Prolegomena To The Veda-Padapatha

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
PROLEGOMENA TO THE VEDA-PADAPHA Author(s): K. V. Abhyankar Source: Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 54, No. 1/4 (1973), pp. 9-44 Published by: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41692186 . Accessed: 23/04/2013 15:29
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PROLEGOMENA
TO THE By
VEDA-PADAP5THA
K. V. Abhyankar The Pada-recital of the Veda texts, prepared by aunaka, Atreya and others long beforethe time of Yska and Panini, shows quite a large number of apparent irregularities if it is strictlytested by applying the rules of Panini's grammar to it. Patajali, the balanced brilliant commentator on Pnini's rules of grammar, has even gone to the length of stating that the Padakras ought to have followed strictly the rules of grammar and accordingly the Padaptha has to be correctedat places where it has gone against the rules of grammar. He has stated three cases1 where, according to him, the Padaptha has to be corrected. Patajali's statement is, in a way, an instance of historical anachronism if it refers to Pnini's grammar,as the Padapthas were composed long beforethe grammar of Panini. The statement should only be understood as a compliment to Pnini's grammar forits perfectionof treatment. From the way in which the Samhit text has been split up into its constituent padas and the padas into their constituent parts, it is obvious that there were authoritative grammar treatises before the time of Panini, which the Padakras must have followed. An attempt is made here to sum up brieflya few grammatical regulations and conventionsexisting at the time,of the Pada-ptha especially those about the meaning of the word pada , as also about the splitting of padas into their componentparts. I I I^ VTRTCT STTTTf 2 also V. Cf. 1. Il Mahbhsya III. ). 3Tlf^fcF 109, ( : I srfa: ^ I 3TI^fcq1 also Cf. V. 207 1. ). ; I T RTJTfcT ( MahbhsyaVI. 5 author The V. 2. VIII. ). T 16, Mahbhsya ( that in the Padaptha means to say briefly ofthe Mahbhsya and as aTTSsrsq-, shouldbe recited 3TTf^Tas 31TS3TT%er, . as srTS^c: 2 [ AnnalsB. O. R. I. ] 1 cf. i i ... srrt
10 Annals of the Bhandarhar Oriental Research Institute Section I ( Dissertation on Pada ) STOW ) 3Th 7^. I This is quoted as a stra from the Aindra Grammar It occurs as a stra defining the term commentators.1 by in the Vjasaneyi Prtilchya ( III. 2 ). The defipada nition of the termpada as a wording capable of possessing an independentsense, is practically a backbone of the grammar of the Padakras, showing a way to explain and remove the so-called grammatical irregularities of the Padakras. The stra means that a word, as also its part, is called a pada , if it possesses a sense which is distinctlyconveyed by itAccordingly,a compound word, possessing a compound sense is a pada . So also, the members of a compound word are separate padas carrying their independent senses. Similarly, Taddhita words are padas and the Taddhita affixes therein, are also padas , provided they are distinctly noticed as units separate fromtheir bases. Case-affixesalso are separate padas if they can be noticed as distinctly separate fromtheir base.1* The fourkinds of padas, given by ancient grammarians : are nouns, verbs, prepositions and indeclinables. In the system of Panini there are only two parts of speech : Subanta and Tinanta .4 Prepositions and indeclinables are included in the Subanta category. i Cf. ari: on of ) ^ 2 Cf. I I * I ref ^ I ^ i in caseI HT (P. I. 4. 14-20). Wordsending are designated affixes and conjugational affixes padas; so also bases as also beforeaffixes marked affixes in ^ before ending 3^=^ and the Nom. case affixes letter themute with sing, excepting ând before a vowelor the consonant As the with affix beginning ând affixes in case affixes, are appliedto nounsending affixes naturally Taddhita with any an affixnot beginning thosenouns are called pada before of thedesignation to nounvowelor consonant The purpose the Padaptha. in them after a observe basesis to pause 3 Cf. TTFTTM crRPTTR ^TR <T^TTTfa" Pfor ( Nir.I. 1 ). snTm^f 4 As upasargas and niptasare designated by the rule affixes are applied case suitable ( P. I. 2. 45), called case-affixes are endwith they andwhen they to them,
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha
11
snrenfir ^ i 3. cnfr fstfNifr Each of these categories is again two-fold: Single and an(* 5 *** Compounded. Single words are srmn means connected togetherand having the like. The word one acute accent. i y. <rerpr wwîrcf Noun is that which denotes an object, which has come or noun in a into existence. Yska has definedthe word fTf^ similar way in the expression TWlfv1The words and others are nouns. Nouns include rfm> pronouns. The word noun stands forall declinables. Sn *rr *r ng: i an(i are both definedhere. That is The words an^TT^r ^TT3 a verb which shows an activity. Yska has given the same idea in and Patajali has given as synonyms. With the words ^f: and jg; at the end, the line fa ST^ng: is given as a sr ^crrwra1 quotation fromsome ancient work on grammar by commentaand tors. The word snqTOmeans a verb like sr^r, gfsr the like, while the word >sng means a root like sând the like. In ancient dictionaries like the Nighantu, lists of verbs such as OTir ârT^Tir, and others are given and and others. The words ^ not those of roots like for stand ^ q;gr vng: meaning that the activity itself, ^15: i. e. the exponent of the activity, is the dhtu or the root. i fonftretaifasr Words showing the specific features of the activity expressed by a root are given the name ^qiT or preposition.2 These prepositions generally precede immediatelythe verb or the noun derived froma root, qualifying the activity expressed by them; but in Yedic usage, they are sometimes seen in the same sentence, but intervened by one or more words. If they immediately precede a verb which has retained its accents they forma compound with the verb. v. Errant faqwi: i sriw^r Niptas have various senses ; but, they are shown by those nipatas when they are used along with other words 1 cf. c& *tl ft ( ifir. 1. 1 ). 11 a Cf. 3WT: fTrft ( P. I. 4. 59 ). mspraf <*.
i 2 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institut such as nouns or verbs in a sentence. Some of them are sometimes used without any specific sense when they are called padapranas or expletives.1 Both prepositions and niptas have got no case-affix or feminine affix applied to them and hence,they are not declinable. In Panini's grammar,however, as also feminine case-affixes affixesare applied to them, but are deleted. By virtue of the application of case affixes they they are included in the Subanta category.2
Prtipadika or noun-base is that word which is noticed all formsof that word prepared by the addiin the different tion of the several vibhakti affixes as also by the feminine when and if applied. For example, see the words affix, snfr, fr Sfc TOetc. or root is the original form of the several verbs and verbal derivatives which is noticed as common after the removal of the conjugational, verb-making and noun-making affixesapplied forthe formationof verbs, secondary roots and verbal derivaties. See for example and appearing and in etc. commonin rafr, , f rjf respectively. _ HMlt TTTrR, 37^5irpftR Nouns ending in nouns 3rj%r, and others, as also and have others got two noun-bases,3 for example tn^, WT etc. as additional noun bases. TT^Têtc. havearfciT, STT^T^ âs âs 5^, <TT5 has Similarly, an%r aw5!, 5*3 has got on. and so 55 i arr^^T^T^Tf Roots are, rând others are also possessed of two rootbases. For example the root archas got ^ as an additional root1 1 cf. m fawn <suk ^3% fr<rerP?r 1 arfa i 3pg<roTf WTOtfr i Nir. I. ). rfr ( 2 See note4 on p. 10. cf. ?Ti5r TRfff fbrtsftai ^ i i srffNr 3T5qi%"Trrt %5rTrT3TT?rirrrrTrfirîtTiqTTHT%tg: - 3#: , I : , g: , W: , f orr^ fft I ( Nir. II. 2 ). FfaT
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha
13
base which is noticed in and otherformsof that kind.1 So also is the root in srstfir, ars?, srswR, Tg a&d the like, while as an additional root-base is noticed in f3*n, etc.2 Section II (Dissertation on Vrtti ) fenq-: prg: ( 'R. ^rfvT^R ) ffrT: I3
