INTRODUCTION Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil.

It is usually used to assist in growing crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, it is very vital in crop production especially in rain-fed farming. The future of agriculture and food production lies much on irrigation. At the global scale 2,788,000 square kilometers of agricultural land is equipped with irrigation infrastructure. About 68% of the area equipped with irrigation is located in Asia, 17% in America, 9% in Europe, 5% in Africa and 1% in Oceania. A number of dams and irrigation infrastructure were built to increase the supply of water as well as to maximize the use of its availability. In the Philippines, agriculture is the lifeblood of the Filipino people. Various crops such as rice, corn, vegetables and others are widely cultivated to meet the increasing demand for food as the countrys population is in the boom. With this, to elevate food self-sufficiency of the country, the government together with private sectors joins hand in hand to provide adequate irrigation water for food production through implementing water resources infrastructure project throughout the country. While the Tucalan Communal Irrigation System has been in service for several cropping seasons, its efficiency has gradually deteriorated over the years. The increasing demand of water irrigation use has led into many constraints such as capacity problems, insufficient water quality and the technical deficiencies of existing irrigation infrastructures. It is in this view that the rehabilitation of the system had been included as a priority project in order to ensure efficient delivery of irrigation water to the farms of the existing irrigation system.

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PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS The identified problems in the project area were related to production, technical and social problems. Production Problems: The unit yield of rice in the area prior to the project was considerably low at an average of 50 cavans per hectare. With no irrigation system, rice was grown under rain fed conditions. During some cropping seasons, the vegetative growth of rice was severely damaged due to lack of soil moisture. Harvest, therefore, during these periods were below the national average. Technical Problems: Agricultural activities were limited in the project area for lack of adequate irrigation water. Cultivation of rice as a major crop depended on rainfall which resulted to very low yields. The heavily silted reservoir has led to very low water head which was not sufficient to supply the irrigation water requirement of the farmlands. Additionally, deteriorating intake and canal structures resulted to inefficient water delivery and distribution to the service areas. Most of the lined canals were cracked and silted. On the other hand, the earth canals were eroded and required reshaping. Social and Institutional Problem: Non-existence of the Irrigators Association led to the insufficient knowledge of water users on proper water management which in turn resulted to the proliferation of illegal users, damage to canal structures and wastage of irrigation water. With no peoples organization supervising the operation of the system, collection rate of irrigation service fee was low and no sufficient maintenance resources were available during maintenance period. Damage structures and facilities were not restored and their conditions were aggravated with passing of each cropping season.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The identification of long term and short term is hoped to guide public and private sector development decisions and activities direction. The results are expected to support the sustainability of the projected growth intensity for the 50-year period. The short-term and long-term objectives of the rehabilitation of the project are presented below: Short-Term Objectives 1. To restore the intake structures and drainage facilities of the irrigation system in order to re-establish its functionality and operation. 2. To strengthen the Irrigators Association capacity to undertake productive activities by providing institutional and agricultural support such as extension services, cooperative organization and social capability building. 3. To improve the productive potentials of the agricultural farmlands in the area through increased cropping intensity and crop diversification. Long-Term Objectives 1. To alleviate poverty and improve well-being of the farmer beneficiaries by giving them opportunities to increase their income. 2. To transform the Irrigators Association into a self-sufficient organization capable of efficiently and effectively managing the operations of the system. At full development, production from the project area is expected to increase from 2.50 tons/hectare to 5.00 tons/hectare for the first crop and 5.00 tons/ha for the second crop. However, production cost will increase considering the introduction of modern methods of farming with more inputs to be supplied. The target cropping intensity will be up to 148% in the whole service area. Palay production is also expected to reach 1,150 tons annually in the whole area from the present 387.50 tons.
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EXISTING CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA

A Brief History of Lasam History is by and large, the story in retrospect of a land and its people. The land, its name and occupancy, its location and wealth, the people , their idiosyncrasies and attributes, their tradition and culture, their faith and beliefs, their occupation and pursuits, their tribulations and ordeals, nay, their settlements and systems of government, are history's subject matter and reasons for being. The Land Barrio Macatabang was a place along the bank of the Cagayan River called so inhabited by Ybanag, Ilocano immigrant Filipino Chinese, and Malaweg. Macatabang was a part of Gattaran, but as the population increased, the people of the western part of Gattaran made a resolution that it be made a separate town. Congressman Paulino Alonso of the 2nd District of Cagayan introduced a bill in congress creating the municipality of Santo Tomas. Representative Cabarroguis of Nueva Vizcaya vigorously objected the suggested name on the first reading of the bill. Finally, Lasam was agreed upon in honor of the late Governor Honorio Lasam, the sixth governor of Cagayan (1915-1918)

