Chapter 2 Algebraic Manipulation

C H A P T E R
Algebraic manipulation
Syllabus topic AM1 Algebraic manipulation
Add and subtract like terms Multiply and divide algebraic terms Expand and factorise algebraic expressions Evaluate the subject of the formula through substitution Solve linear equations involving up to 3 steps Solve equations following substitution
2.1 Adding and subtracting like terms

A pronumeral (letter) represents a number. It may stand for an unknown value or series of values that change. For example, in the equation x + 5 = 8, x is a pronumeral that represents a value. Its value can be determined because we know 3 + 5 = 8, so x = 3. 2.1 When a term has a pronumeral and a number, the number is written before the pronumeral and is called the coefficient. For example, the term 3xy has a coefficient of 3 and its pronumerals are written after the coefficient in alphabetical order.
Like terms
Terms that have exactly the same pronumerals such as 2a and 5a are called like terms. Only like terms can be added and subtracted. It involves adding and subtracting the coefficients. Adding and subtracting like terms simplifies the algebraic expression. It is often called collecting the like terms.
35
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party Cambridge University Press
36
Preliminary Mathematics General
Adding and subtracting like terms

1 2 3
Find the like terms or the terms that have exactly the same pronumerals. Only like terms can be added or subtracted; unlike terms cannot. Add or subtract the coefficients or the numbers before the pronumeral of the like terms.
Example 1
Simplify 2ab + 3 + 5ab - 7.

Solution
1 2
Rewrite the expression by grouping the like terms. Add and subtract the coefficients.
2ab + 3 + 5ab - 7 = (2ab + 5ab) + 3 - 7 = 7ab - 4
Example 2
Simplify 4y + 6y2 - 3y - 5y2.

Solution
1 2
Rewrite the expression by grouping the like terms. Add and subtract the coefficients.
4y + 6y2 - 3y - 5y2 = 6y2 - 5y2 + 4y - 3y = y2 + y
Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions

To add and subtract algebraic fractions rewrite each fraction as an equivalent fraction with a common denominator, then add or subtract the numerators. A common denominator is always found by multiplying the denominators of both fractions together.
Example 3
Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions
Simplify
x x + . 6 4
Solution
1 2 3 4
Find a common denominator for 6 and 4. Both 6 and 4 divide into 12. Alternatively, multiply 6 by 4 and use 24. Multiply the first fraction by 2 (6 2 = 12) and the second fraction by 3 (4 3 = 12). Write the equivalent fractions. Add the numerators of the equivalent fractions.
x x x2 x3 + = + 6 4 62 43 2 x 3x = + 12 12 5x = 12
Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781107627291 The Powers Family Trust 2013 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Chapter 2 Algebraic manipulation
37
Exercise 2A
1
Choose the like terms out of each of the following. a 4r, 6p, r, 7 b 5x, 3xy, 2x c 2 d xy, 4xy, xy , 3yx e 3, 2m, mn, 9m f
-a, 5a, -8b, 7 c, cd, cde, dc, ce
Simplify by collecting like terms.

a d g j
4y + 3y 3x x d + ( 4 d ) 4 hg + 6 gh
b e h k
3p +1 17 7p d + 4d 33t + ( 11t ) 5ab + 2ba
c f i l
7h 6 h 6y 1 12 2y 11 f ( 5 f ) xyz + 3 xyz

a d g j
5c + 4 + 2 c 6 x + 4 y 3x 4 de + ed 2 de 6ba 2b + ( a ab b)
b e h k
4 f +4 f 7 3b + 7a 2 a 7a + b + 2 a 2b 7a + ( b ) + 2 a 2b
c f i l
8 + 5r + 12 r h + 2d 6 h xy + 2 yx + 3 xy 5 g + h + ( g ) + 8h

a d g
8 x 2 3x x 2 + 4 3m 2 + 8m 4 m m 2 2w + w 2 + 5 + w
b e h
4 a + a 2 3a 2 + a e 2 + 2e + e 2 e 6 v2 + v 4
c f i
7t + 8t 2 6t 7t 2 d + d 2 5d + d 2 8r 7 7r 3r 2
Add or subtract the algebraic fractions.

a
a a + 3 3 3x x 7 7 4 s 9s + 3 3 7e e 6 3
3x 2 x 5 5 d 2d + 11 11 9f 4f 8 8 g 4g + 2 6
2 m 3m + 4 4 6y 2y 15 15 y y + 2 4 r 4r 2 10
38
Development
6
Which of the following is equivalent to m + m + m + n + n ?

a c e
2m + m + 2n 5m 4 m + 3n n 3n n + m 2 m
b d f
m3 + n2 7m 4 m + 2 n n 2 m + 5m 2 n + 3n
Copy and add like terms where possible to complete the table. + 3x 7y x-y 2y x 3x x+y
Matteo has $y for shopping. He spent $x for a pair of jeans, $3x for a shirt and $2x for a belt. Write an expression in simplified form for how many dollars he has left. The perimeter of a plane shape is the distance around the boundary of the shape. The plane shape opposite is a rectangle with a length l and a breadth b. Write an expression for the perimeter of this rectangle by collecting like terms. The isosceles triangle opposite has three sides whose lengths are 3x + y, 3x + y and x + 2y. Write an expression in simplified form for the perimeter of this triangle by collecting like terms.
b l
10
3x + y
x + 2y 3x + y
11
Add or subtract the algebraic fractions.

a d g j
w w + 4 3 z z 3 5 u 4u + 10 15 3a a a + 5 4 2
b e h k
a a 4 5 3h h + 8 6 3e e 4 10 7x x x + 10 6 3
c f i l
x 2x + 7 3 5r r 12 8 w w w + + 2 4 6 d d d+ 2 10
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2.2 Multiplication and division of algebraic terms

Algebraic terms are multiplied and divided to form a single algebraic expression. Terms usually contain a coefficient before a pronumeral. The multiplication sign between the coefficient and the pronumeral is omitted. For example, the algebraic term 4x can be written in expanded form as 4 x. After an algebraic expression is written in expanded form, the coefficients can be multiplied or divided and the pronumerals can be multiplied or divided. Index notation should be used to write expressions in a shorter way such as a a = a2. If the algebraic terms contain fractions it is easier to cancel any common factors in the numerator or denominator. This makes the calculations easier. Multiplication and division of algebraic terms
1 2 3 4 5 6
2.2
Write in expanded form. If the algebraic term is a fraction cancel any common factors. Multiply and divide the coefficients. Multiply and divide the pronumerals. Write the coefficient before the pronumerals. Write the pronumerals in alphabetical order and express in index notation.
Example 4
Multiplying algebraic terms
Simplify the following. a 2 cd (3de )

Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x2 3x 4 x
Write in expanded form. Multiply the coefficients (2 -3 = -6). Write the pronumerals in alphabetical order. Express answer using index notation (d d = d 2). Write in expanded form. Multiply the coefficients (1 3 4 = 12). Write the coefficient before the pronumerals. Write the pronumerals using index notation. Express the answer using index notation (x2 x x = x4).
2 cd (3de ) = 2 c d 3 d e = 6 c d d e = 6 cd 2 e
x 2 3 x 4 x = 12 x 2 x x = 12 x 2 x1 x1 = 12 x 4 = 12 x 4
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Example 5
Dividing algebraic terms
Simplify 18a 2b 6 a.
Solution
1 2 3 4
Write in fraction form. Write in expanded form. Divide the coefficients (18 6 = 3). Cancel the pronumeral a in both the numerator and denominator (common factor of a, a = a a = 1 ). a Write the coefficient before the pronumerals. Write the pronumerals in alphabetical order.
Dividing algebraic terms with fractions
18a 2b 6 a =
5 6
18a 2b 6a 18 a a b = 6a 3 a a1 b = a1 = 3 a b = 3ab
Example 6
Simplify
x 8 xy . 12 y 20
Solution
1 2
5 6 7 8
Write fractions in expanded form. Determine any common factors in the numerator and the denominator. Cancel out the common factors (4 is a common factor of 8 and 12, 2 is a common factor of 2 and 4). Cancel the pronumeral y in both the numerator and denominator as it is a common factor. Multiply the numerators together. Multiply the denominators together. Express the answer using index notation (x x = x2). Write the coefficient before the pronumerals. However, it is acceptable to leave the answer as x .
2
x 8 xy x 8 x y = 12 y 20 12 y 20 4 1 2 1 x y 1 x = 41 3 y1 42 5 x x = 3 2 5 x2 1 2 = or x 30 30
30
41
Exercise 2B
1
Multiply these algebraic terms. a 6g 4 b 7 5m 20 x 5 x d a 7a e

g
c f i
2 4d 7 5s s 6 3 f 1 15 5f
3e 7e 2
4 w (4 (4w )
Multiply these algebraic terms. a mn 4mn b 15 yz 3 y

d g
c f i
5 pq (2 pr ) 24 q2 2 q2 z2 4z 5z
3x 2 2 x 3st 3 5 st
e h
2 r 3 4r 2 de 2 ( 5d 2 e )
What is the product of 4uw2 and uw?
Simplify these algebraic terms. 12 y 16 a a b 6 4

d
6 mn 18 2 xyz 26 x 10 pq 2q
14b 2b 8 x2 64 x
12 m 3 12 m 5r 2 15rs
Write in fraction form and simplify. a 20 z 4 b 22 w 2 2

d g
c f i
27 h2 ( 3) 25kj 2 5kj 7m 2 21 1m 3
33 y 11 y 4 x3 2 28 8 x2
e h
12 ab 4 a 2 s 8s 2
Express 16 xy in simplest form. 12 x
42
Development
7
Multiply the algebraic terms in the first column by each algebraic term given to complete the table. 5p 6pq 2q2 Simplify the following.
a
2p2
pq
8y 4y 3 5 x 12 4 x 10a 3b b 4
6d
2d 5
5w 2w 9 5w 2 w 7 9 d c e 3d
2 3a a 6 m 6 mn 9n 15
Divide the algebraic terms in the first column by each algebraic term given to complete the table. 8r 12rt 4r2 The plane shape opposite is a rectangle with a length of 52x and a breadth of 3x2. Write an expression in simplest form for the area of this rectangle.
3 2 Express 8 x y in simplest form. 16 x 2 y 3
2r
4rt
10
5x 2 3x2
11
12
Simplify the following.

a
15h2 3k 3 3k 4 9m 3 6 mn 2 3m 2 n
21v 2 5u 3 15uv 7 3( m + 1) 4m3 8m 2( m + 1)
18a 2 6b 3 a 12b 9a 2 7 y4 5( y 2 ) 10( y 2 ) 21 y 6
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2.3 Expanding algebraic expressions

Grouping symbols in algebraic expressions indicate the order of operations. The two most commonly used grouping symbols are parentheses ( ) and brackets [ ]. They are removed by using the distributive law or a (b + c) = ab + ac. This is illustrated below. 2.3 Using order of operations 2 ( 3 + 1) = 2 4 =8 Using distributive law 2 ( 3 + 1) = 2 3 + 2 1 =6+2 =8
To expand an algebraic expression using the distributive law, multiply the number or terms inside the grouping symbols by the number or term outside the grouping symbols. The resulting algebraic expression is simplified by collecting the like terms. Make sure you remember to multiply all the terms inside the grouping symbol by the number or term outside the grouping symbols. Expanding algebraic expressions
1
Multiply the number or term outside the grouping symbol by the a first term inside the grouping symbol. b second term inside the grouping symbol. Simplify and collect like terms if required. a(b + c ) = a b + a c a(b c ) = a b a c = ab + ac = ab ac
Example 7
Expanding algebraic expressions
Expand 5( 2 y 3).
Solution
1 2 3
Multiply the first term inside the parenthesis (2y) by the number outside the parenthesis (5). Multiply the second term inside the parenthesis (-3) by the number outside the parenthesis (5). Write in simplest form.
5( 2 y 3) = 5 2 y 5 3 = 10 y 15
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Example 8
Expand -(m - 5).

