Introduction To Wireless and Mobile Networking

204
0977_05F9_c3 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
Introduction to Wireless
and Mobile Networking
Session 204
204
Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
Presentation_ID.scr 1
Agenda
• Roadmap for the Marketplace

• Technology Alternatives
• Technology for Data
Mobility—Mobile IP
• Partnerships
• Summary
204
Wireless Data Networkers
Inter–Building
Communications
Mobile Voice and

Data Communications
Last Mile Wireless

T1/E1 Bypass Distribution Intrabuilding
204
Roadmap for the Marketplace
High-Level Wireless Market Segments
Residential/ Fixed Mobile

Premise/Campus
204


Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
Multiservice IP-Based
Applications Services
204
Broadband Wireless
• Multiservice wireless applications

• Sufficient bandwidth to support
Data, voice and video services
• Potential for dynamic allocation
of bandwidth
Better utilization and flexibility
204
Broadband Wireless Local Loop
FR/ATM
PSTN
Internet
Source: WANBU, LMDS Vendors, Others

204
Spectrum Coverage
• MMDS—2.5 GHz
180 MHz of total BW
Good RF propagation and CPE cost
Industry is working with FCC to improve
spectrum rule drawbacks
• UNII—5.8 GHz
100 MHz bandwidth
Unlicensed—any customer can use band
• LMDS—28 GHz
1 GHz total bandwidth
Poor RF propagation (rain fades) and higher cost CPE
Spectrum is licensed with good FCC rules
204
Broadband Fixed Wireless
• Multiservice system for competitive access

LMDS and World
Focus Frequencies
• Target spectrum: 10.5, 24, 26, 28, 38 GHz

Broadband point to multipoint
• Two infrastructure options leverages Cisco
products and Cisco IOS® services
a) ATM and IP backbone infrastructure
b) IP-only infrastructure
204
Bosch/Cisco Alliance
• Bosch Telecom • Cisco

Broad Portfolio End-to-End
of Radios Multiservice Networks
Network Integration Enterprise Solutions
Market Enabling (LAN/WAN)
(Financing and Data Networks’
Industry Forum, Etc.) Leadership
• Public Announcement of
Alliance at SuperCom
• Joint Bids for Major Projects
• Broad Sense of Collaboration
Technical/Architecture
Product
Marketing
Sales/Fulfillment
204
Cisco/Bosch Broadband IP+ATM

Wireless Architecture
Subscriber
Backbone Elements Hub Elements Elements
Broadband
Broadband Air I/F
Wireless
Wireless BRU
Headend
Headend
ATM SRU
Network
Video
Modem/Codec
CPE
DS3/E3/OC-3
DS3/E3/OC-3
IP Network
38xx
BPX8600 36xx
+ BW Module
Public MGX8220 or
Telephone Broadband Wireless MGX8800
Network Service Modules
204
Broadband Wireless
Channel Structures
Downstream Upstream
~ Ch 1
Ch 3
Ch 5
Ch 7
~ Ch 1
Ch 5
Ch 2
Ch 4
Ch 6
Ch 8
Ch 4
Ch 6
Ch 7
Ch 2
Ch 3
Ch 8
~
~ ~
~
• Dedicated Circuit Service (DCS)
Optimized for dedicated circuit applications
Constant bit rates
T1/E1 trunks
Symmetrical/nonsymmetrical
Private/public networks
Scalable in 30 MHz channel increments
204
Broadband Wireless
Channel Structures (Cont.)
Channel Group (CG)
45 Mbps TDM Downstream (DS)
Upstream Carrier
Multiple Carriers/
Channel Group
TDMA Upstream Carriers
~
~~
Dedicated Circuit Service (DCS) Bandwidth-On-Demand (BOD)
• Bandwidth-On-Demand (BOD) system

• Optimized for bandwidth/equipment sharing
Single DS carrier per Channel Group (CG)
Multiple upstream carriers per CG
• ATM packet protocol-based system
• Supports multiservice applications
Data, voice and video, symmetric/nonsymmetrical circuits
204
• Hybrid BOD/DCS service

Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
MMDS
LMDS UNII
Bosch/Cisco
204
Cisco Broadband Wireless

IP Family Roadmap
Ded . Ent./Net Backhaul
uBR 72XX
MMDS, UNII
Shared SMB
2600/3600: 2–8 Voice,
$/Perf PBX Trunk, 10/100 LAN
MMDS, UNII, LMDS
Shared
SOHO/Telecommute
2-4 Voice, 10BT
Residential CPE
Partners
Time
204
Cisco Wireless
• Uses multipath to break through the

line-of-site requirement
Tolerates high-delay spread
Cost-effective data rates using multipath
90 Mbps demonstrated
• Adaptive space-frequency diversity
Uses two antennas to improve frequency
and time fading
Lower complexity, higher performance than QAM
• Product goal:
Technically superior, easier to deploy, more robust
204
Wireless IP
30 MHz
MMDS
Radio UNII Radio
I.F. I.F.
• Combination of cable Cisco UBR7200

platform with wireless-based technology
• Symmetrical 44.4 Mbps serial PPP link
204
Wireless IP Product Features
• Fiber-quality link
Greater than 10-11 BER for data; greater than
10-8 BER for voice
• MMDS (2.5 GHz) and UNNI (5.7 GHz) bands

• Encryption support for 40 and 56 bit DES
with RSA key management
• Antenna diversity—3–5km nonLOS
• Configurable channel bandwidths (6 and 12 MHz)
Configurable data rates at each bandwidth
• Interface to the uBR 7246 and uBR 7223
204
Back–Haul ODU Configuration
• Range of greater
than 40km at
44.4 Mbps in
clear LOS channel
with 1.2m dish
• 3–5km non LOS
204
Short–Hop ODU Configuration
204
Phase Two: Shared Access
Radio
MMDS
UNII
Radio
Radio
Radio
Radio
Radio
• 10–30 Mbps shared link
• Same MCNS DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 MAC
• 1–2 Mbps average, 22 Mbps burst
204
Wireless Enabled CPE Router
204


Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
MMDS
LMDS UNII
Bosch/Cisco Cisco
Wireless
204
Qualcomm High Data Rate (HDR)
• PCS IS-95/HDR CDMA data at speeds

up to 2MB in 1.25 MHz channel
• System designed for fixed and
mobile applications
• IP-based infrastructure with embedded
Cisco IOS ® platform at BTS
• DSL–equivalent service
deployment—USWest
204


Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
Applications Services Data Data
Services Services
MMDS
LMDS UNII
Bosch/Cisco Cisco
Wireless
Qualcomm/Cisco
204
Wireless Data Network Drivers
• Information access
• PDAs
• Network computers
• Alpha paging,
information
distribution
• Web technology
204
Services Most Often Requested
After Basic Wireless Telephony Service

Call Forwarding 37% Data
Applications
Paging 33%
Internet/E-mail 24%
Traffic/Weather 15%
Conference Calling 13%
News 3%
Source: CTIA Web Page

Peter D. Hart Research Associates, March 1997
204
Cellular Telephony Network
VLR
HLR
Interexchange
AUC Network (IXC)
EIR
BSC MSC Local Exchange

Network
TSC
BTS BSC MSC Transit Local

Switching Loop
Center
MS
Wireless Network
204
Cellular Telephony
• Service deployment worldwide

• Many standards
AMPS, TDMA, GSM, CDMA, PHS, PACS,
W-CDMA, TD-CDMA, UMTS, IMT-2000…
• Many frequency allocations

GSM in North America vs. GSM in Europe
(1800 and 1900 MHz vs. 900 + 1800 MHz)
• Multimode, multiband phones

