Proof for nth roots of unity (1) 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = cos 2 + i sin 2 = cos 4 + i sin 4 = cos[2(n 1)] + i sin[2(n

2(n 1)] Then take the nth roots of both sides and use De Moirs theorem for rational indices, we shall get 1n = cos Since cos
2k n
1

2k n

+ i sin

2k n

for k=0,1,2,,n-1

+ i sin

2k n

for k=0,1,2,,n-1 are all distinct and x n 1 = 0 should

have exactly n roots, they must all be the roots of x n 1 = 0. By definition, they are the nth roots of unity. Proof for nth roots of unity (2) Let z = e n
2i

(Z k )n = (Z n )k = 1k = 1 for k=0,1,2,,n-1 Z k for k=0,1,2,,n-1 are all the roots of the equation x n 1 = 0 As these n roots are distinct, they must be all the roots of x n 1 = 0 By definition, they are the nth roots of unity. NOTE The proofs for nth roots of a complex number (1) and (2) have similar claims as the above Proof for nth roots of a complex number let t k = r n e
1 +2k ) i( n

for k = 0,1,2, , n 1

(t k )n = r ei t k for k = 0,1,2, , n 1 are all the roots of the equation x n ei = 0 As these n roots are distinct, they must be all the roots of x n ei = 0 Proof for Sum of powers of nth roots of unity If k|n, then k = 1, hence
n1 n1

(k )j = 1 = n
j=0 j=0

If k n, then 1, hence

(n k n 1 1)

n1

(k )j =
j=0

(k )n 1 (n )k 1 = k =0 k 1 1

Proof for Euler s formula (1) Let f(x) = (cos x + i sin x)eix f (x) = ( sin x + i cos x)eix + (cos x + i sin x)(i)eix = eix ( sin x + i cos x i cos x + sin x) =0 f(x) is a constant function. f(x) = f(0) = 1 eix = cos x + i sin x Q.E.D.

Proof for Euler s formula (2) This proof may not be 100% correct Use Taylor s expansion for e , cos x , sin x about 0
x

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 e = 1+x+ + + + + + + 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
x

x2 x4 x6 cos x = 1 + + 2! 4! 6! x3 x5 x7 sin x = x + + 3! 5! 7! (ix)2 (ix)3 (ix)4 (ix)5 (ix)6 (ix)7 e = 1 + ix + + + + + + + 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!

ix

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 = 1 + ix i + + i i + 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 2 4 6 3 x x x x x5 x7 = (1 + + ) + i (x + + ) 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7! = cos x + i sin x Proof for De Moirs Theorem By induction on n Prove it when n=0 Then start by (cos x + i sin x)m and use the above proved results (cos x + i sin x)n = cos(nx) + i sin(nx) for n Proof for De Moirs Theorem for rational indices

(cos

px px q + i sin ) = (cos px + i sin px) = (cos x + i sin x)p q q

p

Hence (cos x + i sin x)q = cos

px q

+ i sin

px q

Derivation of De Moirs Theorem (cos x + i sin x)n = (eix ) = ei(nx) = cos(nx) + i sin(nx) The above formula is valid for n , though the original theorem is only for n
n