Future smartphone solution White Paper

Issue Date 2.0 2012-09-17

Change History
Issue1.0 DescriptionThis is the first release. Date2012-09-17 Prepared BySmartphone ecosystem R&D support team Approved ByZhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)

Contents
Change History .................................................................................ii 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................1 2 Proposed solution .............................................................. 3
2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution ............................................................... 3
2.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi............................................................................ 3

2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion based on network managed ................................ 5

2.2.1 Background............................................................................................... 5 2.2.2 Application Scenarios................................................................................. 6 2.2.3 Requirements and Solutions.................................................................... 10

2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation HCA .................................................. 13

2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation introduction........................................ 13 2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 1............................................ 13 2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 2............................................... 15

2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication ....................................................... 17

2.4.1 MUCC Introduction.................................................................................. 17 2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC............................................................................. 18 2.4.3 Perspective............................................................................................. 19

2.5 Video Services Enhancements ....................................................................... 20

2.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 20 2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement Introduction............................................... 20 2.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video Services........................................... 20 2.5.4 Solutions based on UE............................................................................. 20 2.5.5 Solutions based on Network.................................................................... 21

3 Conclusion ........................................................................... 23 A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................... 24 B Reference .................................................................................... 27 C Contributors .............................................................................. 28

Figures
Figure 1-1 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 Figure 2-10 Figure 2-11 Figure 2-13 Figure 2-14 Figure 2-15 Figure 2-16 Figure 2-17 Figure 2-18 Figure 2-19 Figure 2-20 Proposed technology overview .......................................................................... 1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes ........................................... 4 Simulation result of 256QAM ...........................................................................4 D2D scenarios ...............................................................................................6 Social networking scenarios ................................................................................6 With specific target users ...................................................................................7 Local advertisement .......................................................................................7 Local enhancement ........................................................................................8 Distance based application ...............................................................................8 Enhance network capability ..............................................................................9 System architecture for proximity discovery..........................................................11 RAN architecture for direct communication ........................................................11 protocol structure of HCA stage 1 ....................................................................14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2 ....................................................................16 An example of MUCC ...................................................................................17 Basic architecture of MUCC ............................................................................18 Extended architecture of MUCC ......................................................................19 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP ......................................................................21 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP ......................................................................22 Smart Function calling example ........................................................................22

Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTE user plane protocol stack ..12

Tables
Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D ........................10

1 Executive Summary
With the development of technology, smart phone is becoming widespread, and mass data is transmitted between the terminal and network. It is forecasted that network capacity requirement is multiple 1000 on 2020 year, and the most popular service are: Streaming service (e.g video and music data), File transfer (download file from internet),Instant message (QQ, weibo),Gaming &social network. To satisfy future service requirement, network shall provide high bit ratelow delay and high reliability; In fact, it is difficult for current network, especially in cell edge and hotspot and indoor area, the available bit rate is very low. In spite of 3G/4G specification is published, and there are a lot of WiFi deployed, the low delay, high bit rate isnt satisfied every where, the new technology based on current network shall be studied. In this document, some solutions are proposed to discuss this issue, generally picture is shown as following:

MUCC&D2D scenario
Support UE

eNB RNC

Benefit UE

AP(LTE-Hi) AP(UMTS)

AP(WiFi)

LTE-Hi scenario

AP(LTE-Hi)

HCA scenario

Figure 1-1 Proposed technology overview

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Technology 1: D2D (device to device): using Proximity search method, UE will find his neighbor UE, and data can be transferred between UEs directly; Technology 2: MUCC (multiple UE cooperative communication): using D2D technology, supported UE is allowed to receive data from network and forward it to benefit UE; Technology 3: LTE-Hi: Hot spot & indoor solution, using 3.5GHz frequency (maximum bandwidth is 200MHz ), and some technology enhancement such as 256QAM/ flexible uplink/downlink slot configuration; Technology 4: HCA (Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation): when UE enter a special area that is covered by both 3G/4G network and WiFi, UE will receive data from 3G/4G and WiFi at same time; Technology 5: video enhancement: give some optimizations when video data is transmitted on network, which can improve user experience.

2 Proposed solution
2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution 2.1.1 Introduction
Mobile communication technology is developing very fast. 3G network is setting up in large scale and MBB service brings people very convenient and rich experience. But due to the capacity of 3G network is limited, and data service requirements of subscribers is increasing explosively, MBB service has to face many serious challenges, the following two challenges are popular as descript following: Challenge 1: Capacity Increasing Explosively. Most of the mobile data requirements come from hotspot and indoor area. Challenge 2: Not enough spectrum to meet mobile communication requirement, especially lacking global union bandwidth spectrum. The technology that can resolve above problems is named LTE-Hi (Hotspot / high bit rate and indoor solution based on LTE).

2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi

LTE-Hi is focused on massive traffic requirement in hotspot and indoor scenario, the major technology include: deploying dense low power nodes, using 3.5GHZ spectrum for global, using high order modulation (e.g. 256QAM), Adaptive DL/UL configurations. Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes (LPN) In the multi-layer network architecture, it is separated two type coverage, one is coverage layer(as shown in following figure, 700/800M is used to national wide area, and 2.6G is used to urban area), the other is capacity layer(as shown in following figure, 3.5G is used to hotspot/indoor area); in the coverage layer, the basic service (e.g. VOIP, SMS) and lower bit rate data service(e.g. web browsing) can be supported; in capacity layer, the high bit rate service (e.g. HD video) can be supported.

LTE LPN 3.5GHz Hot spots Throughput

Urban & Suburban (e.g.LTE 2.6GHz)

Nation wide(e.g.LTE 700/800 GHz)

Figure 2-1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes LPNs optimized and simplified for hotspot and indoor scenarios In the hotspot and indoor scenario, the SNR in receiver is high, so high order modulation can be used to improve spectrum efficiency. For typical terminal form factors (1 RX antennas), as simulation result shown, when the SNR is better than 20dB, the benefit of 256QAM can be obtained; Peak Spectrum Efficiency can reach 10 bps/Hz (~25% improvement over LTEAdvanced).

Figure 2-2 Simulation result of 256QAM In addition, flexible TDD DL/UL configuration to adapt local traffic and control signaling reduction also can be used.

2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion based on network managed 2.2.1 Background
Proximity-based applications and services represent a recent and enormous social-technological trend. The principle of these applications is to discover instances of the applications running in devices that are within proximity of each other, and ultimately also exchange application-related data. In parallel, there is interest in proximity-based discovery and communications in the public safety community. Current 3GPP specification are only partially suited for such needs, since all such traffic and signaling would have to be routed in the network, thus impacting their performance and adding unnecessary load in the network. These current limitations are also an obstacle to the creation of even more advanced proximity-based applications. In this context, 3GPP technology has the opportunity to become the platform of choice to enable proximity-based discovery and communication between devices, and promote a vast array of future and more advanced proximitybased applications. There are two import services of ProSe. The first one is proximity discovery with which users can discovery each other in proximity. The second is direct communication with which users can communicate with each other in proximity. There is no causality between proximity discovery and direct communication. Proximity discovery can be stand alone services to users and doesnt always trigger direct communication. Users may initiate direct communication directly without proximity discovery. However, users can use direct communication easily when they know the proximity information.

2.2.2 Application Scenarios

D2D scenarios include proximity discovery and direct communication.

Figure 2-3 D2D scenarios Here are several typical proximity services and applications based on D2D. 1. Social Networking The following figure shows the typical scenario of social networking.

Find Friend in500m

Figure 2-4 Social networking scenarios

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1) Without specific target users In the case of without specific target users, ProSe applications discovery all the users in proximity and network helps to choose those of users interest. 2) With specific target users In the case of with specific target users, ProSe applications only discover the specific users, usually the friends of users and show the proximity information on the right of the target user.

Figure 2-5 With specific target users

2. Local Advertisement The following figure shows the typical scenario of local advertisement. The shops will automatically distribute the advertisement to the passage nearby. Applications in users terminal discover the advertisers automatically and receive the information from them, including introduction, menus, coupons, etc.

Find KFC in500m

Figure 2-6 Local advertisement

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3. Location Enhancement The following figure shows the typical scenario of local enhancement. The D2D terminals receive the real-time parking space information that helps finding ones parking space easily. It can provide more information than a GPS based application by D2D.

