ACCCS IA

ist orre 37

Tor!drlprrLlervldr.Edirudi BlcaLL

PRIMTJLRAZBOIMONDIAL r9r4-r918

l{\"{;:i'
l"*t "j

Vyvyen Brcndon

Traducere de Drnrela Mscov

til

Cuprins

ii

rr

kr'\

s,

Dr$r)l!

!r\\r

2 Conlovcs

desprc r.izboi

r\\sr

5I

\r.iRin)R {r-

] ln\\r \r nii\\sn kr: Frr (rr' fI Rij,!

Crpitolul2
IiRr'.

ob,ecdveleitusurclcb.liBennrilor, 1914'1917

iDd niripetrh iudn,

C,pitolul

:r R\/tr{r(r (r r,)kt,n irr)/I a br | \ Rr\or i \ i.\ r\Drfrl\Dr\r.i rirrlEoeros.

N F ontul de V$r 9 I 4- I I ? 1 I'rrcduaF:.um s r sinblroriiC.iciunulin 2 Tcdrorii.tiigare, l9l.r

Impas
1
L

1914

Cruzcl. impasLltr' 19lt 'l lncliulrRi ior oltenrrive, 5 Hinxneaimnicultri, l9l6

7 r'rpoholid jnnooaic, l9l7 i Dnin penh' iudiu

crpnohl4

FrotuunkdeEnsidesud.

191,1'1917

I InhdreE -, "vil g.l 2

' 3 ^p.. Rapofttrile d micilc pderi: Tmia $ Balcanii 'l Lupll'd pnore non Fro'rulditr lhlir
hdtumin p.ntu $udr

tun'u

lid. ud'dnPu i'

CuvAnt inainte
3 Cotr'fritir Fnrtu..un loc mrL bun c Pisdnd trpnns fcul din cimin
sub

Serii ,,Acces
Uhimeleerape ab.azboiului:

islorie"

r toi initirti :nri rls

la nLvcltrl

ccn clor

md l9l3

123

3 Jucitrd trxi'.r cde Fnnrul de ve* 4 E\pkatii despa innangeE si vicbne Mo$cniu nondi.ll a rlzboiului

rlii iiteEsrn{c $i cnitorului obnrtrtr Fderpinciprliadnii(rexrulpmp,iu zn,Dr,tmtrn iuriritcdct. srnsiturcrprolelo,)repqi i tri$trdiuulordccnirsi incirrn[orodrri. cea c@rcita occcsad uiui.c.crhi isrori.e lntniiarurorior a h{ ! concra x unff clndrcdc di,l rrd, cisi siDrkr cirtr iiGhirf \irc..i0ciriilidi) iD I sitomra o
rivc. dtr oferi o nrultLno dc inlorfr

oFi,ricdcsprsubicdulpurindiscutic Anlel,iilocsihns jioslf,, dc,.llleviiruriisoncc'plare, luciinbdinrceAricolediec.r.r t)triclc de vedeF si inteQreriri dLlifte

163

MoieniB leidr,

aonomicit si

.ulrurill
172

ii

cea de

modificipe.eledejaexisrenrecuscopurdc, !ir]th\i:|norund.l s$iecrur sarinea,.obLcdiv.dealiis,..ft urmcrzii Jupiiddtr1iecdr .rproL, {rc nci'tor sli vi on!.nrftze r'e.M asup'r remei {remelo4
s'biec(uluisau
ubiedelor dezbatuG secriunea.,si {udLcm

adouacllilic.a.enei.iti. rdonliraoducenrudui

no,

nlc

pnncipale de crpno tul u i respecr iv, iar casera cu ,.p6blcnic . hcie" crc umcui dupi majorirarc. sub!(lrilor.rpilohlorvidrisc dcniir asupm
s

capiori
od

3pir.r, !ii sugoreazii moduli. caE vi putri i'su!i .cle mai nulrc iiform ii di. crpirolul Espediv

I'u.'rl..ubp.ee

re. F'-"/,

o" tr,ful.

creilrverihdrpoTile.purnprcccd.iihoddifoDnli(dtrn.i.ind
roloell .ccalil .de penlru prcsiiriar mui exrne. De erempn', daci doriri si vi tormari o Ldee Bene,trlt a!u|Jrx subiedului,in cel naiscunrimpposibll, urn omle clli d li. proL,{q"

Cirili.rpirolul I n' nrrcenn! Pc Circu6tr l.duriilii4i dr OobhmcLconDi&ni sednLnea .Obiecrive de dins"

Cauzele
serma
ror

rizboiului

Pcdr

f(r!tLi

rc

c{nol!lqun'iilor.,

q,thltrl.q,ndu vihre.m{hca

.0bicdi!c dr ditrJ :i.

