Republic of the Philippines NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYY Cabanatuan City

DESIGN OF IMPELLER OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

SUBMITTED TO: FELICIANA P. JACOBA

SUBMITTED BY: NATHANIEL S. OLIVEROS RESTITUTO A. DYSANGCO

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP DESIGN Pumps are used in a wide range of industrial and residential applications. Pumping equipment is extremely diverse, varying in type, size, and materials of construction. There have been significant new developments in the area of pumping equipment. They are used to transfer liquids from low-pressure to high pressure in this system, the liquid would move in the opposite direction because of the pressure difference. Centrifugal pumps are widely used for irrigation, water supply plants, stream power plants, sewage, oil refineries, chemical plants, hydraulic power service, food processing factories and mines. Moreover, they are also used extensivelyin the chemical industry because of their suitability in practically any service and are mostly used in many applications such as water pumping project, domestic water raising, industrial waste water removal, raising water from tube wells to the fields. Two main components of a centrifugal pump are the impeller and the casing. The impeller is a rotating component and the casing is a stationary component. In centrifugal pump, water enters axially through the impeller eyes and water exits radially. The pump casing is to guide the liquid to the impeller, converts into pressure the high velocity kinetic energy of the flow from the impeller discharge and leads liquid away of the energy having imparted to the liquid comes from the volute casing. A design of centrifugal pump is carried out and analyzed to get the best performance point. The design and performance analysis of centrifugal pump are chosen because it is the most useful mechanical rotodynamic machine in fluid works which widely used in domestic, irrigation, industry, large plants and river water pumping system.

IMPELLER DESIGN Specified conditions: Required head: hP = 150ft Required flowrate: Q = 2500 gpm Required speed N = 1760 rpm

1.

Quantity flowrate: min ft 3 = 5.57 ft 3 / s ( 60 ) s ( 7.48) gal

( 2500 ) gal Q=
min

2.

Mass flowrate: &= m

( 5.57 )

ft 3 ( 62.4 ) lbm = 348lbm / s s ft 3

3.

Specific speed: Assume a double suction impeller; then, Q = 2500/2 = 1250gpm, and:
N sd =

(rpm) Q( gpm)

[h

( ft )

3/ 4

(1760) 1250 = 1450rpm (150) 3/ 4

For this specific speed, a radial flow pump is indicated.1

4.

Water horsepower. & mgh (348)lbm (32.2) ft (150) ft s hp s2 = 550 s s2 (550) ft lbf 32.2 ft WHP = 94.6hp

WHP =

5.

Shaft diameter. Calculate shaft diameter based on torque. From the figure shown below, with the given flow of 2500 gpm and calculated value of specific speed of 1450, we select a tentative value of efficiency of 80%.

Thus:

BHP =

WHP 94.6 = = 118hp 0.8

The required shaft torque then is: T= & (118) hp (550) ft lbf W min (60) s rev (12)in = = 4230lbf in s hp (1760)rev min (2)( )rad ft

Assuming a shear stress of 4000 psi: Ds = 16T (16)(4230)lbf in in 2 =3 = 1.75in ss ( )(4000)lbf

To account for the unknown bending moment and critical speed, increase the shaft diameter to 2 1/8 in. Church states that the hub diameter, DH , is made from 5/16 to in. larger than Ds: Let DH = 2 in.

6.

Suction line velocity and diameter of suction flange.

Assume a velocity of 10 ft/s at the suction flange; thus:

2 (4)(5.57) ft 3 s (144)in 2 4Q VSU ( ) DSU = = 10.1, say,10in ; or, DSU = Q= ( )VSU ( )(10) ft s ft 2 4

;thus,

VSU =

(4)(5.57) ft 3 (144)in 2 = 10.2 ft / s ( ) s(10) 2 in 2 ft 2

Assume the velocity at the eye of the impeller is 11 ft/s.

For a double suction pump, assume that the leakage will not exceed 2%. Dividing the total flow by 2 gives:
2 2 D0 DH Q = V0 A0 = V0 ( ) 4 4

D0 =

(4)(1.02)Q 2 + DH = ( )(2)V0

(4)(1.02)(5.57)(144) 5 + (2.5) 2 = 7.33in, say, 7 in ( )(2)(11) 16

7.

