You are on page 1of 106

Introduction to Hydrology and

Hydraulics Hydraulics
OPW/ EI Lecture to Young Engineers Soc OPW / EI Lecture to Young Engineers Soc
Water & Environmental Engineering Soc.
Prof. Michael Bruen, MIEI, C.Eng. g
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research
School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil , p
Engineering, UCD
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Contents 1 - Hydrology
Purpose of Lecture
Hydrological cycle
Hydrological data sources
Flow duration curves
Design flood estimation
Reservoir storage-yield calculations
Base flow estimation
Hydrological models
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY
Hydrology deals with the occurrence, circulation and distribution
of the waters of the earthShaw, E.M., Hydrology in Practice,Van
Nostrand Reinhold London 1983 Nostrand Reinhold, London, 1983
The hydrosciences deal with the waters of the earth; their
di ib i d i l i h i h i l d h i l distribution and circulation, their physical and chemical
properties and their interaction with the environment, including
interaction with living things and, in particular, human beings.
H d l b id d t ll th Hydrology may be considered to encompass all the
hydrosciences.Chow, V. T., Maidment, D.R. & Mays, L.W. Applied
Hydrology, McGraw Hill, New York, 1988
The business of hydrology is to solve the water balance equation
to his own suggested definition of hydrology as the science that
k l d f h b l d f seeks to explain and quantify the water balance dynamics for any
defined spatial scale (from a point to global) and temporal scale
(from seconds to years) and their relationships with the physical
d h i l t t f tt th h th h d l i l l and chemical transport of matter through the hydrological cycle
and with ecology. (Lee, 1990)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Hydrological Cycle
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Precipitation
Many Types : e.g. Rain, Snow, Hail, Mist, Graupel Many Types : e.g. Rain, Snow, Hail, Mist, Graupel
Measured as a depth (mm)
Many types ( e.g. orographic, frontal, convective) y yp ( g g p , , )
Different scales of time and space
Highly variable in time and space
Estimated by raingauge, distrometer, radar
Frequency, Duration, Intensity relationship important for
d i design.
Intense rain rates cause direct surface runoff, river floods
and soil erosion and soil erosion
Lighter rainfall has time to infiltrate into the ground and
recharge groundwater
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Soil Erosion
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Forest Road
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Maximum Observed Precipitation : World Maximum Observed Precipitation : World
Duration
(Min)
Depth
(mm)
Rate
(mm/min)
Location Date
1 38 38 000 B G d l 26/11/1970 1 38 38.000 Barot, Guadeloupe 26/11/1970
8 126 15.750 Fussen, Bavaria 25/05/1920
15 198 13.200 Plumb Point, Jamaica 12/05/1916
20 206 10 300 Curtea de Arges Romania 7/7/1889 20 206 10.300 Curtea-de-Arges, Romania 7/7/1889
42 305 7.262 Holt, Misssouri 22/6/1947
130 483 3.715 Rockport, West Virginia 18/7/1889
165 559 3 388 D'Hanis Texas 31/5/1935 165 559 3.388 DHanis, Texas 31/5/1935
270 782 2.896 Smethport, Pennsylvania 18/7/1942
540 1087 2.013 Belouve, La Reunion 28/2/1964
1110 1689 1.522 " " 28/2/1964
1440 1870 1.299 Cilaos, La Reunion 15/03/1952
5760 3504 0.608 " " 14/3/1952
10080 4110 0.408 " " 12/3/1952
21600 4798 0.222 Cherrapunji, India 24/6/1931
132480 16369 0.124 " " May-July/1861
263520 22454 0.085 " " April-Sept/1861
525600 26461 0.050 " " Aug/1860-July/1861
1052640 40768 0.039 " " 1860-1861
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
World
100000
10000
1000
h

o
f

r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
100
D
e
p
t
h
10
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Duration (min)
World
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
100000
10000
49 . 0
75 . 6 d p =
1000
r
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
100
D
e
p
t
h

o
f

100
10
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Duration (min)
World depth duration relationship
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
100000
10000
49 . 0
75 . 6 d p =
1000
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
1000
D
e
p
t
h

o
f

r
a
100
10
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Duration (min)
World Ireland depth duration relationship
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Intensity Duration relationship for extremes
100.00
World Ireland
10.00
(