Jri

nLbicdtrl vii

'_i..p.r nrer$ci.ii. !nilr

cu rcriunea

froblcrn' dczbiihrc Ccl Dri rdcsli. noLlr trlcrLi cle dc rispf nde hinrcbma(in(rcbiriLc)dincrcu.u..Jrrobkm.ch!ic

a
.

DKidodrisil$o (iinkcag.rc arni trc.csri, rr r, rvanLjos si rblosni peDrn

Pe pacuGul srudiei rcoslui caplrorlnftcali si rispundel s ngud ia inlGbarea, c ne e de vln5 penlru izbucn rea dzbdiu ui sau ce a nune -a prcvocar? A i6t cman a mai vinovata dcal a k la'i? Au rNl d v od penldacGt mhi icl dezsrruos Fnducibn milta , polith enii sau oamenii obisnuil ?

cir'a dclPtroLLLl,de prelen( inr o ciri(i.ivctl ii rldcrcrorciidLctrlLt.delx\.r.mer..ohiedive c@a.&|frpenuUGemmdupeV.loE6uptFmnlei

Ciririscdn'n.r..Slinudicncr
\ectiuni rle

lllul' lil scdiL[cr..Sarilsnu'. " vi '.

k. ^b!,." \iInmuhti vi risprDvLnGin

tebui si .irili .rpirolul . doua oali si si ( si \crieri tr.- Fztrmat) h cer ce rricnit Band,ri

'

r.d. r. n. .'..1.'. " p.l r{.tr

tiinii,

Gemania incepe prcEamu mildrde se incheie o a ianrE intre Marca Bntanic s J.ponia. A.od ans ornez (^nranla co'n a , )

minre sru in

\rir
inro eqerc

se..e6 incheiari idr Ma

Dupli (e 11i .i1i( intc.ga lu.nrc. $udLa11 scr!itrnca ..Lecrun suplmeirare si rlegcriacelerirluricarev rpuh.omplebinlomdiile Scopul no!tu r fos sil vi t.zir iir

\r,, F.r r.<'.r':.

!1. o ri

siu 23

ie uie

Geman

a se orerS s5

alule Ausha

Ulfrarufru Auslieiransmiss'ber

raugds G6mm a dec a|i dzboiFus e 3auqusr Geman a dd ari dboiF,anl Gerunia lnEdeaza Be g a.

respinsli nel de Cemmir in mii po$belici si r ajuns curind subi.d de dezbarere ace$i inte isiorici din {oare lirile rnii '20 si '10 une' Esponsabililiti genenle r Plns teEn ar ir cdcunle pDl,!.e 'da cdt ri in elc eadcmicc. vim au putu. o acuD ra.bii eeErelL, lrduin

sccrclonania d:plomaliei, cofrpcr4h ecodotrrci. cu^a nranni L ti inpoialismol Id conse.in6. $a consi&dr .i1 fi@irc Fi1!vc! o 0!nc

&.:
(iza(

rclr (trin!.
.ii. dc
l,Lpr.

clcN( fi Dr.Ontr! ir iilLr! rclun ChirKipliiCepft ru i-a lNs riulL'i \!u. i,' vi$r,: dc 17 riidrd s r iroh! br

ry,, in ) ) iParLi ntul d. v.{ Ae id r.!d 0ar

Pim.lm:n, r. JM.n.Bn.nii DrilllrJ.jr. inaysderc jn puncl lcen de dunci cand a scis. rnemo ile !!h. in.irullrc w..Ms'i"r..i,.in 1914nafi'nilc]ru riirirpiinilla!!z.nul lo o' , /bo'. Li nnr,ndJ - -l
Inst izbucnircr celui de rl doilea rizb lutne a Esponsabilitidi Cemaniei penh pnmul rizboi

si rli put{ !i \c lcurci{it ncdi.d. k' ds.tr6$lc srlc. K,plidg tr ',iop d M rlblou idprctiodJ'r aupd .i.noldtri hun f.ih r i derennD |I riDed sii m.qi la .iizb.i. Cu tole ardre{ e pulin prob.bil cr *dir.dl I rgl.z \i:i li schimbd .o.vi.!edle din c.uzt pienbni peMn.ld suldire P $rbil ci pemul er me rir sii i r.uze F menii de su( liben'li ot&lici ri r ni.lilit poporul englez. $crrzind evenlualirder unui conlli( N um, On.e r li !n{ si spunii Kplin!. riindoril. sile i,' pus o intcbe r7:ir.re pnviurc Lr vinovxrii sr h !N^le ift au dG la hodd lui k)lri { r rlr.f tr{. 3 D iom d. souan (de bab mtonrriddle). inolrt