Solution
1 2 3
Multiply the first term inside the parenthesis (m) by the number outside the parenthesis (-1). Multiply the second term inside the parenthesis (-5) by the number outside the parenthesis (-1). Write in simplest form.
( m 5) = 1 ( m 5) = 1 m 1 5 = m + 5
Example 9
Expanding and simplify algebraic expressions
Remove the grouping symbols for 2(3x + 4) + 3(x - 1) and simplify if possible.
Solution
1 2 3 4
Multiply the first term inside the parenthesis (3x) by the number outside the parenthesis (2). Multiply the second term inside the parenthesis (+4) by the number outside the parenthesis (2). Repeat the first two steps for the second parenthesis. Simplify by collecting the like terms.
2( 3 x + 4 ) + 3( 3( x 1) = 2 3 x + 2 4 + 3 x + 3 1 = 6 x + 8 + 3x 3 = 9x + 5
Example 10
Expanding and simplifying algebraic expressions
Expand a(3a + 2) - a(a - 1) and simplify if possible.

Solution
1 2
3 4
Multiply the first term inside the parenthesis (3a) by the term outside the parenthesis (a). Multiply the second term inside the parenthesis (+2) by the term outside the parenthesis (a). Repeat the first two steps for the second parenthesis. Simplify by collecting the like terms.
a( 3a + 2 ) a( a 1) = a ( 3a + 2 ) a ( a 1) = a 3a + a 2 a a a 1 = 3a 2 + 2 a a 2 + a = 2 a 2 + 3a
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Exercise 2C
1
Ryan was required to remove the grouping symbols. This was his solution. 3( 3 x 2 ) = 9 x 2 Where is the error in Ryans working?
Expand each of the following.

a d g j
3( a + 2 ) 2( 3 x + 4 ) 4(5 + 2t ) 8(5e 2 d )
b e h k
2( d + 1) 2(5 x 7) 6(1 2 w ) 5( 4 a + 9b )
c f i l
7(b 2 ) 4( 9b + 1) 5( 3 + 9d ) 7( 2 h + 8 g )
Expand each of the following. 3( y + 5) a 4( x + 3) b

d g
c f i
(b + 8) 2( x 13) 7(8 2 s )
7( k 2 ) 2( 4 + 2 q)
e h
6( w 1) 5( 3 4 r )
Expand each of the following.

a d g
y( y + 1) x( 2 x 3) z (7e + 3 f )
b e h
v(v + 4) e( 3e + 5) a( 2b 3c )
c f i
n( n + 10) d (6 d 2 ) c(d + 4e )
Remove the grouping symbols and simplify if possible.

a c e
2( g + 1) + 4 g 3( y 9) 2 y 6 z + 2( 2( z 1)
b d f
7( s + 2 ) + s 5 x 4( 4( x 2 ) 3q 7( 7( q 5)
Remove the grouping symbols and simplify if possible. 4( x 1) + 2 x + 5 b 7( 3 y 2 ) + 4 y 2 a

c e
2(5b + 2 ) b 8 2 n 8 + 3( n + 2 )
d f
4 r + 17 17 + 5( 5( r 3) 5q + 2 ( q + 9)
46
Development
7

a c e g i k
2( x + 1) + 5( x 1) 5( a + 2 ) + 3( a + 4 ) 6( s + 6 ) + 2( 2 s 1) 4( 3 x 1) 2( 2( x 2 ) 5( 2 c 4 ) 3( 3( c + 7) 7( 2 u 3) ( u 3)
b d f h j l
3( y + 2 ) + 2( y + 1) 8( c 3) + 5( c + 3) 5( h + 7) + 2( 2 h 7) 9( z + 5) 7( z 2 ) 5(5 g 1) 4( 4( g 2 ) ( 4 d 1) 3( d 3)
Taylah was required to remove the grouping symbols and simplify. This was her solution. 6( 3 x 2 ) 2 2( ( x + 3) = 1 18 8 x 12 12 2 x + 6 = 16 x 6 Where is the error in Taylahs working?
Remove the grouping symbols and simplify if possible.

a c e g i k
x( x 5) + x( x + 2 ) y( y 3) + y( y + 8) v ( v 7) + v (6 v + 4 ) 2 u( u 2 ) + u( u + 9) 3d ( d + 7) + d ( 2 d + 5) 6 k ( k 3) + k ( k + 3)
b d f h j l
b(b + 3) + b(b + 1) g ( 2 g + 3) g ( g + 3) b(5b 1) b( 2 + 4b ) 4 n( n 6 ) n( n + 1) e ( e + 2 ) 7e ( e 9) t (5 3t ) + 7t ( 2 t )
10
Expand and simplify the algebraic expression 2 ab( ab 3) ab( ab 1).
11

a c e g i k
x 2 ( 2 x + 3) 2( x + 1) y 2 (5 y + 2 ) 3( y + 7) z ( 3 z 1) + z 2 ( z 5) x ( x 2 + 7) x ( x 2 + 2 ) v( 2 v 2 ) v(1 v 2 ) x 2 ( x 2 + y ) x( x + 3 y )
b d f h j l
a 2 ( a + 2 ) 4( 4( a + 3) b(b + 7) b 2 ( 3b + 2 ) e (7 e ) e 2 ( 2 e + 6 ) a( 2 a 2 1) + a( a 2 + 4 ) a 2 ( a + b ) b( a + b ) y 2 ( y + 4 z ) y ( z 2 + 1)
12
Expand and simplify ( n + 4 r )n2 (7n + r )n2.
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2.4 Factorising algebraic expressions

Factorising is the reverse process to expanding. For example, expanding the expression 5(2y - 3) produces 10y - 15, whereas factorising the expression 10y - 15 produces 5(2y - 3). The first step in factorising an expression is to find the largest factor of each term or the highest common factor (HCF). In this case the HCF of 10y and 15 is 5. The HCF is written outside the grouping symbol and terms inside are found by dividing the HCF into each term. Factorising algebraic expressions
1 2 3 4
2.4
Find the largest factor of each term or the HCF. Write the HCF outside the grouping symbol. Divide the HCF into each term to find the terms inside the grouping symbols. Check the factorisation by expanding the expression.
Example 11
Factorising algebraic expressions
Factorise 3p - 6.
Solution
1 2 3 4
Find the largest factor of each term (HCF is 3). Write the HCF or 3 outside the grouping symbol. Divide the HCF or 3 into each term to find the terms inside the grouping symbols. Check by expanding the expression.
3p 6 = 3 p 3 2 = 3 ( p 2) = 3( p 2 )
Example 12
Factorise 2x2 + 6x.