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On June 13, 1950, the late President Elpidio C. Quirino signed R.A. 507 which made possible the creation of the municipality of Lasam. January 1951 was eventful for Lasam because it was her official inauguration as a town. However, another problem arose after the celebration of its inauguration. Although, it was stated in the bill that the site of Lasam would be the barrio be made the town site. In order to settle the dispute, an arrangement between the two political factions (the Jurado faction of Macatabang and the the Acre faction of Nabannagan) was made. They agreed that whoever was elected Mayor would have the privilege to situate the seat of government in his respective barrio. Fortunately, Jurado was elected Mayor by a margin of only two votes over Acre, thus, Macatabang became the town proper. The Immigrants In the early part of the 40s, immigrants from other provinces came to settle in Lasam and its nearby environs. They came from the central plains and the Ilocano provinces. Majority of them were Ilocanos who brought with them industriousness, thriftiness and sturdiness. Settling in the plains and meadows of the municipality, the Ilocanos with diligence who howed their lands into productive forms which boosted no less than the economic progress of Lasam. Eager and desirous to improve their lot, many of the immigrants have managed to send and continue to send their children to the schools, colleges, and universities enhancing on the process the literacy pasture of the municipality. From their ranks have emerged many of the municipality's teachers, artisans and professionals.

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It is important to note in this connection that a number of them have become Chief Executives of Lasam. Lasam is considered the largest municipality of the second district of the province of Cagayan in terms of population. It is also known as the rice bowl of Western Cagayan. It is the nucleus of the Zinundungan endowed and an Valley and was forest The abundant species.

resources particularly hard umber mangrove municipality level, two boosts excellent

education system where one tertiary vocational/agricultural academic secondary level, three

high school, one TESDA institution and complete elementary and primary schools scattered all the barangays all over the area. The town is the second youngest town in the province. Location and Wealth Lasam town proper barely 13 kilometers, 20 degree south west of Magapit Suspension Bridge. It is 68 kilometers north of Tuguegarao, Cagayan by crossing the Cagayan River from the municipality of Gattaran, but following the Lasam-LogacMagapit National Road, is 106 kilometers from Tuguegarao, Cagayan. It is bounded on the north east by the municipality of Lallo, Cagayan, on the north west by the municipality of Allacapan, Cagayan and Flora,Apayao, on the east by the Cagayan River, and Gattaran, Cagayan, on the south by Santo Nio, Cagayan and on the south west by the municipality of Rizal, Cagayan.

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It must have been for its location, its agricultural and commercial potentialities that prompted early immigrants to transfer to Lasam. Future events proved the wisdom of their choice for, with the Cagayan River and the Zinundungan River as the chief means of transportation at that time and for the long period, Lasam became the hub of trade and commerce for a wide area. The rivers were teeming with freshwater fish and shells and forests were everywhere abounding with raw building materials and wildlife. In fact, venison and meat of wild pigs were commodities which the traders from Aparri, with their PINSAL FALLS roof-flat-bottomed rafts and boats, bough in quantity.

Greed and ignorance soon took its toll. Forests were denuded without the thought of the future resulting in big floods and extensive soil erosion. Fingerlings, too, were trapped or caught for food or sale. The saving grace from all these senseless wastes came later when with advanced technology, a breakthrough in rice production was achieved. Farmers who would harvest only 15 to 25 cavans per hectare could now produce 70 to 100 cavans. Corn also became a prime crop augmenting the income of the farmers to a marked degree. Area and Population Lasam has a total land area of 234 square kilometers or 23,400 hectares. The total area of the municipality is divided among 30 barangays namely:

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BARANGAY

POPULATION

Aggunetan Alannay Battalan Cabatacan East (Duldugan) Cabatacan West Calapangan Norte Calapangan Sur Callao Norte Callao Sur Cataliganan Centro I (Pob.) Centro II (Pob.) Centro III (Pob.) Finugo Norte Gabun Ignacio Jurado (Finugu Sur) Magsaysay Malinta Minanga Sur Minanga Norte Nicolas Agatep Peru San Pedro Sicalao Tagao Tucalan Passing Viga Nabannagan East Nabannagan West New Orlins TOTAL
Water Resource Plan Tucalan Communal Irrigation System

1,083 2,022 1,073 1,799 1,606 825 749 828 840 323 2,259 2,078 1,817 520 1,125 1,573 1,404 1,070 713 397 884 1,807 1,644 1,508 376 844 712 1,183 2,519 1,065 36,646
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COVERAGE OF THE PROJECT The project will involve 141 farmers from Barangay Cabatacan East with a service area of 155 hectares of agricultural lands suitable to rice.

