SSP Audi Noise Vibration Harshness

Service Training
Noise Vibration and Harshness

Self Study Programme NVH
TabIe of Contents
i
Course GoaIs ...............................................................................1
Introduction ................................................................................2
Theory ..........................................................................................3
Characlerislics of oise, Vibralion and Harshness (VH, Ceneralion of
oise and Vibralion, Sound and Sound vaves, Audible Fange of Sound,
VH Terninology, Types of oise, Conpelling Force and Vibraling Body,
Vibralion, Vibralion Transfer Palh, Vibralion Order, Types of Vibralion,
Fide Conforl
Diagnosis ...................................................................................24
Celling Cood nfornalion fron Service Advisors, The Four Sleps,
Diagnosing and Solving Cusloner Concerns, Olher nfornalion
Sources, PreFoad Tesl nspeclion, Foad Tesl Tips, Foad Tesling
Engine Vibrations ......................................................................32
Engine SpeedFelaled Vibralions, Types of Engine Vibralions, Engine
Vibralion Fornula, Engine Accessory Fornula, Types of Engine oise,
Exhausl oise, Engine Firing Frequency Fornula
VehicIe Speed Vibrations .........................................................44
Tires and vheels, Tire Vibralion Fornulas, Drive Shafl Frequency
Fornula, Drive and Axle Shafls, Driveline Vibralion, Transnission oise
and Vibralions, Differenlial Operalion, Driveline Snap, Suspension
Conponenls, Sleering Conponenls
TooIs ...........................................................................................64
Sironeler, EVA , ChassisEAF, Olher Tools
GIossary .....................................................................................65
VH Terninology
Diagnostic FIow Chart ..............................................................67
KnowIedge Assessment ...........................................................71
The SelfSludy Progran provides you wilh infornalion
regarding designs and funclions.
The SeIf-Study Program is not a repair manuaI.
For nainlenance and repair work, always refer lo lhe
currenl lechnical lileralure.
Important/Note!
New!
Course GoaIs
1
Course GoaIs
This course will enable you lo:
denlify lhe lerninology used in diagnosing
oise, Vibralion, and Harshness (VH
concerns
denlify lhe differenl lypes of VH
denlify lhe sleps of lhe VH syslenalic
diagnoslic approach
denlify lhe road lesl procedures
necessary lo isolale a noise or vibralion
Calculale VH frequencies necessary for
conponenl classifcalion
denlify lesl equipnenl and lools used in
diagnosing and correcling VH concerns
denlify, diagnose, and specify lhe
conponenl causing lhe VH concern
2
Introduction
2
Introduction
This SelfSludy Progran focuses on vehicle
oise, Vibralion, and Harshness (VH, lheir
causes and diagnoslic and service procedures
lo locale and correcl VH concerns.
odern cars and lrucks use a conbinalion
of syslens lo provide lhe driver wilh lhe
safesl, nosl responsive, and conforlable
vehicle ever buill. Todays driver has cone lo
expecl a snoolh and quiel ride in all operaling
environnenls. vhen vehicle noise, vibralion,
or ride harshness exceeds lhe drivers
expeclalions, il is up lo lhe lechnician lo correcl
lhe cause of lhe cusloners concern.
Vehicle conponenls are being nanufaclured
using lighler weighl nelals. Lighler weighl
nelals reduce lhe overall vehicle weighl lhal
reduce enissions and inprove fuel econony.
As lechnologies develop slronger and nore
lighlweighl nelals lhis lrend will conlinue.
Lighler vehicle conponenls do nol absorb
noises and vibralions as well as heavier
conponenls. This leads lo an increase in VH
concerns.
Diagnosing VH concerns has been developed
inlo a logical and alnosl scienlifc procedure.
This course will provide lhe Audi lechnician wilh
concepls lo help undersland and diagnose VH
concerns.
Theory
3
Generation of Noise and Vibration
A vibraling objecl nornally produces sound, and
lhal sound nay be an annoying noise. n lhe
case where a vibraling body is lhe direcl source
of noise (such as conbuslion causing lhe
engine lo vibrale, lhe vibraling body or source
is easy lo fnd. n olher cases, lhe vibraling
body nay generale a snall vibralion only.
This snall vibralion nay cause a larger vibralion
or noise due lo lhe vibraling bodys conlacl
wilh olher parls. vhen lhis happens, allenlion
focuses on where lhe large vibralion or noise
occurs while lhe real source oflen escapes
nolice.
An underslanding of noise and vibralion
generalion assisls wilh lhe lroubleshooling
process. The developnenl of a snall noise
inlo a larger noise begins when a vibralion
source (conpelling force generales a vibralion.
Fesonance anplifes lhe vibralion wilh olher
vehicle parls. The vibraling body (sound
generaling body lhen receives lransnission of
lhe anplifed vibralion.
Characteristics of
Noise, Vibration, Harshness
oise is defned as any unpleasanl or
unexpecled sound crealed by a vibraling objecl.
Vibralion is defned as any objeclionable
repelilive nolion of an objecl, backandforlh or
upanddown.
Harshness is defned as an aggressive
suspension feel or lack of give in response lo
a single inpul.
Theory
4
Sounds and Sound Waves
A sound waves cycle, period, frequency, and
anplilude delernine lhe physical qualilies of lhe
sound wave. The physical qualilies of sound are:
Audible range of sound
Pilch
nlensily
All people have differenl capabililies for hearing
sound. Sone people nay nol hear sounds
lhal olher people can hear. Keep lhese facls in
nind while diagnosing noise concerns. osl
cusloners becone luned inlo a noise afler
hearing il repelilively.
vhen diagnosing a vehicle, il nay
be benefcial lo have lhe cusloner
reproduce lhe noise during a road lesl.
AudibIe Range of Sound
For sound lo be heard, lhe resulling acouslic
wave nusl have a range of 20 lo 20,000 Hz,
which is lhe audible range of sound for hunans.
vhile nany vehicle noises are capable of being
heard, sone VH noises are nol in lhe audible
range.
Lowspeed droning is an exanple of a low
frequency VH concern lhal nay have
conponenls nol in lhe audible range. This
condilion exerls pressure on lhe drivers
eardrun and can be exlrenely unconforlable.
On lhe olher end of lhe audible range of vehicle
noises are wind noise and brake squeaking.
The high frequencies of lhese VH concerns
produce a highpilched noise lhal can be
exlrenely annoying. The fgure below illuslrales
lhe audible range of aulonolive noises.
90018503
Maximum AudibIe LeveI
Average AudibIe LeveI
Minimum AudibIe LeveI
120
80
60
40
100
20
0
S
O
U
N
D

L
E
V
E
I

I
N
T
E
N
S
I
T
Y

(
d
B
)
FREOUENCY (Hz)
100 50 500 1k 5k 10k
Theory
5
CycIe
Cycle is lhe palh a wave lravels before lhe wave
begins lo repeal lhe palh again. f an Allernaling
Currenl (AC sine wave begins a palh al zero
volls, lhe wave conpleles one cycle when il
relurns lo zero volls fron a posilive vollage.
Frequency
Frequency is lhe nunber of conplele cycles
lhal occur in one second. Sound and vibralion
waves are neasured in Hz, or Cycles Per
Second (CPS. One Hz is equal lo one CPS.
90018504
TIME
1st CycIe 2nd CycIe 3rd CycIe
90018505
1st CycIe 2nd CycIe 3rd CycIe 4th CycIe 5th CycIe 6th CycIe 7th CycIe
Frequency EquaIs 7 CycIes Per Second or 7 Hz
1 Second
TIME
NVH TerminoIogy
n olher words, lhe wave conpleles one cycle
by lraveling lhe palh fron a negalive vollage lo
zero volls, lhen lo a posilive vollage, and lhen
back lo zero volls.
The sound wave in lhe fgure below has a
frequency of 7 Hz because il conpleles seven
CPS. The frequency of a sound or vibralion can
aid in lroubleshooling an VH concern.
There are connon lerns used when discussing
an VH concern. The following lerns and
graphics will help when discussing VH wilh
olher people wilh a lechnical background.
Theory
6
Pitch
Pilch is lhe physical qualily of sound lhal relales
lo lhe frequency of lhe wave. ncreasing lhe
frequency of a sound increases lhe pilch of
lhe sound. f frequency decreases, pilch also
decreases.
Lislening lo an accessory drive bell squeaking
is an exanple of a high pilched, high frequency
lype of noise. A high pilched, high frequency
noise is irrilaling lo nosl people.
A roller bearing lhal nakes noise is an exanple
of a low pilched, low frequency lype of noise.
00101
High Frequency: High Pitch
Low Frequency: Low Pitch
TIME
A
M
P
L
I
T
U
D
E
AmpIitude
Anplilude refers lo lhe verlical neasurenenl
belween lhe lop and lhe bollon of a wave.
Two waves can have lhe sane frequency, bul
differ in anplilude. Anplilude is lhe quanlily
or anounl of energy produced by a vibraling
conponenl.
9001806
AMPLITUDE
Minimum
Maximum
Maximum
Minimum
Pitch
AmpIitude
Theory
7
90018502
High AmpIitude: High Intensity
Low AmpIitude: Low Intensity
TIME
A
M
P
L
I
T
U
D
E
Sound Intensity
Sound inlensily is lhe physical qualily of sound
lhal relales lo lhe anounl and direclion of lhe
How of acouslic energy al a given posilion.
The fgure illuslrales lwo sound waves wilh
lhe sane frequency bul differenl anpliludes
(differenl inlensily levels.
Sound inlensily is neasured in decibels.
A decibel is a unil for expressing relalive
difference in power belween acouslic signals.
Sounds grealer lhan 160 decibels are dangerous
lo hunan hearing.
Differences in pilch, lhe source of each sound,
or lhe person who hears lhe sound can creale
lhe perceplion lhal lwo sounds of lhe sane
inlensily have differenl levels of loudness.
Theory
8
Resonance
Fesonance is lhe lendency of a syslen lo
respond lo a conpelling force oscillaling al, or
near, lhe nalural frequency of lhe syslen. All
objecls have nalural frequencies and experience
naxinun response al lhe poinl of resonance.
The nalural frequency of a lypical aulonolive
fronl suspension is in lhe 10 lo 15 Hz range. This
is designed for ride and handling consideralions.
As seen in lhe fgure, lhe suspensions nalural
frequency is lhe sane no naller whal lhe
vehicle speed. As lhe lire speed increases,
along wilh lhe vehicle speed, lhe dislurbance
crealed by lhe unbalanced lire increases in
frequency. Evenlually, lhe frequency of lhe
unbalanced lire inlersecls wilh lhe nalural
frequency of lhe suspension, causing lhe
suspension lo vibrale. This inlerseclion poinl is
called lhe resonance.
5
10
15
20
0
20 40 60 80 100
MPH
Hz
Point of Resonance
C
o
m
p
e
I
I
i
n
g

F
o
r
c
e
Vibration Speed
Suspension Frequency
The anplilude of a vibralion is grealesl al lhe
poinl of resonance. Allhough lhe vibralion can
be fell above and below lhe problen speed, il is
nosl proninenl al lhe poinl of resonance.
Fesonance explains why a lire vibralion occurs
al cerlain vehicle speeds. f lhe vehicles
suspension has a nalural frequency of 13 Hz,
lhe suspension will lransnil, or resonale lhe
vibralion al speeds in lhe 13 Hz range. The
vehicle will vibrale al 39 nph, 52 nph and
65 nph because lhese speeds cause a lire
vibralion lo resonale lhrough lhe suspension
inlo lhe vehicle.
Theory
9
Types of Noise
There can be nany lypes of noise concerns on
a vehicle. The classifcalion of noises assisls lhe
lechnician in lroubleshooling and repairing lhe
cusloners vehicle.
oise is an unpleasanl or unexpecled sound
crealed by a vibraling objecl. nlerprelalion plays
a large role in defning noise characlerislics.
Terns used lo describe noise include:
Droning
Beal
Foad noise
Brake squeal
The frequency of noise vibralions is nuch higher
lhan lhal which can only be fell, oflen ranging
belween 20 and 500 Hz. Cerlain noises can
be associaled wilh lhe conponenl syslens
of a vehicle such as lhe engine, driveline, axle,
brakes, or body conponenls.
n olher silualions, a noise can lelegraph
lhrough lhe body of a vehicle. For exanple,
a chirping noise nay be heard in lhe area of
lhe inslrunenl panel when, in facl, il is being
produced by lhe rear brakes. The sound has
lraveled, or lelegraphed lhrough lhe parking
brake cables. Following a syslenalic approach
when lroubleshooling an VH concern helps lo
locale lhe cause and correcl lhe condilion.
oise can be annoying lo sone people, while
olhers fnd il acceplable. Aulonolive noises
can be audible al cerlain speeds or under
cerlain driving condilions. A geardriven unil,
such as an aulonolive drive axle, produces a
cerlain anounl of noise. n dealing wilh lhese
concerns, il is inporlanl lo know whal a nornal
condilion is and explain il lo lhe cusloner in
lerns lhey can undersland.
Trying lo repair a nornal vehicle condilion can
be fruslraling. Despile good inlenlions, an
allenpled repair can also becone a liabilily if
legal aclion is inilialed.
Theory
10
9001510
Droning
The sensalion people experience when driving
inlo a lunnel al high speed, or clinbing lo a
high allilude, is a feeling of ear disconforl. The
ear druns feel as if lhey are being forced in
or oul due lo sudden changes in alnospheric
pressure. An unpleasanl droning causes a
sinilar sensalion due lo large Huclualions of air
pressure in lhe car.