Compact expression or vrtti is the denotation of a sense which is somewhat differentfrom the literal sense of the componentwords. Brevity of speech is the purpose of such a briefexpression.
There are eight kinds of vrttis or short expressions : krt or verbal derivatives,taddhita or noun-derivatives,compounded words, remnant of a compounded word, affix-endingroots, doubled words, compound with a verb, and lastly linking up of a word with another. The first five of these are mentioned by Bhattoji Dxksita. The word is used by of instead and Bhttoj SR^qrersng.3 have got the same features as the generally mentioned five vrttishave, and hence, they can be looked upon as vrttis . Krdvrtti is the formationof a noun or indeclinable from a root by the application of an affix.The affixapplied, is callas it is joined to a root to forma noun fromit. In ed Panini's grammar,the name maker of a noun ) is given to etc. Ancient grammarians gave the affixeslike sr,fgr, the name <53;to the words formedfrom roots such as the word krt itself, which means a maker ( ). The framersof the Padaptha do not show the componentparts of krt words 1 cf. 3Trp:2rrfrf%î%5 il. 1 ). 2 See note3 on p. 12. Cf. Twtfw fÎcpfac ). prakarana 1^ 1 (^r* reftfir
tw itc-'i tfrpi % at the end of theEkaea I ( Siddhnlahaumud
14 Annals of the BhandarJcar Oriental Research nstitut separately by a pause or avagraha , possibly because the root or dhtu therein could not be shown as possessing a fixed form. Only in the case of perfectparticiple, a pause is observed between the reduplicated formof a root and the affix dfd^frJ I is the formationof a noun fromanother noun in ^r*r3IT% some specific senses such as beneficial to ( ^ ), oftspring, possessed of,student of,born in, nature of, and a number of similar ones by applying a stated or specificaffix. This affix, is detachable from if beginningwith a consonant except like a the base in the Padaptha. In some cases taddhita affix etc. is applied to a word which itself is formed with a 3NT taddhita affix. Such taddhita words are termed taddhita words with two joints ( ).x TTr or compound is the combination of two words in a TO13T These compounds have four subdivisions with sense.2 joint of prominence sense as criterion.3 The compound called gripfthas the firstword predominante. g. the compound vricT has the sense of the second member as predocalled and minant. It has got three main subdivisions such as last the subdivisions having %*n%3rr3^r, and so 011. Tatpurusa compounds with a verbal derivative as the second member,are in general called an(* OTW" with three subdivisions: In a Tatpurusa compound the accent is on the final vowel as a general rule.5In the Krdant Tatpurusa, the second syllable retains its accent.6 In the Na-Tatpurusa, the accent remains on the vowel a or an which is substituted forna .7 In some cases the accent remains on the firstsyllable when it has got special importance which has to be shown by an emphasis and upon it. In rare cases of words such as ( Nir' IL 2 > 2 Fordetails 1. see Mahbhsya II. 1. 1,Vart, 3 Fordetails II. 1. 6. see Mahabhasya 4= For details and see ( P. II. 2. 18, 19) and thereon. theMahbhsya See Wt&KQ( P. VI. 1. 223). 6 See ( P-VI. 2. 139). t See TcJf^T ( P. VI. 2. 2 ) thereon andtheVrttika ( P. VI. 2. 2, Vrt.3 ).
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha
15
others, both the words retain theiraccent.1 The compound has the sense ofboth words as predominant.There are Dvandva compounds of two words in Vedic Literature where the accent is foundgenerally on the last syllable. In the Devat dvandva compounds, both the words retain their accent.2 The Bahuvrlhi compound has the sense ofboth the words subordinated to the sense of a third word connected in sense by the relation of possession with the two or more membersof the compound. The accent falls on the first memberexcept in cases where the second member has some special importance of its sense.3 VPTPlS&T I When the sense of a Dvandva compound of two words in the dual number is possible to be known by the use of one of the two words on the strength of the dual number of the affixplaced afterit, one of the two words is dropped and the remaining word in the dual numberis termedas Ekaesa.4 The origin of this Ekaesa vrtti can be traced to the Vedic Dvandva compounds of two words such as frrcrtft, 3nTT!rt> where, on occasions, one of the two words is seen TTfTgWTT in Rgveda used to denote the sense of both the words, e. g. snsfT in *1.20.4, in I. 63.1, 141.1, 1.61.10,64.1, 113.9 etc. in 121.5, 161.10, X. 85.14 etc. The ques110.8, 159.2 etc., tion as to how one single word could denote the sense of two words was technically solved by the theory ofeach one of the two words in a Dvandva compound, closely related in sense being capable of denoting the sense of both, advocated by the Yrttikakra on the stras of Panini, under the name ÔT^^T.5 sR!R?iTrnt: snrtm
The formationof a root froma noun or froma root by The sense the application of an affixis called i See ^ 3*^ ( p- VL 2-140) 2 See ^cTTIT?!; ^ (VI. 2. 141). 3 See srpitlT 5Tf^lT ( P. VI. 2. 1 ) as also Stras VI. 2. 106-119. 4 Fordetailssee Panini strasI. 2. 64 to 73. 5 The theoryof by the Varttipropounded of the Mahbhsya and kakra is examinedin detail by the author in the words" ^ finally disapproved 2 to 15, ton II. 2. 29Vrttikas see Mahbh&yo ^ I Pr details PftTTFTT
16 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute of a noun and a root, or the sense of two roots is conveyed by this secondary root which ends with an affix. Several kinds affixessuch as of such roots by the. application of different and are others, given by Panini,1 almost all of ^ which are found in Yedic Literature. id w q wi ^ irq<H f M The repetition of the same word to convey some specific sense such as frequency, repetition and the like, is termed Grammarians like Bhattoj Dksita have stated of the above mentioned eight vrttis five , viz. Krt> only Taddhita, Samsa, Ekaesa and Pratyayntadhtu;2 still, as the repetition of a word has the same main features as a vrtti viz. possession of one combined sense and one acute . The accent, repetitionof a word can also be called vrtti Padakras show the two components of the Dvirvacanavrtti by the sign of avagraha between them;and in the recital, they are shown separately by a short pause between them.3 *o. rrar i
The use of a noun in the vocative case with another noun closely connected in sense with it, used immediately before it or after it, with one acute accent in both the words together, This compact expression is said to be is named and The Padakras recite of two kinds :both the words as distinct words but very closely connected, and do not observe a short pause or avagraha between them.4 snwifcr Rl. srrer rorer i Nouns are compounded with nouns which are verbal derivatives, but they are never compounded with verbs. When, however,a prefixor a noun closely connected with a verbforms a composite expression with it, conveying a composite sens, 1 See PaninistrasIII 1. 7 to28. 2 See note3 on p. 13. s cf. (?r.iJ2.2), Tprs;^ ( ? v. 1. 1.3, 7 ), others. ( BV- X. 163.6 ) and good many 3TffT^. 4 For detailssee Mahbhsya on and =5^^T% (II. 1. 2, Vrtt.6). For instancessee I ) andthelike. |p:I q?r); jjpr ( Padaptha Wf; Padaptha(
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the noun or the prefixand the verb together,are called qnWT" ^TcTfT%. The Padakras appear to have looked upon this use of the noun and verb together,as forminga kind of compound, and they recite these words in the pada recital with a short pause or avagraha between the two. Pnini's rules, if strictly followed, prohibit any compound with a verbal form.1 The Padakras, however, appear to have recognised Buch a compound as indicated by the use ofavagraha between a preposition and the verb following it, which retains its accent. Patajali has given his approval forcompounds with verbs.2
Vigraha or dissolution of a vrtti or compact expression is the distinct mentionof its constituent parts by the removal of the euphonic combinations or changes which have taken place in the samhit recital.3 This vigraha is shown by reciting the crude base of the firstword and aftera short pause by reciting the next word along with the case affixwhich is put after it, as forinstance rejTSqitretc.