Solution
1 2 3 4
Find the largest factor of each term (HCF is 2x). Write the HCF or 2x outside the grouping symbol. Divide the HCF or 2x into each term to find the terms inside the grouping symbols. Check by expanding the expression.
2 x2 + 6 x = 2 x x + 2 x 3 = 2 x ( x + 3) = 2 x( x + 3)
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Exercise 2D
1
Find the HCF to complete the factorisations. a 3m + 9 = ( m + 3) b 4 x 16 16 =

c e g
( x 4) ( x 6) ( 3w 11) ( 3n 4 )
10 y + 20 = 14 a + 56 = 8e + 12 12 =
( y + 2) ( 2 a + 8) ( 2 e + 3)
d f h
5 x 30 30 = 6 w 22 22 = 9n 12 12 =
Complete the following factorisations. 2y +8 = 2 a +

c e g
( 7x 7 = 7(
6d 9 = 3
14 v + 70 = 7
) ) )
b d
( 8 h 24 24 = 8 (
5a + 20 20 = 5 15s 45 = 5 10 + 5 x = 5
f h
) ) )
Jakob was required to factorise an algebraic expression. This was his solution. 2 x 6 = 2( x 6 ) Where is the error in Jakobs working?
Factorise each of the following. a 5a + 2 20 b 3x + 1 18 d 7z + 2 21 e 32 + 4 d g 4n + 1 10 h 16 c + 36 j 24 16 x k 28 g 8
c f i l
8p 5 56 27 9t 15 f + 20 9w 2 21
Anhs working for a factorisation question is shown below. 6 y + 18 18 = 6( 6( y + 3) How can she check that the factorisation is correct?
Factorise each of the following by taking out a negative factor. 3q 15 a 2 a 12 b c 5m 20 16 4 y d 9 s + 90 e f 32 8 h
49
Development
7
Complete the following factorisations.

a c e g i
x 2 + 4 x = x( 2 e 3e 3 = e( 10r 2 14 r = 2 r ( q4 + 5q2 = q2 ( 6 n3 + 8n = 2 n(
) ) ) ) )
b d f h j
6 y y 2 = y( 6 k 7k 4 = k ( 9 x 2 + 3x = 3x( w 2 2w 3 = w 2 ( 6t 5 + 9t = 3t (
) ) ) ) )
Fully factorise the following expressions.

a d g j
y2 5 y 3v + v 2 2 ab + 4 a def de f 2e 2 f
b e h k
10m 2 + 5m 8g + 4g3 5 xy 2 + 1 10 xy 5 x 2 y + 3 xy 2
c f i l
4 x2 1 16 6x 4d 2 + 1 12 2d 4 6b 2 c 1 15 5b 2 r 3t 2 r 2t 2
Stacey was required to completely factorise an algebraic expression. This was her solution. 12 x + 8 x 2 = 4( 4( 3 x + 2 x 2 ) Where is the error in Staceys working?
10
Factorise each of the following by taking out the highest common factor. 4 x + 12 12 y + 8 10 x 5 y + 1 15 z a b c 2 a + 4b 6 c
d g
9 y 2 + 6 y 12 10v 15v 2 + 25
e h
8 4r + 6r 2 8m 4 mn + 12
f i
3 + 6 h2 + 9 h 9c + 15 15cd + 1 18 8d
11
Factorise by using the HCF for each of the following expressions.

a d g
2 ab + ac + ag d 2 3d + de xyz + 5 xy 2 2 x 2 y
b e h
4x + x xy y+x xz z b 2 + bc bc 5b 2 abc + 5a 2b 2 c 2 3ab
c f i
7 g gh + 1 14 4g2 k 4k 2 h + 2k kh mn 2 m 2 n + mn2
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2.5 Substitution
Substitution involves replacing the pronumeral in an algebraic expression with one or more numbers. The resulting numerical expression is evaluated and expressed to the specified level of accuracy. 2.5 Substitution of values
1 2 3 4
Write the algebraic expression. Replace the variables in the expression with the numbers given in the question. Evaluate using the calculator. Write the answer to the specified level of accuracy and correct units if necessary.
Example 13
Substituting values
Evaluate 3a - 4b + c given a = 2, b = 5 and c = -10.

Solution
1 2 3
Write the algebraic expression. Substitute the values for a, b and c into the algebraic expression. Evaluate.
3a 4b + c = 3 2 4 5 + 10 = 6 20 10 = 24
Example 14
Substituting values
Evaluate the following, given a = 2.

a
( 2 a + 5)
Solution
1 2 3 4 5 6
3a3
Write the algebraic expression. Substitute the value for a into the algebraic expression. Evaluate. Write the algebraic expression. Substitute the value for a into the algebraic expression. Evaluate.
( 2 a + 5) = 2 2 + 5 = 9 =3
3a3 = 3 23 =38 = 24
51
Exercise 2E
1
Evaluate these expressions given a = 3, b = 4 and c = 8.

a d g
5a + b a2 + b2 abc 2
b e h
a + 4b 4b (2 a ) b2 c
c f i
ab+c 2 ab 2 ab c a = 0 and b = 0 1 a = 2 and b = 2 e = 10 e = -2 1 e= 5 w = 256 w = 400 1 w= 4
Find the value of 3a + 2b if: a a = 5 and b = 5 b

d
a = -7 and b = -2
a = 6 and b = -4 2 a = and b = 1 3
c f
Calculate the value of e2 - 3 if: a e=1 b e=3 d e=2 e e = -1 1 e= g h e = 3.1 2 Find ( w 7) if: a w = 100 d w = 25
g
c f i
b e h
w = 144 w = 49 w=1 if: m = 10 and n = 2 m = 1 and n = -6 m = 2 and n = 0.25
c f i
w=9
Determine the value of 2 m n 4 a m = 4 and n = 4 b c m = 20 and n = 8 d e m = 0.5 and n = -11 f
52
Development
6
Evaluate these expressions given x = 7, y = -5 and z = 21.

