Ch 5-2 Energy in SHM

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5.5 Energy in SHM

5.5.1 Energy in spring-mass system * * * 5.5.2 Potential energy = Kinetic energy = Total energy =
1 kx 2 2

1 mv 2 2

1 2 1 1 kx + mv 2 = m 2 A 2 (Prove it yourself!) 2 2 2

Energy in simple pendulum * Potential energy = = = * Kinetic energy = = * Total energy = mgh mgl(1cos)
1 m 2 l 2 2 2 1 m 2 x 2 2 1 mv 2 2 1 m 2 ( A 2 x 2 ) 2 1 m 2 A 2 2

l h

5.5.3

Energy in a vertical spring-mass system * The potential energy of a vertical spring consists of two parts: the elastic potential energy and the
Extension for equilibrium Further extension x Natural length

gravitational potential energy. We artificially define the zero level of the gravitational potential energy.

The main reason of this is to retain the expression for total energy
1 m 2 A 2 without violating any laws of physics behind. 2

Potential energy

= =

1 2 kx + GPE 2 1 k (e + x ) 2 mgx + C 2

where C is a constant to be determined later. Its value will define the zero level of the gravitational potential energy. The sign before mgx is negative because the increase of x tends to decrease the potential energy. Potential energy = =
1 2 1 ke + kex + kx 2 kex + C 2 2 1 kx 2 2 1 2 ke . Therefore the gravitational 2

The constant C is chosen to be potential function is

GPE = mgx

1 2 ke 2

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The GPE is chosen to be zero at x = e/2. That is the mid-point of the natural length position and the equilibrium position. * The expression for total energy is
E= 1 m 2 A 2 2

Actually, for any system of SHM, the total energy can always be written in this form, provided that a suitable zero potential energy level is chosen.

5.6 Graphs of Energy in SHM

5.6.1 * * Energy versus displacement KE = PE =
1 1 mv 2 = m 2 ( A 2 x 2 ) 2 2 1 m 2 x 2 2

1/2 m 2 A2

PE

KE A A x

5.6.2 * *

Energy versus time KE = PE =

1 1 m 2 x 2 = m 2 A 2 cos 2 ( t) 2 2 1 1 mv 2 = m 2 A 2 sin 2 ( t) 2 2

E
1/2 m A2
2

PE KE t

e.g. A block of mass M is connected horizontally to a spring with spring constant k. The block is pulled to a distance A from the equilibrium position. It is released from rest and allowed to undergo SHM. Find the total energy E, new amplitude A, new period T and maximum velocity vo just after a drop of glue of mass m falls onto the block a. b. when it is passing the equilibrium position. when it is at the extreme point.

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e.g. 1995IA1(AL) Figure shows a light spring fixed vertically to the ground at its lower end and with a small aluminum pan of negligible weight attached to its upper end. When a small block of mass 0.1 kg is placed on the pan, a compression of 5 cm is observed after the pan settles. Assume the spring obeys Hooke's law and damping can be neglected.

(a) (b)

Find the force constant (i.e. force per unit extension or compression) of the spring. (i) (ii) (iii) If the block and the pan are pushed slightly downwards and released, calculate the period of oscillation of the system. Find the maximum amplitude of oscillation for which the block would not leave the pan. The Figure below shows the variation of kinetic energy of the block with its height above the ground. (The gravitational potential energy of the block is taken to be zero at the ground.)

(I) (II) (c)

Find the amplitude of oscillations of the block. If the total energy of the system remains constant at 0.109 J, find the maximum elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

The system is now brought to a planet with a smaller gravitational field strength than that of the earth. How would the answers to (b) (i) and (b) (ii) be affected ? Explain briefly.

e.g. 1997-IA-1 Figure below shows a smooth box in which a small block of mass m is connected by two identical light springs to opposites sides. A and B, of the box.

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Initially both springs are stretched an equal amount e and the force constant is 10 N m 1 each. The block is now displaced a small distance along AB from the equilibrium position and is released from rest (Assume that both springs are always in tension) (a) When the block is at a distance x from the equilibrium position, write down the expressions for the tensions, T1 and T2, in the springs. Show that the motion of the block is simple harmonic. Figure below shows the time variation of the potential energy of one of the springs.