This dissolution is of two kinds ( 1 ) dissolution shown by the constituent words and (2) dissolution shown by other words. The Padakras recognise only the firstkind. This dissolution is shown when the constituent parts are possible to be shown as distinctly apart and capable of denoting distinctly their individual separate senses. Hence, there can be no vigraha in compounds which are used as proper nouns such as Yivmitra, Brhaspati and others. No vigraha is evidently possible in the Ekaesa vrtti, as, out of the two words joined together in sense, one is actually omitted. The problem of one word carrying a combined sense of two words or the is solved by following the doctrine of simultaneous denotation of two senses of two words by one of the two words.4 This dissolution is shown by the Padakras 1 Pnini'ssura in clear terms ( II. 2. 19) prohibits a verbal with form. anycompound 2 See ^TI^TT I RTTitfRri TTRtT SRsR; ' od Vrfctika P. II. 2. 4. Mahbhsya 18, STgSTtfifo^. S See note3 on p. 13. 3 [ AnnalsB. 0. R. I. ] 4 See note5 onp. 15,
18 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute by means of observing a short pause in the recital in the case of the Samsa, the Akhytasamsa and the Dvirvacana vrttis where two padas constitute the vrtti. In other cases such as Krt, Taddhita and Pratyayntadhtu, vrttis which have an affixor pratyaya as one of the constituents, the dissolution is shown in such cases only, where the affixor the base before it, has got no change or has such changes as are due to mere juxtaposition or consideration of metre or rhythm. No separation is shown when the change is a drastic one, such as the omission of a letter or more, or the substitution of one letter foranother such as ^ for or ^ forvisarga and similar ones. is the name given to the break or the division of cHbf the constituent parts of a vrtti possessing a unit of the constituent sense. Generally in a vrtti, as there are two constituent parts, there is one break or parvan . But, in a few cases there are three constituent parts, made up of one base and others, or two and two affixes such as basic words and one affix such as and others. The Krdvrtti, the Samsavrtti and the Taddhitavrtti are capable of having one break or in few cases two breaks or in veryrare cases even threeor morebreaks as in > and others. It is, however, wnlfiwn<M<fo, sTrehwj; to be noted, that although in a compound vrtti there are two or more breaks, the Padakras observe only one pause or , fain 3T3351as *or ^stance in ssksrfir., ^g|g[s?rJT^. is that which is added to a noun-base or to a root for Affix conveying an additional sense which is required for different purposes such as the formationof a noun from a root or vice 1 cf. 3T5 ^ jtip m*n*F35rr ( qr.*rr. ^ ^ ) 11 *T3T% T q-arVr ^ 5T3TT*Fpn ^PTTWiiPfcr I 1 i R^TT^rfcfftrar srsnsqf: as is q". The term W V. Prt. 7 3?f2}f explained ). ( Vj. is that part whichis held back by a I Accordingly, 3T3UIT is used in the sense of the pause itself The Lakan, by word, pause. of a worcj, thetwoparts occursbetween which
10
versa, or forconveying a related sense, or for showing relationship with other words.
The affixesare of four kinds : Affixesapplied to roots for the formation of nouns are called affixes. The nouns. Those applied to nouns so formed are named nouns for the formation of other nouns, in the sense of offspring,quality, residence, possession and the like, are called taddhita affixes. Affixesapplied to nouns, as also to activities or the roots, in the sense of some specific different in are named dhtukarana differentkinds, same activities pratyayas. Affixes applied to nouns as also to roots to show their relationship with other nouns or verbs in the sentence, are called vibhalctipratyayas.1 Affixes applied generally to nouns, simple as well as compounded,without any specific sense, are called svrthilcapratyayas. For technical purposes they are said to express the same sense as the base to which they are applied.2 ftrRSKWMMl! ^ TTmr^cTH sratiT: i
Nouns, including prefixesand indeclinables,as also roots including secondary roots are always to be used with suitable and indeclinables qRT vibhalctipratyayas.3 Prefixes such as $r, in fact, no vibhakti such as w[, fer, and others have, pratyaya applied to them ; hence, they are given the name avyaya meaning not allowing any loss or addition for expressing the idea of gender or syntactical relation.4 For technical purposes, however, according to Panini's grammar, the affixesthat are necessary, are placed afterthem,but they are elided. aS 1 Cf. the term ( p. I. 4. 103) whichdefines affixes. as also to coDjugational applicableto case affixes 2 Cf. 74). Rmi": Stiemt ( Vydiparibhptha 3 Cf. Vrt.5 ). 4 Cf. *T 5Ttf53TT fs r^%5 xf I. 2. 64 STSW( Mahbhsya 1 rerg =5T NVTI%3 onP. I. 1. 37). sq# ?(5f ( K&ik
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute Section III ( Dissertation on pause ) ) R%. I A small stop in the recital of the Padaptha at the end of a break or parvan is called avagraha.1 This avagraha in the pld handwritten works, and now in printed editions of the Padaptha is marked ( s ) just like the avagraha mark ( s ) in the texts of classical works at places where the vowel e or q combines with the following vowel sr,although it has nothing to do with that coalescence stated in Pnini's rule is?: ( VI. 1.109 ). In some copies it is marked by a <T?F3T?fcT samll dash ( - ). 'o. h
In showing the subdivisions of a word representing a vrtti, avagraha should be given between two subdivisions provided their wording and sense are clearly and distinctly made out. If the end of the firstpart or the beginning of the second part is mutilated otherwise than by rules of euphonic combinations, the avagraha is not given. This avagraha should be observed only once, and not in each break if there are two or more breaks in a word. In a compound of three words the avagraha is given at the end of the second word.2 In a Taddhitavrtti where two different taddhita affixes are added to a word, or a taddhia affix is 1 Cf. The term a small as defined pausetaking here,means of the is generally observed ofone mtr time bythereciters fchp , which two a of the members when compound apart showing who, Padaptha, Cf. member. word,stop at theendof the first i as . V. 1 ). It is also defined ( Vj. Prat is used forthe the term com.on Vj. Prt. V. 1 ). Sometimes ( TJvata's first memberof a compoundword, as in ). (-Vj.Prt. I. 148 2 Cf. Afilli byUvataas ( Vj. Prt.V.7 ) explained RT^F^T T3Ti%TW *ri*ri% I P arriar srffT i l JTW T3FT-TI%: snrrrffa% 3TTtt I RT^R-^rrT
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added to a compound word, the avagraha is given at the end of two components. Similarly, if a detachable case affix is added to a compound word or a taddhita word, the avagraha is given beforethe detachable case-affix fira;or g.1
There is no avrgraha given between the two parts of Krdanta words or verbal derivatives,as the sense of the two parts cannot be separately distinguished. For example, in ai*d others the activity is shown as vested , zrisf: 3TT5T, in the agent or in the instrumentor in the abode ; the agents or the instrumentsor the abodes of activities are not shown as separate from the activities.
The krt affix ^ ) is looked upon as possessor of an activity, shown separately by the precedingreduplicated root form and if the root ends in a short vowel, and the affixrj has not undergone any mutilation, the affixis shown as separated fromthe root form by avagraha 2 as for example, g%sbut snr.. afjSrra;, not iu etc. 3. aiRnf^4 ar ?r srjptsi
i ^ In a Taddhitavrtti, the base and the affix are shown as separate units in wording as well as in sense, and the affix is shown separate by avagraha in the Pada-recital. However, if the noun-base ends in the consonant or and the affixis or the like, the in the sense of possession such as avagraha should not be observed so also if the tad. affix the avagraha begins with a vowel or with the consonant is not observed as the noun-base before such affixes is generally mutilated. i cf. f '' Prt. V. 13,14). 2 Of. 3TOT ^ by Uvata as ^rrt i ^n% i ( Vi>
( Vj. Prt. V. XI) explained
2 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute V*. q^hh^sî i