m
m
/
m
i
n
)
1.00
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

r
a
t
e

0.10
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Duration (min)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Interception
Water caught before reaching the ground, usually
by vegetation - on leaves, branches and trunks,
which is evaporated back into the atmosphere.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Evaporation / Evapotranspiration
E ti i h t Evaporation is when water
changes from liquid to gaseous
form and mixes in the
atmosphere. This requires
Energy
Wind ( to transport away moisture Wind ( to transport away moisture
laden air)
Evapotranspiration is the
evaporation of water which has
been taken up by the roots of
vegetation and transpired vegetation and transpired
through the stomata on their
leaves.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Surface Runoff
Water which neither evaporates nor infiltrates runs
over the surface of the ground. It may
reach a channel and become part of the flood
soak into the ground at a drier location
evaporate
Runoff coefficient is the percentage of the rain p g
reaching the ground that flows off in the relevant
time period ( Note: scale and time dependent) p ( p )
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Infiltration
W ki i h d Water soaking into the ground
Rate depends on
precipitation rate,
type of ground surface
slope of ground surface, and
soil moisture condition.
Impervious means no infiltration, many such areas
in urban environment. in urban environment.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Percolation
Water which has entered the soil can move,
usually downwards or sidewards. It may
Be taken up by roots and transpired
Reach the watertable and recharge groundwater, or
Emerge as a spring, or
Seep into river or lake
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Groundwater
When water reaches the water table it moves as
groundwater and may emerge elsewhere as
exfiltration
Emerge as a spring
into lakes or rivers
into the sea
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Aquifers
Unconfined, shallow, large recharge rates but can
be vulnerable to contamination
Confined, deeper, slower recharge, protected from
contamination
Types of porosity : Intergranular Fissure or Types of porosity : Intergranular, Fissure or
Karstic.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Data Sources (some online) - 1
Discharge g
OPW
EPA
ESB
Local Authorities
Precipitation
Met Eireann
Local Authorities and some other state organisation
Water Quality parameters
EPA
Local Authorities
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Data Sources (some online) - 2
Evaporation/Evapotranspiration Evaporation/Evapotranspiration
Met Eireann
Teagasc Teagasc
Groundwater levels
Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI)
Topology
Ordnance Survey of Ireland Ordnance Survey of Ireland
Land use
Corinne Teagasc / EPA Corinne Teagasc / EPA
Soil types
Teagasc / EPA Teagasc / EPA
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Flow Duration Curve (FDC) - Introduction
Graph of the average percentage of time a flow is
exceeded.
Horizontal axis generally % of time Horizontal axis generally % of time
V ti l i ll Fl Vertical axis generally Flow
Easily constructed with a spreadsheet
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Flow Duration Curve How to calculate in a Flow Duration Curve How to calculate in a
spreadsheet (simplest way)
Required: Sufficient flow data ( say n values) at
suitable time intervals.
Sort the data in descending order of magnitude
Give each value an index starting from 1 Give each value an index, starting from 1
Scale the index to a percentage by multiplying by
100 d di id b 100 and divide by n
Plot the sorted data (vertical axis) vs. the scaled
index and this is your FDC.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Flow duration curve Dongola River, Sudan
1000
1200
600
800
t
e

(
m
^
3
/
s
)
200
400
f
l
o
w

r
a
t
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of time flow is exceeded
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Flow duration curve Dongola River, Sudan o du at o cu e o go a e , Suda
1000
100
r
a
t
e

