Minimum-shift keying - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Minimum-shift keying
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1960s. Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quarternary components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period. However, instead of square pulses as OQPSK uses, MSK encodes each bit as a half sinusoid. This results in a constant-modulus signal, which reduces problems caused by non-linear distortion. In addition to being viewed as related to OQPSK, MSK can also be viewed as a continuous phase frequency shift keyed (CPFSK) signal with a frequency separation of one-half the bit rate.

Modulation techniques Analog modulation AM SSB QAM FM PM SM Digital modulation FSK ASK OOK PSK QAM MSK CPM PPM TCM OFDM Spread spectrum CSS DSSS FHSS THSS See also: Demodulation, modem

Contents
1 Mathematical representation 2 Gaussian minimum-shift keying 2.1 Applications 2.2 Spectral efficiency 3 See also 4 References

Mapping changes in continuous phase

Mathematical representation
The resulting signal is represented by the formula

where aI(t) and aQ(t) encode the even and odd information respectively with a sequence of square pulses of duration 2T. Using the trigonometric identity, this can be rewritten in a form where the phase and frequency modulation are more obvious,

where bk(t) is +1 when aI(t)

= aQ(t) and -1 if they are of opposite signs, and k is 0 if aI(t) is

1, and otherwise. Therefore, the signal is modulated in frequency and phase, and the phase continuously and linearly changes.

Gaussian minimum-shift keying

In digital communication, Gaussian minimum shift keying or GMSK is a continuous-phase frequency-shift keying modulation scheme. It is similar to standard minimum-shift keying (MSK);

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however the digital data stream is first shaped with a Gaussian filter before being applied to a frequency modulator. This has the advantage of reducing sideband power, which in turn reduces outof-band interference between signal carriers in adjacent frequency channels. However, the Gaussian filter increases the modulation memory in the system and causes intersymbol interference, making it more difficult to discriminate between different transmitted data values and requiring more complex channel equalization algorithms such as an adaptive equalizer at the receiver.

Applications
GMSK is most notably used in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).

Spectral efficiency
GMSK has high spectral efficiency, but it needs a higher power level than QPSK, for instance, in order to transmit the same amount of data reliably.

See also
Constellation diagram used to examine the modulation in signal space (not time).

References
Subbarayan Pasupathy, Minimum Shift Keying: A Spectrally Efficient Modulation, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1979 Document from the University of Hull giving a thorough description of GMSK. Another good discussion (University of Toronto) PSK/GMSK comparison & illustrations (Aerospace) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-shift_keying" Categories: Radio modulation modes This page was last modified on 24 October 2009 at 02:15. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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