Sistem non-Newton Non-Newtonian bodies adalah zat-zat yang tidak mengikuti persamaan aliran Newton; dispersi heterogen cairan

dan padatan seperti larutan koloid, emulsi, suspensi cair, salep dan produk-produk serupa. Jika bahanbahan non-Newton dianalisis dalam suatu viscometer putar dan hasilnya diplot, diperoleh berbagai kurva konsistensi yang menggambarkan adanya tiga kelas aliran yakni; plastis, pseudoplastis, dan dilatan. Aliran Plastis kurva aliran plastis tidak melalui titik (0,0) tapi memotong sumbu shearing stress (atau akan memotong, jika bagian lurus dari kurva tersebut diekstrapolasikan ke sumbu) pada suatu titik tertentu yang dikenal dengan harga yield. Bingham bodies tidak akan mengalir sampai shearing stress dicapai sebesar yield value tersebut. Pada harga stress di bawah harga yield value, zat bertindak seperti bahan elastic. Ahli rheologi menggolongkan Bingham bodie sebagai suatu bahan yang mempunyai/memperlihatkan yield value, seperti halnya zat padat. Sedang zat-zat yang mulai mengalir pada shearing stress terkecil didefinisikan sebagai cairan. Yield value adalah suatu sifat yang penting dari dispersedispersi tertentu. Aliran plastis berhubungan dengan adanya partikelpartikel yang terflokulasi dalam suspense pekat. Akibatnya, terbentuk struktur kontinu di seluruh sistem. Adanya yield value disebabkan oleh adanya kontak antara partikel-partikel yang berdekatan (disebabbkan oleh gaya van der waals), yang harus dipecah sebelum aliran dapat terjadi. Akibatnya yield value merupakan indikasi dari kekuatan flokulasi. Makin banyak suspense yang terflokulasi, makin tinggi yield valuenya. Aliran Pseudoplastis Aliran pseudoplastis diperlihatkan oleh polimer-polimer dalam larutan, yang merupakan kebalikan dari sistem plastis, yang tersusun dari partikelpartikel yang terflokulasi dalam suspensi. Sejumlah besar produk farmasi termasuk gom dan sintesis, misalnya: disperse cairan dari tragacanth, natrium alginate, metilselulosa dan natrium karboksimetil selulosa, menunjukkan aliran pseudoplastis. Viskositas zat pseudoplastis berkurang dengan meningkatnya rate of shear. Viskositas nyata dapat diperoleh pada setiap haraga rate of shear dari kemiringan tangen (garis singgung) pada kurva pada tittik tertentu. Aliran Dilatan Suspense-suspensi tertentu dengan persentase zat padat terdispers yang

tinggi menunjukkan peningkatan dalam daya hambat untuk mengalir dengan meningkatnya rate of shear. Aliran dilatan adalah kebalikan dari aliran pseudoplastis. Bahan-bahan aliran dilatan dikenal dengan istilah shearthickening system. Zat-zat yang mempunyai sifat-sifat aliran dilatan adalah suspensesuspensi yang berkonsentrasi tinggi (kira-kira 50% atau lebih) dari partikel-partikel kecil yang mengalami deflokulasi .

Diposkan oleh Afra Chemistry Lover di 03.46 http://afrachemistrylover.blogspot.com/2010/02/viskositas.html 2011-02-15

http://web2.clarkson.edu/projects/subramanian/ch301/notes/nonnewto nian.pdf 2011-02-21 Non-Newtonian fluid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010) Continuum mechanics

[show]Laws [show]Solid mechanics [hide]Fluid mechanics Fluids Fluid statics Fluid

dynamics Surface tension NavierStokes equations Viscosity: Newtonian, Non-Newtonian [show]Rheology [show]Scientists vde A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in any way from those of Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity of nonNewtonian fluids is not independent of shear rate or shear rate history. However, there are some non-Newtonian fluids with shear-independent viscosity, that nonetheless exhibit normal stress-differences or other non-Newtonian behavior. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are nonNewtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions, paint, blood, and shampoo. In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the coefficient of viscosity. In a nonNewtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the shear rate is different, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore a constant coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined. Although the concept of viscosity is commonly used to characterize a material, it can be inadequate to describe the mechanical behavior of a substance, particularly non-Newtonian fluids. They are best studied through several other rheological properties which relate the relations between the stress and strain rate tensors under many different flow conditions, such as oscillatory shear, or extensional flow which are measured using different devices or rheometers. The properties are better studied using tensor-valued constitutive equations, which are common in the field of continuum mechanics. Contents [hide]

1 Types of non-Newtonian behavior

o o o o o o o o o o

1.1 Summary 1.2 Shear thickening fluids 1.3 Shear thinning fluid 1.4 Bingham plastic 1.5 Rheopectic 2 Examples 2.1 Oobleck 2.2 Flubber 2.3 Chilled caramel topping 2.4 Silly Putty 2.5 Ketchup 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit]Types of non-Newtonian behavior [edit]Summary

Comparison of non-Newtonian, Newtonian, and viscoelastic properties "Parallel" linear combination of elastic and viscous effects

Viscoelas Kelvin material tic

Anelastic

Material returns to a well-defined "rest shape" Apparent viscosity incr Some lubricants, whi eases with duration of pped cream stress[1] Some Clays, Some Drilling Mud, Apparent viscosity decr many paints, synovial eases with duration of fluid,cerebral spinal stress[2] fluid, Honey under certain conditions

Rheopectic Timedependen t viscosity

Thixotropic

Timeindepend ent Paper pulp in water, Apparent viscosity decr viscosity Shear latex thinning(pseudopl eases with increased paint, ice, blood, astic) stress[4][5] syrup, molasses Viscosity is constant Stress depends on normal and shear Blood strain rates and also plasma, Custard the pressure applied on it

Shear Apparent viscosity incr Suspensions of corn thickening(dilatant eases with increased starch or sand in [3] ) stress water

Generalized Newtonian fluids

[edit]Shear thickening fluids Shear thickening fluids are also used in all wheel drive systems utilising a viscous coupling unit for power transmission. [edit]Shear thinning fluid

A familiar example of the opposite, a shear thinning fluid, or pseudoplastic fluid, is paint: one wants the paint to flow readily off the brush when it is being applied to the surface being painted, but not to drip excessively. [edit]Bingham plastic There are fluids which have a linear shear stress/shear strain relationship which require a finite yield stress before they begin to flow (the plot of shear stress against shear strain does not pass through the origin). These fluids are called Bingham plastics. Several examples are clay suspensions, drilling mud, toothpaste, mayonnaise, chocolate, and mustard. [edit]Rheopectic There are also fluids whose strain rate is a function of time. Fluids that require a gradually increasing shear stress to maintain a constant strain rate are referred to as rheopectic. An opposite case of this, is a fluid that thins out with time and requires a decreasing stress to maintain a constant strain rate (thixotropic). [edit]Examples [edit]Oobleck

Oobleck on a subwoofer. Applying force to oobleck, by sound waves in this case, makes the non-Newtonian fluid thicken.[6] An inexpensive, non-toxic example of a non-Newtonian fluid is a suspension of starch (e.g. cornflour) in water, sometimes called "oobleck" or "ooze" (2 parts corn starch to 1 part water). [7][8] Uncooked imitation custard, being a suspension of primarily cornflour, has the same properties. The name "oobleck" is derived from the children's book Bartholomew and the Oobleck. [edit]Flubber

Main article: Flubber (material)

Flubber is a non-Newtonian fluid, easily made from polyvinyl alcohol based glues and borax, that flows under low stresses, but breaks under higher stresses and pressures. This combination of fluid-like and solid-like properties makes it a Maxwell solid. Its behavior can also be described as being viscoplastic orgelatinous.[9] [edit]Chilled caramel topping Another example of this is chilled caramel ice cream topping. The sudden application of forcefor example by stabbing the surface with a finger, or rapidly inverting the container holding itleads to the fluid behaving like a solid rather than a liquid. This is the "shear thickening" property of this non-Newtonian fluid. More gentle treatment, such as slowly inserting a spoon, will leave it in its liquid state. Trying to jerk the spoon back out again, however, will trigger the return of the temporary solid state. A person moving quickly and applying sufficient force with their feet can literally walk across such a liquid. [edit]Silly Putty

Main article: Silly Putty

Silly Putty is a silicone polymer based suspension which will flow, bounce, or break depending on strain rate. [edit]Ketchup Ketchup is a shear thinning fluid.[3] Shear thinning means that the fluid viscosity decreases over time given a constant shear. In other words, fluid motion is initially difficult to start, but once flowing will continue to do so freely. [edit]See also

Bingham plastic Complex fluid Dissipative particle dynamics Newtonian fluid HerschelBulkley fluid NavierStokes equations Pseudoplastic Dilatant Quicksand

Rheology Superfluids

[edit]References 1. ^ Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics, Cameron Tropea, Alexander L. Yarin, John F. Foss, Publisher: Springer, 9 October 2007, ISBN 3540251413, ISBN 978-3540251415, p.676,Google books 2. ^ Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics, Cameron Tropea, Alexander L. Yarin, John F. Foss, Publisher: Springer, 9 October 2007, ISBN 3540251413, ISBN 978-3540251415, p.661,Google books 3. ^ a b Pump Application Desk Book, 3rd edition, Paul N. Garay, Prentice Hall, August 1996, ISBN 0881732311, ISBN 9780881732313, p.358, Google books 4. ^ Rheology of Fluid and Semisolid Foods: Principles and Applications, M. A. Rao, Publisher: Springer, 2nd edition, 28 August 2007, ISBN 0387709290, ISBN 978-0387709291, p.8, Google books 5. ^ Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications, Laurier L. Schramm, Publisher: Wiley VCH, 26 July 2005, ISBN 3527307435, ISBN 978-3527307432p.173, Google books 6. ^ This demonstration of oobleck is a popular subject for YouTube videos, such as this. 7. ^ Oobleck: The Dr. Seuss Science Experiment 8. ^ Outrageous Ooze 9. ^ Glurch Meets Oobleck. Iowa State University Extension.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid 2011-02-21