In the recital of the Padaptha, the two members of the compound are shown separate by an avagraha. If the final letter of the first member or the initial letter of the first member is affected by rules of euphonic combination, the original formis to be cited in the Padaptha. If the base of has got the first member ending in the consonant the then before in the form, avagraha , compound dropped If the first the base has to be recited without the letter memberending in ^ has got the letter changed into visarga or into the vowel art, the visarga is to be shown before the avagraha .
In the case of the negative Tatpurusa and negative Bahuvrlhi compounds thereis no avagraha given in the Pada recital V- 15.2 ), e. g. srer: afterthe first member,1 ( I. 58.2 ), ( HI. snSpm ( II. 27. 11 ), 3j5?arT^ ( VII. 104. 17 ), 54. 18 ). The likely reason fornot giving the avagraha is that in compounds with the negative particle sr, no separate senses of negation and the object negated are available there, but one single sense of ' an object other than the negated one' is available fromthe compound. The particle ^ in compounds has the sense of paryudsa and not that of pratisedha. The formof nat besides, is not preservedin the compound, na being changed into a or an ; but even though the form of na is , 5TT*R3rT> and preserved in the compound words rerr: others,still there is no avagraha given in their recital. i ^ 's. Adiara. dV The avagraha is not given in the recital of the Padathe firstmemberwhen the words denoting deities after ptha are put together in a Dvandva compound, e. g. fsgrrfr, fr^rfSo also there is no avagraha given after the first memberin compounds which are proper nouns or which have ' ' ). In Dvandva got the restrictedsense of designation ( 1 cf. srra^ s i sw l , stto-* i ( Vj.Prt. y. 24-25). 2 The wordTT% of in thesense was used by ancient grammariaus I I fof^tWtT% Cf. li and 11 Vart. 4. II. ). 54, Mahbhsya (
23
compounds of deities, there is no individually separate sense conveyed by each of the two words, the two deities being looked upon as a compounded deity.1 In cases of compound denoting a designation, there are no two separate senses conveyed by the two words but the sense of the compound is there is no one single individual. For example in fir^Tfirer or individually separate sense given by fgpgr There is no avagraha given in such Dvandva compounds as denote a group sense e. g. ( X. 90. 10 ), ffif (VII. 49.3). The vibhakti affixesapplied to noun-bases are looked as upon conveying a separate sense and they are hence looked as upon forminga kind of vrtti giving room for avagraha after the base. The avagraha is given only when the affixes and the base are clearly distinguishable, the affixhaving a consonant without ^ at the beginning,and the base ending in a consonant or a short vowel (srff:^PcTT I TOT^1% =3 laW STf TfÎlfTiqi: ). Short vowels ar,g-, 3* and ^ were termed by ancient grammarians2 and naturally there resulted a very short stop after their utterance in the articulate speech, e. g. srgrsfir, areiisfT: , , nr^sfa: fsjjsfa:. . srfsw, srfgisfir:, Trasfa: , , , , , , , , uhsfa: w^sftr., ssracsfa: Ffczir^sfir: wfgsfa: rnjsf: etc. But there is no avagraha given in the 1 . , Padaptha of wren?: , tenftr , STT^rnffr: , , Snf: an<^ others. Similarly there . , fir , iftfr: is an snref in 5*.sl> STS^ri^, 5^, o. etc. but not in jng, and others. ntrj, aiWtfrg
I ITTTT^ ^ Avagraha is not given in the Padaptha in the case of and compounds with verbal nouns fromthe roots 1 cf. SFTT fjTWnTTf ( Vj. Prt. V. 28). 2 Bhartrhari in his Mahbhsy k has quoted the axiom adipi fromsome ancientwork. The vowel3T is said to be HfjT ^f?rTT: as used in the spoken 3T ( P. VIII. 4. 68) and th language. See 3T 4ahbhsyathereon. 3 Cf, f#T ( Vj.Prt.V. 30 ).
24 Annals of the Bhandarhar Oriental Research Institute added to them as also in the case of comwith the affix In the case of these words, the compounds pounds like ntaj. are not dissolved at all in the Padaptha; the words being recited just as in the Samhitptha, e.g. I srart - - irfl s i srn: 1 ntoifcr i i i ar^nsr. i Qvvw ' êiT^T I also
I wmTOT I ( VII. 91.2 ), ijqv ( I. 22.18 ) firqfa: ' ?T3fcH. ^ 18 ^kely that these words were 3TT^FHf: looked upon as rdha, words or proper nouns allowing no derivation. Mark however, that the words srer^Tfr STRRRI and the like are dissolved in the Padaptha although they 1 srrasi^:I are proper names. ^^sWiTT I *Tfem T^nsgHv I rflwrpA In the Ekaesavrtti although there is a mentionof two separate objects as in the Dvandva compound,still, as there is only one unit in wording ; no division is possible and evidently the question of avagraha does not occur, e. g. snsri,n*TT> ( X. 115.1 ) and others. Sometimes both the *t,fw words, out of which one is used to denote both,are found used a compound like the Devatdvandva, e. g. frrcfaftf forming ( IV. 6.7 ). Here no avagraha is observed OTlhjft,TTTrnf^RT between the two words which preserve their own accent. word is noticed betweenthe In several places quite a different e. 5T SJTT5TT two, g. ( I. 143.2 ) or g trot *ir: êr ratet ( I- 185. ^5J^ (1- 159.1 ) or sngrj are not quoted by 2-8 ). It is to be noted that these passages commentators as instances of otT3'3,9?3Tjust as
<=n ( v. 2.7 ), tiWlIL (x- 6^3 ) and TO ^ TOT 42 86. are IX. ) quoted,1 nor the two words ?n^T and ( are taken together and joined in the Padaptha as I 1^ 1 I and
tgft r)1444<l^ I Secondary roots are derived generally from primary roots by the application of root-making( ) affixessuch also derived from and others. They are as fjT^, 33, 1 Cf. fT fafW, I ^TJ*T 9 ) ; also ( Vikrtivalli PrtJlM). <T
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha,
25
nouns by the addition of the root making affixes an^ others. When the nmakarana is added to a denominativeroot ending in q-, and affixg-or sr;1 when the noun before the affix q- has not undergone any mutilation,there arises a possibility of making two clear diviand observing a pause sions of such nouns ending in 3-or (wrcr*) between them,e. g. , sketch, , wsg V Sisarse be taddhita to Piiini has the } placed after given sj words of an(^ fr the formation the the nouns ST53:and of S**3:*3 These words are, however, formedby the addition and girsr. the affix^ to the denominative roots i Utterance of a word twice in juxtaposition occurs to convey the senses of frequency, emphasis and the like4 and as the two words formone expression with one acute accent, they can be said to forma vrtti. In fact, they are treated so by the Padakras and avagraha is observed between them in the Padaptha ; e. g. f^sîr, ( RV. I. 1.3, 7, I. 31.7, I. 34.7 etc.). X. 136.4 ). a. (RV. X. 1.5), ( RV X. 1.5, 11
A pair of words, which is formed by a noun in the vocative case, and another one, preceding or following it rootsendingin 1 Theaffix ( *T ) misappliedto denominative ( P. 1H. 2. 170). in Vedie Literatureby the rule affix ^ of Panini. standsforthe present participle 2 cf. jm: =3I ( Vj. Prt. V. 20,21 ) I and qgTT from the uleayajurvedasamhit have examples quoted Thesetwostras cited here. the to examples similar are which 3 Cf. ( P. V- 2 140), SnffaT ( V. 2. 123) and fc0 the 2- 138) Tbe mutelefcter ^ affixed v( affix the before base the that Taddhita termination shows ^ rules,hasgotthe designation by the rulel%T?f 3, statedby these the base. after be observed can hence and 16 4. avagraha I. P. ), ( in Pacini's rules 4 This dvirvacana is seenprescribed 1 to 15 VIII. 1. P. ). and onwards ( 4 [ Annals. O. R. 1. J
26 Annals of the Bkandarkar Oriental Research Institute being closely connected with it1 can be termed vrtti by the presence of one acute accent in the two words,just as in the No avagraha , however,is observed between case of the two words, as the two units are looked upon as separate words with two separate senses, e. g. tj^r I ( RV. I. 40.2, III. 14.4 etc. ) to I (RV. I. 18.1, I. 40. 1 etc.').