(
m
^
3
/
s
)
f
l
o
w

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of time flow is exceeded
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Flow Duration Curve - Uses
Hydropower calculate energy available for a
given installed generating capacity
Visualise effects of storages in system on river g y
regime
Summarise impacts of structures or management
options on flows in a river p
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
FDC by Spreadsheet FDC by Spreadsheet
Flow Duration and Energy Calculation : Dongola River Sudan (FREQUENCY method)
efficiency = 0.9 0.008829 Bruen / 2008 Annual
N= 4752 (M M Fs) 47.52 0.0876 Annual Energy Energy per
Flow Indicative Num ber of % of Power per per m etre head m eter head
Ranges Flow values values Cum ul. m eter head (for each range) GW -hr/m
(cum ecs) (cum ecs) in range in range % M W /m GW -hr/m (cum ulative)
0 100 0 0
50 25 46 0.97 100.00 0.22 0.01 0.01
100 75 2493 52.46 99.03 0.66 2.03 2.04
150 125 746 15.70 46.57 1.10 1.21 3.25
200 175 286 6.02 30.87 1.55 0.70 3.95
250 225 224 4.71 24.85 1.99 0.73 4.68
300 275 162 3.41 20.14 2.43 0.66 5.34
350 325 111 2.34 16.73 2.87 0.54 5.88
400 375 65 1.37 14.39 3.31 0.37 6.25
450 425 115 2.42 13.03 3.75 0.75 7.00
500 475 89 1.87 10.61 4.19 0.65 7.65
550 525 124 2.61 8.73 4.64 1.01 8.66
600 575 86 1.81 6.12 5.08 0.77 9.43
650 625 47 0.99 4.31 5.52 0.46 9.89
700 675 57 1.20 3.32 5.96 0.60 10.49
750 725 26 0.55 2.13 6.40 0.30 10.79
800 775 28 0.59 1.58 6.84 0.34 11.13
850 825 14 0 29 0 99 7 28 0 18 11 31 850 825 14 0.29 0.99 7.28 0.18 11.31
900 875 14 0.29 0.69 7.73 0.19 11.51
950 925 17 0.36 0.40 8.17 0.25 11.76
1000 975 2 0.04 0.04 8.61 0.03 11.79
TotalEnergy 11 79 Total Energy 11.79
(GW -hr/m head)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
FDC Installed capacity vs Energy FDC Installed capacity vs Energy
Run-of-river Hydropower: Energy vs. Installed Capacity Dongola River, Sudan.
14.00
8 00
10.00
12.00
m
e
t
e
r
/
y
e
a
r
)
4.00
6.00
8.00
n
e
r
g
y

(
G
W
-
h
r
s
/
m
0.00
2.00
4.00
E
n
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
Installed capacity (MW)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
FDC d t t St Eff t FDC demonstrates Storage Effects
Effect of storage on flow regime - normalised flow duration curves
3
2
2.5
(
c
u
m
e
c
s
)
1.5
f

m
e
a
n

f
l
o
w

(
0.5
1
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% of time flow is exceeded
Blackwater at Ballyduff (no storage) Corrib at Galway (storage effect)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
FDC shows effects of impoundment
Flood Frequency Analysis q y y
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Design Flood Estimation if data available
Preferable : From data (annual maximum series)
If no data then from catchment characteristics
(FSR FEH Flood Studies update) (FSR, FEH, Flood Studies update)
If d t h ti t d f d t d If some data perhaps u estimated from data and
alpha from other information.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Frequency / Probability Concepts
Event Occurrence or exceedance of a specified discharge
(flow rate)
i d ( ) l i (i ) Return Period (T) long term average time (in years)
between occurrence of event (not that intuitive, particularly
when used with climate change issues) when used with climate change issues)
Probability (p) of event
p
1
=
Probability (p) of event
Most people can comprehend probabilities expressed as
T
p
Most people can comprehend probabilities expressed as
chance, or odds e.g. 1/100 chance
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Working with exceedence probabilities Working with exceedence probabilities
Events are assumed uncorrelated (one years maximum doesnt
influence any other years maximum)
So probabilities can be multiplied together So probabilities can be multiplied together
If p is the probability that a flood discharge is equalled or
exceeded in any one year then (1-p) is the probability it
will not happen in any one year
p
3
is the probability it will happen in any specified 3 years
(1 )
3
i th b bilit it ill NOT h i (1-p)
3
is the probability it will NOT happen in any
specified 3 years.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
P k th h ld (POT) t d l l Peaks over threshold (POT) not used regularly
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
A l M i d l l Annual Maxima used regularly
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Plotting Positions
Theory Population
n
i
p =
Sample Gringorten
n
44 . 0
=
i
p
Sample Cunnane
12 . 0 +
=
n
p
2 . 0
4 . 0
+

=
n
i
p
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Gumbel Distribution Gumbel Distribution
[ Extreme Value Type 1 (EV1) ]
| |

|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`


=
u q
q F exp exp ) (

= =
. \
)
p q F
1
1 1 ) (

| |

= =
T
p q F
T
1
1 1 ) (
|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`

=
T
u q
T
1
1 ln ln
. \
)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
G b l Di t ib ti Gumbel Distribution
[ Extreme Value Type 1 (EV1) ]
|
.
|

\
|
)
`


=
u q
q F exp exp ) (
= =
.