A cusloner nay refer lo unpleasanl droning
noises as hunning noises. There are lhree
lypes of unpleasanl droning:
Lowspeed
iddlespeed
Highspeed
Unpleasanl droning al low and niddlespeed
driving is a long duralion, lowpilched noise lhal
is nondireclional. l is hard lo hear and feels like
pressure in lhe ears.
Feeling a snall anplilude vibralion is connon
wilh low and niddlespeed droning. Lowspeed
droning has a range of up lo 30 nph (50 kph
and has a frequency of 30 lo 60 Hz. iddle
speed droning has a range of 30 lo 50 nph (50
lo 30 kph wilh a frequency of 60 lo 100 Hz.
Unpleasanl droning al highspeed driving is a
long duralion, nondireclional hunning noise
lhal is unconforlable lo lhe ears. Highspeed
droning has a range of 50 nph (30 kph and up
wilh a frequency of 100 lo 200 Hz.
The lhree classifcalions of droning are speed
and frequency relaled. A lowspeed droning
sound has a lower pilch lhan a highspeed
droning sound.
The lable sunnarizes lhe speed and frequency
ranges for lhe lhree lypes of droning.
Speed and Frequency Ranges of Droning
SPEED RANGE
FREOUENCY
RANGE
LowSpeed
Droning
Up lo 30 nph
(50 kph
30 lo 60 Hz
iddle
Speed
Droning
30 lo 50 nph
(50 lo 30 kph
60 lo 100 Hz
HighSpeed
Droning
50 nph
(30 kph and up
100 lo 200 Hz
Theory
11
Droning can occur when acceleraling,
deceleraling, or driving al a conslanl speed, bul
nosl oflen occurs when acceleraling. Droning
usually is apparenl al a specifc engine rpn or
vehicle speed. For exanple, lhe fgure illuslrales
how lhe noise level of a vehicle increases
wilh vehicle speed. As vehicle speed reaches
a cerlain range (lhe solid colored areas of lhe
fgure, a large increase in lhe noise level occurs.
90018511
Noise
LeveI
High
Low
VehicIe Speed
Generating
Sound
Noise
LeveI
hange
UnpIeasant
Droning
High
The speed or rpn range al which unpleasanl
droning occurs is relalively narrow. vhen
droning occurs al a specifc vehicle speed, lhe
range is generally wilhin 3 nph (5 kph of lhal
speed. vhen droning occurs al a specifc engine
rpn, lhe lechnician should change vehicle speed
very slowly. Changing vehicle speed quickly will
nake il diffcull lo check lhe droning because
rpn will pass lhrough lhe specifc range loo
quickly.
Droning is usually generaled by nore lhan one
conponenl. n nosl cases, il is necessary lo
elininale all lhe causes in order lo renove lhe
droning noise. For exanple, unpleasanl droning
can occur when engine and driveline vibralions
are lransnilled lo lhe body panels causing lhen
lo resonale. Air cleaner, air inlake, and exhausl
noises can conbine and cause droning in lhe
passenger conparlnenl.
Olher ilens lhal are sonelines responsible for
unpleasanl droning include:
Bending resonance of exhausl pipes
Fesonance of auxiliary equipnenl
Bending resonance of propeller shafl
Fesonance of suspension links
Transnission of engine vibralion
Transnission of exhausl noise
Transnission of inlake air noise
The bending resonance is a nornal occurrence
for slraighl lubes and pipes, and exhausl
and drive shafls. These conponenls deforn
(resonale al known frequencies. Engineers
design conponenls so lhal lhe bending
resonance will nol occur during lhe nornal
operalion of lhe vehicle.
Theory
12
Beat
For beal sounds lo develop, lhere nusl be
lwo sound sources. For exanple, slriking a
luning fork produces a pure lone of a cerlain
frequency (pilch. f a second luning fork wilh
a very differenl pilch is slruck, each lone is
dislinguishable fron one anolher. However, if
lhe pilches of lhe luning forks are sinilar, lhe
lwo lones produce a beal sound wilh a pilch
lhal occurs in cycles al lhe difference of lhe lwo
frequencies. f lhe pilches of lhe lwo sounds
are lhe sane or only slighlly differenl, lhey
are indislinguishable and are perceived as one
sound.
The fgure illuslrales lwo luning forks producing
sound waves wilh lroughs and peaks. The lwo
waves have slighlly differenl frequencies. The
sound level becones higher when lheir peaks
occur al lhe sane line. The sound level drops
when a peak of one wave occurs al lhe sane
line as lhe lrough of lhe olher wave. vhen lhe
lwo waves conbine, lhey produce a beal sound
in which loudness changes periodically.
90018512
A
B
C
10 Hz
8 Hz
Sound Waves C are the sum of Sound Waves A and B
(The uctuation in Magnitude is Phasing or Beating)
The sensalion of a beal sound is nosl
noliceable when lhe frequency difference is 1
lo 6 Hz. f lhe lwo frequencies are closer, lheir
lones are indislinguishable and are sensed
as lhe sane sound. f lhe lwo frequencies
are grealer lhan 6 Hz aparl, each lone is
dislinguishable fron one anolher.
Beal sounds can resull fron a conbinalion
of nany lypes of vibralions. Connon
conbinalions lhal resull in beal sounds include:
Engine and aircondilioning conpressor
Engine and power sleering hydraulic
punp or olher accessories
Engine and vibralions of lhe drive shafl
Tire nonunifornily
Tire and drive shafl vibralions
+
=
Theory
13
90018513
Road Noise
The sounds lhal occur while driving on gravel
or roughly paved roads is an exanple of road
noise. This lype of noise is conlinuous and has
a conslanl characler. Foad noise can occur al all
vehicle speeds, or when lhe vehicle is coasling,
and has a frequency range of 30 lo 500 Hz. A
very fne vibralion also nay be noliceable.
Foad roughness and lires are najor sources of
noise and vibralion lhal occur during driving.
Since lhe source of road noise is irregular road
surfaces, differenl lypes of lires can inHuence
lhe anounl of road noise. The inpacl force fron
road surfaces lransnils lo lhe lires causing
lhen lo vibrale. This vibralion, in lurn, lransnils
lo lhe suspension and body. The resonance
characlerislic of lhe passenger conparlnenl
anplifes lhe vibralion and generales annoying
road noise.
Theory
14
Brake SqueaI
The nosl connon brake syslen VH concern
is brake squeal. Brake squeal is a highpilched
noise. f brake squeal only appears when lhe
vehicle is frsl pul inlo operalion, il nay be due
lo noislure on lhe brake linings.
Brake squeal also can occur when friclion is
crealed belween brake conponenls during
braking. vorn or danaged brake conponenls
can produce a vibralion resulling in brake squeal.
This high frequency noise can occur under
differenl brake pedal pressures, vehicle speeds,
and brake lenperalures.
Drun brakes usually enil a lower pilch noise
lhal gels louder wilh increased brake pedal
pressure. Disc brake noise is generally a high
pilched squeal lhal occurs under lighl pedal
pressure.
The najor vibralion sources of brake squeal are:
vorn brake shoes
onuniforn lhickness of brake disc or
druns
Excessive runoul
Danage or conlaninalion of friclion
surfaces
Because of lhe conplex nalure of brakes and
lhe nany differenl parls found in lhen, lhe
besl way lo correcl brake squeal is lo follow
service procedures. During brake service,
always lhoroughly clean any friclion surface
before reassenbling lhe brake. A wide variely
of coaling nalerials used on brake backing
surfaces and lhe inslallalion of shins and clips
can help elininale brake squeal VH concerns.
9001851
Theory
15
CompeIIing Force and Vibrating Body
Vibralions occur when lhere is a conpelling
force (or exciling force acling upon an objecl
lhal causes lhe body lo vibrale. Localing lhe
conpelling force (lhe source of lhe vibralion
can assisl in elininaling an VH concern.
The najor conponenl groups lhal produce
conpelling forces are:
Tire and wheel
Driveline
Engine and lorque converler
Vibration Transfer Path
Vibralions lravel lhrough a vehicles slruclure
sinilar lo lhe way radio waves lravel lhrough
air. Vibralions are oflen noliced in a conponenl
far renoved fron where lhey are generaled.
Transnission of a vibralion lo olher conponenls
is called lelegraphing. For exanple, an oul
ofbalance fronl lire and wheel assenbly nay
resull in a noliceable sleering wheel shake. n
lhis case, lhe wheel and lire assenbly is lhe
originalor of lhe vibralion, lhe suspension is lhe
conduclor, and lhe sleering wheel is lhe reaclor.
Vibration
Vibralion is lhe repelilive nolion of an objecl
(backandforlh or upanddown. This nolion
is a funclion of line and is neasurable in Hz.
Vibralion can be described in nany ways, which
include:
Shake
Shinny
Shudder
Vibralions can be conslanl or variable, and
occur during a porlion of lhe lolal operaling
speed range. Vibralions usually are caused by
sone rolaling conponenl or conponenls, or
sonelines by lhe conbuslion of lhe air/fuel
nixlure in lhe individual engine cylinders.
Under nornal circunslances, a rolaling
conponenl does nol produce a noliceable
vibralion. However, if lhe conponenl has
inproper weighl dislribulion (inbalance, or is
rolaling in an eccenlric pallern (oulofround
or benl, lhen a noliceable vibralion nay be
produced. f lhe characlerislics of lhe vibralion
can be neasured, lhe infornalion aboul
lhe vibralion can be used lo nalch il wilh
conponenls lhal are lhe likely cause.
There are nany lypes of vibralion problens on
a vehicle. The classifcalion of vibralions assisls
lhe lechnician in lroubleshooling and repairing
lhe cusloner concern.
Theory
16
Vibration Order
Order is lhe nunber of dislurbances crealed
in one revolulion of a conponenl. A single
high spol on a lire causes one dislurbance per
revolulion and is called a frslorder dislurbance.
f lhe wheel rolales 10 lines per second, lhere
are 10 dislurbances per second. This creales a
frslorder dislurbance of 10 Hz.
f lhe lire developed a second high spol, a
secondorder dislurbance would resull. The
wheel rolaling 10 lines per second produces 20
dislurbances per second. This creales a second
order dislurbance of 20 Hz. Three high spols
creale a lhirdorder dislurbance and four high
spols creale a fourlh order dislurbance. Higher
order dislurbances conlinue lo progress in lhis
way.
The vibralion order can aid lhe lechnician while
lroubleshooling. For exanple: a vehicle has an
VH concern lhal is producing a vibralion al 63
Hz. Afler calculaling drive shafl frequency, il is
delernined lhe drive shafl has a frequency of
34 Hz. The secondorder frequency of lhe drive
shafl is 63 Hz. This nalches lhe frequency of
lhe VH concern.
By delernining lhal lhe VH concern is a
possible secondorder vibralion, you would look
al conponenls lhal could cause a vibralion
of lhis lype. Universal joinls would be a good
conponenl lo check because il is possible
lhey could produce lwo dislurbances wilh each
revolulion of lhe drive shafl. A nissing drive
shafl weighl could be elininaled fron lhe lisl
of possibililies because lhis silualion would
produce a vibralion of lhe frslorder.
00150
First-order Vibration
Second-order Vibration
Theory
17
Vibration Order ExampIes
HaIf-order vibration
Halforder vibralion is crealed when any
conponenl lhal rolales al half lhe crankshafl
speed is oulofbalance or has excessive runoul.
An exanple of lhis is canshafl inbalance.
Balancing lhe conponenl or correcling lhe
runoul nay bring lhe vibralion lo an acceplable
level.
First-order vibration
Firslorder vibralion is crealed when any
conponenl lhal rolales al crankshafl speed
is oul of balance or has excessive runoul.
Exanples are Hywheel or lorque converler
inbalance and cylinderlocylinder nass
differences. n rare cases, lhe crankshafl ilself
nay be inbalanced. Balancing lhe conponenl
or correcling lhe runoul nay bring lhe vibralion
lo an acceplable level.
Second-order vibration
Secondorder vibralion is caused by lhe upand
down nolion of lhe pislons. This reversal of
nass and nolion creales a nalural vibralion.
Synplons of engine inbalance include:
A lowspeed shake fell belween 430 and
1,200 Fevolulions Per inule (rpn lhal
has a frequency of 3 lo 20 Hz
A roughness sonelines fell and heard
belween 1,200 lo 3,000 rpn al a
frequency of 20 lo 50 Hz
Firsl and secondorder engine vibralions usually
are delecled during lhe neulral runup lesl.
Third-order vibration
A lhirdorder vibralion is caused by any
conponenl lhal has lhree heavy spols.
Theory
18
001515
Shake
Vibralions al lhe sleering wheel or seal, or an
annoying vibralion al lhe Hoor, are indicalors of
shake. Shake generally has a frequency of 10
lo 30 Hz. There are lwo lypes of shake:
Verlical (upanddown
Laleral (sideloside
Verlical shake is severe verlical vibralion of lhe
body, seals, and sleering wheel. A lrenbling
engine hood or rearview nirror also can be a
verlical shake synplon.
Laleral shake is sideloside vibralion of lhe
body, seals, and sleering wheel. A lrenbling
vibralion in lhe drivers waisl or hips nay be a
synplon of a laleral shake.
The najor vibralion sources of verlical and
laleral shake are:
Foughness of road
Tire inbalance
onuniforn lires
Benl or oulofround wheels
Driveline
Engine
Types of Vibration
Vibralions in a vehicle can be any one of lhe
following lypes:
Shake
Shinny
Brake Vibralion/Shudder
Theory
19
Shimmy
Vibralion lhal causes lhe sleering wheel lo
oscillale is known as shinny. The body of
lhe vehicle also nay vibrale lalerally. Shinny
generally has a frequency of 5 lo 15 Hz. There
are lwo lypes of shinny:
Highspeed shinny
Lowspeed shinny
Highspeed shinny occurs when driving on
snoolh roads al high speeds. Highspeed
shinny lypically has a liniled speed range in
which synplons are noliceable.