a c e
x2 + z2 + y 4x + z 1 3 xy 2 z
b d f
y3 4 x z + 4 y2 6 y2 5 zx
The cross-sectional area of a solid is an annulus. It is evaluated using ( R 2 r 2 ) where R is the radius of the outer circle and r the radius of the inner circle. Find the area of an annulus if R is 8 cm and r is 4 cm. Answer correct to one decimal place.
Determine the value of
2 3
p 2 q given that p = 4 and q = 6.
Evaluate
2 y + 3 if y = 12.
10
Find the value of 2 decimal places.
l g
when l = 2.6 and g = 9.8. Give your answer correct to two
11
Find the value of
u2 + 2a as if u = 6, a = 7 and s = 2.
12
1 Find the value of if f = 10 and c = 2. Give your answer correct to three decimal 2 fc places.
13
3Rr Find the value of when R = 8.2 and r = 4.9. Give your answer correct to two R+r decimal places.
14
yA What is the value of ( y + 12 ) when y = 9 and A = 15. Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number.
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2.6 Linear equations

An equation is a mathematical statement that says that two things are equal. It has an equal sign. For example, these are all equations: x+4=7 2.6 Linear equations have all their variables raised to the power of 1. The above three equations are linear equations. An equation such as x2 = 9 is not a linear equation as the variable is raised to the power of 2. 2p =1 18 6 y 1 = 23
Solving an equation
The process of finding the unknown value for the variable is called solving the equation. When solving an equation look to perform the opposite operation: + is opposite to is opposite to x2 is opposite to x Make sure the equation remains balanced like a set of scales. The same operation needs to be done on both sides of the equal sign to keep the balance.
Solving an equation
1 2 3 4
Look to perform the opposite operation (+ is opposite to -, is opposite to ). Add or subtract the same number to both sides of the equation OR Multiply or divide both sides of the equation by the same number. To solve two- or three-step equations, repeat the above steps as required. It is often easier to firstly add or subtract the same number to both sides of the equation.
When a solution has been reached it can be checked. The solution of the equation must satisfy the equation. Always check your solution by substituting your answer into the original equation. The left-hand side of the equation must equal the right-hand side.
54
Example 15
Solving an equation
Solve the equation x + 4 = 7.

Solution
1 2 3
Write the equation. The opposite operation to adding 4 is subtracting 4. Subtract 4 from both sides of the equation. Check that the solution is correct by substituting x = 3 into the original equation.
x+4=7 x+ 4 = 7 x=3
4 4
Example 16
Solving an equation
Solve the equation 2p = 18.

Solution
1 2 3
Write the equation. The opposite operation to multiplying by 2 is dividing by 2. Divide both sides of the equation by 2. Check that the solution is correct by substituting p = 9 into the original equation.
2p =1 18 2 p 18 = 2 2 p=9
Example 17
Solving two-step equations
Solve the equation 4a + 5 = -1. Express your answer as a simplest fraction.

Solution
1 2 3
Write the equation. The opposite operation to adding 5 is subtracting 5. Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to multiplying by 4 is dividing by 4. Divide both sides of the equation by 4. Simplify the improper fraction
4 a + 5 = 1 4a + 5 = 1 4 a = 6 4 a 6 = 4 4 2 a = 1 4 1 = 1 2
5 5
( ) by writing it as a
6 4
mixed number in simplified form 1 1 . 2 Check that the solution is correct by substituting a = 1 1 into the original equation. 2
( )
55
Example 18
Solving three-step equations
Solve the equation 2 y 4 = 36 3 y .

Solution
1 2
Write the equation. The opposite operation to subtracting 4 is adding 4. Add 4 to both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to subtracting -3y is adding +3y. Add +3y to both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to multiplying by 5 is dividing by 5. Divide both sides of the equation by 5. Check that the solution is correct by substituting y = 8 into the original equation.
2 y 4 = 36 3 y 2 y 4 = 36 3 y 2 y = 40 3 y
+3 y +3 y +4 +4
2 y = 40 3 y 5 y = 40
4 5
5 y 40 = 5 5 y=8
Example 19
Solving a practical problem involving a linear equation
Seven is added to three times a number and the result is 22. a Write and equation using x to represent the number. b Solve the equation for x.
Solution
1
Use mathematical symbols to replace the words in the statement. 7 for seven + for added 3 for three for times = for result The opposite operation to adding 7 is subtracting 7. Subtract 7 from both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to multiplying by 3 is dividing by 3. Divide both sides of the equation by 3. Check that the solution is correct by substituting x = 5 into the original equation.
7 + 3 x = 22
7 + 3 x = 22
7
7 + 3 x = 22 3x = 1 15 3 x 15 = 3 3 x=5
3 4
56
Solving an equation using a graphics calculator

Graphics calculators have an equation mode that may be used to solve any type of linear equation. The red letters on the keypad are used as the variable. After the equation is entered, set the required variable to zero and choose the solver key. The calculator will show the answer and the values of the left-hand side and right-hand side of the equation.
Example 20
Solving a linear equation using a graphics calculator
Solve the equation 80 - 10y = 100.

Solution
1 2 3
4 5 6
Select the EQUA menu. Select SOLVER (F3). Enter the equation. To place the variable (y) use the ALPHA key to access the letters in red above the keys. Highlight the required variable or Y = 0. Press SOLV and the calculator will show the answer. The values of the left (Lft) and right (Rgt) sides of the formula are shown and should be equal.
Example 21
Solving a linear equation using a graphics calculator
Solve the equation 6x + 5 = 7 + 5x.