\
)
T
p q F
1
1 1 ) (

|
|
.
|

\
|
)
`

=
T
u q
T
T
1
1 ln ln
. \
)
T
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Fitting Parameters to data
Method of Moments
Maximum likelihood
Probability weighted moments
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Method of Moments Method of Moments
7797 . 0 =
5772 . 0 = u
and mean the is where,
deviation standard the is
,
series maxima annual the of
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Maximum Likelihood Method
Maximise the likelihood
function (probability of getting
the observed data series AM
values)
(
(

|


|

|

= =

u q u q
q f u L
i
n
i
n
exp exp exp
1
) ( ) (
Easier to work with logarithms
(

\

.

\
= =

= =

q f u L
i i
i
exp exp exp ) ( ) , (
1 1
Easier to work with logarithms
- minimise the negative of this

( )

= )
`

|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
n
i
i i
u q u q
u NLL
1
exp ) ln( ,


UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Annual Maximum Series Analysis for Barrow at Royal Oak
350
400
250
300
u
m
e
c
s
)
150
200
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
c
u
50
100
0
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Return period (years)
Data Series Moment estimate
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Design Flood Estimation if no data available
Flood Studies Report (FSR) 1974 covers Great
Britain and Ireland.
Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) 1999 covers Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) 1999 covers
United Kingdom replaceing FSR there. Uses GIS
Flood Studies Update (OPW) 2010 for Ireland.
N i f ll l il bl New rainfall analyses available
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
New Rainfall Analysis
Fitzgerald, D. L. (2007) Estimation of point
rainfall frequencies.
New Rainfall depth-duration-frequency
relationship using data from 1941-2004 p g
Index rainfall plus multiplier
Mapped on a 2km grid Mapped on a 2km grid
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Climate Change C4I
Increase of about 15% in winter rainfall
Drier summers with 20% less rain in some areas
(E & SE)
20%increase in 2-day extremes (smaller for 1- 20% increase in 2 day extremes (smaller for 1
and 5-day extremes)
More frequent extremes in autumn More frequent extremes in autumn
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Base Flow Estimation
Debate/differences on what is covered by
definition of term base flow.
WFD: Working Group on groundwater surface WFD: Working Group on groundwater surface
water interaction literature review on hydrograph
separation methods and examples in Ireland separation methods and examples in Ireland.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Reservoir Storage yield
Problem: Determine the storage volume required
in a reservoir to meet a particular demand (yield)
pattern with a specified (small) probability of
failure.
Methods:
Mass-Curve (constant yield and no probability of ( y p y
failure)
State Transition Matrix methods
Simulation
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Source of problem
Swilly at New Mills Mean Monthly Flows
6.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
c
u
m
e
c
s
1.0
2.0
0.0
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
Years
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Classical Mass-curve
Swilly at New Mills Mass Curve
500.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
3
)
250.0
300.0
v
e

V
o
l
u
m
e

(
M
i
l
l
i
o
n

m
^
3
100.0
150.0
200.0
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
0.0
50.0
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
Years
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Mass curve analysis
500 14 000
400
500
12.000
14.000
200
300

(
M

m
^
3
)
8.000
10.000
c
u
m
e
c
s
)
100
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