Wheel inlet dimensions and angle. Assume an inlet diameter, D1, of 7 5/16 in.
U 1 = r = (1760)( 2)( )(7.315) = 56.2 ft / s ( 60)(2)(12)

The radial velocity should be slightly higher than V0 because a converging shape is more efficient than a divergent one. Let Vr be 12 ft/s. The inlet area will be decreased by the vane thickness. Assume a contraction factor, 12 , of 0.85; the entering width then is:
b1 = Q (1.02)(5.57)(144) = = 1.75in D1Vr 11 ()( 2)( 7.31)(12)( 0.85)

Inlet angle: Assume that water enters vanes radially.

Vr1 U1

W1 1

1 = tan 1

Vr 1 12 = tan 1 = 12.10 U1 56.2

1 is usually increased slightly to account for contraction of the stream as it passes the inlet edges as well as prerotation. The inlet angle is usually between 10 and 25 degrees3. Let 1 be 130.
8.
2 3

Impeller diameter, D2.

The theoretical head can be found from integrating the force on a differential mass:
dF = dmr 2
2 2

and

dP =

dF ; A

dm = d = brddr

2 brddr r 2 2 2 2 dP = = rdr = (r2 r12 ) brd 2 1 1 1 2 P2 P1 U 2 U 12 = g 2g

but U = r

and

H =

P ;hence, g

H 2 H1 =

For a closed rotating cylinder containing a fluid, the pressure head developed at the outer rim is:
H2 =
2 U2 2g

Substituting D2 /2() for U2 and solving for D2 : D2 = 2 2 gH 2 2 (2)(32.2) H 2 (60) ( 12 ) 1840 H 2 = = (2)( ) N N

Where: H2 is in feet; N is in rpm; D2 is in inches. Impeller diameter can be calculated from this expression by substituting the head corresponding to the best efficiency point for H2 and then multiplying the right side by an experimentally determined coefficient :
1840 H N

D2 =

Based on Church, A.H., Centrifugal Pumps and Blowers, it gives several charts for which have been based on a large number of tests. Most of the plotted points fall within a range of 0.9 to 1.1. Noting that if the head on test is found to be too high, the impeller diameter can be machined to an appropriate diameter, select 1.05 for ; then:
D2 = (1840)(1.05) 150 = 13.4in ; say, 13 in. (1760)

9.

Outlet vane angle, 2, and impeller width.

The normal range for discharge angles is between 20 and 25 degrees. Furthermore, 2 is usually made larger than the inlet angle. Assume 2 = 200. The radial outlet velocity, Vr2 , is made the same as, or slightly less than, the radial inlet velocity, Vr1. Assume Vr2 = 11 ft/s. Outlet area (based on required flow plus leakage).
3 2 Q (1.02)(5.57) ft s (144)in A2 = = = 74.4in 2 Vr 2 s (11) ft ft 2

Assume a contraction width, 2 , (based on experience) of 0.925: b2 =

10.

(1.02)(5.57) ft 3 s (144)in 2 Q = = 1.896in Vr 2 D2 2 s (11) ft ( )(13.5)in ft 2 (0.925)

Outlet velocity diagram.

The absolute outlet velocity, V2 , is used in the design of the volute. We proceed as follows: U 2 = r2 = (1760)rev min(2)( )rad (13.5)in ft = 103.7 ft / s min(60) s (2)(12)in rev

Theoretical tangential outlet velocity, V2.

V 2 = U 2 Vr 2 11 = 103.7 = 735 . ft / s tan 2 tan 20 0

Actual tangential outlet velocity, V2 The inertia of the rotating fluid causes a circulatory flow opposite to the direction of rotation of the impeller. This flow, superimposed on the outward flow, results in the fluid leaving the impeller at an angle less than that calculated from angular momentum theory. Thus 2 must be decreased and , therefore, the absolute angle, 2 , increased. The effect of circulatory flow is to reduce V2 and the theoretical head. Church defines a circulatory flow coefficient, , as:

V' 2 V 2

Church assumes a value of of 0.7. This coefficient can be calculated from tests. Pump manufacturers will maintain records from which a reasonable value might be estimated for a given design.
V' 2 = (0.7)(73.5) = 515 . ft / s

The outlet vector diagram can now be drawn:

2' = tan 1
11 = 12.10 , say, 130 515 .

