COMPLEMENTARY SYMMETRY PUSH -PULL AMPLIFIER

1. Aim
The aim for Practical 1 was to construct a class B complementary symmetry power amplifier and; Observe the waveforms with and without cross distortion and Compute maximum output power and efficiency

2. Apparatus
S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Name Transistor Resistor Capacitor Diode Signal Generator Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Regulator power supply Bread Board Range CL100, BC558 4.7K, 15K 100F IN4007 (0-3MHz) 30MHz (0-30)V Quantity 1,1 2,1 2 2 1 1 1 1

3. Circuit diagrams

Figure 1: A class B complementary symmetry power amplifier without diode

Figure 2: A class B complementary symmetry power amplifier diodes

4. Theory
A class B complementary symmetry power amplifier is referred to as a complementary-symmetry transistor because it has an NPN and a PNP emitter follower connected in series. Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration with the sole purpose of delivering maximum undistorted output power to load. Push-pull amplifiers operating in class-B are used in high power audio system with high efficiency. In class-B power amplifier, the Q-point is located either in cut-off region or in saturation region. So, that only 180 of the input signal is flowing in the output. In complementary-symmetry power amplifier, during the positive half cycle of input signal NPN transistor conducts and during the negative half cycle PNP transistor conducts. Theoretically efficiency of complementary symmetry power amplifier is 78.5%. Using complementary transistors (npn and pnp) it is possible to obtain a full cycle output across a load using half-cycles of operation from each transistor. While a single input signal is applied to the base of both transistors, the transistors, being of opposite type, will conduct on opposite half-cycles of the input. During the negative half-cycle of signal, the pnp transistor is biased into conduction when the input goes negative. During a complete cycle of the input, a complete cycle of output signal is developed across the load. One disadvantage of the circuit is the need for two separate voltage supplies. Another, less obvious disadvantage with the complementary circuit is shown in the resulting crossover distortion in the output signal. Crossover distortion refers to the fact that during the signal crossover from positive to negative (or vice versa) there is some nonlinearity in the output signal. This results from the fact that the circuit does not provide exact switching of one transistor off and the other on at the zero-voltage condition. Both transistors may be partially off so that the output voltage does not follow the input around the zero-voltage condition.

5. Procedure
1. Set up the complementary symmetry power amplifier without diode as shown in Fig 1 2. Observe the waveforms and note the amplitude and time period of the input signal and distorted waveforms from the CRO. 3. Set up the complementary symmetry power amplifier with a diode as shown in Fig 2 4. Observe the waveforms and note the amplitude and time period of the input signal and output signal form the CRO. 5. Draw the waveforms for the readings. 6. Calculate the maximum output power and efficiency.

6. Results
Model graphs Practical graphs

Observations from the Oscilloscope

Amplitude Input Signal Time Period

Output Signal without a diode

Output Signal with a diode

Calculations Maximum Input Power (Pin)

( )

Where; ( ( ( ) ) )

Therefore;

Maximum Output Power (Pout)

( ) ( ) ( )

Maximum Efficiency ( )
( ) ( )

Thus the Class B complementary symmetry power amplifier was constructed to observe cross-over distortion and the circuit was modified to avoid the distortion. The following parameters were calculated: a) Maximum output power = b) Efficiency =

7. Conclusion
A class B complementary symmetry power amplifier produces an output signal that is very distorted and no longer remains the same as the input signal. This distortion is called cross-over distortion. Due to this distortion, each transistor conducts for less than half cycle rather than the complete half cycle. To overcome this distortion, 2 diodes were included in the class B complementary symmetry power amplifier to provide a fixed bias and eliminate cross-over distortion. The Maximum Output power and maximum efficiency were computed as an objective of the practical. The Maximum efficiency of a class B power amplifier is 78.5% and that of this practical is calculated to be 78.5%, which is the maximum efficiency for any class B power amplifier, as verified by

*100%

8. References
1. http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/Amplifiers/amplifiers53.php 2. http://www.google.com.na/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=when%20we%20bias%20a%20transistor%2C %20we%20establish%20certain%20current%20and%20voltage%20conditions%20for%20the %20transistor.%20these%20conditions%20are%20called%20operating%20conditions%20or %20dc%20operating%20point%20or%20quiescent%20point.%20this%20point%20must%20b e%20stable%20for%20proper%20operation%20of%20transistor.%20an%20important%20an d%20common%20type%20of%20biasing%20is%20called%20fixed%20biasing.%20the%20cir cuit%20is%20very%20simple%20and%20uses%20only%20few%20components.%20but%20t he%20circuit%20does%20not%20check%20the%20collector%20current%20which%20increa ses%20with%20the%20rise%20in%20temperature&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&ved=0CEo QFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajalakshmi.org%2Fdept%2Fece%2F147352lm.doc&ei=0SecUeahOIzcPbTrgeAG&usg=AFQjCNEXaacu1vaJOnWTKTFSenldr7SiuA&bvm=bv .46751780,d.ZWU 3. Electronics Devices And Linear Circuits By U.A.Bakshi, A.P.Godse 4. Electronic Devices and Amplifier Circuits with MATLAB Applications - Steven T. Karris 5. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory-Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky

9. Index

Figure: Practical Circuit diagram for a class B complementary symmetry power amplifier without diode