According to the grammar of Panini, a verb is never compounded with a noun. The Padakras, however, look upon those verbs, which retain their accent on account of the presence of the conditional particles sjf, or that of the as compounded with forms of the relative pronoun and observe avagraha the prepositions preceding them, Ree. them 1swSFCfr2 between g. section IV ( Dissertation on accents ) ) i ^Rnîr^rxisRPTT; In very ancient times when Sanskrit was a spoken language, exceptingwords ofrelatively very small importance which were left unaccented, every word in a sentence was uttered with an accent of the type of a stress on one syllable in it, in conversations, addresses and dialogues. This stress 1 This and ^w0 kinds : ( 1) is prescribed The ( P. II. 1. 2 ) while bygTTNct is prescribed the ( Vrt. 6 on by the Vrttika are fortheformer P. II. 1. 2 ). The instances givenin the Mahbhsya for while the those and Others, ^ftenTRj *ft^F fff latter are TTT Ttrw ( RV. Ii. 33. 1 ), ffcT 3 VII. 81. 87. ). ( 2 The compound with a verbis categorically by the prohibited rule ^qc^Trirr^ foundin a large are, however, ( P. II. 2. 19). Instances numberin Vedic Literaturewhere the Padaptba has showna verbalform the following from by meansof a separated preposition shown his has of the author The Mahbhsya ). pause ( avagraha I Cf. ( <CTirr<T ) tTT^^TTT" approvalfor such compounds. I srgrri^ra; I (Mahbhsya I ffI gfT I onP, II. 1. 4 ).
2f
is given accent was termed udtta or acute. Its definition in the ancient Prtikhya works, which alike as and arjjfiTT Puini has picked up. The terms are " in the as stronfi Taittirvya Prtiskhya explained i arrant irfr sfr; ST). The author of the Mahbhsya has quoted these lines and explained the words arrow, and others. The explanation of the terms sttoT? and srajcTT ( ) given by the author of the Mahbhsya well the statement made applies to the stress accent and confirms above, that in ancient times when Sanskrit was the universally spoken language and the hymns of the Rgveda were composed, the stress accent prevailed. Later on, when Sanskrit came to be spoken without any scrupulous care of the stress accentuation, an additional accent was g*ven to the vowel succeeding the udtta vowel with a view to preserving intact the text of the Veda. The Veda Samhits came to be recited in three accents,1 and rules of euphonic combinations were strictly observed as a further measure for the preservation. Later on, the Pada texts and thereafter the Krama texts were prepared, in which the accents of the Samhit texts were kept intact. Strictly speaking, there were three accents1 only, in which the Veda texts came to be recited ; still, as in a single word, as also in a compound word only one vowel was accented as udtta , the vowel following that udtta as svarita , and the rest anudtta , the anudtta vowels after svarita came to be recited in a slightly differenttone which was given the name pracaya. a. frrercr i The fouraccents with which the Samhit text is recited, remain unchanged in the Pada text, or the recital of separate 1 In the Prtikhya works svara or accentis described to beof I ( * Prt. III. 1 ). threekinds.Cf. also gives threekindsas statedin the The VjasaneyiPrtihhya Stra upon by Uvata as ( I. 128) whichis commented I The Svara Laksanagives the ^t^^TRTI' as the principal ODesand looks uponsvarita and as subordiI nate. Cf. 'TR't T ^ H ( Svara Lab. I. 1 ).
28 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute padas . In joining and reciting several independent words together, some changes occurred in the last letter of a word and the firstletter of the next word,and the accents were also changed ; but, in the Pada recital, the separate padas were recited with their natural wording and accents e. g. the was recited in the Padaptha Samhit text as I . I friera lfclT: I ^TT STg^RfTi I qsreiT There is only one out of the several vowels in a pada or vrtti , that is recited as udtta, one following the udtta as , , srf^n, srpf, 8varitafand the rest an udtta, e.g.1 srf:
In the Dvandva samsa of two words denoting deities used in any case except the vocative, as also in compounds each word retains its own udtta accent,2 like If the compound word is in the vocative case, then the initial For vowel alone is udtta,s e.g. firsT^lT, srfTr:vocative forms see fira't^TT- f?T5r<MMi. which stand at the beginning of a verse foot. See also wrerôfi. v. rarar i
If words in the vocative case and verbs have all theirvowels used as they are after another word, they are recited 3T3?Tr> in the Padaptha as they are recited in the Samhitptha. The 1 Cf. 3T3r ( P-VI. 1. 158) and Prt. ( P. VIIL i. 66 ) j also Cf. ^Txl'J=r III. 4 ) ; also Cf. ^TTraTRiifT'i.( Vj.Prt.IV. 137 as alsosubsequentrulesuptoIV. 143). 2 Cf. ^TT3i% ^ ( P. VI. 2. 141) and ^ 1 ^RT^rfMcrTft" . ( P. VI. 2. 140). Cf. also^qcTT^rf" ( Vj. Prt. II. 48'). with theudtta vowels accent. arethree there In theword 3 A noun in the vocative case has the first syllableudtta( P. in the vocativedoes not standat the thatnoun VI. 1. 198 ). But when of a foot of verse, it is or at the beginning of a sentence, beginning , 'Ofthas got all itssyllablesanudtta i*
Prolegomena to the Veda-Poaptha
29
original accents of those words are not restored in the as the has I f I Padaptha, e. g. or ^ I 1 Padaptha. So also . q^qr ^TT
3T5^tt: In the Padaptha, when a compound word is shown split two parts by avagraha betweenthem,all the syllables into up preceding the udtta syllable, are recited as anudtta e. g. i g^: i ss^ssrr: i as4sqra[. ( II- 10.4 ) fssffcr ( X. 90-1 )
In the Padaptha, when a compound word is split up into its two constituent parts with avagraha observed between them,the syllable afterthe udtta vowel is recited as svarita and all the vowels thereafter in one tone, called SRq*, e. g. ( X. 91.2 ). ( I. 3 ; 7 etc. ) Section V (Dissertation on Coalescence ) q^R: Jpi: ( ) <r. tqTTOit^^wflwiT: sRsijjsri i When the constituent words of a Vedic hymnas also the constituent words of the several vrttis are uttered in juxtaposition or Samhit, their co-alessence is observed in four the final letter of the first and the kinds as affecting different initial letter of the second constituent. These euphonic combinations of four types are: (1) elision of a letter, (2) addition of a letter, ( 3 ) substitution of another letter and ( 4 ) mutilation of a letter. far: i When two vowels occur in juxtaposition, one of them is dropped unless they combine together as one single guna vowel or one vrddhi vowel, or one long vowel or the first of the two is turned into a semivowel. In short,instead of the etc. , there is the omission prvarpa sandhi as in
30 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research institute of the vowel arof the affix So also in words like %fr:, of instead the pararupasandhi there is the elision SR- , of the vowel sr at the end of ^sr,snrand $r. I ^JRT 37Fmr: 'Jjfe ?r or an When <, augment, it is to ^ is to be added as be affixed to the preceding vowel or consonant1 and not to be prefixedto the followingone. Accordingly, the Fadaptha of and not I # ; that of arrerI srff ( 1. 144.7 ) is I wfrwa I ft and not srfoI enfarft ( I. 82.2 ) is and dar I ft I So also 3r$rr?: are split up as ST^s^: and X. 71. 7 and 1. 164.16 ) and not of the author the Mahbhsya would have. srfrStf^Tâs nor
The substitution of the guna vowel ar,q; or ait, for two vowels in juxtaposition, that of the vrddhi vowel an, r ani fortwo vowels and that of a long vowel for two vowels are 8andh%8 of the nature of desa. w. argRiron^rr: I The substitution of the first,third and fifth consonants of a class forothers of the same class, known as and are sandhis of of the nature desa . arg^TT&pi^r V. TWFT renftfwd PKKFT OHRT? I The substitution of ^ for and that of for ^ under certain conditions,are called mutilations or viJcras. Section VI ( Dissertation on Restoration to the Original ) TS: )
If the consonants ând âre changed in Samhit into and ^ respectively, on account of some conditions in the ^ in preceding word,restoration to the original formis effected i cf. ( bu Prat. VI. 4. ). The Rk Prtitkhya lays down here the doubling ( ) of ^ or ^ standingat the end of a pada, preceded by a short 3), e. g. andsucceeded vowel ( ?V X. 108. byanyvowel, 11 32# in* src^flr
31
the Padaptha, e. g. v % wrt ^ 3; dr is changed into Padaptha as art^ I g I sp |_fP3" | I f I I5 I I i:sg < Mr: 1 ^siri: I where 01:and sTIil the Samhit text are restored to their original forms g, T: and j*. See also the words, ^ssr^ ( III. 26.2 ), (III. 58.9 ), ( X. 2.4 ), ft trm*( ! 25-10 )> ( VIII. 58. 3 ), and the like re-changedinto >m%<g:s?rrrcr: . fa ô. 3T>3Tlinrq^ ^ WCFT ( I. 7.7 ), JTvtI
etc. respectively.