Solution
1 2 3
4 5
Select the EQUA menu. Select SOLVER (F3). Enter the equation. To place the variable (x) use the ALPHA key to access the letters in red above the keys. Highlight the required variable or X = 0. Press SOLV and the calculator will show the answer. The values of the left (Lft) and right (Rgt) sides of the formula are shown and should be equal.
57
Exercise 2F
1
Solve the following linear equations. a y + 8 = 17 b x + 13 = 28 c + 7 = 4 d e m+9= 4 g h 8+ h =1 11 9+r = 4 j 5=x+2 k 12 = m + 7 Solve the following linear equations. a a-7=3 b k-5=5 d s - 5 = -4 e z - 12 = -7 g 11 - v = 4 h 7-x=3 j 9=h-5 k 11 = f - 4 Solve the following linear equations. a 4x = 12 b 5w = 45 d 2t = -12 e 6h = -30 g 2w = 13 h 3c = -23 j 17 = 8k k -75 = 7d Solve the following linear equations. y d a b =4 =8 2 7 f a d e =5 =5 3 7
g j
c f i l
a + 7 = 12 4 + d = 5 10 + q = 1 -3 = g + 5 d - 9 = 14 k - 7 = -9 6-j=7 -4 = c - (-1) 7v = 28 -4a = 40 7e = -8 -14 = -3e w =4 6 g =2 9 x = 4 5 w 9= 9
c f i l
c f i l
c f i l
d = 9 12 y 6= 2
h k
s = 3 11 m 10 = 2
58
Solve the following linear equations. All solutions are integers. a 2x + 4 = 8 b 5y + 3 = 33 c 4q + 6 = 14 d 6d - 1 = 59 e 7v - 3 = 25 f 4m - 2 = 10 g 10g - 5 = -25 h 9x - 4 = -13 i 11p - 6 = -50 j 45 = 3v - 3 k 22 = 7n + 1 l 69 = 5b - 11
Solve the following linear equations. All solutions are integers. a 3 + 2y = 11 b 2 + 3c = 5 c 5 + 3a = 23 d 31 = 7y + 10 e 5 = 7 + 2m f 33 = 18 - 3d g 28 - 4q = 16 h 90 - 10r = 100 i 48 - 16e = -16 j 14 = 8 + 2h k 36 = 8 + 7d l 78 = 18 - 10w
Solve the following linear equations. Express your answer as a simplest fraction. a 4m + 1 = 26 b 3c + 16 = 27 c 2y + 13 = 16 d 28 = 16 + 5b e 37 = 6 + 4x f 11 = 28 + 8d g 2z - 3 = 4 h 5h - 7 = 14 i 6e - 2 = 13 j 21 = 2q + 10 k 32 = 3y - 5 l 17 = 9x + 9
Rajiv was required to solve the following equation for homework. This was his solution. 7x + 6 = 8 7x = 1 14 x=2 Where is the error in Rajivs working?
Two is added to a number and the result is 7. a Write an equation using x to represent the number. b Solve the equation for x.
59
Development
10
Solve the following linear equations. a 3x + 2 = 2x + 7 b 3y + 5 = 2y + 7 d 9b - 4 = 2 + 7b e 6d + 1 = 16 + 3d g 8 + a = 3a - 10 h 11 + 2w = 6w + 3 Matthew spent $93 on six show bags at the Royal Easter show, each costing the same price, $p. a Using p as the cost of one show bag, write an equation showing the cost of the six show bags. b Use the equation to find the cost of one show bag.
c f i
5v + 7 = 4v - 8 8z - 5 = 9 + z 4 + 3e = 9 - 2e
11
12
If 12 is added to a certain number, the result is three times the number. Find the number. 5( ( y 2) = 1 17. Solve the equation 2( 4 y 1) 5 Isabella was required to solve the following equation for homework. This was her solution. Where is the error in Isabellas working? 4 x 3 = 11 + 6 x 2x = 1 14 x=7
13
14
15
Ten is added to three times a number and the result is 19. a Write an equation using x to represent the number. b Solve the equation for x. A number is increased by 4 and then this amount is doubled. The result is 20. a Write an equation for this information. b Find the number. Four is added to twice a number and the result is 36. a Write an equation using n to represent the number. b Solve the equation for n.
16
17
60
2.7 Equations with fractions

Equations with fractions are solved in exactly the same way as other equations. Look to perform the opposite operation (+ is opposite to -, is opposite to ) to both sides of the equation. Check your solution by substituting your answer into the original equation. 2.7
Example 22
Solving an equation with a fraction
Solve the equation

Solution
1 2 3 4
e +4 =1 10. 3
Write the equation. The opposite operation to adding 4 is subtracting 4. Subtract 4 from both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to dividing by 3 is multiplying by 3. Multiply both sides by 3. Check that the solution is correct by substituting e = 18 into the original equation.
e 4 4 + 4 =1 10 3 e =6 3 e 3 = 6 3 3 e = 18
Example 23
Solving an equation with a fraction
Solve the equation

Solution
1 2 3 4 5
3x 5 = 6. 2
Write the equation. The opposite operation to dividing by 2 is multiplying by 2. Multiply both sides of the equation by 2. The opposite operation to subtracting 5 is adding 5. Add 5 to both sides of the equation. The opposite operation to multiplying by 3 is dividing by 3. Divide both sides of the equation by 3. Check that the solution is correct by substituting x = 5 2 3 into the original equation.
3x 5 =6 2
+5
3 x 5 = 12 3x = 1 17 3 x 17 = 3 3 17 x= 3 2 =5 3
+5
61
Exercise 2G
1
Solve these equations. 1 x + 2 = 11 a 2 1 3a = 5 d 6

g
b e h
1 2 y 3 = 10 3 3 2 6s = 2 5 r 1 =1 5 4
c f i
m4
2 1 =1 5 3
5v = 2
x 1 =3 2 5
9 10 h 2 =4 2 7
Solve these equations. k a = 10 10 3d d =6 4 k g 8= 3
b e h
d = 7 4 7a = 14 2 5q 20 = 3
c f i
v =4 12 2z =4 5 2n 16 = 3
Solve these equations. e a +4 =1 10 3

d g
s 5 2 4y 5 = 1+ 3 4=
e h
x = 10 2 y 5=2+ 3 5r 7=2+ 9 6+
f i
d + 11 = 13 2 b 6 = 1 9 2v 2= 8 7
Solve these equations. 1 a x+3= 4 1 d (e + 2) = 1 3 1 g (6 + 2 c ) = 6 2
b e h
y+5=
2 3
c f i
a2=
3 7
1 ( h 4) = 2 5 1 (11 5a ) = 1 4
1 ( x + 3) = 1 2 1 (1 7u ) = 5 3
62
Development
5
Solve these equations.

a
b5 =9 8 1+ 2x =7 3 a+4 1 = 6 2
t4 = 5 3 4 + 2w = 6 5 c5 1 = 8 4
3x 5 =6 2 2 + 3m =5 4 2e + 1 4 = 2 5
There are thirty-six times as many cars in Australia as trucks. Let C stand for the number of cars and T for the number of trucks. a Write an equation with C as the subject of the equation that correctly describes the relationship between the number of cars and trucks. b A local community has 120 trucks. How many cars are in the community?
Solve these equations. x x + =5 a 2 3

d
y y + = 12 6 2 s s =2 5 6 5a a = 11 3 5 3w w = +8 10 2
n n + =3 5 10 m m =4 7 9 y 2y =6 2 5 3x 2 x = +2 2 3
c c =7 2 4 3x x =7 2 3 r r = 1 4 3
Solve these equations.