VARIOUS TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA A. Topography and Slope Classification The service area is generally flat in terrain. According to the Bureau of Soils, the study area is among the 14,000 hectares or 60% of the total area of Lasam town that has a 0.30 slope which is level to nearly level. These land area are suited for agriculture. B. Meteorology and Hydrologic Investigation: The water source of the proposed service area is the Tucalan Creek and some tributaries. C. Climate: Under the climatic classification, the climate at the project area fall generally under Type III, i.e. rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Seasonal very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. D. Rainfall: The project area is on the windward side during the northeast monsoon so that rainfall is generally heavy during this part of the year. Although the northeast monsoon season starts affecting the country by the later part of October and last in the month of April, rainfall generally declines significantly in the project area by February. The period March to April which covers the later part of the northeast monsoon season and the trade wind season has generally the lowest rain fall during the year.
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The project area is on the leeward side during the southeast monsoon from May to the later part of October, however, the area still receives substantial amount of rainfall during the period especially during the period from August to October. E. Flood Studies: Flood study to evaluate the occurrence of flood at the proposed damsite were not undertaken, however there were accurate information of flooding in the area. F. Sedimentation: There is no data on suspended bed load sediments for Tucalan Creek, hence, the sedimentation rate of this creek was based on the studies for various watershed in northern luzon. In the sedimentation studies at Magat River Reservoir, erosion rates are from 0.75 mm/year to 1.55 mm/year. As far as the sedimentation study is concerned wherein denudation or deforestation is extensive at the drainage area it can be presumed that there are erosions considering the present situation of the upper section of the damsite which is actually silted. G. Water Quality: The water flowing at the Tucalan Creek is 100% suitable for irrigation. Tucalan CIS had been diverting water from Tucalan Creek for some years ago. It was found out that there is no harmful effect that have been noted and recorded.

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GENERAL LAYOUT OF TUCALAN COMMUNAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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Pictorials of the Existing Condition of the Study Area Canal Structures

Some canal structures are heavily silted and clogged with debris. Steel gate of gated structure as shown above were already out of place and others were damaged with passing of each cropping season.

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Canalization

The condition of main canals and laterals needs rehabilitation. Lined canals were cracked that results to seepage loses. Most of the stretch of canal are heavily silted which lessen the capacity to carry the flow of water, thus, decrease in the efficiency.

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Service Road

This is the portion of service road that needs rehabilitation like surface stabilization and gravelling. This will ensure convenience in the mobility of crop production and easy access to different farm site.

Diversion Dam

Washout portion of the overflow dam greatly affects the efficiency and functionality of the irrigation system especially to quantity of water being diverted to canal networks.

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Institutional Development

The situation shows that there is no management plan for cropping schedule of farming. This results to the inefficient use of irrigation water.

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AGRICULTURE CONDITION OFTHE STUDY AREA Rice is the principal crop of the project area. Depth of water needed during land preparation is 150 mm, maximum. Reduce water depth from 20-50 mm during transplanting and 5 days after the end of transplanting, increase and maintain the depth of water from 25-75 mm with maximum of 150 mm until 14 days before harvesting. Provision for water losses includes seepage, leakage and consumptive use of vegetation on the slope and/or along the stretch of the canal, the operational losses on account of some damaged structures, excess delivery and waste water incurred during transplanting and poor maintenance of paddy field dikes. A. Vegetative Cover The Tucalan Creek water shed area as estimated from the 1:50,000 m scale military map is 13.20 square kms. The drainage area is heavily forested despite the presence of selective logging operation. The low lying hills portions show baldness for no big forest trees is present. Tall grasses like bamboos, bohos, shrubs, cogons and those belonging to gramineae family are found. Some of the low land rice areas are found at the foot of the hills. On established paddy fields, the dominant grasses are cogon, and talahib. fimbristylis littoralis, ipomoea aquatica and monochoria vaginalis. B. Soil Type The general soil type of the service area is clayey and loamy types. These soil types crack easily upon drying; however it becomes soft within few hours after saturation. Along hillside in cultivated areas the soil dries to a depth from 50-70 cm or more. Other common grasses are echinochloa glabrescens, echinochloa coloma, cyperius iria,