Similarly the letter ^ occurring in the reduplicated syllable becomes changed into the original ^ in the Padaptha, VI1- 18.14) into e- g137.1 ) into gg?r> S3S: ( ^3:, gipn, (I. (X. 3.1) into (V. 54.7) into It has to be, however, ( IX. 101.11 ) into ^ -O noted that in the examples quoted here, there is, in a way, little defencefor the restoration of ^ into q, as the cause for the change of into ^ remains intact in the same pada ; it does not become removed apart even by an avagraha. or the Perhaps after the reduplication of the root ^ like, both the units of the root were looked upon as independent roots and the second syllable as a root was restored to its original forminspite of the absence of separation by an avagraha . The letter ^standing at the end of a noun-base (snfrqf^) formingthe firstmemberof a compound or preceding a case affix such as fir: ; jg or the like, which is elided in the is not restored in the Padaptha, e. g. compound word, X. 121.2 161>1 ) ( STOWET: ), rsfsgTT ( H- 27.7 ). TOrsrifflt ( ( I. 23. 8 ) rsfa: ( I. 20. 5 etc. ) mfew ( III. 36. 1 ), sRsg ( VIII. 38. 1 V It is to be noted however that beforethe 1 According to Panini,^ is droppedhere as it is at the endofa noun-base by the rule ^T^T<T: theauthors As,generally of the Padaptha put before the avagraha of the , the originalform crude base,theyshouldhave shownthe consonant in the dissolu^ tion of the Padaptha.The}T,however, do not showit. Possiblyas shownabovein noteNo. 1 on p.30 wordsendingin 3^were supposed to have two crudebases,
32 Annals of the BhandarJcar Oriental Research Institute taddhita affix ^ is not dropped and the avagraha is given in the Padaptha afterpliable to be changed to ojîfrequired e. g. ( I. 164.16 ).* I Vt indimi In the case of the root ^ there is recited in the Samhit others. The ptha, the letter 5-forîn formslike qfgi,>*Jand original letter 'îs, however, restored in the Padaptha, e. g. ( I- 141.8 ) is split up in the Padaptha 3H^T * ^ . Similarly I I I as I |*nrM: 5r I I srsfr is split up as Hisf:I W I f|*n*rctr I 8 <**(11.4.4) in the iQ ( II- 4.7 ) is restored to ^jrq; Padaptha. als0) This change of ^ of the root ^ into in the Samhit text is an(i only occasional.2 The correct forms >sn%> others are many times used. ^ <{VU$dM: I ^dWIMfT Many times several indeclinables and verb formshave got their final vowel lengthenedforthe purpose of rhythmin the metre. They are all restoredto their original forms in the Padaptha, e. g. an f IF ( I- 10.11, III. 81.1, IV. 32.1, VIII. 81.1 ), is recited in the Padaptha as sn I g I sr:lpj[. So also gtf tfreu ( I. 25.19 ) is split up as %I ^3. 3^4HimV4HH 1Sfa 1 W I The indeclinables lengthened 1 Panini has prescribed the additionof ^ to the affix to it by the rale 3TT3^ ( P. VIII. 2. 16). The to be prefixed and the ^^ end of the bases the original *ât rule the affix STffa: XTlfaTT^^T^^ the before ^ by like,is dropped as the words > 8T*T* (P. VIII. 2. 7 ); but in Vedic Literature, ^ to the affix ^fareactuallynoticedin use, Paninihas prefixed of ^ bythe rule 3nt 5^ witha viewto havingthesubstitution rule the been have would which by prevented for^ wherepossible, the has avoided to bases likeSTSJ.He been affixed had <Kl-dt3r> an occasion for^ in this way, but, he has created of substitution viz. to have the break or pause ( ) for anotherdifficulty of the author The use. Vedic in afterthe base ending 3T against of sucha pauso after ^ ( See note 1 Mahbhsya , in fact,is in favour on p. 9 ). 2 The recitalof ' for in the Samhitptha appearsto be a oftheconsopant butnatural. andthe restoratiop mannerism simple
33
and others ; while, generally are g, 5, 5, sr, itj, srs, and others.1 The are the verbs lengthened ffj, word also is sometimes recited in the SamhitI e. g. arm ( X. 90.5 ), arat3?TWT ptha as ( X. 90.3 ). Section VII ( Dissertation on the peculiar features of the Padaptha ) TTT RIT: ( Vfc wr sm^Ri nw: I 34^lRdrf% Samaya or conventional omission is the non-recital of three or more words in the Padaptha after they have occurred thrice in the same order as a group in the Sariihit recital,e. g. gl?T: ( RV. II. 28.11 etc.) or (F. VIII. 35. 14-15). The words omitted in the Pada* nrfinn avoid further repetition after they have occurred to ptha thrice in the same order,are called ?r%ror even in the This not recited are feature,although Padaptha.2 They 1 For the sake of metreand rhythm, the final vowel of some and verbalforms in 3T, is manytimes indeclinables endinggenerally in the Cf. , Bgveda hymns. lengthened and VI. 3. ^ 3T?ipfT*Tft (P. 133,135,136, short is restored.Cf.also vowel 137). In the Padaptha,the original Prtikhya , strasIII. 96 to 129. In sutra 129 a long Vjasaneyi is given. It is interesting vowel list of verbswiththeirfinal lengthened an(* a *0W to notethatverbs such as 3T%RI> morehave their initial 3T lengthened verilyfor the sake of metre and rhythm with the initialvowel3T lengthened ; theseverbal forms and theyare passed over in looked uponas unjustified are,however, the Krama recital. See Upalekhastra Varga2. A list of suchverbs is also given in the Bk Prtikhya (II. 40-42). Note that this or in the Bk Prtikhya is called where such lengthening in Pataias7,8 and9. wordsare 9nlistedat length 2 The term is an old one whichis mentioned in the Bk Uvata as by thecommentator Prtikhya ( X. 12) whereit is defined qreflTfa'TfctT'r TTTP5 ^srraTT ( Continued on the next page ) 5 [ AnnalsB. O. R. J.] )
34 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute observedby the traditional recitersof the Padaptlia and notic^ ed in the manuscript copies of the Padptha, is not noticed by moderneditors of the Padaptlia. is the name given to the rarely occurring of the Samhit text where quite another word, faulty portion an generally indeclinable,is inserted between the two members of a compound word, which may or may not be capable of a division. Three instances of this are given in the Rk Prtiskhya.1 The text ( V. 2. 7 ) is split into the Padaptha as tt srt Similarly, the text I X. 64. 3 ) is recited
as ttov 5Ji I snisra;;so also, srt ^ rg t ^ r# I^ I 15 1 53$ I One ( IX. 86. 42 ) is split up as rrilr^ completepada afteranother complete one, and, not a pada into the middle of another one, is the order ( ) of the Samhit text is called when the it is broken, Samhit; Sometimes quite another word is inserted between the two parts of such a Dvandva compound in the dual number,as has both the parts showing the sense of the whole recit( I- 61-14 ) compound word ; e. g. snsr'r 5 ^rI ed in the Padaptha as '^ I I srg*: ' g ^T%I So also ( Continued from the previous page ) The termsamaya thus, meaos cR" ormorewords three words. as also omitted omission Generally repeated times. andfurther Cf. a fourth arenotrepeated thrice does not mean omission or ( Vj. Prt. IV. 168). The word over' whichimplies words. It means leaping'or jumping omitted on siitra168as TW^ST^^-TT" in his comment omission.Uvata remarks I TT^TlTrnR A* TTl% od stra170adds 5T%TJ ^ I and further tfl f =1 > For details,see I 3*R5T ^ iks stanza on Vj. Prt. IV. 168-177.Alsosee Madhusdani thereon. 23 andthecomment 1 Cf. I TO ^ t"s; TT TO T TT 3RT3" ftrfef, <J^T1 in are here The instances 43 IIEh Prt. given only ). ( <J^TCTfcTT; as : the term WTPTt Uvata explains the Text. The commentator I ^^T[ ^ TTT^f ^%TFTT5T Md HT^TT l^'JqV 3=5 1
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapth rrai
are not joined together as siFNSfMtby removing the words is not from their midst, because sn^TT and looked upon as a single compound word, but as two distinct ' and <2$ijgfj each denoting ' Heaven and Earth words, ?rjiT by the theory of ^q^faspura^raT.1 %% q^FTT^ ^ d +.<"! ^WitiH Tq^W * I
' 5H%:i ^f^fV ^ l ( I. 143. 2 ) as 31131 I So also snangr SNt Htw=^R[( I- 185. 2-8 ) as snît 3*i ffI P I swig; I In these instances sngi and ft
To recite,in the Padaptha, a by putting the word ^fgr word afterit and thus binding it with the ^T%in accentuation, or ^r.2 This injris found in the case of words is called fgT ending in 3ftfollowed by sr,srqirwords, that is, words in the dual numberending in & or q; and compound words before they are shown split up with an avagraha between their two constituent parts as also snf,srr,3" and the like and indeclinables and words in the vocative case ending in ^ and gft e. g. ^STft ^?ia2 ( VI. 59. 8 ). sHwltertft ckfolUwHsiram. i is practised in the This Vestana by the indeclinable Taittirya branch of the Krsna Yajurveda in the case of Upa1srfag;I l%I cqpraqt I sargas e. g. ft% Section VIII ( Dissertation on the vocal recital of the Veda Texts ). 3TOT: )