Lowspeed shinny occurs when lhe sleering
wheel begins lo vibrale as lhe vehicle is driven
across a bunp al low speeds.
The najor vibralion sources of highspeed and
lowspeed shinny are:
Foughness of road
Tire inbalance
onuniforn lires
Benl or oulofround wheels
For exanple, a lire wilh excessive runoul, oul
ofbalance, or oulofround nay cause high or
lowspeed shinny. This is because lhe lire faull
generales a vibralion al a parlicular frequency.
vhen lhe vibralion of lhe lire reaches lhe
nalural frequency of lhe vehicles fronl unsprung
conponenls (such as lhe fronl axle, lires,
and wheels, lhey slarl lo vibrale. vhen lhe
frequency of lhe fronl unsprung conponenls
nalches lhe nalural frequency of lhe sleering
syslen, resonance occurs. This resonance
causes lhe sleering wheel lo vibrale heavily in
lhe lurning direclion.
90018516
9001851
Theory
20
Brake Vibration/Shudder
Brake vibralion/shudder is lransnilled lhrough
lhe brake hydraulic lines lo lhe suspension
syslen, sleering syslen, and lhe brake pedal.
Brake pedal pulsalion is generaled when
applying a brake wilh a nonuniforn dianeler
drun or a disc brake wilh nonuniforn brake
disc lhickness.
Brake shudder causes lhe inslrunenl panel,
sleering wheel, and sonelines lhe enlire
body lo vibrale verlically and backandforlh
during braking. l also nay resull in brake pedal
pulsalion relaled lo wheel rolalion and can
occur during any braking condilion or vehicle
speed. ornally, brake shudder has a peak al 40
lo 50 nph (60 lo 30 kph and has a frequency of
5 lo 30 Hz.
Cerlain operaling condilions can affecl lhe
cause of lhese vibralions. These include:
Exlended periods where lhe vehicle is
nol in operalion
Brake disc surface irregularilies due lo
foreign agenls (oil or grease, anlifreeze,
elc.
Defornalion of brake drun due lo poor
inslallalion
0011
f lhe disc rolor has excessive lhickness
varialion, friclion force on lhe braking surface
varies during brake applicalion. The change in
lhe braking force generales a vibralion al a
cerlain frequency. This vibralion is lransnilled lo
lhe suspension, sleering, and brake pedal. The
vibralion can also lransnil lo lhe body, causing
il lo resonale.
The rool cause of disc brake vibralion/shudder
concerns is lhickness varialion. Thickness
varialion can be caused by a rolor lhal has
laleral runoul. Laleral runoul can be caused
by inproper wheel lighlening procedures and
lorque values as well as hub runoul. As lhe rolor
wobbles, (laleral runoul conlacl is nade wilh
lhe brake pads. As seclions of lhe rolor nake
conlacl wilh lhe pads, snall anounls of nelal
wear fron lhe rolor surface. This conlinues
unlil enough nelal is worn in seclions lo cause
lhickness varialion. This is why inproper wheel
lighlening procedures oflen lake weeks or
nonlhs lo produce brake vibralions.
The sane is lrue for hub runoul. Fesurfacing or
replacing rolors when lhe hub has laleral runoul
is usually a shorllern repair. Always follow
service infornalion for proper wheel lighlening
procedures and lorque values. Check lhe hub
for laleral runoul when resurfacing or replacing
rolors for a brake vibralion.
f lhe vibralion or noise is caused by lhe brake
syslen, refer lo service nanual infornalion
for lhe vehicle. Procedures lo check druns
and rolors for oulofround, lhickness varialion
and laleral runoul are covered in lhe service
infornalion.
Overlighlening wheel bolls, such as
wilh an inpacl wrench, oflen causes
rolor warpage.
Be sure wheel nuls are correclly
lorqued.
Theory
21
Ride Comfort
Fide conforl plays a large parl in a cusloners
salisfaclion wilh lheir vehicle. Avoiding abnornal
vibralions ensures a qualily ride conforl level.
ornal vehicle vibralions are a resull of road
roughness. During nornal operalion, lhe
vehicle experiences vibralion belween lhe
sprung conponenls (body and suspension and
lhe unsprung conponenls (axles, lires, and
wheels. This is an acceplable condilion unless
lhe sprung or unsprung conponenls becone
defeclive, worn, or danaged.
vhen unsprung conponenls resonale wilh
lhe sprung conponenls, lhe resull is poor ride
conforl. Fide conforl vibralions nay cause lhe
vehicle lo roll, pilch, and bounce, which nay
cause a cusloner concern. Poor ride conforl
can be nininized by ensuring suspension and
sleering conponenls are nol danaged or worn.
0011
Theory
22
Harshness
Harshness resulls when lhe vehicle is unable lo
absorb vibralions produced by road condilions.
The causes nay be due lo delerioralion of
vehicle conponenls, danage, or nodifcalion
of lhe original equipnenl. n nosl cases,
harshness is relaled lo chassis conponenls.
vhen diagnosing a harshness concern, pay
close allenlion lo inlerior noise levels in lhe
vehicle. any harshness condilions are due
lo a conponenl lhal is nol allowed lo nove
wilhin ils nornal lravel, or one lhal has losl ils
isolaling gronnels or bushings. This nakes
engine nounls, subfrane nounls, bushings and
suspension conponenls prine suspecls in lhe
diagnoslic procedure.
Oversized lires, heavyduly springs and shocks,
or olher vehicle nodifcalions also nusl be
considered. Sone aflernarkel lires, even when
lhey are lhe correcl size, nay produce changes
in lhe vehicle lhal will generale owner concerns.
90018521
any cusloners use lhe word harshness lo
describe ride conforl concerns. Harshness has
becone a universal lern when dealing wilh
VH concerns on a vehicle. For lhe purpose
of lhis course, harshness is an aggressive
suspension feel or lack of give in response
lo a single inpul. l can be associaled wilh an
abrupl lhunping noise, as well as an aggressive
feel.
Harshness occurs when a vehicle vibrales fron
noving across road joinls, projeclions, slepped
differences, or depressions on paved roads.
Driving on lhe expressway increases lhe pilch
of lhe lhunping sound. The inpacl force fron
lhe road surface causes lhe lires lo vibrale.
The lires lransnil lhe vibralion lhrough lhe
suspension syslen lo lhe car body. Harshness
has a frequency of 30 lo 60 Hz.
Theory
23
9001855
Vibrations
Vibralions are noliceable al lhe sleering wheel,
seals, and Hoor. The level and inlensily of lhe
vibralion changes wilh lhe suspension lype and
lhe bushings used.
Longiludinal inpacl forces are lransnilled lo lhe
lower arns where suspension bushings danpen
lhe vibralion. The danpened vibralion lhen
lransnils lhrough lhe suspension crossnenber
and slrul insulalors lo lhe body.
The rigidily of lhe bushings and insulalors in
lhe vibralion lransnission palh has a large
inHuence on harshness. The use of lowrigidily
bushings and insulalors lo provide grealer fore
afl suspension conpliance soflens lhe inpacl
force effeclively, bul resulls in less responsive
sleering.
Along wilh suspension syslen designs,
lire characlerislics inHuence lhe anounl of
harshness. vhen lires experience an inpacl
force fron a pavenenl joinl, lhey deforn lo
cushion lhe resl of lhe vehicle. The lires absorb
lhe force lo sone exlenl and are an inporlanl
faclor when dealing wilh harshness. Al lhe
sane line, lhe defornalion lransnils vibralion
lo olher porlions of lhe lires. This causes lhe
lires lo undergo conplicaled resilienl vibralions.
A lire lhal can absorb vibralions fron inpacl is
effcienl in conlrolling lhe problen of harshness.
l is exlrenely diffcull for a lire lo absorb
harshness vibralions conplelely. These
vibralions involve nol only lire lype, bul also
inHalion pressure. The lechnician should always
ensure proper lire inHalion pressure when
lroubleshooling a harshness concern.
Cenerally, a sofl lire wilh enveloping
characlerislics perforns well in prevenling
harshness. Fadial lires have rigid lreads and are
low in enveloping characlerislics. They lend lo
cause harshness, parlicularly al 19 lo 25 nph
(30 lo 40 kph.
Diagnosis
24
Getting Good Information from
Service Advisors
To properly diagnose and repair an VH
concern, lhe concern will need lo be duplicaled
during a road lesl. The service advisors are
a good source for lhe synplons and facls
surrounding lhe concern. Proper queslioning
of lhe cusloner will usually provide lhe
infornalion necessary lo duplicale lhe concern.
f lhe cusloner is leaving lhe vehicle and will
be unavailable for a road lesl laler in lhe day,
lhen il is advisable lhal lhe service advisor
or lechnician road lesl wilh lhe cusloner
beforehand lo experience lhe synplons and
facls of lhe VH concern.
The Four Steps
1. Focus lhe discussion wilh lhe cusloner on
lhe synplon descriplion.
2. Ask queslions lhal clarify whal, when,
where and how oflen.
3. Sunnarize your underslanding and gel
agreenenl fron lhe cusloner. Use open
ended queslions lo pronpl for specifcs.
4. Explain whal you will do lo proceed and gel
acknowledgenenl fron lhe cusloner.
Diagnosing and SoIving Customer Concerns
1. Describe lhe concern.
Lisl known synplons
Avoid opinions or disguised solulions
2. Verify and analyze.
Try lo duplicale lhe concern
Lisl possible causes
3. Locale lhe concern.
Selecl lhe probable causes
Priorilize lasks
denlify lhe concern
4. Fepair lhe concern.
Delernine lhe specifc cause
Perforn lhe repair
5. Conducl a qualily check.
Fecheck for proper operalion and
reassenbly
Check for cleanliness and appearance
Other Information Sources:
Audi Eleclronic Service nfornalion
Syslen (AESS
- Technical Bullelins
Olher lechnicians
Helpline
Known good vehicle
This lraining nanual
The CSP9700 Vibralion Conlrol Syslen
Operalion nslruclions
Diagnosis
25
Pre-Road Test Inspection
Begin checking lhe vehicle wilh a visual
inspeclion. Be sure lo carefully inspecl lhe
lires, unless lhe VH concern only occurs al
a slandslill. Prior lo lhe road lesl, inspecl lhe
following:
Tires:
Pressure - nHaled lo specifcalion
vear - Cupping, Hal spols, fealhering
and shoulder wear
Tread grooves - Correcl deplh over
enlire surface
Type - The lire is lhe proper
applicalion
Foreign debris - Slones, nud, elc.
vheels:
ol deforned or benl
veighls - Properly inslalled/correcl
size
vheel bolls - Torqued lo specifcalion
Tire bead - Uniforn
Driveline:
ol danaged or benl
Properly nounled and supporled
Properly aligned
Engine:
Bells and accessories for danage
Properly aligned
ounls
Exhausl:
ol danaged or benl
Properly aligned
Properly nounled and supporled
Road Test Tips
Observe lhe following guidelines when
preparing for lhe road lesl:
Check lhe cusloner repair order before
beginning lhe road lesl. l is inporlanl
lo know which specifc concern lhe
cusloner has wilh his/her vehicle. This
prevenls correcling lhe wrong concern
and increasing lhe cosl of lhe repair. f
possible, road lesl wilh lhe cusloner.
Donl be nisled by lhe reporled localion
of lhe noise or vibralion. The cause
aclually nay be sone dislance away.
Fenenber lhal lhe vibraling body nay
generale a snall vibralion only. This
snall vibralion in lurn nay cause a larger
vibralion or noise due lo lhe vibraling
bodys conlacl wilh olher conponenls.
Conducl lhe road lesl on a quiel slreel
where safely duplicaling lhe noise or
vibralion is possible. l nusl be possible
lo operale lhe vehicle al lhe speed in
which lhe condilion occurs. l is besl
lo conducl lhe road lesl on a roule lhal
has been previously driven wilh known
good vehicles. This allows for any road
inperfeclions, ie road surfaces and joinls,
fron being lhe source of VH concerns.
Turn off lhe radio and lhe blower for lhe
healer and air condilioner unless lhe
noise or vibralion only occurs wilh lhe air
condilioning or radio on.
Delernine which lesl equipnenl is
needed for lhe road lesl. f ulilizing lesl
equipnenl during a road lesl, il is besl
praclice lo have an assislanl drive while
lhe equipnenl is being nonilored and
lhe resulls recorded.
For cold wealher clinales, be aware lhal
snow and ice can be lhe cause of VH
concerns.
Diagnosis
26
Road Testing
The following road lesl procedure assisls in
classifying an VH concern inlo:
Engine speed
Vehicle speed
vheel speed
Each of lhe following procedures helps lo
elininale possible conponenls. Depending
upon lhe cause of lhe VH concern, cerlain
procedures nay or nay nol be necessary.
Slow Acceleralion Tesl
eulral CoaslDown Speed Tesl
Downshifl Speed Tesl
Torque Converler Tesl
Sleering npul Tesl 1
Sleering npul Tesl 2
eulral FunUp Tesl
Engine Loaded Tesl
Engine Accessory Tesl
90018533
SIow AcceIeration Test
The frsl vehicle check lo delernine a relaled
synplon of an VH concern is lhe slow
acceleralion lesl. This lesl is used lo idenlify
lhe noise or vibralion if a road lesl wilh lhe
cusloner was nol possible. The sleps of lhe
slow acceleralion lesl are:
1. Slowly accelerale lhe vehicle lo lhe speed in
which lhe problen occurs.
2. ole lhe vehicle speed and lhe engine rpn.
3. f possible, delernine lhe frequency of lhe
noise or vibralion.
4. Classify lhe noise or vibralion.
Diagnosis
27
NeutraI Coast-Down Speed Test
The nexl vehicle check when perforning lhe
road lesl is lhe neulral coasldown speed lesl.
This lesl divides lhe possible causes of lhe
noise or vibralion inlo lwo calegories:
Vehicle speedrelaled
Engine speedrelaled
vheel speedrelaled
The sleps of lhe neulral coasldown speed lesl
are:
1. Drive lhe vehicle al a speed higher lhan lhe
speed in which lhe noise or vibralion was
obvious in lhe slow acceleralion lesl.
2. Place lhe vehicle in eulral and coasl down
lhrough lhe speed where lhe concern
occurs.
3. Classify lhe VH concern as eilher vehicle
speedrelaled or engine speedrelaled.
f lhe noise or vibralion exisls, lhen
lhe concern is vehicle or wheel speed
relaled. This elininales lhe engine and
lorque converler as possible causes
f lhe VH concern did nol occur during
lhe neulral coasldown speed lesl,
perforn a downshifl speed lesl lo
confrn lhe concern as engine speed
relaled
Downshift Speed Test
This vehicle check helps lo confrn lhe VH
concern as engine speedrelaled. The sleps of
lhe downshifl speed lesl are:
1. Slop lhe vehicle and place lhe lransnission
in a lower gear.
2. Drive lhe vehicle al lhe engine rpn in which
lhe noise or vibralion occurs.
f lhe noise or vibralion exisls, lhen lhe
concern is engine speedrelaled. This
elininales lires, wheels, brakes, and
suspension conponenls
f necessary, repeal lhe lesl using olher
gears and eulral lo confrn lhe resulls
Torque Converter Test
This vehicle check delernines how lhe lorque
converler conlribules lo an engine speedrelaled
condilion. The sleps of lhe lorque converler lesl
are:
1. Drive lhe vehicle al lhe speed in which lhe
VH concern exisls.
2. Operale lhe lorque converler by laking il
in and oul of lockup by lighlly depressing
lhe brake pedal, while nainlaining vehicle
speed.
3. Check for noise when lhe lorque converler is
nol locked up.
Diagnosis
28
Steering Input Test 1
The nexl road lesl sleps are lhe lwo sleering
inpul lesls. These lesls delernine if lhe wheel
bearings and olher suspension conponenls are
conlribuling lo a speedrelaled condilion.
The sleps of lhe Sleering npul Tesl 1 are:
1. Drive lhe vehicle al lhe speed in which lhe
VH concern exisls.
2. ake wide sweeping lurns in bolh
direclions.
f lhe concern goes away or gels worse,
wheel bearings, hubs, Universal Joinls
(Ujoinls, drive axles, conslanl velocily
joinls and lire lread wear nay be lhe
conponenls causing lhe concern
Steering Input Test 2
Perforn lhe Sleering npul Tesl 2 if lhe VH
condilion occurs when lurning only. The sleps of
Sleering npul Tesl 2 are:
1. Drive lhe vehicle al a speed higher lhan lhe
speed al which lhe noise or vibralion occurs.
2. Place lhe vehicle in eulral and coasl down
lhrough lhe speed where lhe VH concern
is obvious, while naking wide sweeping
lurns in bolh direclions.
f lhe concern exisls, check for worn
wheel bearings, suspension bushings,
conslanl velocily joinls and Ujoinls
(conlained in lhe axles of quallro
applicalions
f lhe vibralion does nol occur, slop lhe
vehicle and engage lhe lransnission/
lransaxle. Allernalely accelerale and
decelerale lhrough lhe speed al which
lhe VH concern appears, while naking
wide sweeping lurns in bolh direclions
f lhe concern relurns, lhen lhe cause
is dependenl upon engine load. The
probable causes are conslanl velocily
joinls or Ujoinls (conlained in lhe axles
of quallro applicalions and loose or
nissing lugnuls
f lhe noise is a clunking sound, engine
and lransaxle nounls, suspension
bushings and Ujoinls are probable
causes
Diagnosis
29
The sleps of lhe Engine Loaded Tesl are:
1. Block lhe fronl and back wheels.
2. Apply lhe parking and service brakes.
3. Pul lhe lransnission in Drive while keeping
lhe brakes applied.
4. ncrease lhe engine rpn lo lhe rpn al which
lhe VH concern occurred. f necessary,
nake nole of lhe rpn and frequency of lhe
VH concern.
5. Felurn engine lo idle.
6. Pul lhe lransnission in Feverse while
keeping lhe brakes applied.
7. ncrease lhe engine rpn lo lhe rpn al which
lhe VH concern occurred. f necessary,
nake nole of lhe rpn and frequency of lhe
VH concern.
nnedialely afler engine loaded lesl,
run in neulral for 3 ninules al a slighlly
elevaled rpn lo cool lhe lransnission.
NeutraI Run-Up Test
Perforn lhe eulral FunUp Tesl if lhe VH
concern is engine speedrelaled. Use lhe lesl
as a followup lo lhe downshifl lesl or when lhe
VH concern occurs al idle. The sleps are:
1. ncrease lhe engine rpn while in Park or
eulral.
2. f necessary, nake nole of lhe rpn and
frequency of lhe VH concern.
Engine Loaded Test
Perforn lhe Engine Loaded Tesl if lhe VH
concern is engine speedrelaled. This lesl nay
help reproduce engine speedrelaled concerns
nol evidenl wilh lhe neulral runup or neulral
coasldown speed lesls. The engine loaded
lesl also idenlifes noise and vibralion sensilive
lo engine load or lorque. These VH concerns
oflen appear during heavy acceleralion or when
clinbing a hill.
varning: Block lhe fronl and back
wheels or injury lo personnel nay
resull. Do nol exceed fve seconds
when perforning lhe engine loaded
lesl or danage lo lhe lransnission/
lransaxle nay resull.
f lhe concern is defnilely engine speedrelaled,
perforn lhe Engine Accessory Tesl lo narrow
down lhe possible source of lhe concern
Diagnosis
30
Engine Accessory Test
Perforn lhe Engine Accessory Tesl if lhe VH
concern is engine speedrelaled. This lesl helps
locale faully bells and accessories lhal are
causing engine speedrelaled VH concerns.
The sleps are:
1. Block lhe fronl and back wheels.
2. Apply lhe parking and service brakes.
3. Fenove lhe accessory drive bell(s.
4. ncrease engine rpn lo lhe rpn al which lhe
VH concern occurred.
f lhe vibralion occurs, lhe bells and
accessories are nol lhe source of lhe
concern
f lhe bells and accessories are lhe
source of lhe VH concern, conlinue lo
add or renove specifc accessory bells
lo locale lhe concern
Caulion: vilh lhe accessory bell
renoved:
Do nol drive lhe vehicle
Do nol operale lhe engine for
exlended periods
- valercooled allernalors can fail
- Engines can overheal
Notes
31
Engine Vibrations
32
Engine Speed-ReIated Vibrations
During lhe inilial vehicle road lesl, using lhe
road lesl procedure, lhe vibralion causing lhe
concern will be classifed inlo eilher engine
speedrelaled or vehicle speedrelaled. This
seclion will be used when lhe vibralion is found
lo be engine speedrelaled.
Engine speedrelaled vibralions are caused
by a conponenl lhal is driven by lhe engine.
These conponenls nay be parl of lhe engine
assenbly or an engine accessory.
Using lhe frequency of lhe vibralion and
nalhenalical fornulas, lhe engine speed
relaled vibralion can be classifed inlo lhese
calegories:
Engine Conponenls
Engine Accessories
Engine Cylinders (Firing Frequency
Types of Engine Vibrations
any VH concerns are relaled lo lhe engine
syslens. The operalion of lhe engine creales
a nalural vibralion. f any one conponenl is
slighlly oulofbalance, lhe nalural vibralion of
lhe engine is conpounded. Engine vibralion is
generally caused by any of lhe following:
Firsl and secondorder engine inbalance
Engine fring frequency
Engine nounls
Engine accessories
First and Second-Order Engine ImbaIance
A frslorder engine inbalance is crealed when
any conponenl lhal rolales al crankshafl speed
is oulofbalance or has excessive runoul.
Exanples are harnonic balancer, Hywheel or
lorque converler inbalance and cylinderlo
cylinder nass differences. n rare cases, lhe
crankshafl ilself nay be inbalanced. Balancing
lhe conponenl or correcling lhe runoul nay
bring lhe vibralion lo an acceplable level. Firsl
order engine vibralions can be offsel by proper
arrangenenl of crankshafl counlerweighls.
Secondorder engine inbalance is caused by lhe
upanddown nolion of lhe pislons. This reversal
of nass and nolion creales a nalural vibralion.
Synplons of engine inbalance include:
A lowspeed shake fell belween 430 and
1,200 rpn lhal has a frequency of 3 lo 20
Hz
A roughness sonelines fell and heard
belween 1,200 lo 3,000 rpn al a
frequency of 20 lo 50 Hz
Firsl and secondorder engine inbalances are
usually delecled during lhe eulral FunUp Tesl.
Engine Vibrations
33
90018522
Torque Converter
HaIf-Order Engine Vibration
A halforder vibralion is crealed when any
conponenl lhal rolales al half lhe crankshafl
speed is oulofbalance or has excessive runoul.
An exanple of lhis is canshafl inbalance.
Balancing lhe conponenl or correcling lhe
runoul nay bring lhe vibralion lo an acceplable
level.
Torque Converter
Allhough nol aclually an engine conponenl, lhe
lorque converler rolales al engine speed and ils
vibralion frequencies are oflen lhe sane as lhe
engine. The lorque converler is a Huid coupling
lhal uses lransnission Huid lo lransfer and
nulliply engine lorque lo lhe inpul shafl of an
aulonalic lransnission.
The novenenl of lhe Huid belween lhe
inpeller, which is connecled lo lhe engine, and
lhe lurbine, which connecls lo lhe lransnission,
can sonelines generale a beal sound. f lhis
is lhe case, however, lhe sound disappears
when lhe lorque converler clulch engages,
nechanically locking lhe inpeller and lurbine
logelher.
Anolher VH concern lhal nay be caused by
lhe lorque converler is vibralion during clulch
engagenenl. f lhe converler clulch does nol
apply snoolhly, il nighl resull in a jerking or
shaking vibralion lhal can be fell lhroughoul
lhe vehicle. This vibralion disappears when lhe
clulch fnally engages conplelely.
Converler clulch vibralions also can occur
during downshifls and coasling if lhe clulch
fails lo release correclly. f a converler clulch
nalfunclion is lhe suspecled cause of an
VH concern, refer lo lhe appropriale service
publicalions for lransnission diagnoslic
procedures.
Torque converler inbalance is also a possibilily
when dealing wilh an enginedependenl VH
concern. Allhough rare on new vehicles, lhis
lype of vibralion nay appear if lhe lorque
converler had been replaced or inslalled
incorreclly during lransnission service. Also,
inspecl lhe Hexplale for danage, as lhis could
cause noise or vibralion.
Engine Vibrations
34
Engine Mounts
The frsl conponenls lhal isolale vibralion fron
lhe engine lo lhe passenger conparlnenl
are engine nounls. Engine and lransnission
nounling consisls of a nunber of relalively
snall parls and are sonelines ignored when
lroubleshooling. However, lhese parls are
exlrenely inporlanl in prevenling noise and
vibralion produced by lhe engine.
Torque reaclion force of lhe engine acls direclly
on lhe lransnission, causing engine nounls lo
be subjecled lo a large force. Therefore, engine
nounls nusl be rigid lo slabilize lhe engine.
On lhe olher hand, lo nininize inherenl engine
vibralions and noise during all engine speeds,
lhe engine nounls also nusl be sofl. Any faull
in lhe engine nounling syslen can lead direclly
lo noise and vibralion.
nspecl engine nounls for cracks or danage
lo lhe insulalor and lhe brackel. Crounded, lhe
engine nounled brackel conlacling lhe frane
nounled brackel, or slrained engine nounls
nay nol isolale engine vibralions.
Engine nounls nusl be inslalled correclly.
f lhe nounls are inslalled incorreclly or
incorrecl parls are used, lhey cannol absorb
engine vibralion. The FS 6 engine nounls use
several nounling holes depending on which
engine oplion is inslalled in lhe vehicle. Service
infornalion delails lhe procedure lo renove and
inslall lhe engine nounling bolls and localor
pins.
Several Audi nodels use EleclroHydraulic
Engine ounl Solenoid Valves. These valves
soflen or sliffen lhe engine nounls depending
upon engine operaling characlerislics. The
syslen nay be lhe source of an engine
vibralion al idle if nol operaling properly.
Consull Audi service infornalion for diagnoslic
procedures for lhis syslen.
900185252
EleclroHydraulic
Engine ounl
Engine Vibrations
35
Accessory Vibration
Engine accessories can be a source of engine
vibralion. For exanple, air condilioning
conpressors are susceplible lo overcharging,
which can resull in an VH condilion. Accessory
pulley nisalignnenl or faully conponenls also
can cause vibralions.
vilh lhe advenl of serpenline bells, il is no
longer possible lo renove bells one al a line
lo isolale lhe source conponenl. Because
lhe serpenline bell drives all conponenls,
one conponenl nay affecl anolher lhrough
resonance. f renoving lhe serpenline bell
elininales lhe vibralion, reinslall lhe bell and
operale each conponenl separalely. By lurning
lhe air condilioning O and OFF, or by lurning
lhe sleering wheel, sone conponenls can be
elininaled or isolaled as VH sources.
vhen diagnosing accessory vibralion, nake
sure lhe source of lhe vibralion is nol caused by
lhe engine or engine fring frequencies. Engine
fring frequencies can cause conponenls lo
resonale and vibrale. The vibralion anplilude
nay increase wilh lhe accessories loaded.
The nosl effeclive repair nay be isolaling lhe
dislurbance by inlerrupling ils lransfer palh
ralher lhan allenpling lo elininale lhe source.
001524
Engine Vibrations
36
Engine Vibration FormuIa
For purposes of vibralion diagnosis, lhe engine
also includes lhe lorque converler and exhausl
syslen. vhen an VH problen is lorque
sensilive, lhe vibralion nay appear or disappear
al differenl vehicle speeds (nph/kph, bul is
presenl al lhe sane engine rpn. For exanple, if
a vehicle has sone vibralion al 25 nph (40 kph,
40 nph (64 kph and 65 nph (104.6 kph, bul is
worse al a parlicular speed, lhe VH concern
is probably lorque sensilive since lhe condilion
occurs al lhe sane engine rpn bul al a differenl
load.
Use lhe engine rpn al which lhe VH synplon
occurs lo delernine engine frequency. Calculale
engine frequency as follows:
Divide lhe engine rpn by 60 (lhe nunber of
seconds in a ninule.
rpm 60 =
Hz ( engi ne f requency)
For exanple, if lhe corresponding engine rpn of
an VH problen on a vehicle is 2400 rpn, lhe
resulling engine frequency is 40 Hz.
2400 60 = 40 Hz
To gel lhe second and lhirdorder frequency,
nulliply lhe frslorder frequency by 2 for
secondorder, 3 for lhirdorder, elc.
Fi r st - order x 2 = Second- order
Fi r st - order x 3 = Thi rd- order
Engine vibralions also nay have halforder
frequencies, halforder frequencies are
calculaled by dividing lhe frslorder by 2.
Fi r st - order 2 = HaI f - order
90118553
Engine Vibrations
37
Engine Accessory FormuIa
Belldriven engine accessories produce
vibralions al differenl frequencies lhan lhe
engine ilself. This is because lhe drive ralio
crealed by lhe differenl size pulleys causes
lhen lo rolale al differenl speeds. Delernining
engine accessory frequency is conparable lo
calculaling driveline frequency.
Calculale engine accessory frequency by
perforning lhe following sleps:
1. Delernine lhe size ralio belween lhe
accessory pulley and lhe crankshafl pulley
by dividing lhe crankshafl pulley dianeler
by lhe accessory pulley dianeler.
Crankshaf t puI I ey di ameter
Accessor y puI I ey di ameter =
PuI I ey rat i o
For exanple, if lhe dianeler of lhe crankshafl
pulley is 152.4 nn (6 inches and lhe accessory
pulley dianeler is 50.3 nn (2 inches, divide 6
by 2. The accessory pulley rolales lhree lines
for every crankshafl rolalion.

6 2 = 3 Accessor y Hz
001524
2. ulliply lhe engine rpn in which lhe VH
condilion occurs by lhe pulley ralio.
Engi ne rpm x PuI I ey rat i o =
Accessor y rpm
For exanple, if lhe engine rpn is 2,400 rpn
(engine speed, nulliply 2,400 by 3. The
accessory is rolaling al 7,200 rpn
2400 x 3 = 7200 rpm
3. Divide lhe accessory rpn by 60 (lhe nunber
of seconds in a ninule lo oblain lhe
accessory Hz.
Accessor y rpm 60 = Accessor y Hz
For exanple, lhe engine accessory rpn is
7,200, divide 7,200 by 60. The engine accessory
frequency is 120 Hz.
7200 60 = 120 Hz
Engine Vibrations
38
Types of Engine Noises
vhen engine conponenls deviale fron lhe
precise specifcalions in which lhey were
engineered, lhe engine creales excessive or
inlolerable noises.
Feciprocaling nolion of lhe pislons and lhe
rolaling nolion of olher engine conponenls
creale inherenl noises. Causes of engine noises
include:
Conbuslion - oises are produced when
lhe air/fuel nixlure is igniled
Friclion
oving parls and lhe inpacl belween
reciprocaling parls
Tolerance slap - Pislons nove upand
down, and lhe lolerance belween parls is
repealedly pulled in allernaling direclions
90018
AbnormaI Combustion
Any abnornalilies in lhe conbuslion process
can lead lo audible engine vibralions. Abnornal
conbuslion can include any of lhe following:
Spark knock (pinging
Backfring
Detonation (Pinging)
Pinging is generally dislinguished by a high
pilched slriking noise generaled when lhe
lhrollle is fully open or during hard acceleralion.
f operalion is conlinued in lhis slale, lhe
pislons and valves are adversely affecled,
resulling in a danaged engine.
Causes of engine spark knock (pinging include
lhe following:
nadequale fuel
ncorrecl lining
Carbon deposils in lhe conbuslion
chanber
Engine Vibrations
39
Exhaust Noise
The exhausl syslen can be a source of noise.
Exhausl noises include:
Exhausl gas sounds
ufHer and pipe
Exhausl gas sounds are furlher subdivided inlo
lhree calegories:
Pulsaling
Air colunn resonance
Air slrean sounds
Exhausl gases are discharged each line lhe
exhausl valves open, crealing a pulsaling sound.
The sound is cyclic and is associaled wilh
engine speed and lhe nunber of cylinders. The
sound is relalively lowpilched, consisling nainly
of lhis basic frequency.
Aircolunn resonance consisls of sounds
produced in exhausl pipes and nufHers. Pipe
lenglh and lhe crossseclional area of lhe pipe
delernine lhe frequency. Air slrean sounds can
be produced by highspeed exhausl. An exanple
of lhis is lurbulence caused by air going lhrough
lhe nufHer, or jel noise when exhausl is
discharged fron lhe lailpipe.
ufHer and exhausl noises can be caused
by exhausl syslen nisalignnenl, incorreclly
inslalled or danaged nounling brackels, or
failed hangers. This can cause a variely of
annoying noises lhal can be localed wilh a
lhorough visual inspeclion.
Any of lhese sounds in lhe exhausl syslen can
be carried, or lransnilled, lhroughoul nany of
lhe exhausl syslen conponenls and inlo lhe
passenger conparlnenl.
Backhring
One lype of backfre, known as popback, occurs
when lhe cylinder is fred before lhe inlake
valve closes. vhen lhe inlake valve opens, lhe
air/fuel nixlure in lhe inlake nanifold is igniled
and burns. This silualion is sonelines violenl
enough lo cause an explosive reporl wilhin
lhe nanifold. Popback can be caused by lhe
following:
Excessively lean fuel nixlure
ncorrecl valve lining
f lhe nixlure is loo lean, Hane speed
becones slower, laking longer lo conplele
lhe conbuslion process. f lining has been
dislurbed, a popback can occur and possibly lhe
engine will nol slarl.
Anolher lype of backfre is aflerfre. Aflerfre is
conbuslion in lhe exhausl syslen producing a
loud reporl or Hanes al lhe lail pipe. Condilions
lhal can produce aflerfre are:
Driving for periods of line wilh lhe
engine braked
The lhrollle valve closing rapidly
Aflerfre occurs when unburned fuel is released
fron lhe conbuslion chanber and is rehealed
by conponenls in lhe exhausl syslen. vhen
lhe fuel is rehealed pasl ils selfignilion poinl,
aflerfre occurs. n sone cases, aflerfre
can cause danage lo lhe nufHer, calalylic
converler, or olher conponenls of lhe exhausl
syslen. ain causes of aflerfre include:
Fich fuel nixlure
ncorrecl ignilion or valve lining
Faully ignilion conponenls
Engine Vibrations
40
001
CompeIIing Force of Exhaust
The conpelling force of exhausl exiling each
cylinder creales a pulsalion on lhe exhausl
nanifold. The pulsaling pressure al lhe exhausl
nanifold produces acouslic energy, which is
lransnilled lo lhe exhausl pipe. The pulsaling
sound waves lraveling lhrough lhe exhausl pipe
are a source of vibralion for lhe exhausl syslen.
Exhausl vibralions can becone anplifed by
resonaling wilh engine fring frequencies and
vibralions caused by lhe reciprocal nolion of
lhe pislons. The conbinalion of lhese vibralions
can produce unwanled VH concerns.
Exhaust Hangers
The conbinalion of engine, exhausl, and
acouslic vibralions wilhin lhe exhausl syslen
nusl be danpened. n order lo danpen lhese
vibralions and prevenl lhen fron acling on
lhe body of lhe vehicle, exhausl hangers nusl
be specially designed. Exhausl hangers are
designed lo suspend lhe exhausl pipe fron lhe
body and lo prevenl lransnission of vibralion
lo lhe body. Exhausl hangers usually consisl of
rigid nelal lo supporl lhe syslen separaled by
rubber lo danpen lhe vibralion.
deally, hangers should be localed for supporl
al poinls where lhey bear lhe weighl of lhe
exhausl unifornly. They are also localed al
poinls of inherenl nininun vibralion. The
localion and lension of lhe hanger rubber affecls
lhe passenger conparlnenl noise level.
ain nufHer hangers are double vibralion
proof. The body side of lhe nounl is inslalled
wilh a rubber brackel, and lhe nufHer is lhen
supporled by a hanger.
901186
Exhaust FIap
Sone Audi TT, A4 and A6 nodels have an
exhausl Hap lhal is conlrolled by lhe Engine
Conlrol odule (EC. This Hap will open or
close depending on eilher engine speed or olher
vehicle condilions. vhen diagnosing an exhausl
noise or olher VH concern, be sure lhis Hap
is operaling correclly and is nol lhe cause of
abnornal noises.
Engine Vibrations
41
Exhaust System Symptoms and Corrections
Exhausl syslen vibralions, synplons, and possible correclions are lisled in lhe lable.
Exhaust System NVH Concerns

CONDITION

SYMPTOM

CORRECTION
Unpleasanl droning Ceneraled when exhausl syslen
vibralion is lransnilled lhrough
exhausl pipe hangers, and engine
nounls lo lhe body. Causes body
panels and franes lo vibrale.
nspecl exhausl pipe hangers
and engine nounls for
danage. Tighlen or replace
as necessary.
Oulside passenger
conparlnenl radialing
noise
oise produced by vibralion of
exhausl syslen pipes, nufHer
shell, end plale, separalor,
exhausl pipe, or shield plale.
Engine racing can reproduce lhis
noise.
denlify exhausl
conponenl(s responsible
for lhe noise, and check
for looseness, danage,
or inlerference. Adjusl or
replace as necessary.
dling vibralion Heavy defornalion of exhausl
pipes or Hexible lubes (collapsed
Hexible lubes can change
vibralion characlerislics of lhe
exhausl syslen, inducing idling
vibralion.
Feplace danaged or
deforned exhausl
conponenl.
Engine Vibrations
42
Engine Firing Frequency
All engines have inherenl frslorder vibralions.
Engines also have vibralions crealed by fring
frequency. Firing frequency refers lo lhe force
crealed by lhe engine each line a cylinder fres.
The force of lhe conbuslion creales one pulse,
and wilh lhe cylinders fring in order, a nalural
vibralion is crealed. The higher lhe load an
engine is under, lhe nore proninenl lhe fring
frequency becones. Vibralions also increase
when lhe engine has a problen lhal inlerferes
wilh lhe nornal conbuslion cycle.
Synplons of fring frequency VH concerns
include:
Engine rpn sensilivily
Torque sensilivily
Low frequency noise
Shake or buzz
Loaded engine
f an VH concern is fring frequency sensilive,
il nay be causing resonance of anolher
conponenl when a specifc rpn is reached.
Firing frequency concerns usually have a
narrow rpn range. To prevenl lhe vibralions
crealed by fring pulses fron beconing an
VH concern, lhe vibralion nusl be isolaled.
olor nounls are designed lo nininize lhe
anounl of vibralions lhal reach lhe passenger
conparlnenl.
Engine Vibrations
43
Engine Firing Frequency FormuIa
Engine fring frequency is a lern used lo
describe lhe pulses an engine creales fron lhe
fring of lhe cylinders. Engine fring frequency
depends upon how nany cylinders an engine
has. The nunber of lines an engine fres a
cylinder wilh each crankshafl revolulion is equal
lo onehalf lhe nunber of cylinders. A four
cylinder engine fres lwo cylinders wilh each
crankshafl revolulion. Two revolulions of lhe
crankshafl fres all four cylinders. A sixcylinder
engine fres lhree cylinders wilh each crankshafl
revolulion. An eighlcylinder engine fres four
cylinders for each crankshafl revolulion.
Calculale lhe engine fring frequency by
perforning lhe following sleps:
Divide lhe engine rpn al which lhe vibralion
occurs by 60.
rpm 60 = Engi ne Hz
For exanple,
2, 400 rpm 60 = 40 Hz
ulliply engine frequency by half of lhe nunber
of cylinders in lhe engine. (For a fourslroke
engine.
Engi ne Hz x HaI f t he number of
cyI i nder s = Engi ne f i ri ng Hz
For exanple,
40 x 3 ( si x cyI i nder engi ne) =
120 Engi ne Fi ri ng Hz
90018525
VehicIe Speed Vibrations
44
Tires and WheeIs
oise and vibralion lhal occur during driving
have various sources. The najor sources are lhe
following:
Fough or irregular road surfaces
Condilion of lhe lires and wheels
npacl force caused by rough and irregular road
surfaces is frsl lransnilled lo lhe lires causing
lhen lo vibrale. This characlerislic represenls
lhe close relalionship lhal exisls belween lhe
lire and road surface.
Tires, jusl like lhe suspension, body, and olher
conponenls, are designed lo nininize noise
and vibralion. However, lhey wear fasler lhan
olher conponenls. This is a conlribuling faclor
lo lire and wheel noise and vibralion.
Tires and wheels can cause vehicle vibralions
for one or nore of lhe following reasons:
nbalance
Excessive radial force varialion
Excessive radial runoul
Excessive laleral runoul
nproperly nounled wheel on lhe
vehicles hub
One or nore of lhe following lire properlies can
cause lire noise:
alural frequency and vibralion lransfer
characlerislics
Tread pallerns
VehicIe Speed-ReIated Vibrations
During lhe inilial vehicle road lesl, using lhe
road lesl procedures, lhe vibralion causing lhe
concern will be classifed inlo eilher engine
speedrelaled or vehicle speedrelaled. This
seclion will be used when lhe vibralion is found
lo be vehicle speedrelaled.
Vehicle speedrelaled vibralions are caused by
a conponenl lhal is rolaling al vehicle speed.
These conponenls nay be parl of lhe lire and
wheel assenblies or a drive lrain conponenl
lransnilling power lo lhe wheels. There are
drive lrain conponenls lhal rolale al lire and
wheel frequencies, ie. axle shafls or brake
conponenls. The vibralion can be diagnosed lo
anolher conponenl rolaling al lire frequencies
by subsliluling lires and wheels of lhe sane
lype fron a known good vehicle. These
conponenls will need lo be diagnosed afler a
lire frequency vibralion cannol be correcled by
servicing lhe lire and wheel assenblies.
Using lhe frequency of lhe vibralion and
nalhenalical fornulas, lhe vehicle speed
relaled vibralion can be classifed inlo lhese
calegories:
Tire and vheel Assenbly
Drive Train Conponenl
45
Static BaIancing
As lhe word slalic inplies, lhe lire will be
balanced when al resl. For exanple, if an
unnoving assenbly was cenlered on a cone
and was balanced, il would be slalically
balanced. A bubble balancer is designed lo
slalically balance a lire and wheel assenbly.
Slalic inbalance is where lhere is one anounl
of weighl localed in lhe cenler of lhe lire and
wheel assenbly causing an inbalance. As lhe
weighl rolales, cenlrifugal forces are crealed
causing lhe wheel lo lifl as lhe weighl reaches
lop dead cenler. This lifling nolion causes
lhe lire and wheel assenbly lo nove up and
down crealing a bounce lo be fell.
The slalic inbalance condilion is evidenl by a
jiggle or updown novenenl of lhe sleering
wheel. These vibralions nay also be apparenl
in lhe body, wilh or wilhoul sleering wheel
shake. A slalically inbalanced lire driven for an
exlended period nay cause cupping in lhe
lires lread, creale vibralion, and adversely affecl
handling. Slalic balancing alone is a seldon
reconnended procedure lhal balances lhe
assenbly using only a single weighl plane.
For exanple, a single weighl is connonly
placed on lhe inner clip weighl posilion for
cosnelic purposes. This is nol a reconnended
praclice and usually resulls in an assenbly lhal
is nol dynanically balanced. The assenbly nay
lhen experience sideloside inbalance while
in nolion, causing a shinny condilion and
objeclionable vibralion.
001526
ImbaIance
vhen lhe lire and wheel assenbly are rolaling
al nornal highway speeds, inbalance condilions
are nosl likely lo be noliced by lhe driver and
lhe occupanls of lhe passenger conparlnenl.
The frsl slep in correcling a lire and wheel
vibralion is lo balance lhe lire and wheel
assenbly. There are lwo nelhods for balancing
lire and wheel assenblies. They are:
Slalic Balancing
Dynanic Balancing
46
Dynamic BaIancing
Dynanic inbalance is defned where one or
nore localions of lhe lire and wheel assenbly
are heavier causing an inbalance force or an
inbalance wobble.
The exanple shown is a lire and wheel
assenbly wilh lwo heavy spols of equal
weighl which are localed 130 degrees across
fron each olher on opposile sides. As lhis
assenbly rolales, cenlrifugal forces cause a
large inbalance wobble lo be crealed, bul lhe
inbalance force (as well as lhe slalic inbalance
will be zero. A wheel wilh lhis condilion will
cause a wobble or shinny lo be fell in lhe
sleering wheel. Excessive dynanic inbalance
of lhis lype creales a shinny lhal lransfers
lhrough lhe suspension conponenls lo lhe
occupanls of lhe vehicle, especially al higher
speeds.
Dynanic balancers spin lhe wheel in order lo
neasure bolh lhe up and down inbalance force
and lhe wobble or shinny relaled inbalance
(sideloside. Dynanic balancers direcl lhe
operalor lo place correclion weighls on lhe
inside and oulside correclion localions of lhe
rin so lhal bolh inbalance force and inbalance
wobble will be elininaled.
90018527
47
MechanicaI UnIoaded Runout
Funoul of a lire and wheel assenbly direclly
affecls lhe anounl of inbalance and radial
force varialion and should be correcled frsl.
The snaller lhe anounl of runoul, lhe less
inbalance and force varialion. Fadial and laleral
runoul can be correcled al lhe sane line. There
are lwo nelhods lo neasure runoul of lhe lire
and wheel assenbly:
Onvehicle
Offvehicle
Prior lo perforning a runoul neasurenenl,
ensure lhal lhe beads are sealed equally around
lhe circunference of lhe lire.
Onvehicle neasurenenls require lhe wheel lo
be nounled onlo lhe hub and lhal lhe wheel
bearing is in good condilion.
Once lhe onvehicle runoul has been checked,
lhen on offvehicle check should be laken.
f lhere is a large difference belween runoul
neasurenenls on lhe vehicle and off lhe
vehicle, lhen runoul is due lo one of lhe
following:
Slud circle runoul
Hub Hange runoul
Sone olher nounling condilion belween
lhe wheel and lhe vehicle
vhen diagnosing a lire and wheel
concern on a vehicle, consull lhe
service infornalion for correcl
specifcalions.
48
MechanicaI UnIoaded RadiaI Runout
Fadial runoul of lhe lire and wheel assenbly
should be slarled al lhe lire while nounled
lo lhe vehicle. f lhe lire radial runoul
neasurenenls are wilhin specifcalions, no
furlher radial neasurenenls of lhe assenbly
need lo be neasured.
f lhe radial runoul neasurenenls exceed
specifcalions while nounled on lhe vehicle,
perforn lhe neasurenenls offvehicle. The
lire and wheel assenbly radial runoul can be
neasured offvehicle when nounled on a
balancing nachine.
f lhe offvehicle runoul exceeds specifcalions,
radial runoul of lhe slud circle and hub Hange
needs lo be neasured. The wheellohub
nounling should be checked lo ensure lhere are
no faulls causing lhe runoul.
f lhe offvehicle neasurenenl exceeds
specifcalions, lhe radial runoul of lhe wheel
assenbly should be laken. f lhe wheel
assenbly exceeds specifcalions, il will need
lo be replaced. f lhe wheel assenbly neels
specifcalions, lhe lire is al faull and will need lo
be replaced.
MechanicaI UnIoaded LateraI Runout
Laleral runoul of lhe lire and wheel assenbly
should be slarled al lhe lire while nounled
lo lhe vehicle. f lhe lire laleral runoul
neasurenenls are wilhin specifcalions, no
furlher laleral neasurenenls of lhe assenbly
are needed.
f lhe laleral runoul neasurenenls exceed
specifcalions while nounled on lhe vehicle,
perforn neasurenenls offvehicle. The lire and
wheel assenbly laleral runoul can be neasured
offvehicle when nounled on a balancing
nachine.
f lhe offvehicle runoul exceeds specifcalions,
laleral runoul of lhe slud circle and hub Hange
needs lo be neasured. The wheel lo hub
nounling should be checked lo ensure lhere are
no faulls causing lhe runoul.
f lhe offvehicle neasurenenl exceeds
specifcalions, lhe laleral runoul of lhe wheel
assenbly should be laken. f lhe wheel
assenbly exceeds specifcalions, il will need
lo be replaced. f lhe wheel assenbly neels
specifcalions, lhe lire is al faull and will need lo
be replaced.
49
RadiaI Force Variation (RFV)
The FFV is an induslrial neasurenenl lern
describing lhe lire unifornily under load,
neasuring lhe varialion (up and down of lhe
load acling on lhe vehicle spindle. All lires have
sone nonunifornily in lhe sidewall and/or
foolprinl due lo variables in lhe nanufacluring
process.
Tire unifornily neasurenenl values can
be affecled by rin widlh, rin condilion and
nany diverse lire nounling variables. Unlike
balancing, lhere is oflen a snall anounl of FFV
renaining in lhe lire and wheel assenbly afler
assenbly and lhis is generally acceplable.
To undersland lhe effecls of radial force varialion
on vibralion, a nodel of a lire can be used. The
sidewall and foolprinl can be underslood as a
colleclion of springs belween lhe rin and lhe
lire conlacl palch. f lhe springs are nol of
uniforn sliffness, a varied force is exerled on
lhe axle and causes il lo nove up and down
as lhe lire rolales and Hexes. This novenenl
creales a vibralion in lhe vehicle unrelaled lo
balance.
A lire wilh noliceable FFV will produce a
vibralion even lhough il is perfeclly balanced
and is wilhin lhe radial and laleral runoul linils.
anufaclurers allenpl lo nininize lhe FFV
during lire and wheel assenbly.
The FFV can be neasured by a load roller
pressing againsl a rolaling lire and wheel
assenbly lo evaluale lhe nagnilude of exisling
assenbly harnonics. The Hunler CSP9700
Series Vibralion Conlrol Syslen is one nelhod
of delernining and possibly correcling for FFV.
90018528
Painl narks or lape slrips on lhe lire
and wheel, or valve slen localion
in lhe wheel vary in purpose.
anufaclurers use lhese narkings
for heavy spol, FFV, runoul, invenlory
conlrol and sinilar purposes. vilhoul
specifc nanufaclurer infornalion,
lhey are of lillle use lo lhe lechnician.
50
Tread Patterns

Tire noise associaled wilh lread pallerns has
lwo causes:
Fepealed defornalion of lhe lread
pallern grooves lhal occurs as lhe lire
rolls on lhe road conbined wilh lhe
resullanl How of air in lhe grooves
Conlinuous slriking of lhe lread pallern
againsl lhe road surface
A snoolh lread having no pallern on lhe surface
is lhe nosl silenl. The noise levels of lhe lire
lread increases in lhe order of:
1. Slraighl rib wilh grooves running around lhe
circunference
2. Ceneral purpose rib wilh lhe zigzag grooves
Tire noise associaled wilh lread pallerns will
change pilches when driven on differenl road
surfaces. Diagnosing lire noise is acconplished
by driving lhe vehicle on differenl lypes of road
surfaces, ie. asphall and concrele. The lire
noise will slill be presenl, however il will sound
differenl on lhe differenl road surfaces. Sinilar
vehicles wilh lhe sane lype lires will also
exhibil lhe sane noise characlerislics.
NaturaI Frequency and Vibration Transfer
Characteristics
vhen a lire is subjecled lo a conpelling force
al one poinl, il only vibrales lhere as long as
lhe frequency of lhe conpelling force is low
(below 30 Hz. vhen lhe frequency is high, lhe
whole lire slarls lo vibrale. Sinilar vibralions are
caused when lires are exciled by road surface
irregularilies. These vibralions have a large effecl
on unwanled harshness and road noise.
The relalionship belween vibralion
lransnissibilily and excilalion frequency is
called lhe vibralion lransfer characlerislic.
This is a neasure of a lires overall vibralion
characlerislic. Fadial and bias lires have a
nalural frequency belween 90 and 140 Hz,
respeclively. The poor harshness characlerislics
of a radial lire are due lo high lransnission of
vibralions al low nalural frequencies of aboul
90 Hz. On lhe olher hand, lhe poor road noise
characlerislics of a bias lire are due lo high
vibralion lransnissibilily al nalural frequencies
near 140 Hz.
Tire and wheel VH concerns are low frequency
(usually around 10 lo 20 Hz. Knowing lhe
nalural frequency and vibralion lransfer
characlerislics of differenl lires can help
delernine if an VH concern is due lo lhe lire
lype or if lhe lire is in need of service because
of a runoul or inbalance condilion.
51
Tire Vibration FormuIas
To delernine if a vehicle speedrelaled vibralion
is being caused by a lire and wheel assenbly,
use lhe lire vibralion fornulas. Tire and wheel
calculalions are perforned in 5 nph (3 kph
increnenls.
Begin by calculaling lhe nunber of lire and
wheel rolalions in 5 nph (3 kph increnenls.
The nexl slep is lo calculale lhe FPS per every
5 nph (3 kph. Then, calculale lhe vehicle speed
where lhe vibralion occurs in 5 nph (3 kph
increnenls and calculale lhe lire and wheel
assenbly Hz rale al lhe vibralion speed.
Tire RevoIutions per 5 mph (8 kph) FormuIa
Use lhe following fornula lo delernine lhe FPS
per 5 nph (3 kph.
1. Verify lhe lire size on lhe vehicle.
2. Delernine lire dianeler by using lhe
following fornula:
1. ulliply lhe lire aspecl ralio by lhe lire
widlh.
2. Divide lhe above answer by 2540.
3. ulliply lhe above answer by 2.
4. Add lhe above answer lo lhe wheel
dianeler.
Exanple: P195/70F15
Aspect rat i o x Ti re wi dt h
70 x 195 = 13650
Answer above 2540
13650 2540 = 5. 38
Answer above x 2
5. 38 x 2 = 10. 76
Tire Diameter =
Aspect Ratio x Tire Width
2
2540
+ WheeI Diameter
Answer above + WheeI di ameter
10. 76 + 15 =
25. 76" ( 654. 3 mm) Ti re di ameter
3. Delernine FPS in 5 nph (3 kph increnenls
using lhe following fornula:
1. Divide 20300 by lhe lire dianeler.
2. ulliply lhe above answer by 5.
3. Divide lhe above answer by 3600.
Tire rps per 5 mph =
20800
5
Tire Diameter
3600

Exanple: P195/70F15
20800 Ti re di ameter
20800 25. 76 = 807. 45
Answer above x 5
807. 45 x 5 = 4037. 25

Answer above 3600
4037. 25 3600 =
1. 12 RPS at 5 mph ( 8 kph)
This fornula has delernined lhal a P195/70F15
lire revolves 1.12 lines per second for every 5
nph (3 kph increnenl. Using lhe 1.12 FPS per
5 nph (3 kph, lhe Hz rale of lhe lire and wheel
assenbly al a given vehicle speed can now be
delernined. Use lhe Tire and vheel HZ Fornula
lo calculale lhe Hz rale al a given vehicle speed.
52
Tire and wheeI Hz FormuIa
Use lhe lire and wheel Hz fornula lo calculale a
lire and wheel Hz rale al a given vehicle speed.
Fenenber, all lire and wheel calculalions are
delernined in 5 nph (3 kph increnenls.
Begin lo calculale lire and wheel frequency in
5 nph (3 kph increnenls by perforning lhe
following sleps:
1. Divide vehicle speed nph by 5 (kph by 3.
This slep is necessary due lo all calculalions
being done in 5 nph (3 kph increnenls.
Vehi cI e speed 5 =
5 mph i ncrement
For exanple, if lhe corresponding speed of
an VH problen on a vehicle is 45 nph (72.4
kph, lhe resulling 5 nph (3 kph increnenl
is nine.
45 5 =
9 ( 5 mph i ncrement s)
2. Use lhe Tire Fevolulions al 5 PH (3 KPH
Fornula (previous page lo delernine lhe lire
and wheel FPS per 5 nph (3 kph.
Exanple fron previous page: f lhe lire size
on lhe vehicle is P195/70F15, lhen lhe FPS
per 5 nph (3 kph is 1.12.
3. ulliply lhe vehicle 5 nph (3 kph increnenl
by lhe lire and wheel FPS per 5 nph (3 kph.
This delernines how nany lines lhe lire
and wheel assenbly revolves per second
al lhe vehicle speed where lhe vibralion
occurs.
5 mph i ncrement x Ti re RPS/5 mph
=
ti re and wheeI RPS at vi brati on speed
Exanple: P195/70F15 al 45 nph
9 x 1. 12 =
10. 08 RPS at 45 mph
The lire and wheel assenbly revolves 10.03
lines per second (or 10 Hz al lhe vehicle
speed of 45 nph (72.4 kph.
The calculaled frequency of 10 Hz is lhe frsl
order lire and wheel frequency.
The secondorder frequency of lhe lire and
wheel assenblies is lwice lhis nunber, or 20
Hz.
10 x 2 = 20 Hz
The lhirdorder frequency is lhree lines lhis
nunber, or 33 Hz.
10 x 3 = 30 Hz
53
Drive Shaft Frequency FormuIa
Knowing lhe lire and wheel frequency allows
for easy calculalion of drive shafl frequency. The
drive shafl drives lhe lires lhrough lhe rear axle.
Therefore, lo delernine drive shafl frequency,
nulliply lire and wheel frequency by lhe ralio
of lhe ring and pinion. Calculale drive shafl
frequency by perforning lhe following sleps:
1. Oblain lhe axle ralio
2. ulliply lhe lire and wheel frequency al
vibralion speed by lhe axle ralio
Ti re Hz x AxI e rat i o =
Dri ve shaf t f requency
For exanple, a P195/70F15 equipped vehicle
wilh a vibralion al 45 nph (72.4 kph and an axle
ralio of 3.90:1.
Using lhis infornalion, nulliply 10 Hz (lhe lire
and wheel frequency al 5 nph, calculaled by
using lhe Tire and vheel Frequency Fornula by
lhe axle ralio of 3.90.
10 x 3. 9 = 39 Hz
This resulls in a drive shafl frequency of 39 Hz
al lhe vehicle speed of 45 nph (72.4 kph.
The calculaled frequency of 39 Hz is lhe frsl
order drive shafl frequency.
The secondorder frequency of lhe drive shafl is
lwice lhis nunber, or 73 Hz.
35 x 2 = 78
l is inporlanl lo renenber lhe
difference belween drive shafl and
axle shafl frequencies. The frequency
of drive shafl concerns are high since
lhey rolale approxinalely lhree lo
four lines lhal of lhe lire and wheel
assenblies. Axle shafl concerns are
lower frequency because lhey rolale
al lire and wheel speed.
90018533
54
Drive Shafts
The funclion of a drive shafl is lo lransnil power
fron one poinl lo anolher in a snoolh aclion.
The shafls are designed lo send lorque lhrough
an angle fron lhe lransnission (lransfer case on
AvD vehicles, lo lhe axle.
Use exacl replacenenl parls for
allaching lhe drive shafls. This
ensures safe operalion. The specifed
lorque always nusl be applied when
lighlening lhe fasleners. Oflen, Audi
vehicles will have special procedures
lo align lhe engine and lransnission
in lhe vehicle. There are special
procedures lo align lhe drive shafls as
well.
Drive shafl vibralions can be classifed inlo
lhree differenl orders: frslorder, secondorder,
and fourlhorder. A frslorder vibralion nay be
caused by a benl or oulofbalance drive shafl
condilion. A secondorder vibralion nay be
caused by drive shafl angle, Ujoinl cancellalion,
and worn CVjoinls or Ujoinls. A fourlhorder
vibralion nay be caused by a worn CVjoinl or
Ujoinl.
DriveIine Vibration
Driveline vibralions can be caused by:
Danaged drive shafls
issing shafl balance weighls
vorn or oulofbalance wheels
Loose wheel bolls
vorn Ujoinls or conslanl velocily joinls
Loose or broken springs
Loose pinion gear nul
Excessive pinion yoke runoul
n addilion, check for loose or danaged fronl
end conponenls or engine/lransnission
nounls. These conponenls can conlribule lo
whal appears lo be a rearend vibralion. Do
nol overlook engine accessories, brackels, and
drive bells. All driveline conponenls should be
exanined before allenpling any repair.
55
Bent Drive Shafts
A benl drive shafl can cause a vibralion
in lhe vehicle. f a benl drive shafl is
suspecled, perforn a runoul check on lhe
drive shafl. The dial indicalor nusl be placed
al a 90 degree angle fron lhe drive shafl
for accurale readings. Firsl, neasure lhe
runoul close lo each yoke weld and verify
il is wilhin lhe specifcalions in lhe service
infornalion. The second neasurenenl is
done in lhe cenler of lhe drive shafl lo verify
il is wilhin specifcalions. f lhe runoul is
nol wilhin lhe specifcalions, lhe drive shafl
nusl be replaced.
9001860
Fear Drive Shafls
9001861
Fronl Drive Shafls
56
Transmission Noise and Vibrations
Transnission relaled concerns can cause noise
or vibralions. The purpose of lhe lransnission
is lo provide several differenl gear ranges
lo inprove vehicle lorque and acceleralion
qualilies. The differenl gear ranges rolale al
differenl speeds fron lhe lire and wheel and
shafls.
f lhe lransnission is causing lhe noise and
vibralion il will usually change characlerislics
when lhe differenl gear ranges are selecled.
osl lransnission noises and vibralion will nol
be presenl when lhe lransnission is placed in
neulral during lhe road lesl.
anual lransnissions ulilize a clulch assenbly
belween lhe engine and lransnission. The
clulch assenbly can cause noise and vibralion.
f il is suspecled lhal lhe nanual lransnission
is causing noise and vibralion, refer lo lhe
lransnission seclion of lhe service infornalion
for diagnoslic procedures.
Aulonalic lransnissions ulilize a lorque
converler belween lhe engine and lransnission.
The lorque converler is driven al engine speed.
Torque converler frequency will nalch engine
frequency.
A locking lorque converler inproves fuel
nileage and reduces engine enissions. This
conponenl can cause noise and vibralion
concerns. The lorque converler operalion can
be nonilored wilh a scan lool. Fefer lo service
infornalion lo diagnose lorque converler
concerns.
9001869
57
DifferentiaI Operation
The differenlial gear syslen divides lhe lorque
belween lhe axle shafls. l allows lhe axle
shafls lo rolale al differenl speeds when lurning
corners. osl differenlials consisl of a pair
of side gears and a pair of pinion gears. Each
differenlial side gear is splined lo an oulpul
shafl. The pinion gears are nounled on a pinion
shafl and are free lo rolale on lhe shafl. The
pinion gear is flled in a bore in lhe differenlial
case and is posilioned al a righl angle lo lhe
axle shafls.
n operalion, power How occurs as follows:
The pinion gear rolales lhe ring gear
The ring gear (bolled lo lhe differenlial
case rolales lhe case
n slraighl ahead driving, lhe differenlial
case rolales as one conplele unil, no
differenlial gears (pinion or side gears
rolale, and lransnil power lo lhe oulpul
shafls
vhen cornering, lhe differenlial pinion
gears (nounled on lhe pinion shafl in lhe
case rolale lhe side gears al a difference
in speed allowing lhe lires lo rolale
snoolhly
The side gears (splined lo lhe oulpul
shafls rolale lhe shafls, during slraighl
ahead driving or cornering
Straight-Ahead Driving
During slraighlahead driving, lhe differenlial
pinion gears do nol rolale on lhe differenlial
pinion shafl, because inpul lorque applied lo lhe
gears is divided and dislribuled equally belween
lhe lwo side gears. As a resull, lhe pinion gears
revolve wilh lhe differenlial pinion shafl, bul do
nol rolale around il.
Turning Corners
The oulside wheel nusl lravel a grealer
dislance lhan lhe inside wheel in order lo
conplele a lurn. The difference nusl be
conpensaled for lo prevenl lhe lires fron
scuffng and skidding lhrough lurns.
The differenlial allows lhe axle shafls lo lurn
al unequal speeds. n lhis inslance, lhe inpul
lorque applied lo lhe pinion gears is nol divided
equally. The pinion gears now rolale around lhe
pinion nale shafl in opposile direclions. This
allows lhe side gear and axle shafl allached lo
lhe oulside wheel lo rolale al a fasler speed.
f a noise or vibralion is being caused by lhe
differenlial, lhe concern will usually change
characlerislics during slraighlahead driving and
when lurning corners. This is due lo lhe differenl
operalion of lhe differenlial when lurning.
Differenlial noises are oflen lorque sensilive
resulling in characlerislic changes when
changing lorque inpul.
During a road lesl, drive in a fgure 3 pallern, in
a safe and open area, and delernine if lhe VH
concern is nore pronounced while loading lhe
differenlial gears.
Consull lhe axle seclion of service infornalion if
il is suspecled lhe differenlial is causing a noise
or vibralion concern.
58
Bearing Noise
vheel bearings and pinion and differenlial gear
bearings can produce noise when worn or
danaged. Bearing noise can be eilher a whining
or a growling sound.
Faully wheel bearings produce noise lhal
generally changes when lhe bearings are
loaded. vhen road lesling lhe vehicle, lurn lhe
vehicle sharply lo lhe lefl and righl. This loads
lhe bearings and changes lhe noise level. vhen
wheel bearing danage is slighl, lhe noise is
usually nol noliceable al speeds above 30 nph
(43 kph.
Pinion bearings usually change noise
characlerislics when lorque inpul is changed, ie.
coasling or hard acceleralions
90018562
vheel Bearing
vheel Hub
Axle Shafl
Gear Noise
Cear noise usually occurs al specifc speed
ranges, usually belween 30 and 40 nph (43 and
64 kph or above 50 nph (30.5 kph. Cear noise
can also occur during specifc driving condilions
such as acceleralion, deceleralion, coasl, or
conslanl load. Cear noises usually disappear
if lhe vehicle is allowed lo coasl wilhoul any
acceleralion or deceleralion lorque applied lo
lhe gears.
DriveIine Snap
A snap or clunk noise when lhe vehicle is
shifled inlo gear (or lhe clulch is engaged can
be caused by:
High engine idle speed
Loose engine/lransnission/lransfer case
nounls
vorn Ujoinls
Loose axle nounls
Loose pinion gear nul and yoke
Excessive ring gear backlash
Excessive side gear/case clearance
The source of a snap or clunking noise can be
delernined by raising lhe vehicle on a hoisl
wilh lhe wheels free lo rolale. Have anolher
lechnician shifl lhe lransnission inlo gear
and lislen for lhe noise. A slelhoscope, eilher
nanual or eleclronic, is helpful in isolaling lhe
source of lhe noise.
Use caulion when working around
rolaling conponenls.
59
Suspension Components
The suspension syslen plays a large role in
lhe effecls of VH on a vehicle. Sinilar lo lhe
sleering syslen conponenls, lhe suspension of
a vehicle can easily acl as lhe nediun lhrough
which vibralion can be lransferred. vhen lhe
source of an VH concern is delernined, you
usually can fnd lhe cause by perforning a
lhorough visual inspeclion.
Passengers of a vehicle are sensilive lo lhe
effecls of a harsh riding suspension. For lhis
reason, various neasures are laken in lhe
design and developnenl phase of a vehicles
suspension. For exanple, springs and bushings
are carefully selecled lo provide a snoolh ride
and also lo reduce lhe inpacl of sleering forces.
The vibralion of a vehicles suspension syslen
consisls of verlical and longiludinal forces.
The verlical forces are conlrolled by well
proporlioned sprung and unsprung weighls,
shocks, and coil springs.
Longiludinal forces are conlrolled by careful
seleclion of suspension bushings. The
suspension of a parlicular vehicle is designed so
lhal lhe lower conlrol arns absorb longiludinal
inpacls fron lhe lires. Tire inpacl is furlher
danpened by bushings before being lransnilled
lhrough lhe crossnenber lo lhe body. This
longiludinal conpliance depends on lhe spring
conslanl rale of lhe rubber insulalor bushings.
9001850
Bushings are designed so lhey are sofler in one
area lhan in anolher. Bushings are nade sofler
in lhe longiludinal direclion so lhe effecls of lire
inpacl, or road shock, are reduced. Bushings
are nade sliffer in lhe laleral direclion so
sleering lhe vehicle does nol have as nuch of
an adverse effecl. l is inporlanl lhal bushings
and insulalors are in good condilion, and lhey
are of lhe specifed lype in order lo avoid VH
concerns in lhe suspension.
oise fron lhe suspension is lypically caused
by one of lhe following:
Loose conponenls
vorn bushings
Poor lubricalion
60
Steering Components
any cusloner concerns regarding VH are
relaled lo lhe sleering syslen. This is because
lhe driver is holding lhe sleering wheel al all
lines while driving, and any vibralions fron
lhe lires or suspension are lransferred lo lhe
sleering conponenls. oiserelaled concerns
are usually generaled wilhin lhe sleering
syslen ilself. Vibralionrelaled concerns can be
caused by nany differenl conponenls, including
conponenls in lhe suspension, lires, and
wheels.
Noise
Sone sleering syslen sounds are nornal
and should nol be of concern. There are sone
inherenl noises in all power sleering syslens.
However, olher sounds nay indicale a problen
wilhin lhe sleering syslen. any nornal
sleering syslen sounds are relaled lo lhe
power sleering punp. Hissing and rallling are
lwo sleering syslen relaled noises lhal nay
occur.
Hiss
A hissing noise usually originales in lhe sleering
gearbox and power sleering punp. vilh lhe
vehicle slalionary, a hissing sound nay be
heard when lhe sleering wheel is lurned, which
resulls fron Huid pressure pulsalion in lhe
punp.
vhen diagnosing a hissing noise concern, frsl
inspecl all sleering hoses lo ensure lhey are nol
louching olher parls of lhe vehicle.
Check service infornalion and lechnical service
bullelins for possible updaled hoses or hose
roulings when diagnosing a hissing concern.
RattIe
Fallle usually originales in lhe sleering gear. The
possible causes for lhis condilion are:
vorn sleering or suspension
conponenls
vorn or danaged rackandpinion
relainers and bushings
Pressure hoses louching olher vehicle
conponenls
TooIs
61
Sirometer (Vibratach)
The sironeler is a lool lhal is useful when
diagnosing VH concerns. Originally used for
reading snall engine rpn, lhis inexpensive
lool is highly accurale for neasuring vibralion
frequencies. The sironeler has enough range
lo neasure lhe najorily, if nol all, of an
aulonobiles vibralion frequencies. The lool can
be purchased al nosl full service snall engine
repair and parls cenlers.
The sironeler has a wire lhal, when adjusled
lo lhe proper lenglh, resonales lo lhe vibralion
frequency. To use lhe sironeler, hold il againsl
a vibraling conponenl. Folale lhe dial lo
exlend lhe wire and change lhe wires resonanl
frequency unlil lhe wire vibrales al ils widesl
arc. Then read lhe frequency on lhe lools face,
labeled Cycles Per Second - Herlz.
Always adjusl lhe lenglh of lhe wire fron ils
snallesl lenglh lo ils longesl lenglh lo ensure
all frequencies are being recorded. l is possible
lo have nore lhan one vibralion presenl in a
vehicle.
TooIs
62
90018542
EVA II
The EVA allows for a syslenalic colleclion
of infornalion lhal is necessary lo accuralely
diagnose and repair VH problens. The proper
use of lhe EVA can signifcanlly reduce vehicle
service line. The lool uses an eleclronic pick
up lhal neasures vibralion frequency and
anplilude. An addilional pickup can be added
and lwo sources of vibralions can be conpared.
The pickups can be placed anywhere on lhe
vehicle. By placing lhe pickup on differenl areas
of lhe vehicle and conparing lhe vibralions
anplilude, as displayed on lhe screen, lhe
source of lhe vibralion can be localed by lhe
highesl anplilude. f lhe sleering wheel or
passengers seal is vibraling, lhe pickup can be
placed lhere lo neasure lhe vibralion.
The EVA conlains a soflware dalabase lhal
conlains nosl lire sizes and axle gear ralios.
vhen lhe correcl vehicle infornalion is enlered
inlo lhe EVA , lhe lool will delernine and
display lhe source(s of lhe vibralion. This
fealure elininales nosl of lhe nalhenalical
fornulas and calculales lhe known frequencies
of rolaling conponenls.
The EVA can record snapshols during a road
lesl and lhe dala replayed lo delernine lhe
vibralion frequency. This is useful for inlernillenl
or shorl duralion vibralions.
The EVA has fealure lo use an induclive
pickup lining lighl lo visually Hash a vibralion
frequency. The operalion nanual for lhe lool
describes how lo use lhis fealure lo help in
diagnosing lhe localion of a vibralions source.
The Hashing lining lighl can be used lo balance
propeller shafls.
Conlacl Equipnenl Solulions for nore
infornalion on lhe EVA .
TooIs
63
ChassisEAR
The ChassisEAF is a versalile eleclronic
lislening lool lhal allows lhe user lo lislen
lo anplifed sounds lhrough a professional
sel of headphones. The proper use of lhe
ChassisEAF can reduce lhe line in diagnosing
VH concerns on a vehicle. The lool has
nulliple nicrophone inpuls lhal can be placed
in differenl seclions of lhe vehicle. Allachnenl
of lhe six nicrophones and clanps helps lo
locale nany diffculllodiagnose vehicle parls.
During a road lesl, lhese parls do nol nake
lhe sane sounds as when lhe car is on a
hoisl. To accuralely diagnose an undervehicle
problen, operale lhe vehicle so all parls and
bearings are under full load. The differenl inpuls
allow lhe loudesl area lo be delernined and
lhus delernine lhe possible source. Place lhe
nicrophones on parls or areas suspecled as
being lhe possible source. Sone of lhese
vehicle parls and areas include:
vheel bearings
Brake calipers
CV joinls
Leaf and coil springs
Differenlial
Transnission
Body squeaks and rallles
Under dash
Fuel injeclors
Ceneralor
valer punp
Snog punp
Power sleering punp
Air condilioning conpressors
Fenenber lhal noises can be caused fron
a vibralion lhal resonales lhrough anolher
conponenl causing il lo vibrale. Always check
for a vibralion frequency when beginning lo
diagnose a noise concern.
Conlacl Equipnenl Solulions for nore
infornalion on lhe ChassisEAF.
TooIs
64
Other TooIs
Several aulonolive lool nanufaclurers have
developed eleclronic lools for neasuring and
recording noises and vibralions. Sone of lhese
lools have nulliple vibralion and noise inpuls,
recording and graphing capabililies. ol all of
lhe lools available have been covered.
Please conlacl aulonolive lool nanufaclurers lo
requesl infornalion.
9001867
GIossary
65
NVH TerminoIogy
AudibIe Range of Sound - Sounds lhal are in
lhe range of 20 lo 20,000 Herlz (Hz.
AmpIitude - The verlical neasurenenl
belween lhe lop and bollon of a wave. Also
see nagnilude.
Beat - An VH concern produced by lwo
sounds lhal is nosl noliceable when lhe
frequency difference is 1 lo 6 Hz.
Bead Seating - The process of sealing lhe
lire lo lhe rin. f properly lubricaled lhe bead
sealing occurs when lhe lire and wheel are
assenbled.
CompeIIing Force - A vibraling objecl acling
upon anolher objecl lhal causes lhe olher
objecl lo vibrale.
CycIe - The palh a wave lravels before lhe wave
begins lo repeal lhe palh again.
Dampen - To reduce lhe nagnilude of a noise
or vibralion.
Dampers - A conponenl used lo danpen
a noise or vibralion. Foan and rubber are
connonly used lo danpen vibralions.
Dynamic BaIance - A procedure lhal balances a
lire and wheel assenbly in lwo planes. Dynanic
balance renoves radial and laleral vibralions.
Droning, High-Speed - A long duralion, non
direclional hunning noise lhal is unconforlable
lo lhe ears and has a range of 50 nph (30.5 kph
and up.
Droning, Low-Speed - A long duralion, low
pilched noise lhal is nondireclional and has a
range of up lo 30 nph (43 kph.
Droning, MiddIe-Speed - A long duralion, low
pilched noise lhal is nondireclional and has a
range of 30 lo 50 nph (43 lo 30.5 kph.
EIectronic Vibration AnaIyzer II (EVA II) - An
eleclronic VH diagnoslic lool lhal neasures
frequency and anplilude.
Frequency - The nunber of conplele cycles
lhal occurs in a given period of line.
Harshness - An aggressive suspension feel or
lack of give in response lo a single inpul.
Hertz - The unil of frequency neasurenenl
in seconds (a vibralion occurring 3 lines per
second would be an 3 Hz vibralion.
Intensity - The physical qualily of sound lhal
relales lo lhe anounl and direclion of lhe How
of acouslic energy al a given speed.
LateraI Runout - A condilion where a rolaling
conponenl does nol rolale in a lrue plane. The
conponenl noves sideloside (wobbles on ils
rolalional axis.
Magnitude (AmpIitude) - The anounl of force
or lhe inlensily of lhe vibralion. The nagnilude
or slrenglh of a vibralion is always grealesl al
lhe poinl of resonance.
Medium - Provides a palh for sound waves lo
lravel lhrough.
NaturaI Frequency - The frequency lhal a
conponenl will vibrale lhe easiesl. ornally,
lhe larger lhe nass, lhe lower ils nalural
frequency.
Engine block (24 Hz
Tire and wheel assenblies (115 Hz -
proporlional lo vehicle speed
Suspension (1015 Hz
Driveline (2060 Hz
Differenlial conponenls (120300 Hz
Noise - The unpleasanl or unexpecled sound
crealed by a vibraling objecl.
Order - The nunber of dislurbances crealed in
one revolulion of a conponenl.
Phase - The posilion of a vibralion cycle relalive
lo anolher vibralion cycle in lhe sane herlz rale
(line frane.
GIossary
66
Phase - The cycle pallern of lwo or nore
vibralions lhal overlap and conbine lo increase
or decrease lhe overall nagnilude.
Pitch - The physical qualily of sound lhal relales
lo lhe frequency of lhe wave.
RadiaI Force Variation (RFV) - A neasurenenl
of lhe lires unifornily, under load, in regards
lo lhe varialion of lhe load acling lowards lhe
cenler of lhe lire, connonly referred lo as lhe
lires sidewall varialion.
RadiaI Runout - A condilion where a rolaling
conponenl does nol rolale in a lrue plane. The
conponenl noves up and down on ils rolalional
axis.
Resonance - The lendency of a syslen lo
respond increasingly lo a conpelling force
oscillaling al, or near, lhe nalural frequency of
lhe syslen. This causes a sudden and large
vibralion.
Road Noise - A noise lhal occurs while driving
on gravel or roughly paved roads al all vehicle
speeds, or when a vehicle is coasling.
Shake, LateraI - A sideloside vibralion of lhe
body, seals, and sleering wheel.
Shake, VerticaI - An up and down vibralion of
lhe body, seals, and sleering wheel.
Shimmy, High-Speed - A vibralion lhal causes
lhe sleering wheel lo oscillale when driving on
snoolh roads al high speeds.
Shimmy, Low-Speed - A vibralion lhal causes
lhe sleering wheel lo oscillale when driving
across a bunp al low speeds.
Source Component - The conponenl lhal is
diagnosed as being lhe rool cause of a vibralion
or noise concern.
Sound - The resull of a vibraling dislurbance of
an objecl, which produces waves lhal lransnil
oul fron lhe source.
Static BaIance - The nelhod of balancing a lire
and wheel assenbly in a single plane. Slalic
balancing renoves only lhe laleral (side lo
side, wobble inbalance and lhe lire and wheel
assenbly could possibly have a radial (up and
down vibralion.
Torque Sensitive Vibration or Noise - A
vibralion or noise lhal is sensilive lo differenl
loads and lorque, applied lo lhe drive lrain of a
vehicle. The vibralion or noise changes when lhe
lhrollle posilion or lransnission gearing is used,
during a road lesl, lo change lhe lorque applied
lo lhe drive lrain.
Vibration - The repelilive nolion of an objecl,
back and forlh or up and down, which nay be
fell or heard.
WheeI Diameter - The dinension of a wheel
neasured on lhe inside of lhe wheel al lhe
bead seal area.
Diagnostic FIow Chart
67
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Vorsprung durch Technik
All rights reserved.
Technical specifications
subject to change
without notice.
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Noise Vibration and Harshness

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