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C. Land Use The service area of 155 has is cultivated and planted to rice. Originally the area is irrigated. However, since the dam was washout the area became rain fed rice paddies. D. Land Ownership Approximately the distribution of land ownership is as follows: OWNERSHIP/CULTIVATORSHIP DISTRIBUTION BY PERCENTAGE AREA Full Owner Share Tenants Lease Holder Amortizing Owner Full Owner & Lease Holder Full Owner & Share Tenants Share Tenant & Lease Holder Full Owner & Amortizing Owner TOTAL AGRO-ECONOMIC DATA A. General: To ascertain the economic viability of the project an agro-economic survey was conducted. The method and approach was through interview of randomly picked farmer beneficiaries. Information was also obtained from other government entities national and local who are involved with the different data.
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FARMERS 84 22 15 10 7 3 -_______ 141

73.90 11.00 14.20 39.50 11.80 4.60 155

These pieces of
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information and data were compiled,

transcribed and consolidated and became the basis of projection and estimate of the project. B. Present Production The present average production per hectare for rainfed areas is 2.50 tons/ha. The present family net income of owner-operator for one (1) hectare rainfed rice is P17,104.00 annually. This meager farm net income cannot sustain the economic needs of the farmer, thus an irrigation system is vital to increase the rice production. Marketing of farm product in the area is not a problem. The farmers sell their palay to traders at the poblacion, others sell their products at NFA warehouse at Allacapan, Cagayan. IDENTIFIED UNCERTAINTIES 1. Calamities and Weather Disturbances This Water Resource Plan aims at establishing a sustainable and functional irrigation system to improve the agricultural potentials of the study area. But because of calamities and weather disturbances such as typhoons, excessive flooding, El Nino, La Nina and others, risks that may lead to the destruction of irrigation infrastructures, access roads and casualty on crops are at stake. 2. Production Cost In recent years, high prices of agricultural supplies such as hybrid seeds, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides is one of the major burdens of farmers. It is also aggravated by the low market price of crop yields because trading is monopolized by private individuals. As an adverse effect, farmers might suffer indebtedness that will affect their quality of living. 3. Fund Source In Philippine setting, realization of various infrastructure projects like this water resource plan depends on government funds. In most cases, there are limited available budget for the restoration and rehabilitation of existing irrigation infrastructures to sustain its functionality. This has been the scenario
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for Tucalan Communal Irrigation System. Funds may be available for certain year but uncertain of its next funding period. 4. Political Will and Rapid Changing Priorities Because most of infrastructure projects are government funded, it takes a political will to ensure the potentials of the irrigation projects. These irrigation projects like the Tucalan CIS might be affected by the changing priorities of government officials as an effect of the transition of political administration. 5. Accessibility/ Isolation of Production Area. The study area has 1.20 kilometers without proper access road which was included in this project plan to be developed. Problems in the future may include the maintenance for the serviceability of the access roads. 6. Irrigation Association Capability The functionality and operation of the irrigation system depends on the effectiveness of Irrigator Association in carrying out irrigation management plan. Failure to establish its stability might hamper the optimum utilization of the system. ALTERNATIVES In determining the project irrigation requirements, all the above mentioned technical data and agricultural conditions were considered. For instance the cropping calendar shows that land preparation is set during the first week of May and September. Transplanting and vegetative or growth management follows until the start of harvesting which falls on the first week of October and February to complete a year-round cropping season. Another two and one half months (2) period is provided for repair and maintenance of the system before the on-set of the first cropping season of the following year. Three alternatives were identified for the project to suit the existing conditions: (1) Overflow-Type Weir, (2) Pump Irrigation Project (PIP) and (3) Shalow Tube Well.
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Alternative 1: Overflow-Type Weir

OVERFLOW-WEIR TYPE OF DAM Scope This alternative involves the modification of the intake and earthfill dam across the Tucalan Creek to harness the potentials of the stream for irrigation. Major components of the project include the rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage network to ensure irrigation water will reach the whole service area. Other items of work will also include the provision of service road along the existing canal network and farm level facilities to guarantee efficient water delivery into the paddy level. Environmental Impact Results of field investigation conducted have revealed that there are no human settlements that could be affected in the diversion works location and with the stretch of the diversion canal to be undertaken. As far as the project is not within the environmentally critical areas, considering the works to be undertaken does not require massive excavation or quarrying, no big trees will be cut down nor reforestation areas will be traversed by canal, hence it is possible to ascertain within the project area, that there are no archeological sites, historical or native landmarks that will prejudice development of the project. Investment Cost
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The total investment cost of the project amounted to P18,382,002.56. This includes old loans amounted to P413,922.68. and this program for construction amounted to P18,600,000.00. Total Project Cost is P19,013,927.00 and the development cost is P122,670.47/ha. The estimated cost breakdown is as follows: Items of Work Diversion Works Canalization Canal Structure Terminal Facilities Drainage Facilities Project Facilities Service O & M Road Total Direct Cost GESA Institutional Management Fee Total Indirect Cost Total Estimated Cost To Estimate, Say P 413,922.68 P 413,922.68 (Balance of Old Loan) P 260,869.02 153,053.66 This Investment P1,439,660.00 10,356,850.00 3,286,100.00 303,505.00 100,000.00 75,000.00 800,000.00 P16,361,115.00 818,056.00 490,833.00 930,000.00 2,238,889.00 P18,600,004.00 Total Investment P 1,700,529.02 10,509,903.66 3,286,100.00 303,505.00 100,000.00 75,000.00 800,000.00 P16,775,037.68 818,056.00 490,833.00 930,000.00 2,238,889.00 P19,013,926.68 P19,013,927.00