'2 V2' = Vr2 112 + 515 . 2 = 52.7 ft / s 2 +V 2 =

'2 2

V2

V2 Vr2 Vr2 2

V2 V2 U2
11.

Cross-section of impeller.

Wall and vane thicknesses are usually made a minimum consistent with good foundry practice. The stresses due to centrifugal force and fluid pressure are relatively low for average applications; otherwise, they need to be taken into account.

Table of Calculated or Assumed Dimensions b1 = 1.75 in per side b2 = 1.90 in D2 = 13 in D0 = 7 5/16 in Dr = 8 in (to outside of impeller wearing ring) Impeller shroud tip thickness - 3/16 in Connect outlet to inlet by a straight line faired into entrance to provide a smooth transition. Make tip of hub core 3/16 in and fair into hub diameter. The drawing is shown in the figure on the following page.

SIDE VIEW OF IMPELLER: INLET AND OUTLET

DESIGN OF VANES
0 0 The entrance vane angle, 1 , has been found to be 13 ; that at the exit, 20 . For smooth flow, we must design the vane such that this angle increases smoothly from 130 to 200 . We note also that the radial components of velocity to these two angles are 12 and 11 ft/s, respectively. We also see from the vector diagram that W = Vr / sin . The relative velocities corresponding to the entrance and outlet stations are then: 12 / sin 130 = 53.3 ft / s and 11 / sin 20 0 = 32.2 ft / s . To obtain intermediate values of radii corresponding to intermediate values of the position angle, , we proceed as follows:

1) Plot , Vr, and W against vane radius, r, for the entrance and outlet stations and connect by a straight line (or a smooth curve). 2) The corresponding values for vane angle, , are computed from sin = Vr / W . These values are also plotted against their radii.

Alternatively, write a computer program to perform the above functions. Referring to the figure below:
tan =
r

dr dr or d = r tan rd

180 dr 180 r r = = r tan r1 r tan r1

0

3) Plot the radii against to give the shape of the trailing edge of the vane. Draw the front edge of the vane with the same curvature as the back edge with a thickness of about 1/8 in. NUMBER OF VANES The number of vanes is given by the Pfleiderer equation. First, calculate the average vane angle:

m =
z = no. vanes = 6.5

1 + 2 13 + 20 = = 16.50 ; then, 2 2

D2 + D1 (13.5 + 7.312) sin m = ( 6.5) sin 16.50 = 6.21, say ,6. D2 D1 (13.5 7.312)

The circumferential pitch of the vanes is: Check the contraction factor:
D =

()(7.312) = 3.83in ( 6)

zt zt sin =1 D D sin

1 = 1

(6)( 0.125) = 0.855( 0.85assumed ) (7.31) sin 130

2 = 1

(6)( 0.125) = 0.948( 0.925assumed ) (13.50) sin 20 0

The assumed values agree reasonably with those calculated.

SUMMARY Diameter of suction flange, Dsu ------------------------------- 10in Velocity in suction flange, Vsu ---------------------------------10.22 ft/s Shaft diameter, Ds -----------------------------------------------------------------------2 1/8 in Impeller hub diameter, DH --------------------------------------2 in Impeller eye diameter, D0 --------------------------------------7 5/16 in Velocity through impeller eye,V0-------------------------------11 ft/s Diameter of inlet vane edge, D1--------------------------------7 5/16 in Velocity at inlet vane edge, V1 = Vr1 ---------------------------12 ft/s Passage width at inlet, b1 -----------------------------------------1.75 in per side Tangential velocity of inlet vane edge, U1 -------------------56.2 ft/s Vane angle at inlet, 1 --------------------------------------------130 Impeller outlet diameter, D2 -------------------------------------13 in Radial component of outlet velocity, Vr2 ----------------------11 ft/s Vane angle at outlet, 2 -------------------------------------------200 Total passage width at outlet, b2 ---------------------------------1.98 in Tangential velocity of outlet vane edge, U2 -------------------103.7 ft/s Absolute velocity leaving impeller, V2' -------------------------52.5 ft/s ' Tangential component of absolute leaving velocity, V 2 ---51.5 ft/s ' Angle of water leaving impeller, 2 ----------------------------130 Number of impeller vanes, z ------------------------------------6

IMPELLER VANES DESIGN

PATH OF FLUID IN 6 VANES CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

CASING: DETAIL ASSEMBLY OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP