ELE242 Lecture 11

Hacettepe University Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department ELE-242
ELE-242

STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS

Lecture 11 Magnetic Force & Pressure

Prof. Dr. Adnan Kksal

1
LECTURE 11

EXAMPLE: Two parallel wires carrying currents I
1
and I
2
lie on the y-z plane. Given
that the wires are in z direction, and the distance between the wires is d, find the force
per unit length of the second wire.

SOLUTION: The force applied on wire 2 by wire 1 can be written as

F
12
= I
2
(o
z
B
12
)

O
y
d
z
I
1

I
2

x
2
LECTURE 11

where B
12
is the magnetic flux density of wire 1 at wire 2. Considering the problem
geometry, B
12
is found as

B
12
=
p
0
I
1
2nJ
(o
x
)

If we substitute this in the force expression, we get

F
12
= o
p
0
I
1
I
2
2nJ
(Ntm)

This is an attractive force. So, if the currents are in the same direction, the force is
attractive.

If the currents are in opposite direction, the force is repulsive, in that case the wires
push each other away.
3
LECTURE 11

EXAMPLE: Consider a small loop of radius b with current I in a magnetic field B
.
Investigate the force and torque on the loop.

SOLUTION: Divide B
into two parts; one being perpendicular (B
), and the other

being parallel (B
) to the plane of the loop. Therefore, we can write

B
= B
+B

i) Consider the effect of the perpendicular component first. The force F
on the
loop is radially outward for this case. As a result, the total F
is zero, causing no
net movement.

B

I

b

F

4
LECTURE 11

ii) B
II
causes rotation since force on Jl
1
is out of the paper whereas force on Jl
2
is
into the paper. Hence, we can calculate the torque by integration of the torque
on this differential pair.

The net torque applied on Jl
1
anu Jl
2
is

JI
= o
x
(JF)2b sin

x
T
1

F
2

dI
1

dI
2

y
B

5
LECTURE 11

In order to see this, use the torque expression I
= r F

Now, the torque on Jl
1
is obtained as

JI
1
= b o
JF o
z
= o
q
1
b JF = o
x
JFb sin o
JFb cos

whereas the torque on Jl
2
is
a
q
2
h dF

a
q
1
h dF
a
q
2
h dF
9 q
9 q

9 q
cancel
6
LECTURE 11

JI
2
= b o
JF(o
z
) = o
q
2
b JF = o
x
JFb sin +o
JFb cos

and the addition of the two gives

JI
= JI
1
+ JI
2
= o
x
(JF) 2b sin

The total torque is found by integration as

I
= _JI
= o
x
2 Ib
2
B
_sin
2
n
o
J = o
x
I (nb
2
)B

Using
m = o
n
I _
nb
2
S
_ magnetic uipole moment vectoi
we obtain
I
= m B
(Ntm)
Note that
m B
= m B
+m B
= m B

7
LECTURE 11

EXAMPLE: A rectangular loop carrying currrent I is in a magnetic field given by

B
= o
x
B
x
+o
+ o
z
B
z

where B
x
, B
, anu B
z
are constants. Determine the force & torque on the loop.

h
1

h
2

B

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
y
x
8
LECTURE 11

SOLUTION: Magnetic field can be decomposed into its perpendicular and parallel
components as

B
= o
z
B
z
anu B
= o
x
B
x
+o
exerts no net force, since forces cancel each other side by side.

For B
: Let us look at the forces on each side

F
1
= I b
1
o
x
(o
x
B
x
+ o
) = o
z
I b
1
B
= F
3

F
2
= I b
2
(o
) (o
x
B
x
+ o
) = o
z
I b
2
B
x
= F
4

Here, again we have F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
+ F
4
= u. However, the torque is not zero.

The torque I
13
due to forces F
1
anu F
3
on sides (1) and (3) is

I
13
= o
x
I b
1
b
2
B

9
LECTURE 11

We use r = _
b
2
o
, since x component of r gives zero torque. If we look at the y

components, we see that

I
13
1
= I b
1
B
_
b
2
2
] o
o
z
I
13
3
= I b
1
B
_
b
2
2
] o
o
z
_ = I
13

Similarly, the torque I
24
due to forces F
2
anu F
4
on sides (2) and (4) is

I
24
= o
I b
1
b
2
B
x

Hence, the total torque can be found as

I
= I
13
+ I
24
= I b
1
b
2
(o
x
B
B
x
) Nt-m

10
LECTURE 11

FORCE AND TORQUE IN TERMS OF MAGNETIC ENERGY

We will use the virtual displacement principle. Two separate cases are possible:
Constant flux, and constant current.

1) System of Circuits with Constant Flux Linkages

If we assume no change in flux, this means no emf will be created in any loop during
the displacement. So the sources will not supply any energy. Therefore, the mechanical
work,

F
q
Jl

is done at the expense of a decrease in the stored magnetic energy of the system. Here,
F
q
is the force under constant flux condition.

These facts can be expressed mathematically as

11
LECTURE 11

F
q
Jl
= Jw
m
= (w
m
) Jl
q
= w
m
Nt

In Cartesian coordinates we can write

(F
q
)
x
=
ow
m
ox
, (F
q
)
=
ow
m
oy
, (F
q
)
z
=
ow
m
oz

If the circuit is rotated about an axis, for example z axis, then the mechanical work
done will be (I
q
)
z
J, and the torque can be written as

(I
q
)
z
=
ow
m
o
(Nt-m)

12
LECTURE 11

EXAMPLE: Consider the electromagnet with N turns of wire on it carrying current I
as shown in the figure below. Find the force F
applied on the armature.

SOLUTION: Introduce virtual displacement Jy in the armature. Then, the differential
change in the stored magnetic energy will be due to change in the air gap only.

y
F

Cioss-sectional aiea= S
q
I
N
13
LECTURE 11

Jw
m
= J(w
m
)
aii-gap
= 2 _
B
2
2p
0
S Jy_ =

2
p
0
S
Jy

Now assume a constant flux case. We can write the force as

F
= o
(F
= _
Jw
m
Jy
] = o

2
p
0
S

Note that the energy stored in the air gap increases, and the magnet tries to reduce the
gap length. In other words, the magnet pulls the armature and resists the change in y.

2) System of Circuits with Constant Currents

In this case, circuits are connected to current sources which resist the emf resulting
from the changes in flux linkages. The changes in flux linkages are caused by the
virtual displacement.

14
LECTURE 11

The energy supplied by the sources can be written as

Jw
s
= I
k
J
k
k

This energy supplied by the sources is equal to the sum of the mechanical work done
during the displacement, and the increase in the stored magnetic energy.

Hence, we can write

Jw
s
= Jw+ Jw
m

where Jw is the mechanical work done during the movement, which in turn is written
as

Jw = F
I
Jl

The differential change in the stored magnetic energy is given as

15
LECTURE 11

Jw
m
=
1
2
I
k
J
k
k
=
1
2
Jw
s

Now, we can solve for F
using the data we gathered as:

Jw = F
I
Jl
= Jw
m
= (w
m
) Jl
I
= w
m
(Nt)

Similar analysis yields the torque:

(I
I
)
z
=
ow
m
o
(Nt-m)

Let us solve the same electromagnet problem using constant current assumption.
Recall the flux expression using reluctance.

=
NI
Reluctance
anu =
p S

16
LECTURE 11

We know that,

w
m
=
1
2
I I
2
()

We need to express the inductance in terms of flux. Since

=
NI
c
+ 2yp
0
S

we can write the inductance as

I =
N
I
=
N
2
c
+ 2yp
0
S

If this is used in (*), the resulting equation can be used to find the force as
17
LECTURE 11

F
I
= o
I
2
2

JI
Jy
= o
1
p
0
S
_
NI
c
+ 2yp
0
S
_
2
= o

2
p
0
S

which is the same as our first approach.

FORCE & TORQUE IN TERMS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

In the constant current case, consider two circuits. We can write the total stored
magnetic energy of the system as

w
m
=
1
2
I
1
I
1
2
+I
12
I
1
I
2
+
1
2
I
2
I
2
2

Since F
I
= w
m
, we find

F
I
= I
1
I
2
(I
12
)

Because during the displacement I
1
and I
2
remain constant, only I
12
changes.

18
LECTURE 11

If we need the torque also, the torque about the z axis, for example can be written
easily as

(I
i
)
z
= I
1
I
2
oI
12
o

MAGNETIC PRESSURE

Consider the boundary between two magnetic materials as shown in the figure.

1

B
n

H
t

P
19
LECTURE 11

When p
2
> p
1
the pressure will be as shown, and directed from the region of high
permeability to the region of low permeability.

As in the electric case, the pressure is equal to the difference between the energy
densities in the two mediums, and given by

P =
1
2
(p
2
p
1
) _E
t
2
+
B
n
2
p
1
p
2
_

PROOF: Use the virtual displacement principle, and look at the change in the
magnetic energy.

We know that

Jw
m
=
1
2p
0
p
B
2
J:
and

20
LECTURE 11

B = p
0
p
E

using this in the earlier equation gives

Jw
m
=
1
2
p
0
p
E
2
J:

In the virtual displacement situation, stored magnetic energy changes just because the
volumes of the materials with different permeability changes, as shown in the figure
below.

Using the figure, we can write the differential change in the stored magnetic energy as
1

dx
21
LECTURE 11

Jw
m
=
1
2
p
2
E
2
2
SJx
1
2
p
1
E
1
2
SJx

Case A) Let E
1
and E
2
be both tangential to the interface. Then, using the continuity
of the tangential magnetic fields, we obtain

E
1
= E
1t
, E
2
= E
2t
E
1t
= E
2t
= E
t

Using this in the differential energy change expression gives

Jw
m
=
1
2
(p
2
p
1
)E
t
2
SJx
Recalling that

o
n
E
= [
s

We can deduce that

E
t
I
22
LECTURE 11

Then, under constant current condition (now becomes constant E
t
)

F =
Jw
m
Jx

Substituting the known quantities we get

F
x
=
Jw
m
Jx
=
1
2
(p
2
p
1
)E
t
2
S

and
P =
F
x
S
=
1
2
(p
2
p
1
)E
t
2

which is clearly the difference between the energy densities of the two mediums.

23
LECTURE 11

CASE B) Note that we can also write Jw
m
as

Jw
m
= _
1
2p
2
B
2
2
1
2p
1
B
1
2
] SJx

Let now the normal component of B exist only

B
2
= B
2n
B
1
= B
1n
_ B
2n
= B
1n
= B
n

where the boundary condition is also utilized. So we obtain

Jw
m
= _
1
2p
2
1
2p
1
] B
n
2
SJx

Now, B =

S
. This means that in order to keep B constant, flux must be kept constant.

24
LECTURE 11

F
x
=
Jw
m
Jx
=
1
2
_
1
p
2
1
p
1
] B
n
2
S =
1
2
_
1
p
1
1
p
2
] B
n
2
S
Then
P =
F
x
S
=
1
2
_
1
p
1
1
p
2
] B
n
2

Again the difference in energy densities. Noting that generally an arbitrary magnetic
field can be written as

E
= E
t
+ E
n
= E
t
+
B
n
p

We get the total pressure as,

P =
1
2
(p
2
p
1
)E
t
2
___________

eneigy uensity uiff. foi
tangential component
+
1
2
B
n
2
_
1
p
1
1
p
2
]
___________
eneigy uensity uiff. foi
noimal component

which, when simplified gives:
25
LECTURE 11

P =
1
2
(p
2
p
1
) _E
t
2
+
B
2
p
1
p
2
_

EXAMPLE: Consider the electromagnet example again, and find the total force acting
upon the bar magnetic material (armature).

2
=
2

x
F

aiea= S
I
N
2
=
B

26
LECTURE 11

SOLUTION:

1. The direction of force is determined by p
1
and p
2
. Since p
2
> p
1
the force is
directed upward.

2. In this problem E
t
= u. So the pressure expression becomes

P =
1
2
_
1
p
1
1
p
2
] B
n
2
=
1
2p
o
B
n
2
since p
2
= anu p
1
= p
0

Now, using magnetic circuit approach and Amperes law gives

N I = 2E
n
x E
n
=
NI
2x

Hence, the pressure is obtained as

27
LECTURE 11

P =
1
2p
0
_
N
2
I
2
p
0
2
4x
2
_ =
N
2
I
2
p
0
8x
2

Multiplication by the area gives the total force as

F
xtotuI
= 2 P S =
N
2
I
2
p
0
s
4x
2

where s is the cross-sectional area of the magnet. Multiplication by 2 is necessary,
since pressure is applied on both sides.

28
LECTURE 11

EXAMPLE: Consider the U-tube shown in the figure above, filled with a liquid of
unknown magnetic susceptibility
m
. One arm of the tube is under the effect of a
constant magnetic field E
, oriented as shown. Mass density of the liquid is p

m
, and the
difference between the liquid levels is h. Find
m
, the magnetic susceptibility of the
liquid.

SOLUTION:
Only tangential E
exists here. So the upward pressure in the left arm on the surface of
the liquid is
h
H

29
LECTURE 11

P =
1
2
(p p
0
)E
2

If S is the area of the tube cross-section, the force pulling the liquid upward is

F
m
=
1
2
(p p
0
)E
2
S

In equilibrium, this force must be compensated by the weight

p
m
g S

of the liquid above the lower level. Thus,

1
2
(p p
0
)E
2
S = p
m
g S p p
0
= 2 p
m
g E
2

is obtained.

30
LECTURE 11

Using
p p
0
= p
0
(p
1) = p
0
m

in the previous equation, and solving for
m
gives

m
=
2p
m
g
p
0
E
2

For example, if

p
m
= 1u
3
kgm
S
, g = 9.81 ms
2
, = 4 mm , anu E = 1 T

then
m
1u
-4
iesults.

ELE242 Lecture 11

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Hacettepe University Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department ELE-242

into two parts; one being perpendicular (B

), and the other

) to the plane of the loop. Therefore, we can write

: Let us look at the forces on each side

, since x component of r gives zero torque. If we look at the y

applied on the armature.

using the data we gathered as:

, oriented as shown. Mass density of the liquid is p

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