Figure 2-7 Local enhancement 4. Distance Based Applications The following figure shows the typical scenario of distance based applications. Members of a team or group can obtain the sphere of activities for each other by D2D distance monitoring when touring, keeping a safe movement range to prevent occurring accident.

Figure 2-8 Distance based application

5. Enhance Network Capability The following figure shows the typical scenario of network capability enhancement. D2D applications can provide coverage enhancement without increasing infrastructure cost, capacity enhancement by multiplexing D2D and cellular spectrum and user experience enhancement of link robustness and throughput.

Figure 2-9 Enhance network capability

2.2.3 Requirements and Solutions

This section summarizes the requirements in technological terminology for desired D2D solutions and then analyzes the overall architecture and solutions for proximity service (ProSe). 1. Requirements The following table summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions. Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D Metric
Energy Efficiency

Requirements
Very low average power consumption Always on, days of operating time Thousands of devices in proximity

Scalability

Continuously changing environment due to nodes appearing and disappearing Resource can be reconfigured for more number of users

Resource Efficiency Mobility Support Billing

High resource efficiency of proximity discovery solution High spectrum efficiency for direct mobile communication At least support low speed Billing for proximity services may take many forms (e.g. billing per user/service association event, billing per volume of data, flat rate billing, etc.) Discovery or communication range should be hundreds of meters Discovery may have larger range requirement Distance detection resolution should be 10 meters (TBD)

Qos

Work Together With Cellular

Coexist with cellular systems Work well with cellular phones without ProSe

2. Proposed Solutions The overall solution for ProSe is involved with UE, radio access network, core network and application servers. System architecture for direct communication is same as LTE while for proximity discovery is different. The proposed system architecture for proximity discovery is depicted in the following figure.

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APP Module

APP Server

Proximity Server Rx P1 PCRF

HSS

D2D Module UE

eNB

MME/GW

Figure 2-10 System architecture for proximity discovery In the above architecture, a new network element is added to provide the proximity services called Proximity Server. The new interface If-ProSe is introduced but the standardization of the interface may be out of the scope of 3GPP. And the interfaces between proximity server and PCRF, HSS, MME, P-GW are also needed to be defined. Radio access network for proximity discovery is same as LTE while for direct communication is different. The proposed RAN architecture for direct communication is as follows. The data plane is over the DMC link (Ud) and the control plane is over the cellular link (Uu).

MME/S-GW

MME/S-GW

S1 X2 S1 eNB X2 eNB Uu Ud

S1

S1 E-UTERAN

eNB X2

Uu

Figure 2-11 RAN architecture for direct communication

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The following two figures show D2D control plane reuses the LTE cellular control protocol stack and the new Ud interface represent D2D user plane reuses the LTE user plane protocol stack, under the RAN architecture

NAS S1 - AP RRC PDCP RLC MAC Uu PHY Uu S1-AP RRC PDCP RLC MAC Uu PHY S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1

NAS S1 - AP SCTP IP L2 L1

UE

eNB

MME

App.
TCP/UDP Uu PHY PDCP RLC MAC Uu PHY TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC D2D PHY

App.
TCP/UDP Uu PHY PDCP RLC MAC TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC Uu PHY PDCP RLC MAC GTP - u UDP IP L2 L1 IP GTP - u UDP IP L2 L1

D2D

D2D PHY

Uu

Uu PHY

UE2

UE1

eNB

S-GW/P-GW

Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTE user plane protocol stack Considering the following benefit can be obtained based network management based solution 111 the radio resource can be scheduled by network , spatial reuse of spectrum and interference reduce can be done easier; 222 legal listening can be supported when data is transferred between UEs;

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2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation (HCA) 2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation introduction
Since the boom of mobile internet applications and popularization of smart phones, users are thirsty for higher band width. To face the challenge, current radio access technologies, such as WiFi, HSPA, WiMAX and LTE, have improved the bandwidth prominently, but according to the market trend analysis, the demand of mobile broad bandwidth shall increase explosively and not be satisfied by none of current technologies alone. Radio network congestion and service quality decline is appearing inevitably. Nowadays, in consideration of the population of smart terminals having multiple radio access capability and WLAN hotspots, if communication nodes established mobile and WiFi connections concurrently to implement dynamic data links aggregation and intelligent data load offload, the hardware and spectrum resource shall be used more effectively and users shall have better experience. We call the solution Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation which is abbreviated HCA. Before the revolutionary breakout in radio access technology, HCA is reasonable and natural, which shall partly relieve the network overload pressure on mobile operators. Depending on the standardization plan and market actuality, the solution is divided to two stages and more details shall be described in the following chapters. The major proposal of following HCA solution is: compacting seamless of 3G and WiFi to improve user experience, and WiFi & unlicensed spectrum is integrated into 3G/4G RAN;

