CE107:IntroductiontoCiviland EnvironmentalEngineering

Spring2009 Classstartedon19.04.2009

CourseTeacher Dr.M.R.Kabir

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LecturePlan
Lecture12 Lecture3 Lecture45 Lecture67 Lecture89 Lecture10 Lecture1112 Lecture13 Lecture1415 Lecture1617 Introduction,ImportanceofCiviland EnvironmentalEngineering,Branchesofcivil Engineering WaterandEnvironment,ManandEnvironment Basicpopulationdynamics ClassTest1 WaterResources,RiversysteminBangladesh WaterPollution ComponentsofEnvironment,Ecosystem Flowofmatter&energythroughanecosystem Biodiversity ClassTest 2 Urbanairpollution Acidrain,Globalwarming,renewableand nonrenewableenergy
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ReferenceBooks
IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering andScience GilbertMMasters EnvironmentalScience:EarthasalivingPlanet (ThirdEdition) Botkin Keller EnvironmentalScience(FifthEdition) William
P.CunninghamandBarbaraWoodworthSaigo

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Assessment
Credithours:2.0 Classassessment 30%
(attendance:10,Min.3Classtest,Homework:20)

MidTermExamination FinalExamination

20% 50%

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DefinitionofEnvironment
Defined as that whole outer physical and biological system in which man and other organism live is a whole, albeit a complicated one with many interactingcomponents. The wise management of that environment depends upon an understanding of those components: of its rock, minerals and waters, of its present and potential vegetation, of its animal life and potential forlivestockhusbandryandofitsclimate.

Introduction
Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and natural built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings. It is the oldest engineering discipline after militaryengineering.
Petronas TwinTowers weretheworld's tallestbuildingfrom1998to2004.

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BranchesofCivilEngineering
StructuralEngineering
Windengineering GIS MaterialsEngg. CoastalEngg Surveying ConstructionEngg.

TransportationEngineering GeotechnicalEngineering WaterResources Engineering EnvironmentalEngineering

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CivilEngineeringEducation
Civilengineerstypicallypossessanacademicdegree withamajorincivilengineering.Thelengthofstudy forsuchadegreeisusuallyfouryearsandthe completeddegreeisusuallydesignatedasa BachelorofEngineering,thoughsomeuniversities designatethedegreeasaBachelorofScience.The degreegenerallyincludesunitscoveringPhysics, Mathematics,Projectmanagement,Designand specifictopicsincivilengineering.Initiallysuch topicscovermost,ifnotall,ofthesubdisciplinesof civilengineering.Studentsthenchoosetospecialize inoneormoresubdisciplinestowardstheendof thedegree.
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Careers
Thereisnoonetypicalcareerpathfor civilengineers.Mostengineering graduatesstartwithjobsoflow responsibility,andastheyprovetheir competence,theyaregivenmoreand moreresponsibletasks,thedetailsofa careerpathcanvary.Moresenior engineerscanmoveintodoingmore complexanalysisordesignwork,or managementofmorecomplexdesign projects,ormanagementofother engineers,orintospecialized consulting.

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EnvironmentalEngineering
Environmentalengineeringdealswiththe treatmentofchemical,biological,and/or thermalwaste,thepurificationofwaterand air,andtheremediationofcontaminated sites,duetopriorwastedisposaloraccidental contamination.Environmentalengineerscan beinvolvedwithpollutionreductionand greenengineering. Environmentalengineeringalsodealswiththe gatheringofinformationonthe environmentalconsequencesofproposed actionsandtheassessmentofeffectsof Afilterbed, proposedactionsforthepurposeofassisting apartofsewagetreatment societyandpolicymakersinthedecision makingprocess

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Burj Dubai,theworld'stallestbuilding, currentlyunderconstructioninDubai

Petronas TwinTowers weretheworld'stallest buildingfrom1998to2004.Designedby 11 ArchitectCesarPelli

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Hooverdam

CliftonSuspensionBridge, designedbyIsambard Kingdom Brunel,inBristol,UK

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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
HumanPopulation:All
environmentalproblemsaredueto increasinghumanpopulation.

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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
Sustainability:meansthat
aresourceisusedinsucha waythatitcontinuestobe available.

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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
AGlobalPerspective:
Humanactivitycausesglobal environmentalchange.

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BasicEnvironmentalIssues
TheUrbanWorld:Qualityofurban
environmenthassufferedduetoevergrowing numberofpeoplearelivinginurbanareas.

Values,KnowledgeandSocialJustice:

Solutionstoenvironmentalproblemsinvolves morethansimplygatheringfactsand understandingthescientificissuesofa particularproblem.Italsohasmuchtodowith oursystemsofvaluesandissuesofsocialjustice

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DifferentSocieties
Hunterandgatherersocieties Agriculturalsocieties
Importantimpactsduefoodsurplusduringagricultural societiesare
Withoutthethreatofstarvationpopulationbeganto increase Peopleclearedmoreandmorelandandbeganto shapethesurfaceoftheearth Urbanizationbegan

Industrialsocieties
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MathematicsofGrowth
ExponentialGrowth:
N0=initialamount Nt =amountaftertyears r=growthrate(fractionperyear) ThenNt+1 =Nt +rNt =Nt (1+r) Forexample,N1 =N0 (1+r);N2 =N1 (1+r)=N0 (1+r)2; andingeneral,Nt =N0 (1+r)t

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ContinuousCompounding
RateofchangeofquantityNisproportionaltoN dN/dt=rN N=N0ert