Economic Internal Rate of return The final evaluation Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of the Overflow-Type Weir yielded 29.35% considering normal plan. However with the foresighted 20% increased in construction cost it yielded an IRR 23.85%. IRR of 22.34%. A 20% increase in construction cost and two years delay in attaining full project benefits resulted to an

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At Normal Plan FUTURE NOMINAL VALUE ( P'000 ) Year COST Benefit on O&M Investment Irrigation 1 2 3 4 5-50 446.96 10,042.42 10,042.42 779.50 779.50 T OT AL 5,792.50 8,275.00

Increment Benefit -446.96 -10042.42 -10042.42 +5013.00 +7495.50

DF

AT PRESENT WORTH ( P'000 ) At 30% At 25% Value DF Value -343.80 -5942.10 -4571.30 +1755.05 +8748.00 - 354.15 0.80 0.64 0.512 0.4096 1.6353 -357.57 -6427.15 -5141.72 +2053.32 +12257.39 + 2384.27

0.7692 0.5917 0.4552 0.3501 1.1671

INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN ( IRR ) =

25 +

5 ( 30-25) ( 2384.27 )

( 2384.27 - 354.15 )

= 29.35%

Net Present Values and Benefit-Cost Ratios (NPV/BCR)

At Normal Plan FUTURE NOMINAL VALUE INV. COST O & M BENEFIT YEAR ( P'000) ( P'000) ( P'000) 1 446.96 2 10,042.44 3 10,042.44 4 779.50 5,792.50 5-50 779.50 5,792.50 Total 20,531.84 = = = ( = 59,770.31 - ( 37,730.00

10% D.F. 0.9091 0.8264 0.7513 0.6830 6.7449

PRESENT WORTH @ 10% INV. COST O&M ( P'000) ( P'000) 406.33 8,299.06 7,544.87 532.40 5,257.65 16,250.2600 5,790.05

BENEFIT ( P'000)

3,956.27 55,814.04 59,770.31 )

Net Present Value ( NPV )

16,250.26 + 5,790.05

Benefit Cost Ratio ( BCR )

59,770.31 16,250.26 + 5,790.05 2.71 > 1.00

Advantage 1. It can supply water to large irrigation areas. 2. Reservoir form is a good storage of irrigation water that can be used especially during dry season. 3. The service period efficiency is high compared to other irrigation option that is why it is the most adopted irrigation component in the Philippines. Disadvantage
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1. Construction cost is quit high.

Alternative 2: Pump Irrigation Project

PUMP IRRIGATION PROJECT Scope The main component of this alternative will involve 2 units-250 watts diesel engines with a capacity of 3,200 cubic foot per minute. The water delivery component will include 36 diameter Reinforced Concrete pipe to augment the trapezoidal and square lined canals. Like the first alternative, other items of work will also include the rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage network to ensure irrigation water will reach the irrigable area. Economic Internal Rate of return Economic evaluation of this alternative shows that the increased investment cost and decreased irrigation benefits exert a considerable influence on the Economic Internal Rate of Return. The variations, however, are relatively slight. An increase of 25% in the investment cost corresponds to a reduction of 9.13% in the EIRR and a decreased of 20% in the irrigation benefits reduces the EIRR by about 10.77% points. The combined effect of the two cases on the EIRR is a reduction of approximately 18.72% points.