2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 1

The basic idea of HCA stage 1 is: 111 By installing suitable application software on terminals, a self-defined HCA signal procedure shall apply automatic WiFi hot spot discovery, access and authentication to simplify user operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly. 222 After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN, the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed.

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In the network side: 111 For the downlink data processed by S1/IU-PS, it shall be directly delivered to the data offloading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile and WLAN. 222 For the uplink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployed on RAT elements. In the terminal side: 111 For the downlink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployed on terminals. 222 For the uplink data received, it shall be directly delivered to the data offloading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile and WLAN. The protocol structure of HCA stage 1 is showed below.
RAN
APP TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC APP TCP/UDP IP GTP-U UDP L1 L2 IP2 WIFI Offload / ReOrdering MAC PHY
Uu

APP TCP/UDP IP PDCP RLC MAC PHY

Terminal

WIFI Offload / ReOrdering

APP TCP/UDP IP

APP TCP/UDP IP Outer IP 802.3 MAC L1

Transport Network

APP TCP/UDP
WLAN AP IP in IP Tunnel
802.11 MAC 802.11b/g/n

IP Outer IP
802. 11

802.11 MAC 802.11b/g/n

Figure 2-13 protocol structure of HCA stage 1 From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall benefits of HCA stage 1: The offloading anchor locates at radio access side, which shall not require any new network element and impact the network topology less. The implement shall not require any modification on standards, which makes market popularization more convenient. Multiple radio access aggression shall enhance peak throughout and user experience greatly.
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 Multiple radio technologies coordinate to apply smart and dynamic offloading algorithm based on link quality and network load, which shall improve radio resource utilization. To avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path, smart reordering algorithm is applied to keep subscriber experience. By installing application software on terminals, automatic WiFi hot spot discovery, access and authentication shall be applied to simplify user operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly.

2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 2

The basic idea of HCA stage 2 is: 111 Without installing any application software on terminals, a self-defined HCA signal procedure deployed on mobile stack shall apply automatic WiFi hot spot discovery, access and authentication to simplify user operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly. 222 After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN, the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed. In the network side: 111 For the downlink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to the data offloading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC, and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile and WLAN. 222 For the uplink data received from WLAN, it shall be uniformly reordered by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multipath. In the terminal side: 111 For the downlink data received from WiFi device, it shall be uniformly reordered by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path. 222 For the uplink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to the data offloading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile and WLAN. The whole protocol stack is showed below.
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IU-PS
APP TCP/UDP Inner IP GTP-U UDP Outer IP L2 L1

IU-PS
APP TCP/UDP Inner IP GTP-U UDP Outer IP L2 L1

RAN

RAN

Inner Relay
APP TCP/UDP Inner IP PDCP RLC

Inner Relay
APP TCP/UDP Inner IP PDCP RLC

Offloading Anchor 3GPP MAC 3GPP PHY Tunnel IP 802.11 MAC 802.11 PHY 3GPP MAC 3GPP PHY

Offloading Anchor 802.11 MAC 802.11 PHY

802.11 PHY 3GPP PHY 3GPP MAC Offloading Anchor 802.11 MAC Tunnel IP 3GPP PHY 3GPP MAC Offloading Anchor 802.11 PHY 802.11 MAC

Terminal

RLC PDCP IP TCP/UDP APP

Terminal

RLC PDCP IP TCP/UDP APP

OS Stack Data
(A)

OS Stack Data
(B)

Figure 2-14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2 From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall benefits of HCA stage 2: The HCA stage 2 shall utilize existing 3GPP standards to provide following functions without any modification on 802.11 PHY and MAC: The unified authentication, ciphering/deciphering and integrity protection based on 3GPP NAS and PDCP. The unified lossless handover based on the PDCP and RLC. The unified ARQ based on RLC. The unified reordering based on RLC which shall not require any modification on terminal operation systems. The unified radio resource scheduling based on real time link quality and network load.

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2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication 2.4.1 MUCC Introduction

As the development of mobile communication system, many new technologies appear, e.g. CoMP, relay. While all those technologies are single UE based, i.e. the technologies are to improve the throughput or spectral efficiency of the single pipe especially the radio pipe (single UE specific). Here a novel concept, multiple UE cooperative communication, MUCC, is introduced. We start this with an example: OnStar, a cellular-network-based product installed in GM cars, can provide many car /road related services, like Automatic Crash Response, Roadside Assistance etc. For this kind of application, reliability is a very important requirement. However, the reliability of OnStar may be low when the car is driving in an area with poor cellular signal. Current OnStar product has an increased maximum transmission power (up to 8 times of the specified one) to overcome this problem. While this is not a good idea since this would interfere other UEs greatly.

Figure 2-15 An example of MUCC Usually in a car, there are driver and some passengers. They also have mobile phones. As long as the UEs including the mobile phones and OnStar have short range communication capability (e.g. WiFi), the mobile phones can support the OnStar to enhance its communication, to improve its throughput and reliability. This is a basic MUCC idea. At least two types of UEs are needed in the MUCC case: one type of UE is called benefitted UE, which is to send or received data with the third party via the cellular network (source / termination), and another type of UE(s) is called supporting UE(s), they are to support the benefitted UE to communicate with the third party. The benefitted UE can communicate with the supporting UE via short range communications (e.g. WiFi or LTE-D2D).
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2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC

To communicate with the third part, there are two radio paths for the benefitted UE: B-UE eNB directly, and B-UE S-UE eNB, wherein B-UE and S-UE communication is via short range communication, and (B- or S-) UE and eNB communication is via cellular communication.

Benefitted UE S1-C MME S11 IP Service SGi E-UTRUAN Supporting UE S1-U SAE-GW App

Figure 2-16 Basic architecture of MUCC Use the above figure as an example: B-UE and S-UE are cooperated as a group. For the downlink data towards the B-UE arrives from the CN bearer of the B-UE, eNB can select the best UE from the B-UE and S-UE(s) with the best channel quality, and send the data to this best UE. If the best UE is S-UE, the S-UE will further forward the data to the B-UE. Or else, the best UE is B-UE itself. This UE selection and data transmission would happen every scheduling unit (e.g. 5RB), so as to have a multiple user diversity gain. In this case, the downlink data from the B-UEs CN bearer can be split in the eNB according to the UE selection due to different channel quality. For example, if one S-UE has the best channel quality (best CQI), the eNB will schedule it to send B-UEs data, and the S-UE thereafter forwards the data to the B-UE via short range communication. If the B-UE itself has the best channel quality at the next scheduling unit, the eNB will send data to the B-UE directly. So the eNB will always select the best UE for data transmission, a multiple user diversity gain is achieved. And that is just like the B-UE always has the best channel quality among the UEs. The B-UE would further merge all data from itself and other S-UEs. For uplink data, the B-UE can send to the eNB directly if the uplink channel is the best among all UEs, or the B-UE send the uplink data to a most appropriate S-UE first, and then the S-UE sends the data to the eNB. The eNB would merge the uplink data and send them to the third party along the B-UEs CN bearer. The S-UE(s) only involve in radio bearer. Its at the eNB to split the downlink data and at the B-UE to merge them. And its at the B-UE to split the uplink data and at the eNB to merge them. The data would still go along the B-UEs CN bearer (i.e. S1 bearer and S5/S8 bearer), only at the radio, the data would go along the best UEs radio bearer. As a result the S-UEs wont pay any money for transmitting the B-UEs data.
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In summary, MUCC has the following advantages, 111 Improving system throughput. This is achieved by always scheduling the best UE with the best channel quality (multi-user diversity gain). 222 Improving reliability. There is several channel / UEs RBs / radio pipes. The probability that all the channels / RBs are deteriorated at the same time is quite small. 333 Only the benefitted UE is charged. Since the CN bearer is benefitted UEs, and the supporting UE only involve in radio bearer, the supporting UE wont be charged.