a
2y 3=
y+3 2
x +1 ( x 1) = 1 2 d + 6 2d + 4 = 3 4 a + 4 2a 3 = 1 3 2
2y 3=
y+3 2
x + 4 x + 10 = 2 3 y +1 y +1 + =9 4 3
3x 5 2 x + 1 = 2 3 3x 5 2 x + 1 =2 2 3
63
2.8 Using formulas

A formula is a mathematical relationship between two or more variables. For example: D S=T is a formula for relating the speed, distance and time. S, D and T are the variables. P = 4L is a formula for finding the perimeter of a square, where P is the perimeter and L is the side length of the square. P and L are the variables. By substituting all the known variables into a formula, we are able to find the value of an unknown variable. Using a formula
1 2 3 4
2.8
Write the formula. Replace the variables in the formula with the numbers given in the question. Evaluate using the calculator. Write the answer to the specified level of accuracy and correct units if necessary.
Example 24
Using a formula
The cost of hiring a windsurfer is given by the formula C = 4t + 7 where C is the cost in dollars and t is the time in hours. Kayla wants to sail for 3 hours. How much will it cost her?
Solution
1 2 3 4
Write the formula. Substitute the value for t into the formula. Evaluate. Write your answer in words.
C = 4t + 7 = 4 3+ 7 = 19 It will cost Kayla $19 to hire the windsurfer for 3 hours.
64
Example 25
Using a formula
The length of a pendulum with a period of oscillation T is 2 T l = 980 2 Find l, correct to two decimal places, if T is 5.
Solution
1
Write the formula.
T l = 980 2
2 3
Substitute the 5 for T into the formula. Evaluate. Write answer in words correct to two decimal places.
5 = 980 2 = 620.5922498 = 620.59
The length of the pendulum is 620.59.
Example 26
a b
Using a formula
x x+3 2x 5
a
Write an expression for the perimeter of the trapezium. If the perimeter is 27 cm, calculate the value of x.
x+4
Solution
1
2 3 4
Perimeter, P, is the distance around the outside of a shape. Add all the sides to determine the perimeter. Write the formula. Substitute 27 for P into the formula. Evaluate.
P = x + ( x + 4 ) + ( 2 x 5) + ( x + 3) = 5x + 2 P = 5x + 2 27 = 5 x + 2 25 = 5 x x = 5 cm
65
Using a formula and a graphics calculator

Graphics calculators have an equation mode that may be used to enter a formula. The coloured letters on the keypad are used as the variable. After the formula is entered, set the unknown variable to zero and enter the values for the known variables. It is not necessary for the known variable to be the subject of the formula. Select the solver key to obtain the answer. The calculator will show the answer and the values of the left-hand side and right-hand side of the equation.
Example 27
Using a formula and a graphics calculator
The circumference, C, of a circle with radius, r, is given by the formula C = 2 r. Find the circumference of a circle with a radius of 5 cm using a graphics calculator.
Solution
1 2 3
4 5
Select the EQUA menu. Select SOLVER (F3). Enter the formula. To place the variables (C and r) use the ALPHA key to access the letters in red above the keys. Enter the known variable. The radius is 5 so R = 5. Highlight the required variable or C = 0.
6 7
Press SOLV and the calculator will show the answer. The values of the left (Lft) and right (Rgt) sides of the formula are shown and should be equal.
66
Exercise 2H
1
If A = lb find the value of A when: a l = 16, b = 2 b l = 28, b = 7 c l = 30, b = 10 If A = s2 find the value of A when: a s=9 b s=6 c s = 32 If A =
a b c
1 bh find the value of A when: b 2 b = 10, h = 4 b = 15, h = 2 b = 2, h = 3
If P = 2l + 2b find the value of P when: a l = 8, b = 10 b l = 2, b = 11 c l = 3, b = 9 Find the value of T (correct to one decimal place) in the formula T =
a b
Mv 2 if: r
M = 1.7, v = 4 and r = 3.8 M = 2.1, v = 1 and r = 2.2 18 b to find the value of a when: 2
Use the formula a = 9 +

a b c
b=8 b=1 b = -2 12 x find the value of p when: x+4
If p =
a b c
x=7 x=5 x = -3
The cost of hiring a hall is given by the rule C = 30t + 1000 where C is the total cost in dollars and t is the number of hours for which the hall is hired. Find the cost of hiring the hall for: a 2 hours b 5.5 hours
67
The distance, d km, travelled by a truck in t hours at an average speed of s km/h is given by the formula d = st. Find the distance travelled by a truck travelling at a speed of 70 km/h for 5 hours.
10
Given that H =
a
E find the value of H when: T

b
H = 2.6 10-11 and T = 100
E = 7.8 10-6 and T = 20
11
The formula used to convert temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is C=5 ( F 32 ) . Use this formula to convert the following temperatures to degrees 9 Celsius. Answer correct to the nearest whole number. a 40F b 110F The formula v = u + at relates the velocity, acceleration and time. a Make u the subject of the formula. b Make a the subject of the formula. c Make t the subject of the formula. The circumference, C, of a circle with radius, r, is given by the formula C = 2 r. a Make r the subject of the formula. b Find the radii of circles with the following circumferences. (Answer correct to two decimal places.) i 3 cm ii 6.9 mm The body mass index is B =
a b
12
13
14
m where m is the mass in kg and h is the height in m. h2 Make m the subject of the formula. Find m to the nearest whole number when: i B = 22.78 and h = 1.79 m ii B = 31.8 and h = 1.86 m
68
Development
15
Find the value of v (correct to one decimal place) in the formula v = u 2 + 2 as if: a u = 4, a = 7 and s = 12 b u = -2, a = 10 and s = 5 Use the formula R =
a
3
16
V = 12
3V to find the value of R (correct to two decimal places) when: 4 b V = 44 c V = 100
17
Find the value of s (correct to one decimal place) in the formula s = ut ut + 1 at 2 if: a 2 u = 2, a = 5 and t = 15 PRT The formula for calculating simple interest is I = where P is the principal, R is the 100 interest rate per annum and T is the time in years. Calculate the interest earned, correct to the nearest cent, on the following investments. a $10 000 at an interest rate of 9% p.a. for 3 years b $88 000 at an interest rate of 11.2% p.a. for 2 years 3 c $24 000 at an interest rate of 7 % p.a. for 2 years 4
a b
u = -5, a = 4 and t = 6
18
19
20
1 The volume of a cone is evaluated using V = r 2 h where h is height and r is radius. a Write the formula with h as the subject. 3 b Calculate the height of a cone, correct to two decimal places, if the volume of the cone is 18 cm3 and the radius is 2 cm. 4 The volume of a sphere is given by the formula V = r 3 where r is the radius. 3 a Write the formula with r as the subject. b What is the radius in metres of a spherical balloon with a volume of 2 m3? Answer correct to one decimal place.
14.8
69
Review
Chapter summary Algebraic manipulation