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Based on the preceding assumptions and by discounting the cost and benefit streams over a 12 year period, the EIRR is estimated at 22.46%. Analysis of with and without project situations yielded to the annual financial gross value of production is P179,153.44 per average farm lot and the same value for future without project. For the future with project, annual financial gross value of production increased to P240,189.94 without costing labor. With the use of farm budgets, analysis of annual net farm incomes indicate that present net crop income of P62,474.12 would increased to P91,171.22 per average farm lot with the project. The difference in net crop incomes between the present and the future situations with project are substantial in determining adequate incentives to farmer beneficiaries. Benefit-Cost Ratio The project has a benefit-Cost Ratio of 1.51 considering incremental benefits for a 15 year period at 15% discount rate of P8,591,680.00 and total Cost of P5,702,940.00. Investment Cost The total project cost was estimated at P9,842,025.30 with the following breakdown: Item of Work I. Canalization 3,000 PSI Reinforced Concrete Structure Excavation Installation of 36 diameter RCP Structure Backfill with Compaction II. Laterals (Lined Canal) III. Diesel Engines (2-250 watt) Total Project Cost Environmental Impact There is no significant environmental impact expected from the pump irrigation project. As with the first alternative, works to be undertaken does not require
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Amount 79,718.10 59,361.10 582,782.00 27,062.50 8,251,101.60 842,000,00 9,842,025.30

massive excavation or quarrying, no big trees will be cut down nor reforestation areas will be traversed by canalization. Advantage 1. Pump is essential if irrigation by gravity is not possible. Disadvantage 1. When pumps and other equipments break down, the resulting lack of water can be critical for plant growth. 2. The cost of pumping water increases with the size of the service area. Therefore, its irrigated service area is limited. 3. Functionality of the irrigation system declines as the efficiency of pump decreases. 4. Cost of maintenance is expensive considering the continuous increase in the price of diesel and machine spare parts. Alternative 3: Shallow Tube Well

SHALLOW TUBE WELL Scope The Shallow Tube Well alternative will comprise 16 units of 2.5 Hp pump engines drilled on site and involves well boring and development. Suction pipes will be encased and will deliver water into the main canals.
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Investment Cost Total cost for the Shallow Tube Well is P6,528,977.20 and will have the following items of work: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pipe Casing Well Development Pumping Test Suction Pipe Pump & Engine Excavation Pump Chamber Stilling Basin

Operation and Maintenance Cost Considerations in computing the operation and maintenance cost per hectare of rice is as follows: Assumptions Cost of Palay Per Cavan PhP 450.00 Fuel Consumption Factor Per Pump Tear 0.6 Crop Water Requirement for Rice Per Day 0.008 Crop Maintenance 89 (Number of Days Per Cropping) Irrigation Water Requirement Per Hectare (cu m/ha) 7,120 Pumping Hours Required (hrs) 152.14 Assumed Cost of Diesel (PhP/Liter) PhP 25.00 Energy Cost Cost (Fuel Cost Per Hectare) PhP 2,282.05 Consumption (Liters) 91.28 Repair and maintenance Oil and Parts PhP 200.00 Operator Php 216.00 Well PhP 800.00 Replacement Cost (Every 10 Years) PhP 680.00 Total Estimated Operation and Maintenance Cost PhP952,595.70

Advantage 1. Good for small-scale irrigation projects Disadvantage 1. The amount of water that can be abstracted from shallow well is limited, and, as a result, the areas which are irrigated from this water source will also be
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limited. 2. Excessive exploitation of the ground water by many users, however, will bring about a decline in the water table. 3. Source of shallow tube well are likely to be very thin with a limited storage capacity for ground water..

MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS The three alternatives were subjected to a multi-criteria analysis in order to determine which option is most responsive in terms of achieving the short-term and long-term objectives of the project. Three criteria were selected: Impact on Production, Social Equity and Sustainability. Criteria 1: Impact on Production The provision of the irrigation system and the transfer of appropriate farming technologies to the beneficiaries directly translate to the extension of areas for cultivation, crop intensification and adoption of modern crop varieties. Adequate irrigation water supply also results to higher agricultural outputs within the projects influence area. Consequently, higher production yield significantly contributes to the increase in the average household income of the farmers. The element to be rated in this criteria is the Yield of Production represented as the ratio of the average annual volume of production (in ton) and the area of production (in hectare). Alternative 1 The Overflow-Type Weir is expected to irrigate the whole service area of 155 hectares during the first cropping and 75 hectares during the second cropping. This will increase cropping intensity by 148% and will improve palay production from 387.50 tons to 1,150 tons annually. Production yield of 6.2 tons per hectare will result to an increase in average annual on-farm income from P17,104.00 to P53,379.87. Alternative 2 The Pump Irrigation Project will increase cropping intensity by 130% and is expected to irrigate 155 hectares during the first cropping and 47 hectares during the succeeding cropping season. While the whole irrigable area will be serviceable during the main cropping period, the projected low water level of the stream during the dry season which coincides with the second cropping will drastically affect the volume of source water. The annual volume of production is projected at 700 tons and yield is computed at 4.5 tons per hectare.
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Alternative 3 The Shallow Tube Well is expected to irrigate the whole service area of 155 hectares during the main cropping. However, based on available aquifer data in the area available water source will serve only 39 hectares during the second cropping which will achieve a cropping intensity of 125%. Over the years this is projected to decrease as aquifer levels will be critically depleted especially during pronounced dry seasons. Volume of production is estimated at 670 tons and a yield of 4.3 tons per hectare.
Impact on Production Criteria
Alternative 1 2 3 Production Yield 6.29 4.51 4.36 tons/ha tons/ha tons/ha Weight 35.86% 32.61% 31.53%