The Samhit text of the Veda is nothing else than the padas recited as joined together,by rules of coalescence. The 1 S00noteNo.5 on page15, 2 The term . Cf. is an old one, used in the fik Prtiikhya has the term Uvata 35 1. Prt. explained ). ( JRrfFSFTFQ on for to used be later came term Th ffpT* fff as (Uvata on Vj. Prt.IV. 190). The Cf. ( Continued on the next page)
30 Annals of the Bhandarhar Oriental Research Institute dfinition f: ffrTT* given in the Prtikhya works is q^5Tf The compound q^sr^: can be dissolved as q^Tfir *T implyingthat theoriginal text was metricallyvery sound,with each quarter of the stanza consisting of 8, 11 or 12 syllables, although rules of coalescence were sometimes ignored. The compound can also be dissolved as q^R 5T implyingthat the original text was one from which the present Pada text was prepared by reciting each word separately.1 V*.. I $ flrCTTT; 5RI
In vocal utterance,a full stop is observed at the end of half-the-stanzai. e. two quarters ( pdas ) where the sentence also is generally complete.2 The final letter of the last word of the second quarter is never combined with the initial letter of the third quarter by rules of coalescence. ( Continued from the previous page ) term fartqfiw is used forthe whole repeated word,with see jfilflMTc the two parts. For example used between Thefirst is called as alsoTCWPrr^ffl"Thewhole partwith phrase whilethe latter whichis without, at the endis called 3TTl%rT> i. e. a compounded ffctis calledf^T. If the latterpart is a liable to be with the affix wordor a wordmadeof a base and affix observed is shown as splitupwith shown theword as separate, then 3T3"nT the twoparts.Cf. between Prt. IV. 190). 1 The word in the Vjasaneyi-Prtikhya as is defined tnfawsrmta:HVJT ( Vj. Prt.I, 158). The rule ' the former word joined withthe latterone withrules of meaning the defines coalescenceobservedwhen applicable,is called 3%?t' I Kramasamhit. Cf. ( Vj. Prt. I. 155, as q sf^TT'( P. I. 4. 109). 156). Panini defines 2 In Bgvedathe Gyatrversesconsistof threequarters where, two pdas can be takenas fFpf forthesake of full stop,the first There area few verses and the thirdone also is looked uponas SRpf. is independent the first where pda} madeup of 8, 11 or 12 syllables, of 5 or morepdas. consists in sense. Sometimes a verseor a stanza for the understood be is to What exaotly by purposeof fullrecital in the wherethe last Krama clear made is traditionally stop, and For is enclosed by ffcT repeated. word of details, see o ^ ), also UpalekhastrabUyya Vj. Prt. ( IV. 196-197 III. 10). ( Upalehhasutra
Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptka 'so. sRTOr
37
qi^nri i ^Ttr i , ?r Slight stop is observed at the end of a svarita vowel or praeaya vowel as also at the end of a foot, but never in the middleof a word. Traditional reciters,however,go on without any small stop right up to the end of half the verse, e. g. the recited without a stop. line % f%^f 5T ^^5?rîs be recited with the verse The may following divisionsi *i*n ; srra; W; frrif ^ ; a The traditional reciters, especially the followersof the Rgveda , recite the svarita vowel as slightly prolonged. This prolongation results sometimes into the utterance of a short where ^ vowel as that of a long vowel, e. g. snffofte in is heard like a pluta vowel and % in i^nâs long The of a a utterance vowel sometimes into results elongated long after the small pause it, detaching part ending with the svarita from the following part of the word, e. g. ^ is heard as quitar ite star nsnfrc* wims i which goes to the i ratefr' Wrfrt grate length of making the perspicuous sense of the stanza very obscure, even to an intelligent listener. or When anu8vra is followed by the consonant heard of anusvra sound is instead nasal the granunsilca ( ) in the vocal recitals of the followers of the Yajurveda,1 e. g. ( X. 90.3 ). ( x- 90.2 ) srat tf*. I In Vedic usage, the indeclinable ^ is taken as compounded with the previous word which retains its case affix. The followersof the Taittirxyakh look upon the indeclinable ^sr and its preceding word as separate padas,2 e. g. 1 For details see and the followingstras ( Vj. Prt.IV. 4 to 11 ). 2 The followers do notobaerve the compound with of as foundin the Vrttika Hence it is, that the word in some is ^Rg^CTrTi is omitted copies.As ofthe adjacent the accents thereis no questionofits accentaffecting words.
'8 Annals of the Bhandarlcar Oriental Research Institute ) is split, up into Padaptha as jMt? I The factthat the indeclinable^ I ff I *3^: I is may be at the root ofthe convention that it is compounded with the previous word which has retained its caseis similar to the case of a affix. The case ofa compound with and looked upon as which is or preposition upasarga in the latter has case verb the with following compounded retained its accent, e. g. srfgfsrefr fftT ( *isr. H) is split up into Padaptha as rgster. tfy. ^ strepi qt ?r ^ i Similarly, in the Rgveda recital the consonants ^ and ^ and are recited as sg. provided they are not immediately followed by a consonant.1 e. g. , rfel( VII. 56.23 ), as also f&i-others. i i*. f^RT Compound words are recited as split up with an avagraha I TsfcrI between themin the Padaptha e. g. sfrati #> See I I gsr: I I similarly frehU of The word the reciters use the . ^r^Tbr-Srfr: Yajurveda aftera compound word and then show the separate parts of it with avagraha between them.This they practise evenin the case of hymns taken from the Rgveda. For example, they recite rf'aitf i or f^sta^mnaf fcgrafasair. i ysf'ern, In the case of compound words which are Pragrhya and used afterthem in the Padaptha, hence have got the word and an avagraha they are shown split up afterthe word ^fgr if the two is shown between parts they are eligible i n%gr to be split up2 e. g. ^tariff $f^ssnftI otfHt 1 Cf. ^<of Sfftf^T^ 146). In somecases in the ( Vj.Prt. XV. is thissubstitution of^ and frobserved ; Yajurvedarecitalalso, there herethatthe word Uvata observes forexamplesee ST^TSSfT branch never ofthe Mdhyandina thatthefollowers in the Straimplies and for read^ and5|T [. a Cf sPTf ^T?TTfrmT . IV. 18 ) explained by ^5 ( Vj. Prt c 1 3Trin%Vr TT &IZ as PTUHfr ^^jnTrfTf^TT See also
39
I But see TS^g: I s g# I ^^j(w?rawI jrs^rcft Tft j[fand others where the compound words are not eligible to be split up. w. iw 1 g As a provincial mannerism,sr is substituted for ^ by reciters of the ulclayajurveda , provided it stands at the beginningof a pada. Similarly, at a few places ^ is recited in the place of q-, e. g. iqW t^T: I ^R w:: afariM-fl-MI RTO'tTfw nT^rcgWTTTITTTR WR" fg^j ^ I
In some places in Southern India recitersof the Taittiriya Branch of the Krsnayajurveda pronounce înstead of e. g. for qrcTf: sttjtfor sto and so on.1 Sometimes they recite qijTT: double înstead of the single one, at the end of the foot of a verse, e. g. ^ vffft srrsrerSimilarly, the vowel sr following an anunsika letter is pronounced with ^ prefixedto it, e. g. ar ( TîTR^ ). rnwrftivr i The words 5T*T5T*T and others should be understood as are found recited in the Padaptha. Sometimes they actually words which are well known as derived,are not found split up in the Padaptha, e. g. srarr, dfffTfL and the like. Possibly, they were looked upon as *Tta> underived words in specific senses which were not their literal senses. On the other hand, the words and swr^foare found split up as and Some Dvandva compounds are not shown split up although they are not Devatdvandva compounds, e. g. , sanefa:, ( X. 90. 10 ), ( X. 90.4 ). Possibly they are taken in a group sense, which, being restricted, is not the literal one. There are peculiar compounds like with verbal or indeclinable formsinside. Possibly they were picked up from the then spoken languages as they occurred therein 1 Bhartrhari observes in his Mahbhsyadipik that on some forarfT, oftheTaittiriya thefollowers school occasions 3TjTUf pronounce
