LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8(a) 2.8(b) 2.8(c) 2.

8(d) 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5(a) 3.5(b) 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Title Different types of Malaysian car plates Special event or customized Malaysian car plates Different types and sizes of fonts used for normal Malaysian car plates. Malaysias car plate specifications endorsed by the Malaysias Road and Transport Department The equivalence of shape character B for (a) and (b) while (c) shows the similarity between shapes Taxonomy of shape representation techniques. Direction numbers for (a) 4-directional chain codes, (b) 8directional chain code A 4-connected object A 4-connected object s boundary Obtaining the chain code from the object in (a & b) with 4connected Obtaining the chain code from the object in (a & b) with 8connected Illustration of template matching Methodology adopted by Paras Ram (2005) Layout of methodology applied by Wu et al (2005) Methodology applied by Yang et al (2007) Methodology applied by Quan et al (2009) The general methodology of car plate recognition Basic image capturing model The proposed methodology Original image of back of a vehicle with car plate Samples of characters from car plates observed in data collection Processes in the Image Pre-processing phase Image of Figure 3.2 which has been reduced to 30% from original size Manually cropped image of car plate Grayscale image of car plate Filtered image Flowchart for median filtering Illustration example of the median filter with 3x3 neighborhood Samples of threshold image Binary image of character C after the process of thresholding Processes in the Image Segmentation phase Binary image of character C after skeletonization Image of car plate after the process of skeletonization
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3.15(a) 3.15(b) 3.16 (a) 3.16(b) 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24(a) & (b) 3.24(c) 3.25 3.26 3.27 4.1(a) 4.1(b) 4.1(c) 4.2(a) 4.2(b) 4.3 4.4 4.5(a) 4.5(b) 4.5(c) 4.6(a) 4.6(b) 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3(a) 5.3(b)

performed The boundary image of car plate after the process of boundary extraction The binary image of character C of the plate in Fig. 3.11(a) after the process of boundary extraction Another boundary image of plate with different font type A binary image of different pattern of character C after the process of boundary extraction Flowchart of extracting external boundary Part of binary image which shows pixels with value 1 Total of pixels 1 which denotes characters and border between characters. Flowchart for vertical projection with pixel count technique Result of failure segmentation using vertical projection with pixel count technique Part of object labeling using connected component Success segmentation using connected component technique Segmented images with noises (in circle) Segmented image after the cleaning process Binary image for Figure 3.24(a) Binary image for Figure 3.21(b) Flowchart for connected component with minimum object removal The initial location, P0 The next boundary pixels and directions to derive chain codes The complete process of chain codes derivation List of chain codes for character C List of chain codes for different pattern of character C Two samples of boundary image of character C with incorrect positions of pixel 1 The location of pixel 1 of a boundary image in binary format which influence the chain codes Part of constant matrix Part of segmented image Part of new segmented image (matrix product) Original image of character B with size 26 x 60 Resized image of character B with size 12 x 56 Flowchart of Freeman chain code with features algorithm Car plates with serious segmentation failure Bar graph of percentage of correct recognition by characters Car plate with clear gap between each character Car plate with small gap between character 7 and 4
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