3.

2 Pulse amplitude modulation

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3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation

Basis ---- The sampling theorem PAM. The amplitude of the carrier pulse varies with the analog baseband signal. Characteristics of PAM signal
Pulse-type signal, its amplitude denotes the analog information. Satisfied with sampling theorem PAMs bandwidth is wider than that of analog waveform

Natural Sampling (Gating) Two classes of PAM signals Instantaneous Sampling

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3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation

3.2.1 Natural Sampling (Gating) Generation of PAM with natural sampling
Analog bilateral switch

W(t)

Ws(t)=w(t)s(t)

S(t)

clock

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PAM signal with natural sampling

If w(t) is a analog waveform bandlimited to B Hertz, The PAM signal that uses natural sampling (gating) is
w s (t ) = w (t ) s (t )
where

t kT s

s (t ) =

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Spectrum of PAM waveform

The spectrum for a naturally sampled PAM signal is

sin n d

W s ( f ) = F [w s (t ) ] = d W ( f nf s ) n dn =
fd=/=
ss

(3-3)

Where / And W ( f ) = F [w(t )] is the spectrum of the original unsampled waveform.

the spectrum of PAM signal with natural sampling is a function of the spectrum of the analog input waveform.
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Spectrum of PAM waveform

Example.
The case of an input waveform that has a rectangular spectrum, where the duty cycle of the switching waveform is
d = / Ts = 1 / 3

And the sampling rate is

f s = 4B
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Demodulation of PAM signal

Method 1 ---- Low-pass filter Method 2 ---- Product detection

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3.2.2 Instantaneous sampling

Generation
by using a sample-and-hold type of electronic circuit

W(t)

t h(t)=(---)

Ws(t)

-/2
(t-KTs)

/ 2

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Instantaneous sampled PAM

Characteristic
At t=kTs, the sampling values w(kTs) determine the amplitude of the flat-top rectangular pulses.

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Instantaneous sampled PAM

If w(t) is a analog waveform bandlimited to B hertz, the instantaneous sampled PAM signal is given by
w s (t ) =

w ( kT ) h (t kT )
s s k =

where h(t) denotes the sampling-pulse shape. t 1, t < / 2

h (t ) = = 0, t > / 2 where Ts = 1 / f s and f s 2 B
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Spectrum of Flat-top PAM

The spectrum for a Flat-top PAM signal is

Ws ( f ) = H ( f ) W ( f kf s ) Tsk =

where

sin f

H ( f ) = F [h (t ) ] =

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Spectrum of Flat-top PAM

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Demodulation of flat-top PAM

Method 1 ---- Low-pass filter

Ws(f)

1/H(f)

Ws(f)

LPF

Ws(f)

Note;
1: Equalization filter ------ reduce the high frequency loss 2: decreasing , The pulse width is called aperture.
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Demodulation of flat-top PAM

Method 2 ---- Product detection
Ws(t) PAM (flat-top sampling) Prefilter H1(f) H1(f)= Sin(f) Low Pass Filter H(f) ^ Ws(t)

Cos(nwst) Oscillator wo=nws

H(f)

-fco

fco

Note;

Where B< fco<fs-B

Prefilter is needed before the multiplier to compensate for the spectral loss due to the aperture effect
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Comparison -- in time domain

waveform of PAM signal

Fig3-1 PAM Signal with natural sampling

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Fig 3-5 PAM signal with flat-top sampling

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Comparison -- in frequency domain

Spectrum of PAM signal

Fig3-3 The Spectrum of natural sampling PAM

Fig 3-6 The Spectrum of Flat-top PAM

sin n d

Ws ( f ) = d ( f nf s ) n dn =
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Ws ( f ) = H ( f ) W ( f nf s ) sin f W Tsn = =d f W ( f nf s )
n =
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Summary
The bandwith required for the transmission of PAM is much large than that of the original analog signal. noise performance of the PAM system can never be better than that analog signal. ---- not very good for long-distance transmission. Provide a means for converting an analog signal to a PCM signal. Time-division multiplexing etc.

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