom and to secure property rights Designed around American style of government

Illiberal democracy: Emerged from collapse of military and communist regimes Pays little attention to individual rights with democracy not really extending much past the election itself Government with powerful leader shows limited constitutional restraint Based more around strong leadership than strong institutions Often referred to as competitive authoritarianism Judiciary unable to enforce individual rights under the constitution due to being under resourced State intervenes in markets and politics occupies more space than a liberal democracy Commonly found in recent democracies as well as those with ethnic divisions, government revenue coming from natural resources Does provide a way of governing unstable and poor societies. Forms a compromise between elites and International organizations Illiberal democracy isnt necessarily a pathway to liberal democracies

Difficulties in measuring democracy:

Many regimes in liberal democracies are themselves undemocratic e.g. USA and the constitution, not the will of the people. Electoral systems as well

Arguments for democracy: Intrinsic expression of human worth Limited government Protection against the worst excessions of government Looks for solutions to tricky problems In liberal democracies the concern of the wellbeing of its citizens

Authoritarian rule: Forms of authoritarian rule: Despots a single individual owing allegiance to no institution, rules through fear and rewards, relying on a personal security force to maintain power Monarchs a ruling king emerges from the royal family, with other family members in key political and military posts Political parties rule by single party, combined with president Presidents president dominates politics and media keeping the opposition marginalised Armed forces ruled through a military junta Religious leaders religious leaders rule directly

Nature of authoritarian rule Rulers operate with unspoken limits Government takes the form of an elite group where ideology and policy are absent Laws are vague and contradictory allowing for interpretation Civil rights are neglected No constitutional restraint leads to mistreatment of the powerless No framework to protect private property (economically stagnant) Absence of a clear succession structure being a key weakness Authoritarian rulers can be usurped at any moment meaning they must spend time shoring up their role can lead to totalitarian methods Control the media rely on patronage and have strong ties with the military Rely on the military and have to be shown making full use of the resource Having strong ties with the military helps not only with security of rule but stops against foreign investors and providing support to the elective base Authoritarian rulers maintain their position through an unofficial patronage network in which other power holders are incorporated by providing them with resources Allocation of jobs through private means leads to gross misjudgement in capital In short authoritarian rule is driven by fear and vulnerability. No organisation. Trust no one. Poor institutions. The state becomes stagnant and the economy goes nowhere

Voting systems: Majoritarian systems: AV Candidates ranked in order of preference If a majority is not achieved, votes are redistributed. This process is carried out until there is an outright majority o MPs have the support of the o Can lead to more disproportional majority of their voters results than FPTP o Penalises extremist parties o Donkey voting o No need to redraw o Lowest common denominator constituencies o Compromised parties could lose o Lessens the need for negative out in the first round voting o Reduces safe seats Block voting o Can elect more than one representative in constituency o Voters can cast as many votes as there are available seats Simple and easy to understand o Very disproportionate and allows Encourages strong governmental the major party sweep all seats even organization with narrow margins o Tactical voting First past the post o Used in single member constituencies o One vote allocated and the candidate with the most votes wins o Simple to understand o Encourages tactical voting o Doesnt take long to count votes o Many wasted votes o Produces two party system o Limits voter choice so is therefore undemocratic o Constituency boundaries can have a big say on the outcome of the result o Third parties at a disadvantage o o o o

Mixed systems Proportional representation