2.4.3 Perspective
MUCC contribute the terminal cloud concept, or multi-radio-pipes concept. The benefitted UE and its supporting UEs compose a MUCC group, which can be regarded as a terminal cloud. Besides, not like conventional way, the communication involves several UEs, each UE having its own radio pipe; so MUCC is a multi-radio-pipes concept. When the concept is developed further, the multi-pipes can be extended to the end to end, so that we can have access cloud and E2E multi-pipes concept as the below figure:

Terminal Cloud

Access Cloud

Figure 2-17 Extended architecture of MUCC

Multiple terminals can compose the terminal cloud. Different RATs (e.g. LTE, UMTS ) can compose the access cloud. With this architecture, MUCC will be much more flexible. The system would always find the best pipe to reach the final destination, so that the system performance can be further improved. And any single pipe optimization can be used at the same time (e.g. MIMO, CoMP etc.), i.e. MUCC can improve the system performance from a new dimension beyond the current single pipe solutions.
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2.5 Video Services Enhancements 2.5.1 Introduction

The solutions described above are focused on capacity improving, service optimization to match network performance shall be studied also; mobile video services are the killer application now, a lot of new innovative mobile application are based on the mobile video services. The mobile video services generate huge amount of wireless data and consumes a lot of radio and core network resources. In order to provide large-scale mobile video services, the MNO needs high-rate and more efficient network infrastructure. The video service enhancement technologies can provide better user experience and save the radio and network resources and save the capital to invest to the network infrastructure at the same time.

2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement Introduction

Category of the Video Services live and on-demand video streaming; video clip download/upload/messaging; video monitoring; and Real-time communication.

2.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video Services

Long Start-up Delay Frequent stalls; Bitrate intense

2.5.4 Solutions based on UE

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia file is partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP. A media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing, URL, media characteristics such as video resolution and bit rates).DASH is audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming.

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UE-Based Cache If the Video is cached to the UE, there is almost no start-up delay. The UE can proactive retrieve the video/audio files from the server and store them at local storage, e.g. Flash-memory in the background without or with the user's instruction or notice. Or the MNO can proactive push some video/audio files from the server and store them at UE's local storage.

2.5.5 Solutions based on Network

Mobile CDN CDN is a good way to accelerate the web/Video/Audio downloading in the Internet. Here we give a simple instance to introduce how to use CDN in 3GPP network. Following figure is a two layers CDN architecture model, main cache provides an interface to CP/SPs, so they can push some content wishing to be accelerated to this unit, this open architecture is helpful to accelerate those CP/SPs content transmission, who have rent Cache resource from operator, and finally the operator will obtain the deserved benefits.

PDN (CP/SPs)
eRx

P-GW/GGSN

Main Cache

CPCF

PCRF

C-D-U

C-D-C

S-GW/SGSN

S-GW/SGSN

eNB/RNC/BSC

eNB/RNC/BSC

eNB/RNC/BSC

eNB/RNC/BSC

Figure 2-18 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP The first layer of CDN comprises two components, one is Main Cache who is the content storage part, the other one is CPCF (Cache Policy Control Function) who is the control part and responsible for cache policy control and some other control function like negotiation with CP/SPs and RAN cache. Main Cache can be an individual unit or just a part of P-GW/GGSN, and CPCF also can be an individual unit or a part of PCRF, and even Main Cache and CPCF could be a different function unit in one device.
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Cloud-based solution We hope to build a centralized smart unit to receipt complex tasks form Radio Access Network Node(RAN), and provide suitable interface to RAN and Core Network to cooperate with them which can refer to following figure . Advantages are very clear here, the independent function unit could be provided by any other hardware company and software company, the functions depart from 3GPP network devices could reduce the RAN and CN complexities, save operator network cost. Also the function unit update is easy, operator will no need to buy hardware devices, they only need to install some new application softwares to provide newest functions.

RAN

Core Network

PDN

Cloud
Trans-Coding Trans-rating

RAN

Core Network

PDN

Figure 2-19 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP

Following figure gives an example process of calling smart function, we can see the process is easy to use, and the impact to existent network is very small, all of the complexities have been finished by Smart unit.

