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Experiment No.1
Title of the Experiment: Layout of the Mom & Vibs Lab Objectives: To get knowledge about the apparatus present in the lab To understand the Basic function of the apparatus To get familiar with the usage of the apparatus and schedule of performing the Experiments

Apparatus with Description:

Reaction Of Beam Apparatus: This apparatus is used to find the unknown forces that are acting as reaction forces.

Compressive flywheel apparatus: This apparatus is used to balance the unbalanced forces that act in the form of vibration.

Whirling of Shaft Apparatus:

Fletchers Trolley Apparatus: Used to investigate the laws of motion F=ma

Gyroscope: Used to stabilize different things like ships and airplanes

Inclined plane Apparatus: Used to find the co-efficient of friction between surface of two materials i.e. plane and object. Angle between 0-90 degree

Centrifugal Force apparatus: Used to find the centrifugal forces acting on different masses at different speeds/RPMs

Torsional vibration Apparatus: Free and Forced Vibration Apparatus:

Experiment No.2
Title of the Experiment: To find the relationship between linear and angular velocity using stepped shaft apparatus.

Objectives:
To investigate the relationship between linear and angular velocity and angular rotation of stepped shaft. Theoretical Background:

Angular velocity:
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It is a vector quantity (more precisely, a pseudo vector) which specifies the angular speed of an object and the axis about which the object is rotating. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second, although it may be measured in other units such as degrees per second, revolutions per second, revolutions per minute, degrees per hour, etc. It is sometimes also called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed, typically measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute). Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (, rarely ). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right-hand rule Linear Velocity: It is the speed in a given direction. Speed describes only how fast an object is moving, whereas velocity gives both the speed and direction of the object's motion. To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed and motion in a constant direction. Constant direction typically constrains the object to motion in a straight path. A car moving at a constant 20 kilometers per hour in a circular path does not have a constant velocity. The rate of change in velocity is acceleration. Velocity is a vector physical quantity; both magnitude and direction are required to define it. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed, a quantity that is measured in meters per second (m/s or ms1) when using the SI (metric) system.
For example, "5 meters per second" is a scalar and not a vector, whereas "5 meters per

second east" is a vector. The average velocity v of an object moving through a displacement

during a time interval (t) is described by the formula:

Procedure:
Fix the apparatus in a vise or on a bench in such a way that the bob can travel 950mm towards the floor. Release the top screw and turn the crank handle so that the chord starts winding on the shaft. Wind the cords so that the three bobs are level and just under the shaft. 3

Insert the stop screw so that the cords do not unwind. Use the adjustable screw eyes in the weight to adjust the height of each weight so that the undersides are at the same distance above the floor when the crank handle is against is against the stop screw. Record this height. Temporarily release the crank and let the handle turn one revolution as the weight descends. Measure the new height above the floor of bobs and enter it in the table 1. Repeat this for three more turns of the handle. Observation and calculation: Shaft dia=> No. of turns of shaft 0 1 2 3 25mm shaft Height above the floor(mm) 812 732 656 575 Distance moved,S (mm) 0 78 78 81 50mm shaft Height above the floor(mm) 812 656 500 340 Distance moved,S (mm) 0 156 156 160 75mm shaft Height above the floor(mm) 812 576 340 102 Distance moved,S (mm) 0 236 236 238

GRAPH:

Experiment No.3
Title of the Experiment: To verify centrifugal force equation using centrifugal force apparatus

Theoretical Background: A body moving in circular path experiences a centripetal and centrifugal force. These forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. They are actually action and reaction forces. Centripetal force is towards center of the circle and centrifugal force is directed outwards. The magnitude of the centripetal force is given by equation

Fcp=mr2

Where, And

=2 N
N= rev per minute

APPARATUS:
Centrifugal force apparatus.

PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Insert suitable masses on the rod. Check the protection shield. Note the initial reading of the pointer. Check the electric supply. Turn ON the power. Note the reading of the pointer of spring balance at different rpm. Tabulate the data & compare the theoretical values with observed values. 8. Calculate the percentage error & also plot the data on the graph.

Experiment No.4
Title: Cam and follower Mechanism

Objectives:
To draw the displacement time curve for the existing cam and flower System To draw the Cam profile using the displacement time curve

Theoretical Background:
CAM AND FOLLOWER MECHANISM:

A cam and follower system is system/mechanism that uses a cam and follower to create a specific motion. The cam is in most cases merely a flat piece of metal that has had an unusual shape or profile machined onto it. This cam is attached to a shaft which enable it to be turned by applying a turning action to the shaft. As the cam rotates it is the profile or shape of the cam that causes the follower to move in a particular way. The movement of the follower is then transmitted to another mechanism or another part of the mechanism.