(b)

(i) (ii) (c)

Using crosses, indicate on the graph the points corresponding to the time at which the block is at its extreme positions. Find the period of oscillation and the mass of the block.

State the change, if any, in the period of oscillation if (i) the box is tilted at a small angle to the horizontal; (ii) a larger box with greater separation AB is used.

5.7 Damped Oscillation

* * Model for damping force: Fr = bv, where b is a constant and v is the velocity of the mass in motion. The differential equation becomes: m d 2x dx +b + kx = 0 2 dt dt

d 2x dx + + o 2 x = 0 2 dt dt where = the system. Since a 2 x now, the previous results cannot be used. We have to solve the equation from the very beginning. * The solution is given below: Case 1: slightly damped (/2 < )
2 2 x = A e t / 2 cos o / 4 t +

b is the damping constant and o = m

k is the natural frequency of m

where A and are the two arbitrary constants to be determined by initial conditions. Case 2: critically damped (/2 = )
x = A e t/2 (1 + Bt )

where A and B are the two arbitrary constants. Case 3: over damped (/2 > )
2 + 2 2 4

x = Ae

+Be

2 2 2 4

where A and B are the two arbitrary constants.

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e.g. Prove that the solutions for the three cases given satisfy the equation d 2x dx + + o 2 x = 0 2 dt dt * For slightly damped motion: The amplitude drops exponentially.
A' = A e t / 2

The amplitude decreases by a constant factor in a constant time interval. That is, we can define a half-life for it. A(0) = 2A(t1/2) = 4A(2 t1/2) = 8A(3 t1/2) =

The angular decreases.

= 2
-

2 4

Since the total energy for a oscillator (amplitude)2. The energy E decreases with a factor
E = E o e t

The energy is lost as internal energy. * Actually, the parameter measures the strength of damping, the larger the , the faster A and E will drop. For critically damping and over damping The system does not oscillate and the angular frequency is undefined. For critically damping, the system will comes to rest at the equilibrium in the shortest time. It is used in pointers in galvanometers or shock absorber in car. For over damping, the system returns very slowly to the equilibrium since the damping force is much larger than the restoring force. It is used to prevent a door from being closed too fast.

5.8 Forced oscillators

* * * Forced oscillation is a motion produced when a vibrating system is acted upon by an external periodic driving force. For the case of no external driving force, the natural frequency is o. However, if external driving force with a driving frequency exists, the oscillating frequency of the system will be changed after a sufficiently long time. That is, at steady state, the system oscillates with a new frequency equal to that of the external force. * Mathematical model: Driving force: Fd = Fo cos ( t)

F d 2x dx + + o 2 x = 0 cos( t ) 2 dt m dt
The solution consists of two parts. The first part contains a factor e- t/2. Therefore it will fade out after a sufficiently long time. The second part (also called the steady state solution) is
x = A' cos( t )

A is the new amplitude.

is the new angular frequency (same as that of the driving force). is the phase difference between the displacement of the oscillator and the
driving force. Note that it is NOT the initial phase because the steady state

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solution is not applicable to t = 0s. * The new amplitude A is given by

A' =
-

Fo / m
2 o

+ 2 2

When o=, resonance occurs. That is, the amplitude A is maximum subject to fixed Fo and . When is far from the natural frequency, the amplitude become small. The damping is also a factor affecting the new amplitude. The new amplitude decreases as increases. A
Slight damping

Heavy damping

o
*

The driving force F leads the displacement x by a phase factor given by

= tan 1 2 2 0
When is very small, is near zero. The driving force is nearly in phase with the displacement. When equals o, resonance occur. The driving force leads the displacement by /2. The driving is thus in phase with the velocity. That is, the direction of driving force is always the same as that of the velocity. Power transfer is most effective. When is much larger than o, is near . The driving force is anti-phase with the displacement.
Slight damping

/2

Heavy damping

o
Type of Oscillation Free Oscillation Forced Oscillation with frequency Natural frequency o o Driving frequency NA

Amplitude of Oscillation A (indept of o) A is small A is max. A is small Phase lag of vibrating system behind the driving force NA

<< o = o >> o

=0 =/2 =