Adding and subtracting like terms 1
Study guide 2
Find the like terms. 2 Only add or subtract like terms. 3 Add or subtract the coefficients of the like terms. Write in expanded form and cancel any factors in a fraction. 2 Multiply and divide the coefficients and pronumerals. 3 Write the pronumerals in alphabetical order and express in index notation. Multiply the term outside the grouping symbol by the a First term inside the grouping symbol. b Second term inside the grouping symbol. 2 Simplify and collect like terms if required. Find the largest factor of each term or the HCF. 2 Write the HCF outside the grouping symbol. 3 Divide the HCF into each term to find the terms inside the grouping symbols. 4 Check the factorisation by expanding the expression. Perform the opposite operation (+ and -, and ). 2 Add/subtract the same number to both sides of the equation. 3 Multiply/divide both sides of the equation by the same number. Use the same steps as linear equations.
Multiplication and division of algebraic terms
Linear equations
Equations with fractions
Substitution
Write the algebraic expression. 2 Substitute the values and evaluate. Write the formula. 2 Substitute the values and evaluate.
Using formulas
70
Review
Sample HSC Objective-response questions

1
Simplify 7xy - 5xy - 4xy. A -16xy B -2xy Simplify

A
6xy
16xy
5x 2 x + . 8 8
B
7x 8
7x 16
7 x2 8
7 x2 16
Multiply and simplify the expression 4a (8a) 3. A -96a2 B -32a2 + 3 C -4a + 3 Simplify
A
96a2
6c 3c. 5
B
9c 5
9c 2 5
18c 5
18c 2 5
Expand -5(2d + 3e).

A
-10d - 15e
-10d + 15e
-10d - 3e
-10d + 3e
Factorise 16w2 + 24w by taking out the highest common factor.

A
4(4w2 + 6w)
4w(4w + 6)
8w(2w + 3)
16w(w + 8)
Solve the equation 11b - 9 = 26.

A
b=
11 35
b=
11 15
b =1
4 11
b=3
2 11
Find the value of

A
a 2 + b 2 if a = 4 and b = 3.
B
14
25
What is the base of a triangle using the formula A =

A
1.75
28
1 bh if A is 14 and h is 4? b 2 D 112
71
Review
Sample HSC Short-answer questions

1
Simplify these expressions. a 11st + 5 - 4st - 4
d + 4d2 2d 3d2
Simplify -3s + 5r - 3s + 3r by collecting the like terms.
Multiply and simplify: 7x 5x a 2
2 w 3w 3 12 y 8 y 2
Add or subtract the following algebraic fractions. c c 5y 2 y a b + 6 6 3 3
m 2m + 8 3
Remove grouping symbols and simplify if required.

a d g
7(x - 1) 3(4a - b) -(9b - 2h)
b e h
5(2 + 2r) 7(d + 7e) 4(w - 4) + 2(w + 2)
c f i
7(5x - 1) -2(8v - 2s) y(y + 2z)
Fully factorise these expressions.

a d g
7b + 35 6y + 9 21 - 15x
b e h
2v - 14 4x - 14y 24b - 16c + 4
c f i
-3v + 15 12x + 21y 12s - 15v + 9
Solve the following linear equations.

a d g
d-4=7 2t + 3 = 11 r = 12 6
b e h
4h = 20 5 = 2x - 5 2 1 v+3 =1 3 6
c f i
5+r=8 7n + 5 = 33 1 4m = 2 5
72
Review
Solve the following linear equations. a 6x + 4 = 5x - 7 b 3 - 4r = 5r + 12 d 8(b - 1) = 2(b + 2) e y - 12 = 2(y - 7) Solve these equations.
a
c f
7(n - 2) = n + 4 6(2v - 7) = -(v + 1)
u+3 =4 5
z z + = 12 4 8
1 ( x + 4) = 2 5
10
The distance d in km that a person can see the horizon from h in metres above the sea level, is given by the formula d = 5
a b
h . 2
Find d when h is 18 metres. Find h when d is 10 kilometres.
11
Use the formula R = a V=9 b V = 24 c V = 200
2V to find the value of R (correct to two decimal places) when: 3
12
Einsteins equation E = mc2 states that the energy E in joules equals the mass of m kg multiplied by the square of the speed of light c (3 108 m/s). Find the amount of energy produced by a: a mass of 500 kg b mass of 200 kg The cost of hiring a hall is given by the formula C = 20t + 2000 where C is the total cost in dollars and t is the number of hours for which the hall is hired. a Make t the subject of the equation. b Find t when C is $2060. Challenge questions 2
13

Chapter 2 Algebraic Manipulation

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Chapter 2 Algebraic Manipulation

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C H A P T E R

2.1 Adding and subtracting like terms

Preliminary Mathematics General

Adding and subtracting like terms

Adding and subtracting like terms

Simplify 2ab + 3 + 5ab - 7.

2ab + 3 + 5ab - 7 = (2ab + 5ab) + 3 - 7 = 7ab - 4

Adding and subtracting like terms

Simplify 4y + 6y2 - 3y - 5y2.

4y + 6y2 - 3y - 5y2 = 6y2 - 5y2 + 4y - 3y = y2 + y

Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions

Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions