Communicating over the Network

Network Fundamentals Chapter 2

Version 4.0

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Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications. Explain the function of protocols in network communications. Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality. Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.
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Network Structure
The elements of communication
3 common elements of communication Message source The channel Message destination

The network
Data or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications

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Network Structure
The elements of communication

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Network Structure
How messages are communicated
Data is sent across a network in small chunks called segments

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Network Structure
The components of a network
Network components Hardware Software

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Network Structure
Devices
End Devices: Computers, Servers, printers, IP-Phones, Mobile Devices, Security Cameras Intermediary Devices:
Network Access Devices: Hubs, Switches, Wireless Access Points Internetworking Devices: Routers Communication Servers and Modems Security Devices: Firewalls, Filtering Proxies

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Network Structure
End Devices and their Role in the Network
End devices form interface with human network & communications network Role of end devices:
Client Server Both client and server

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Network Structure

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Network Structure
Role of an intermediary device Provides connectivity and ensures data flows across the network

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Network Structure
Media
Network media this is the channel over which a message travels

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Network Types
Types of Media:
Metallic wires within cables Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cables) Wireless transmission

Criteria for choosing a network media:

The distance a signal can be transmitted within the medium The environment where a media is to be installed The amount of data and speed of transmission The cost of media and installation

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Network Types
Local Area Networks (LANs)
A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)

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Network Types
Local Area Networks (LANs) Characteristics
Span over a single Geographic Area Services and Application are common for an organization Administered by a single organization No cost for transmission of data Examples: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Wi-Fi

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Network Types
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

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Network Types
Wide Area Networks (WANs) Characteristics
Span over a large Geographic Area Use of a Telecommunication Service Provider (TSP) Interconnects LANs You pay for the Service Examples: Leased lines, Frame Relays, DSL, ISDN, PSTN.

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Network Types
Definition of the Internet
The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks. An Internetwork that connects other networks.

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Network Types
Terminology
NIC Network Interface Card): Provides physical connection to the PC or other host (end device) Physical Port: A connection to the Networking Device (switch, hub) where it connects to hosts or other networking device through media Interface: Ports on the Internetworking Device (Router) that connects to a Network.

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Network Types
Network Representations

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Network protocols
A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Network Protocols
Network protocols are used to allow devices to communicate successfully

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Terminology
Protocol Suite: collection of interrelated protocols (e.g. TCP/IP suite). Protocol Stack: visualization method for protocols (e.g. OSI model, TCP/IP Model).

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

The protocols define:
The format or structure of the message The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks How and when error and system messages are passed between devices The setup and termination of data transfer sessions

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Organisations developing protocols:
IEEE: Institude of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force ITU: International Telecommunication Union EIA/TIA: Electronic/Telecommunication Industry Association

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Example of a Protocol Stack

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication

Technology independent Protocols
Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the same sets of protocols This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

The benefits of using a layered model
Benefits include Assists in protocol design Fosters competition Changes in one layer do not affect other layers Provides a common language

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Protocol and reference models
A protocol model provides a model that closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite A reference model provides a common reference for maintaining consistency within all types of network protocols and services

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

The TCP/IP Model

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

The Communication Process

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The Communication Process

1. Creation of data at the Application layer of the originating source end device 2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the protocol stack in the source end device 3. Generation of the data onto the media at the Network Access layer of the stack 4. Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which consists of media and any intermediary devices 5. Reception of the data at the Network Access layer of the destination end device 6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the stack in the destination device 7. Passing this data to the destination application at the Application layer of the destination end device
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer Segment - Transport Layer PDU Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU Frame - Network Access Layer PDU Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Sending and receiving messages Activity 2.4.6.1,2

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

The OSI Model

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model

Comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP model

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

Encapsulation headers are used to manage communication in data networks

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

Physical Addressing (Layer 2)

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

Logical Addressing (Layer 3)

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Addressing and Naming Schemes

Service Port Numbers (Layer 4)

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Warriors of the Net A network Visualization

http://www.warriorsofthe.net http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGnJw9rtjas

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Homework
PT Lab 2.2.4.2 Activity 2.2.5.1 Activity 2.4.4.1 PT Lab 2.4.8.2 PT Lab 2.6.1.2 Activity 2.6.2.1 PT Lab 2.6.1.2 Activity 2.7.1.2 PT Lab 2.7.1.3 Quiz 2.8.1.1
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Summary

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