Types of cams & followers:

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Cams: Disc/Radial cam Face/End cam Cylindrical/drum cam Linear cam

Followers: Knife edge follower Roller follower Disc follower Mushroom follower

Displacement diagrams are merely a plot of two different displacements (distances). These two displacements are:
1. 2.

the distance travelled up or down by the follower and the angular displacement (distance) rotated by the cam

In the diagram shown opposite we can see the two different displacements represented by the two different arrows. The green arrow representing the displacement of the follower i.e. the distance travelled up or down by the follower. The mustard arrow (curved arrow) shows the angular displacement travelled by the cam.

Note: Angular displacement is the angle through which the cam has rotated. If we examine the diagram shown below we can see the relationship between a displacement diagram and the actual profile of the cam. Note only half of the displacement diagram is drawn because the second half of the diagram is the same as the first. The diagram is correct from a theoretical point of view but would have to changed slightly if the cam was to be actually made and used. We will consider this a little more in the the following section - Uniform Velocity.

Procedure:
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1. Adjust the apparatus with a point sharpened pencil nib. 2. Adjust the angle displacement sheet on the apparatus. 3. Rotate the cam slowly 4. The follower with a pencil places mark of the trajectory followed by it. 5. Finally remove the time displacement curve 6. Draw the cam profile using this curve 7. The highest point represents the lift of the follower

Experiment No.6
Title of the experiment: To find the relationship b/w torque & angle of twist.

Objectives: To find the relationship b/w torque and angle of twist

Theoretical Background:
Torsion: It is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius.
For solid shafts of uniform circular cross-section or hollow circular shafts with constant wall thickness, the torsion relations are:

where:

R is the outer radius of the shaft i.e. m, ft. is the maximum shear stress at the outer surface. is the angle of twist in radians. T is the torque (Nm or ftlbf). is the length of the object the torque is being applied to or over. G is the shear modulus or more commonly the modulus of rigidity and is usually given in gigapascals (GPa), lbf/in2 (psi), or lbf/ft2. J is the torsion constant for the section. It is identical to the polar moment of inertia for a round shaft or concentric tube only. For other shapes J must be determined by other means. For solid shafts the membrane analogy is useful, and for thin walled tubes of arbitrary shape the shear flow approximation is fairly good, if the section is not re-entrant. For thick walled tubes of arbitrary shape there is no simple solution, and finite element analysis (FEA) may be the best method. The product GJ is called the torsional rigidity.

The shear stress at a point within a shaft is:

where: 10

r is the distance from the center of rotation

Note that the highest shear stress is at the point where the radius is maximum, the surface of the shaft. High stresses at the surface may be compounded by stress concentrations such as rough spots. Thus, shafts for use in high torsion are polished to a fine surface finish to reduce the maximum stress in the shaft and increase its service life. The angle of twist can be found by using:

Angle of twist= TL/JG Where G=Modulus of rigidity.

APPARATUS: Tension bar apparatus. PROCEDURE:

1. Arrange the apparatus properly. 2. Put some weight in weight pan. This will produce twist in bar. 3. Determine angle of twist from the protectors, at both the points. 4. Calculate Torque by equation. 5. T=W.R 6. Now plot a graph between applied Torque and Angle of Twist.

Observations & Calculations:

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 =TL/JG
and T=W.R where R= Radius of pulley = 75/2mm=37.5mm = Angle of Twist
S.No Load (N) Torque (N.mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 10 12 17 22 25 187.5 375 450 637.5 825 937.5

(200mm) 1 2.5 3 5 6.5 7.5

(400mm) 2 4.5 6 9 12.5 14

Graph:

Experiment No.7

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Title of the Experiment: To study the oscillation demonstration of unit/free vibration apparatus. Objectives:

To find the natural frequency of the system Demonstration of spring constant k Study of damped vibrations Study of undamped vibrations Influence of masses on natural frequency Wn

Theoretical Background/Procedure:
The experimental set includes three different torsion bars and two different mass discs. An oil damper makes it possible to reduce the amplitude. The components are straightforwardly and accurately placed in slots of the frame on the apparatus. This apparatus enables a comprehensive range of vibration experiments to be conducted on a single basic framework. The experiments are specially designed for quick and easy assembly onto the framework, using a minimum number of ordinary engineering tools. To reduce change over time on the more advanced free and forced vibration experiments, large knurled thumb-nub are used to clamp components to the frame, and many components are common to several experiments. Where the position of components on the frame is important, they are dowelled for exact location, thus aiding assembly. Further, the two horizontal steel channel sections to which components are clamped, are ground flat and parallel on both upper and lower flange surfaces to ensure squareness of components when fixed in position. All of the referenced groups of experiments are available separately, and so it is possible to buy them individually and, if required, build up a complete set over a period of time. The equipment is sturdily constructed, mainly in steel, and all components where necessary are suitably plated or painted to provide an attractive appearance and protection from corrosion.

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