204
Packet-Based Data Allows
• True mobility—not tied to a circuit

• Always on and always connected
Without continuous airtime charges
Billing based on packets sent,
reflecting real resources used
• With mobile IP:
The ability to tie into the home network
and the Internet
Roaming while retaining connectivity
and identity
204
Digital PCS Wireless Data
• GPRS = General Packet Radio Service

the GSM packet data standard
Provides access to Internet via TCP/IP
Carrier owned fixed-IP addressing
Example: Alcatel
• Mobile IP = CDG proposed CDMA

packet data standard
Provides access to Internet and intranet
Carrier-based and destination-based addressing
Example: Qualcomm
204
GSM Cellular Packet Data
BTS
SGSN and GGSN
VLR Provide Packet
Data Services
HLR
AUC
BSC EIR Internet
MSC GGSN
Backhaul
MSC Transit Net
BSC SGSN
FR Net
BTS TDM + Frame Relay Backbone

204
Cisco’s GPRS Solution
• GSGN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

Functionality integrated into Cisco IOS
Supported on 72xx routers
• SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)
T-SGSN (Telecom functionality)
Offered through Telecom partners
D-SGSN (Datacom functionality)
Integrated into Cisco IOS routers
Supported on 72xx routers
204
GGSN
er
ut
• GGSN performs
Ro
Internet
GSM gateway
SN
G
service node MSC GGSN
functions
GTP—GSN MSC Transit Net
Tunneling Protocol
Admission control SGSN
FR Net
and QoS
Accounting GGSN Based on Cisco Platform
and Cisco IOS with Addition of
• GGSN is a GTP, ETSI QoS and Accounting
204
packet router
SGSN
er
• SGSN performs
ut
Ro
Internet
GSM gateway
SN
G
service node
MSC GGSN
functions
GTP—GSN
MSC Transit Net
Tunneling Protocol
Admission control SGSN
FR Net
and QoS
Accounting SGSN Is Somewhat BSS
Vendor Specific
• SGSN is a
204
packet router
CDMA Cellular Packet Data
BTS IWF and Mobile
IP FA Provide
Modem and
VLR Packet Data
HLR Services
AUC
BSC EIR PSTN
MSC IWF
Backhaul
FA
MSC
Internet
BSC Backbone
BTS
204
IWF
• Circuit–mode data gateway PSTN

• MSC to IWF via L–interface
MSC IWF
Channelized T1 with
Frame Relay FA
Two major flavors of MSC
L-interface control channel
Internet
On signaling channel of
T1—on Ethernet
IWF Looks Like an Access
• IWF modems to PSTN Server with L–interface
support dial data and FAX Protocol Support
• Network connection to
Mobile IP Foreign Agent (FA)
204
IWU
• Packet-data gateway
• L–interface to MSC
MSC IWF
Channelized T1 with
Frame Relay SVCs
FA
Two major flavors of MSC
L-interface control channel
Internet
On signaling channel of
T1—on Ethernet
• Terminates PPP session IWU and FA Can Be
from mobile node (MN) Combined to Reduce Cost
and Improve Scalability
• Network connection to for the Operator
home network via Mobile
IP Foreign Agent (FA)
204
CDMA Mobile Data Operation

Proprietary
Links L-Interface Open Interfaces
BTS BSC MSC IWF FA Internet HA
Data
Airlink Call Handling Service
PPP
Mobile IP
Mobile IP Registration Tunneling
TCP/IP Session
• Airlink and PPP session can disappear and reappear

while Mobile IP state and TCP/IP session is maintained
204
Mobile IP HA/FA
• Mobile IP Foreign Agent (FA) PSTN

Defined by RFC 2002-2006 BSC
• Agent for TCP/IP data access
MSC IWF
Home Agent (HA) provides
destination-controlled
authentication, service specification
and address assignment FA
HA
Supports both corporate-intranet
access and carrier-Internet
service access
Internet
• Implemented in
Cisco IOS Software
Available today as an 11.x EFT
FA and HA Support Are Integrated
into Cisco IOS Software for Any
Wide availability with 12.0(1)T
Cisco IOS Platform
• Deployed in carrier networks
204
Evolution of Data Services
GSM GPRS
Circuit Switched Packet Data
Data Today for GSM
CDMA
Packet Switching
for Data Built-In
Mobile IP
Other Cellular
Some AMPS and NonAMPS
Cellular Systems Have Packet
Ability Today
Cellular Systems Are Moving Toward Support

for Packet Data; This Is the Foundation for Mobile IP
204
Mobile IP
• The IETF proposed standard solution

for mobility at layer 3
• RFCs 2002–2006 define the functionality
• Protocol works over any
intermediate media
• Movement is transparent to hosts who
communicate with the mobile user
• No IP address changes are needed
to allow mobility
204
Overview: Mobile IP Functionality
ISP
Internet
HA
MN
Mobile IP Forms a Layer 3 Tunnel from a

Home Agent (HA) to the Mobile Node (MN),
Which Can Continue to Use Its Home
Address to Receive IP Datagrams
204
Mobile IP: Registration
IRDP: Agent Advertisement:

MN Lifetime, Type, Services
MN
IRDP: Agent Solicitation: FA HA
Lifetime, Services
Registration
MN
• Care-of or co-located addresses

• Agree on services
• Register with the home agent
204
Mobile IP: Packet Forwarding

Correspondent
Host
Home
Agent
Foreign
Agent
Mobile
Node
The Home Agent Intercepts Traffic for the

Mobile Node and Tunnels to Its Current Location.
Traffic from the Mobile Node Can Go Directly
to the Correspondent Host
204
Mobile IP: True Mobility,
Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table:
MN CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
FA MN 1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
MN HA
FA
MN 10.31.1.1
FA/MN Register
with the HA
204

Transparent Roaming
MN Realizes It Has Mobility Binding Table:
Moved to a Network MN CoA
with a New FA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
MN Registers MN
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
with this New FA
FA MN 1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
MN HA
FA
MN 10.31.1.1
When the MN Moves it Re-Registers Via its New FA
204
Re-Registration
When the New Registration Mobility Binding Table:
Is Received, a New CoA MN CoA
Is Installed in the HA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.2.1
MN
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
FA MN 1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1 No Change Is
HA Propagated to
FA New Data Path
Correspondents
MN Old Data Path

10.31.1.1
The Movement Is Transparent to All Other Devices
204
Registration Options
• GRE and IPinIP tunneling

• Care-of and co-located address
• Registration lifetime
• Reverse tunneling
• Authentication
• Tunneling of broadcast packets
204
Mobile IP Enables Seamless Connectivity
to and from the Home Network
Conferences
Home
Internet
ISP Access
Dial
through the
Internet
Hotel
Commuting
LANs and Meeting Rooms
VLANs
Cellular or Mobile
204


Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
Applications Services Data Packet
Services Data/Voice
MMDS
LMDS UNII GPRS IMT-2000
Mobile IP
Bosch/Cisco Cisco
Wireless
Qualcomm/Cisco
204
Motorola and Cisco
A Strategic Alliance to Deliver

Global Wireless Solutions Based
on a Packet and IP-Services
Architecture
204
Motorola and Cisco Alliance
• Wireless architecture
Packet-based supporting IP services
Open and standards—based
Services enabling
Common services globally, wireless and wireline
• Strategic alliance
Collaborative product development
End-to-end, go-to-market delivery including
sales and marketing
Centers of excellence
System integration capabilities to support
customer deployment
204
Existing Architecture
• Hierarchical
• Switch and IN-services bottlenecks
• Bandwidth inefficiency and recurring costs
• Services are specific to equipment supplier
• Access and transport oriented
Host
IN Application
IP
Circuit or Virtual MSC
Circuit Backbone
PSTN
204
IP Architecture
Third Party Host

IN
Applications Application
PSTN
IP Enterprise
• Peer to peer Internet
• Service and transport independence

• Services ecosystem (e.g., ISVs, in-house…)
• Bandwidth efficient
204
• Greater addressable market
IP Unifies Wireless Infrastructure
IP
Network
GSM iDEN CDMA TDMA 3G
• Common architecture/services for

all wireless standards
• Same technology and architecture
used for wireline, e.g., IP
204
Joint Standards Participation
IETF
TIA
TAG/MPLS
ETSI
Joint VoIP Forum… ITU
3GPP Initiatives ATM Forum
ITU
MS Forum
WAP Forum
Cable/IT Forum
DEN Initiative
Wireless Standards Plan
204
Scope of the Alliance
Customers
Technology Teaming Customer Facing
Architecture Sales and Marketing
Customers
Product Development Systems Integration
Open Interfaces/APIs Centers of Excellence
Customers
204
Cellular Network Transition