DoublingTime
Thedoublingtime(Td)ofaquantitythatgrowsata fixedexponentialrateriseasilyderivedfrom N=N0ert
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DoublingTime
DoublingtimecanbefoundbysettingN=2N0att=Td 2N0 =N0ert N0appearsonbothsidesoftheequationandcanbe canceledoutandtakingthenaturallogofbothsides gives ln 2=rTd Td=ln2/r=0.693/r Ifthegrowthrisexpressedasapercentageinstead ofasafraction,wegetthefollowingimportant result Td=69.3/r(%)=70/r(%)
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Problem
Ittooktheworldabout300yearstoincreasein populationfrom0.5billionto4.0billion.Ifwe assumeexponentialgrowthataconstantrateover theperiodoftime,whatwouldthatgrowthratebe? Doitusingbothapproach.

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 MaximumSustainableYield AgeStructure

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WaterResourcesinBangladesh
WaterBudget:1000to5000mmofrain.Over200 largeandsmallrivers,dischargeabout175billion cubicmeterofwaterand2.4billiontonsof sedimenttotheBayofBengal. Totalcatchment=1.7millionsq.km,8%in Bangladesh

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Schematic water balance for average year

Crossboundaryinflow (81%) Precipitation (18.92%)

TotalInflow (100%)

Streamflowtothesea (88.82%)

ET/deeppercolation (11.18%)

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WaterUsage
Watersupply Agriculturaluse Fisheries Navigation Hydropower

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WaterIssues
Flood Drought Bankerosion Waterlogging Wetlandconversion Waterquality

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WaterPollution
Pollution:Degradationofwaterquality,howfaritdeparts fromthenorm(standard),itseffectsonpublichealthorits ecologicalimpacts. Pollutant:Biological,physicalorchemicalsubstancethatin identifiableexcessisknowntobeharmful.Exp.:Excessive amountsofheavymetals,certainradioactiveisotopes,fecal coliform bacteria,phosphorous,nitrogen,sodium,certain pathogenicbacteriaandviruses.

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SourcesofWaterPollution
SurfaceWater: Urbanrunoff,Agriculturalrunoff,Accidental spillsofchemicalsincludingoil,Radioactivematerials,Runoff fromindustrialsites,Leaksfromsurfacestoragetanks, Sedimentfromvarioussource,Airfalloutintorivers,lakesetc. Groundwater: Leaksfromwastedisposalsites,buriedtanks andpipes,Seepagefromagriculturalactivities,acidrichwater frommines,septicsystems,pesticides,herbicidenutrients, accidentalspillsandSaltwaterintrusion

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CategoriesofWaterPollutants
Deadorganicmatter Pathogens Organicchemicals Nutrients Heavymetals Acids Sediments Heat Radioactivity

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Ecosystem
Biotarefertoalllivingthings(animalsand plantsincludingmicroorganisms)withina givenarea. Forlifetopersisttheremustbeseveral specieswithinanenvironmentthatincludes fluidmedia airandwater totransport materialsandenergy. Lifeonearthissustainedbyecosystemsthat allowtothemtosustainlife. Sustaininglifeonearthrequiresmorethan individualsorspecies.Theflowofenergyand cyclingofchemicalelements. Componentsofecosystem:
Producer Consumer Decomposer Energyandchemicalelements

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 Ecosystemisanopensysteminregardtoenergyandaclosed systeminregardtomaterial. Biodiversityinvolvesthreedifferentconcepts:genetic diversity(thetotalnumberofgeneticcharacteristics),habitat diversity(thediversityofhabitatinagivenunitarea),and speciesdiversity.Speciesdiversityinvolvesthreeideas: speciesrichness,speciesevennessandspeciesdominance.

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EnvironmentalissuesinBangladesh
Population:40%peoplelivingbelowpovertyline. 140millionwillbecome200millionsoon.Forthelast 15yearswehadlessattentiononpopulation growth. Consequentlypressurewillbuiltonournatural resources wetlandandforest. Tomeetthebasicneed food,clothing,shelter, healthcareetc.populationwillbeabigchallenge. Villagersduetolackofjobspeciallyinagricultural sectormovingtowardsurbanarea.Someareselling theirlastpropertytogetbetterjobinthemiddle eastorelsewhere.
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Urban
AirPollution NoisePollution Solidwaste Hospitalwaste WaterPollution Encroachmentofopenspace

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Rural
Arsenic Agriculturaloutput Industrialoutput Indoor(Kitchen)airpollution Lackofsanitation

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NaturalHabitat
Existing 5-7% forest coverage whereas 2025% recommended Affect in Bio-diversity: 450 species were available now which will be reduced to 250.

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GlobalWarming
Increaseintemperature Extremeeventslikefloodanddrought willoccurmorefrequentlywithhigh intensity.By2050about50mpeople willbeaffectedduetofloodandabout 20mpeoplewillbeaffecteddueto drought. 6%lowlyinglandwillgounderwater andabout6millionpeoplewillMigrate andwillcreateenvironmentalrefugee. Transboundaryissue:75%ofglacierin theHimalayaswillvanishby2030: Foodsecurity/Navigation/Agriculture

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Adaptation
Government,NGO,CivilSocieties,Media Institutionalweaknessesmustbe removed,moreresourcesmustbe Diverted:DOE,interagencycooperation mustbeimproved. Needregionalcooperationlikebuilding reservoirinNepal. Cropdiversity,FloatingGarden,Change professionetc.

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