The Overflow-Type Weir best satisfies the Criteria on Impact of Production as presented above. It posted the highest relative weight of 36%. Criteria 2: Social Equity A demand-driven and equity-based approach is adopted in the implementation of the project. Social equity refers to the involvement of the project beneficiaries in whole process of project development from planning, design, construction and operation. This will encourage them to actively participate in the implementation of the project. The provision of equity or counterpart from the beneficiaries is crucial and significant in ensuring the achievement of the projects purpose. Social equity also requires the establishment of a stable Peoples Organization to manage and supervise the operation and maintenance of the project. The element to be rated in this criteria is the relative participation and involvement of the beneficiaries in terms of labor provided (jobs generated) and the amount of counterpart fund contributed (pesos). The alternative with the most jobs generated in the construction of the project and with the highest counterpart fund provided will best satisfy the social equity criteria.
Social Equity Criteria
Alternative 1 2 3 Counterpart Fund (PhP) 1,901,392.70 984,202.53 652,897.72 Jobs Generated 128 66 44 Weight 53.73% 27.81% 18.45%

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In terms of the Social Equity Criteria, Alternative 1 (Overflow-Type Weir) posted the highest relative weight of 54%. Criteria 3: Sustainability The project must be sustainable so that local mechanisms will be in place to ensure that the community shall continue to benefit long after the project is completed. The sustainability criteria will look into the optimum usable lifespan of the project including the level of investment required for the maintenance of the structures and facilities. An outright observation of the three alternatives is that the project cost is inversely proportional to the cost of maintenance. On the other hand, the total project cost is in direct proportion to the projected usable lifespan of the project.
Sustainability Criteria
Alternative 1 2 3 Maintenance Cost (PhP) 175,537.50 1,054,000.00 952,595.70 Lifespan (Yrs) Weight 25-50 15-20 8-12 60.98% 24.39% 14.63%

The alternative with the highest incidence of sustainability is the OverflowType Weir with a relative weight of 61%.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1. Summary of Alternatives

Alternative 1 Overflow-Type Weir 2 Pump Irrigation System 3 Shallow Tube Well Total Project Cost 19,013,927.00 9,842,025.30 6,528,977.20 EIRR (%) 29.35 22.46 BCR 2.71 1.51 O&M Cost (PhP) 175,537.50 1,054,000.00 952,595.70

2. A comparative evaluation of the three alternatives shows that the Overflow-Type Weir (Alternative 1) provides the best option in terms of higher Economic Internal Rate of Return and Benefit-Cost Ratio.

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3. The EIRR of Alternative 1 is 7% percent higher than Alternative 2 and 120% higher in terms of BCR. The Overflow-Type Weir is also most advantageous in terms of O&M cost with a 1% O&M Cost Project Cost ratio. 4. Since the irrigable service area is large, over-flow weir is best suited for its capacity to supply water to larger areas. 5. The source of irrigation water when the overflow-type weir is adopted (Tucalan Creek) would be sufficient to meet the diversion requirements for the service area based on the discharge capacity of Tucalan Creek and its nearby tributaries. The two other alternatives pose uncertainties on underground water source. Based on the comparative analysis of the three alternatives, the Overflow-Type weir was selected for implementation in the project area. Though more expensive than the other options, it is chosen for its high incidence of sustainability.

IMPLEMENTATION Scheme of Development The design approach for all items of work shall conform to NIA standards and specifications for irrigation projects. 1. Diversion Works This involves the repair of the earthfill type diversion dam across Tucalan Creek at approximately 180500 N latitude and 1212815.90 E longitude. The dam will serve to divert the flow of water thru a gated intake structure, which will regulate the flow of irrigation water to the canal network. Although it is not of the impounding type, the dam was originally constructed as earthfill because of the very wide section of the diversion site. The height of the dam to command the highest portion of the area entails high cost if concrete-overflow type is adopted. 2. Canalization:

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This involves the rehabilitation of dilapidated canal system from the existing outlet of intake up to the tail end of both the main canal and lateral canals. 3. Canal Structures: This involves the construction of additional canal structures along the stretch of canal system, repair of damaged structures and replacement of all siphon structures to flume. 4. Terminal Facilities: This involves the construction of additional turn-out structures, construction of main farm ditches and supplementary farm ditches to efficiently deliver water to the farm level. 5. Service / Access Road: It involves the repair of 1.20 kms existing dirt road from the barangay road to Cabalacan West leading to the diversion dam and construction of service roads along the canal system. 6. Drainage Facilities It involves the construction of drainage culverts along waterways and depression areas being traversed by the system. 7. Project Facilities: This involves the construction of bunkhouse in the project area to be used during construction period. Construction Scheme and Schedule The project will be under the supervision of the Provincial Irrigation Engineer of Cagayan-Batanes. The proposed works will be undertaken into two categories force account works and contract works, major item of work will be awarded to contractors requiring the utilization of heavy equipments, while minor work and other work requiring intensive labor will be done by force account works to promote participation of farmer-beneficiaries during construction. In this process the project
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could generate 10% equity thru labor. Another way to generate equity, the farmerbeneficiaries could give cash or construction materials. scheduled for construction for 2 years. The project will be

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Technical: 1. Dam & Reservoir For dam and reservoir to function properly the following are some maintenance works that should be undertaken: a. Clearing of the reservoir area of any debris or floating materials b. Regular de-silting of the reservoir c. Restoration of upstream and downstream slope of the embankment d. Repair of upstream slope riprap. e. Repair of water gauge or staff gauge in the reservoir. 2. Spillway The spillway should always be capable of releasing probable excess floodwaters from the reservoir. a. The approach channel of the spillway should always be free of any obstruction or temporary structures. b. Repair of riprap in the approach, discharge and terminal sections should be done when necessary. 3. Irrigation Distribution System a. Checking of any leakage or malfunctioning of the outlet structure. b. Cleaning and cutting of grasses in irrigation canal & embankment c. Removal of debris that can obstruct the flow of water along canals & canal embankment. d. Removal of silt deposits on canal bottom w/c can lessen the capacity of irrigation canals. 3. Paddy Fields (farmer beneficiaries party)
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a. Leveling of paddy fields for even distribution of applied water. b. Height of paddy dikes must be maintained to not less than 20 cm to prevent over topping or spillage of water. c. Paddy dikes should be properly compacted & plastered to minimize seepage flow. d. Farm ditches should be properly constructed & maintained such that each farm can receive its equitable share of water. e. Additional paddy spillways provided for upland irrigations should be properly closed during lowland irrigation. Agro-Economic/ Financial At full development, production from the project area is expected to increase from 2.50 tons/hectare to 5 tons/hectare for the first crop and 5 tons/hectare for the second crop. The cropping intensity will increase up to 148 % in the whole service area. The production is expected to reach 1,150 tons annually in the whole area from the present 387.50 tons. Annual net income is expected to increase from P 17,104.00 to P53,379.87. These benefits are successfully attained with the application of farming innovations and policies. Irrigation by itself cannot do much way of development, but combined with other factors may create a potentially favorable situation for agricultural development. Other program supports such as credit sources, extension services and creation of money-lending cooperative in the association which has been shown to be inadequate in the area will have to be established and strengthened.

Social Requirements The project after completion and successful test run of its facilities will be turned over to the Irrigators Association (IA) for operation and maintenance. Training and seminars will be conducted in order to assist the Irrigators Association as regard to proper Irrigation System Operation, Maintenance and Management. In this aspect the IA will be able to acquire knowledge to formulate their own plans and strategies applicable to their needs.

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Impact of the Water Resource Plan The water resource plan for Tucalan Communal Irrigation System is designed to make a sustainable management of water and re-establishment of the operation and functionality of its irrigation components. Its impact in the increase of crop production contributes to social transformation and economic development of the area including the municipality itself. 1. Urban Center and Commercial Development Beneficiaries seek to attain higher educational learning to further improve quality of living. With the increase of income for every household, consumption of various commodities and services would also increase. This will lead to commercial development on the area as well as nearby business centers. 2. Human Settlement areas In the fulfillment of quality living, beneficiaries choose to have quality construction materials for their houses. They also strive to achieve electrical services for household purposes. 3. Additional Roads The well-planned operation and maintenance of the irrigation system will create a continuous improvement of farm-to-market roads. These includes clearing, surface stabilization and gravelling of road networks. Aside from the convenience it provides, the cost of transporting farm production will be minimized.

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THIS SITE

CLIMATE MAP

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LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP

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LAND USE MAP

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SOIL MAP

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ANNEXES

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