Cisco Brings Low-Cost Infrastructure Migration to the
Circuit-Based Wireless Network with Services Enhancement
Today’s Wireless Voice Network
VLR
HLR
AUC
BSC EIR
MSC
Backhaul
MSC
BSC
BTS Backbone
204
Cellular Network Transition
Cisco Brings Low-Cost Infrastructure Migration to the
Circuit-Based Wireless Network with Services Enhancement
Today’s Wireless Voice Network Toward the Next Generation
VLR
HLR
AUC
VLR
EIR
HLR Service
AUC Element
MSC
BSC EIR
Service
Element
MSC PSTN
Backhaul
MSC Service
Element
BSC Service
BTS Backbone BTS Element Internet
Complete Packet
Network Infrastructure
204


Premise/Campus
Broadband
2G 3G
Cellular Cellular
Applications Services Data Packet
Services Data/Voice
MMDS
LMDS UNII GPRS IMT-2000
Mobile IP
Bosch/Cisco Cisco Cisco Cisco/

Wireless Motorola
Qualcomm/Cisco
204
References
• “Mobile IP”, Solomon, James D.,

Prentice Hall, 1998
• “Mobile and Wireless Networks”,
Black, Uyless, Prentice Hall, 1999
• Cisco IOS Mobile IP:
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/
cisco/mkt/ios/rel/120/prodlit/817_pb.htm
204
Questions?
204
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Evaluation Form
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Introduction To Wireless and Mobile Networking

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204

0977_05F9_c3 © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1

• Roadmap for the Marketplace

Wireless Data Networkers

Mobile Voice and

Last Mile Wireless

Residential/ Fixed Mobile

Roadmap for the Marketplace

Residential/ Fixed Mobile

• Multiservice wireless applications

Broadband Wireless Local Loop

Source: WANBU, LMDS Vendors, Others

Broadband Fixed Wireless

• Multiservice system for competitive access

• Target spectrum: 10.5, 24, 26, 28, 38 GHz

• Bosch Telecom • Cisco

Cisco/Bosch Broadband IP+ATM

Dedicated Circuit Service (DCS) Bandwidth-On-Demand (BOD)

• Bandwidth-On-Demand (BOD) system

Residential/ Fixed Mobile

Cisco Broadband Wireless

• Uses multipath to break through the

• Combination of cable Cisco UBR7200

• MMDS (2.5 GHz) and UNNI (5.7 GHz) bands

Back–Haul ODU Configuration

Phase Two: Shared Access

Roadmap for the Marketplace

Residential/ Fixed Mobile

• PCS IS-95/HDR CDMA data at speeds

Roadmap for the Marketplace

Residential/ Fixed Mobile

Services Most Often Requested

After Basic Wireless Telephony Service

Source: CTIA Web Page

BSC MSC Local Exchange

BTS BSC MSC Transit Local

• Service deployment worldwide

• Many frequency allocations

• Multimode, multiband phones

• True mobility—not tied to a circuit

Digital PCS Wireless Data

• GPRS = General Packet Radio Service

• Mobile IP = CDG proposed CDMA

MSC Transit Net

BTS TDM + Frame Relay Backbone

Cisco’s GPRS Solution

• GSGN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

• Circuit–mode data gateway PSTN

CDMA Mobile Data Operation

BTS BSC MSC IWF FA Internet HA

• Airlink and PPP session can disappear and reappear

• Mobile IP Foreign Agent (FA) PSTN

Evolution of Data Services

Cellular Systems Are Moving Toward Support

• The IETF proposed standard solution

Overview: Mobile IP Functionality

Mobile IP Forms a Layer 3 Tunnel from a

IRDP: Agent Advertisement:

• Care-of or co-located addresses

Mobile IP: Packet Forwarding

The Home Agent Intercepts Traffic for the

Mobile IP: True Mobility,