40 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute e. g. ( Come here ), qjw ( Don't go ) were used together. So also ( here,here), (respected mothers) were used together. There are certain words which go against Painni's grammar wherein they are specificallymentionedas derived in a particular way which goes against the Padaptha, e. g. and the like. *r^, and Panini derives by the application of the krt and roots the to affix by the rule (^) in the derived be should 2.172 HI* ). ( same way, adds the Vrttikakra. The forms found in and ôrssr: which are nominative Veda are <<s<JSr: Nominative are forms. plural formsaccqrding They plural to Panini also, but the avagraha cannot be explained according to Panini. The words have to be taken as compound are and words having sr.as the uttarapada. rjwsTT and tobe taken as derived from the root sr^with ôr is derived from the 8 upapadas , just as the word fe with root ^ with qV as upapada. ( cf. ^TT a* l arfaI as the Padaptha. The NomiI I ttVs^tt: native plural formsending in are to be taken as rather irregular. Panini has derived the words srfj:, epg:, STg:, and words ^ ) to the by applying the taddhita affix and which, by virtue of the mute letter ^ can be looked upon as padas , and hence, applied to the affix, can have the letter ^ turned into anusvara. The words srtg, occur in the Rgveda and the Padaptha has arfj and and ( X. ^s^f ( X. 143.6 ) ig: ( I. 167.7 ), 78.7). It appears that these words in the Veda are derived by the applifromthe denominativeroots, arpr,iq and The words aQd others. cation of the affix3-just like (VI, 44.1), ( L 164.4), TWKT: (X. 71.7), src-TSSFrn 3T$TR|??T: and the 170.2 X. like, are VIII. VI. 39.8, ) 16.15, ( m'W ~~ ^ -* , split up in the Padaptha as srrrSFW: affixes the before seen is where the nasal letter ^ and According to Panini, as the letter qîs prefixedas ^ have been put before the ^ to the affixes, avagraha should affix The Mahbhsyaof letter ^ which formsa part the in his comment effect that kra has accordingly advised to note 1. See VIII. 2.16 Pon the sutra snt3^ ( ). O. ^ SR#rT I The conventions given above, are observed in the Krama recital which followed the Pada recital and thereafterin the
Prolegomena to the Veda- Padaptha
41
fight developments of the Padaptha and the Kramaptha1 viz. ssrsr, w and gq-. Krama is defined as ' f^rV: 5T^rrîhTT X. i ) u ( 3CT is the recital of two consecutive padas in the right order, then, taking the second only, and joining it with the third, then taking the third and joining it with the fourth and so on, upto the end of half the stanza. If the consecutive are taken as padas sHto;, ab e de /, then the Krama is abjjc^cd, (c)t de,ef( / ) etc. gusfrfts I 1 J gitili # 1 1 The pairs are to be recited as separate units, a compound word is to be shown as dissolved immediatelyafter that pair in which it stands first and is no longer to be repeated, and at the end of the last pair, the last word is recited as enclosed with and then recited again as the end. Jat is definedby Hayagrlva as 3T*wr < ^ asftR ff li (
*) It is definedby Vydi as wrfWrciBrtW kr: I H ( f$T%srst 5R^T FT^T^r ^) >tm^ SOTSrffom In the Jat recital two padas are to be recited in the right order,then in the reverse order, and then in the right 1 TheKramaptha wascomposed soonafter thePadaptha. possibly In Pninistra is under the dhikra^rrf^^t ( IV. 2.61), which stra is formed in the sense of tTfc ( IV. 2. 59 ), the word ca student the As word Krama'. the pfiTJ" reciting standingfor the thePada racital,it can be said definitely Krama-recital that anticipates the Padapthaand the Kramaptha were in existence at the timeof 6pause' and forming a feature ofthe Panini. The word3T3"2T!r meaning mentioned in therule Padaptha, ( P. VIII. 4.26 ) confirms of Padaptha before theexistence Panini. Theeightother recitals which based are on two etc. these must have comeinto recitals, , 4^l^l soon as a scholar of Veda and existence who afterwards,Vydi, Vykarana, to Pnini, has written a shorttreatiseon the eightrecitals wasrelated etc. knownbythe name For detailedinformation *1d| j TT^T of see on these eight recitals, and 3refffrrf^CUT of Madhusdana, of 6 [ AnnalsB, O, R. I. J
42 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute orderas : ab ba ab , be ob be, cd de cd, de ed de, ef fe ef, and so on. The rest is to be done as in the Krama. or sEfWren is definedas : JTrer II ( sflr^TT ^TTTf" S* )
If a, 6, c, c,e and / are the padas of the hymn ^Pfrsnand () is the sign of the vestana, the gitici 3T5FFT Kramaml can be described as : ab , (/), c, fe, ccZ,ed, (c), c, de, c6, e/, (c), (/), 6a. ikha is definedas : f^rirgr srawFfr i ( fffrre# ^ ) ikha is but an extension of stct.It can be illustrated ip as abbaabc , beebbed the case of the hymn 3TSTfaft , cddccdet (c), deeddef effeef(/). Lekh or Rekh is defined as : 1 ^ ) ^Tmf: 3*: and This veriety is difficultto recite illustrate, as and are to be chosen the examples of fsp, and arranged therein. is defined as : i SJJTRR: m ) vz *rbrt: ^r to recite and illustrate,as This variety is also difficult it requires the Krama recital fromthe beginning of a hymn mixed with the same, commencingfromthe end. is definedas : i g*rar wrgwn ^ ) .nHr^praNr forrecital and illustration. This recital also is difficult m is defined as : i( ** ) snqr qrofrWtft mn&tj As two hymns of equal number ofpadas are to be chosen and recited together, this variety also is difficultforillustration and citation. ^ is definedas: firargwn fosfor wTsrera*: sites ffi%; u( ^ ) %rapn
to the Veda-Padaptqa Prolegomena
43
to recite and illustrate too; This Ghana variety is difficult but, it is in the traditional practice. The recital is rather grave, but at the same time it is sonorous and charming. If is Put as a & c d 6/ as far as the rffcft padas are concerned, the Ghana recital is :- ab ba, abc cha abc, bccbbcddeb bed, cd, de, ede, ede, ede, (e), de, ed, def, fed, of half the stanza which def, fe ef(f). In the Ghana variety, is to be taken as a unit for Ghana, as forexample, the word arfim occurs five times, sdfr also occurs ten times, gititi occurs thirteen times, occurs ten thirteentimes, then in a descending order five times, and then at the end, the last times and word *s rounded up by ^1%. In the middle, the come) is rounded up and dissolved afterit pound word has been recited for the last time. The Ghana recital of is as follows:- Hsnfrfr afiraiSfsreirr rteT rrsnf pernis tmt i tfitf I
starrer i fffiretifftu. siterai gtvrtwifafim il praiimI arfrim i The Ghanarecital of stratf SpnafShm tat vnaimu ( Rgveda L 1. 1 ) given by Madhusudanamuni in his A stamkrtlakmna , is as follows : sftftaffafrafjfta i KTsT^ itftrifts ^q, i ^ sdft ftaffr g*:s%?r^ 1 qw gi^ 1 i w?wn H rors anfr rsp snwf o aiffts 1gdf|lr gdf| 1 ijfrei ^nzfnr 1 erorar *?srn?rtr âr 5^-
ftatf TSft?lT ^TR ttTOTOr I tflTOTOlftitr
^ is definedby Vydi as : 1 ( fflira# )
44 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute This Ghana recital is illustrated by means of the verse <j!r 1 st"A ( Rgveda IX. 44.1 ) as followssi a on i ^ i 11 ^ i i* t w sfr.i i h m: a ( q^TTSî f <n snf*3TCT%fPn i *T firsg;i i^ i i Gnsn* ). i arfr hi i
q*rmfii ? n ii * ti
i srartfm% gi>TTf^5r?|-( H ' II 5IT S^s OTTICI TT^ ^ OTTlftTT ijgn I U II 8TN>frng%oi gwqi^ HTR fr??îT>i sTOFrajfararrig*TTTT Il ^ II TWfTOSi-WOTI^ rafr %^r ?riTft sjre&rc#^ I IfT&RWTm I55Wn<?qr |g: II %II I PTOiT^fr: fa: vrcrtft?*i SITS;Tim?iT^7% il n ^qrqresre mTnil
^kgrgî il

Prolegomena To The Veda-Padapatha - Abhyankar

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Prolegomena To The Veda-Padapatha - Abhyankar

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Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha

tw itc-'i tfrpi % at the end of theEkaea I ( Siddhnlahaumud

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

( Vj. Prt. V. XI) explained

2 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute V*. q^hh^s^i i

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapatha,

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Poaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padapth rrai

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptka 'so. sRTOr

Prolegomena to the Veda-Padaptha

Prolegomena to the Veda- Padaptha

to the Veda-Padaptqa Prolegomena

ftatf TSft?lT ^TR ttTOTOr I tflTOTOlftitr

^ is definedby Vydi as : 1 ( fflira# )

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