V
o
l
u
m
e
6.000
I
n
f
l
o
w

d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
c
-100
0
2.000
4.000
-200
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
Time
0.000
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Purpose of Hydrologic Modelling
Explore Scientific understanding Scientific Method is to
test hypotheses
l d d l d i l i hi Help understand complex dynamic relationships
Analyse and interpret data
Determine sensitivities to input data, parameter values and
spatial scales
B i f t t l f li f l ti Basis of management tools for policy formulation
Operational Manage (including online control)
D i f i i ( li ) Design of monitoring systems (compliance)
Design of Measures
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
M d lli I Modelling Issues
Fitness for purpose Fitness for purpose
Spatial Scale
P d t il / l it Process detail / complexity
Parameter estimation / ill-conditioning / equifinality / uncertainty /
F h d Fuzzy methods
Validation (independent data)
Flexibility / Robustness
Models for management more physically-based ? g p y y
Understanding and communicating limitations -
credibility credibility
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Models - Types
Physical models (full or reduced scale)
Analog models
Numerical models
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Models Numerical - Types
Empirical (black box)
Conceptual
Process based
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Treatment of Spatial variation
Lumped models
Semi-distributed models
Distributed models
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
SMAR model schematic
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
HBV model (SMHI)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Components of the flow routine in the SHETRAN model Components of the flow routine in the SHETRAN model
Evapotrnaspiration loss model Evapotrnaspiration loss model
Rain and Snow input Rain and Snow input
Canopy interception model Canopy interception model
Rain and Snow input Rain and Snow input
Snow melt model Snow melt model
Overland flow & Channel model Overland flow & Channel model
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Steps in Modelling - I
Define Purpose of modelling
Determine Scope and accuracy requirements Determine Scope and accuracy requirements
Determine information availability
Resources available
Choose modelling approach
Choose existing model or develop new model
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Steps in Modelling - 2
Calibrate model (optimisation)
Validate model (split sample test) ( p p )
Parameter sensitivity
Model uncertainty Model uncertainty
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Model development
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Model calibration
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Typical widely-used models used
Unit hydrograph (flood events only)
SMAR (UCG-DEH) ( )
Scandanavian models (HBV and NAM)
HSPF (in BASINS) HSPF (in BASINS)
TOPMODEL
SHETRAN
IHACRES
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Modelling Water Dynamics in SWAT Modelling Water Dynamics in SWAT
Interception
Surface Runoff Surface Runoff
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
L t l fl Lateral flow
Subsurface flow
Percolation
Non-point Pollution
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Conceptual representation in the HSPF model Conceptual representation in the HSPF model
SURFACE FLOW
SURFACE ZONE
INTER FLOW
UPPER ZONE
SURFACE ZONE
INTER FLOW ZONE
LZS
INEXP
IBAR IND IMAX
LSZ
LZSN
INFILT IBAR
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
LOWER ZONE
LZSN
2 RTF RATIO =
INFILT: infiltration parameter
GROUND WATER
BASE FLOW
p
LZSN: nominal lower zone storage
LZS: actual lower zone storage
INEXP: exponent parameter
IND: ratio of max. to mean infiltration capac.
RTF: interflow parameter
GROUND WATER
ZONE
RTF: interflow parameter
Courtesy : Mrs. Igbal Salah Mohammed
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Contents - 2 - Hydraulics
Open channel hydraulics
Hydraulic models y
Downstream control
Structures Structures
Floodplain
Flood Risk Management hydraulic options
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Hydraulics
Definition : The study of fluids in motion.
For us:
Fluid is liquid water Fluid is liquid water
Engineering focus applied knowledge
Temperature effects usually ignored Temperature effects usually ignored
ill d li i i Here I will concentrate on Hydraulics in River
Engineering
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
River Engineering aspects
Flooding
Transport p
Morphology
Water Supply Water Supply
River crossings (bridges and culverts)
Water Quality
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Governing Equations:- Steady State
y : water depth
2
0
1 Fr
S S
dx
dy
f

=
y : water depth
X : distance along channel
2
2
1 Fr dx
S
0
: channel bed slope
S
f
: Energy slope
2
2
2
3
4
R A
Q n
S
f
=
S
f
: Energy slope
Fr : Froude number
2
2
T Q
Fr =
n : Mannings n
T, A, R : Area, Top-width,
3
gA
Fr =
, , , p ,
hydraulic radius (all
geometric properties)
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
For steady flow and simple geometries these can be For steady flow and simple geometries these can be
solved in a spreadsheet:
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
(
m

)
e.g. drawdown

0.2
0.3
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

curve
0
0.1
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Distance from end of channel (m)
(-ve means
Wetted Hydraulic upstream)
Depth top width Area Perimeter Radius Velocity Fr2 Sf dy/dx Delta-X Distance
(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m) (m/s) (m) (m)
0.475 1.000 0.475 1.950 0.244 2.105 0.951 0.00492 -0.080325 0
0 495 1 000 0 495 1 990 0 249 2 020 0 840 0 00441 0 021367 0 393 0 393 0.495 1.000 0.495 1.990 0.249 2.020 0.840 0.00441 -0.021367 -0.393 -0.393
0.515 1.000 0.515 2.030 0.254 1.942 0.746 0.00397 -0.011697 -1.210 -1.603
0.535 1.000 0.535 2.070 0.258 1.869 0.666 0.00359 -0.007737 -2.058 -3.661
0.555 1.000 0.555 2.110 0.263 1.802 0.596 0.00326 -0.005587 -3.002 -6.664
0.575 1.000 0.575 2.150 0.267 1.739 0.536 0.00297 -0.00424 -4.070 -10.734
0.595 1.000 0.595 2.190 0.272 1.681 0.484 0.00271 -0.003319 -5.292 -16.026 0.595 1.000 0.595 2.190 0.272 1.681 0.484 0.00271 0.003319 5.292 16.026
0.615 1.000 0.615 2.230 0.276 1.626 0.438 0.00249 -0.002651 -6.700 -22.726
0.635 1.000 0.635 2.270 0.280 1.575 0.398 0.00229 -0.002145 -8.341 -31.067
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
St Venant Equations q
(1-D Unsteady Open Channel Flow)
continuity
0 =