CN/RAN

CN/RAN

Virus Scanning
Downlink transmission calls for virus scanning method

Virus Scanning
Uplink transmission calls for virus scanning method

Figure 2-20 Smart Function calling example

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3 Conclusion
To satisfy the challenge caused by massive traffic produced by smart phone, the following technology trend shall be considered:
111 small cell deployment and technology enhancement such as LTE-Hi; 222 D2D technology (shall be managed by network equipment) to transmit data between UEs and proximity discovery for social network; 333 More than one RAT can server to one special UE at same time to enlarge throughput for it; 444 video enhancement technology on network

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A
3GPP A AAA AC C C2DM CPC CPE CPU CQI CS D DCH DPCCH DRX DTX D2D DMC E E2E

Acronyms and Abbreviations

3rd Generation Partnership Project

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting access class

Cloud to Device Messaging continuous packet connectivity customer premises equipment central processing unit channel quality indicator circuit switched

enhanced dedicated channel dedicated physical control channel discontinuous reception discontinuous transmission Device to Device Direct mobile communication

end to end

F FTP G GGSN GPRS gateway GPRS support node general packet radio service
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File Transfer Protocol

H HS-DPCCH HSDPA HSPA HSS HSUPA HTML HTTP HCA I IaaS ID IM IMEI iOS infrastructure as a service identity instant messaging international mobile equipment identity Intelligent Optimization System High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Packet Access HTTP Smooth Streaming High Speed Uplink Packet Access Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Transfer Protocol Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation

K KPI L LBBP LTE LTE-Hi M M2M MBB MIMO MUCC O OS OTT P P2P PaaS PCH
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key performance indicator

LTE baseband processing unit Long Term Evolution Hot spot/High modulation/High frequency /indoor based LTE

machine-to-machine mobile broadband multiple-input multiple-output multiple UE cooperative communication

operating system Over The Top

point-to-point service platform as a service paging channel

PDCCH PDP PS R RAB RAN RNC RRC RTP S SaaS SCRI SGSN SMTP SNS T TA TAL TCP U UDP UE UMTS UTRAN V VoIP W WAP WLAN

physical downlink control channel Packet Data Protocol packet switched

radio access bearer radio access network radio network controller radio resource controller Real-time Transport Protocol

Software as a service serving GPRS support node Simple Mail Transfer Protocol social networking site

tracking area tracking area list Transmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol user equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunications System universal terrestrial radio access network

voice over IP

Wireless Access Protocol wireless local area network

26

Reference

111 [APNS]: Apple Push Notification Service, http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/NetworkingInternet/ Conceptual/RemoteNotificationsPG/ApplePushService/ApplePushService.html 222 [C2DM]: Android Cloud to Device Messaging, https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/ 333 [NSRM]: Network Scoket Request Manager, http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/managing-background-data-trafficmobile-devices 444 [HLS]: HTTP Live Streaming, ietf draft, http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-livestreaming 555 [HSS]: Smooth Streaming, http://www.microsoft.com/silverlight/smoothstreaming/ 666 [DASH]: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, 3gpp specification 26.247 777 [HTML5]: W3C Working Draft, http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/ 888 3GPP TS 23.060 a.5.0 (GPRS); Service description; 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service

999 3GPP TS 36.413 a.3.0 2011-09-27 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) 1111 3GPP TS 23.401 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access 1111 3GPP TS 24.008 9.4.0 2010-09-28 Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3 1111 3GPP TS 25.413 10.3.0 2011-09-27 Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling UTRAN Iu interface Radio Access

1111 3GPP TS 36.413, "S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)" 1111 3GPP TS 36.331, "Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification" 1111 3GPP TS 23.401, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access" 1111 3GPP TS 25.331: "Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specification". 1111 3GPPTS 25.308: " UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)". 1111 3GPPTS 25.321: "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification". 1111 3GPPTS 25.903: "Continuous connectivity for packet data users ". 2222 3GPPTS 25.319: "Enhanced uplink; Overall description " 2222 3GPPTS 25.317: ''High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)''
27

C
Contributors

Contributors
Department Research Dept. WN Research Dept. WN Research Dept. WN Research Dept. WN Research Dept. WN Research Dept. WN

Wang Xiaoyu (employee ID: 00145141) Zhang Weiliang (employee ID: 00133227) GuoXiaolong (employee ID: 41423) Xiong Chunshan (employee ID: 00170901) Fu Miao (employee ID: 00181707) Wang Junwei (employee ID: 43070)

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