+
A Q
continuity
0 =

+
t x
momentum
0
1
0
= +

A
P u u u z
A x g t g x
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Finite Difference : Forward Routing Finite Difference : Forward Routing
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Linear Analysis ( Kundzewicz & Dooge, 1989) y
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Hydraulics: Factors in choice of numerical model
Choice of model
1-D (typical) ; 2-D (river morphology) or 3D (e.g.
scour or approaches to constrictions)
Steady or unsteady if flood attenuation is
relevant
Water Quality issues important (?) WFD
Links with other models
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
30
velocity 14400
5 42523
5.60024
10
20
4.55019
4.7252
4.90021
5.25022
5.42523
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150
3.50015
3.67516
4.02517
4.20018
2 2751
2.62511
2.80012
2.97513
3.32514
Example 2-D model : courtesy Mr. Aodh Dowley
velocity 14400
1
1.40006
1.57507
1.92508
2.10009
2.2751
0.525022
0.70003
0.875037
1.22505
0
0.175007
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Example 2-D model output Courtesy Dr. Zeinab Bedri
Run 1
Run 2 Run 2
Run 3
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Choice of models 1D
HEC-RAS (1-D) (USACE)
MIKE (1-D)(Danish Hydraulics Inst.) ( )( y )
ISIS (Wallingford UK & Halcrow ) 1-D
TUFLOW(Delft University) TUFLOW (Delft University)
Many others
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Choice of models 2D and 3D
TELEMAC (EDF & HRWallingford)
MIKE (2-D and 3D)(Danish Hydraulics Inst.)
Surface Water Modelling System (SMS)
(USACE) (USACE)
more ..
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Basic Requirements - 1
Survey of channel and floodplain explicit cross-
sections, linked with DTM, aerial or satellite
h t h d/ photographs and/or maps.
S ffi i d il l h i Sufficient detail to properly represent changes in
geometry; constrictions, changes in slope, structures
Limits : hydraulic control to u/s of point of interest.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Basic Requirements 2
Values of Mannings n
Water level and flow data for calibration and validation
gauges, photos, marks on roads or buildings, debris
lines in fields, debris in branches of trees.
Flow measurements (rating curve)
Initial estimates from published literature.
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Modelling Interfaces
River / aquifer
River / floodplain p
Soil / Vegetation / Atmosphere
Model / user / stakeholder Model / user / stakeholder
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Example : Shannon at Limerick
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
5661 5566 5*
5399.1 5263
5157 5005
Paramad Coms
1937
1857.5*
1778 *
Paramaddawes
5661 5566.5
5399.1
5157
5080
5005
Pa r ama ddawes
1778.
1698.5*
1619
Paramad u/s
1486
1390
1332
1285
P
a
r
a
m 10301
Junct4
1165
1106
1053
m
a
d

u
/
s
Nanny u/s
10699 5*
10619
10527.6*
10436.3*
10345
Nanny-mid
10267
10059
9814.*
9535
9281 5*
Nanny-Parama
10941
10860.5*
10780.*
10699.5*
9281.5
9100.16*
8906.5*
8712.83*
8535.80*
8375.40*
8118.*
7924 *
N
a
n
n
y
-
m
i
d
N
a
n
n
y

u
/
s
7924.*
7692.75*
7443
7218
6882.80*
6742.40*
6602
6415
6230.*
UCD Centre for Water Resources Research Michael Bruen
Sensitivity to d/s boundary Sensitivity to d/s boundary
22
Revisited2001b Plan: Duleek Flood Study Plan
Geom: Duleek Flood Study Geometry Flow: Duleek Flood Study Flow Data
Legend
Nanny-mid Nanny u/s
20
Legend
WS PF 8
WS PF 7
WS PF 6
WS PF 5
WS PF 4
18
WS PF 3
WS PF 2
Crit PF 4
Crit PF 2
Crit PF 5
C it PF 3
16
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
)
Crit PF 3
Crit PF 6
Crit PF 1
Crit PF 7
WS PF 1
Crit PF 8
14
Ground
LOB
ROB
10
12
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
10
Main Channel Distance (m)

You might also like