-r al '. r 'l'- t' pe. e, ' Albedini spune in nnrl ci ,.deptim si uliimr esponsrbihac pentru
.pLTnrnt d?noiului Fbuie Nsd

nondid

rn

raftul ci celelalte 6ri ...u s ru xLtbr jnspiimanhb de ftrtuna care e dezltnruir"l honcd Seman F,iD F schs ri a intunat compariodi atunci .lnd. in 1961. a dedmt ci |:zbolul s a daronr Ceiinaniei inle iinte.!u poh, ei de x deveni pubrc nondialt. $ a fi.ut o pmleli intc p.hica rinpllui $ cs a naisrilor.' A.c$e iudii tu d$ la ru.imide. dcunenrelor ti la conrinuarea poledi.ilor. Unii nroici ru accepr.r inteQtua lui Fhchor, .llri au in.ercat sii o *hinbe, in rimp co un .ll 8tup a at8 atenli. asupa existenrei iD roari EtrmF lLLi l9l.1a une, ..nenraliLlri de rrzbof' Pinea a doua a acentri capirol eie dcdrcard pEantilrii aceiei cheniuni. i.cepind cu evenimentele imedirre crre

i!

tn seama

C@iid ri a pc'natuf'

2 Conlrorcrsc

dcspre rnzhoi

PBOBLEI!4A CHEIE Dr rr ru Drnd la rrkle izbtrcrini primrn'i

{ircr coirtu\ce

co

p,ilirc
PROBLEMA CHEIE De

ItnLn ci riizboiul r ln! ftir Je dlvin{or, pdicipdlii. p.hi.i.nn i irrorcji rtr pol.mi.d rpnns dcsprc calzclr srlc. ld a.dari an ctnd KipL'n! r:rds a7,t.i,tr. l rirul d.la Vcblillcs spunea cxpli.r.. \trr] o.rtru roxF ..te.derire si prsubele proydrre de rizboi apdi rcx nx rdni eenuDilo. si rliaild lo. Aceai:i clauzi r lon 'siloi.

ru mMt ln r:zboi. ca

adv*e, M

le

l6e slOrneni

do la

ascindq, pc

Fenlindd, noienitor al

hului

23 iunic l,np,rnDlu,

! i, rrL,co i u \nb b!yi{. nrenrbD rl uDei oi.qxtr,:rji Mrionrlnle rr.!L $ln' ii) Sdnir Dr\iimrrhrd ru{ift Frtr7 J.scfi ru. fo{ \ : \or.i t!i. soll(.m rver 'iu ca{itigrtr u\rln,ornli nn..e
L

oicl v;irc otuide tr surlevo. 1 i,rpokiyr rlipirii rreiei ptuvnicr h.,hnN(t!.:riniirul iLdcrr (tre tr nnDuJcar
L,l

doua zi. h'l Nicohc.l II lcr i ro( (onrinsdc nrinnhr i tusi si declnB mobilizire gcrsrli. tupdc tus.si priminJ scnerilii

auirir!.,4

oJ.n.,J.. ,.,,tr-r,-..r..,.

'.d,

r..t

Irrinl. !L I 1u mrin i |oinx sdhLe. crr.rud i sc t'Liczc co pnemn r !:ditioMr rr Asln!i. c.mrnir Pc j iulic. lkrenrl wilherni r It hr xrr;ci nrfrlii llditr\.\pnr n drpLin . chi dici rerlr r rntrLri lrbnrr irslrviloq w heln r I ex r r i,,.ufrrxr i , xd.litr pc tujnNi .:i * bloscrs.i de mn

I rnrtrm dcsc,tr lrc i,in[,,t nc cncm. mstcz sir Edwrd c'y. J,!lr ..!!r n,!i rnflnjdrbit.ro ne rr qrcrd.fi'! Allrii rmr s(bici!i oprexsci orLce fooS dc . n'hrmiui.,nria^trir.ii ii sii-rLrrcp'e du'o$l otic[lL':ritor rmpcinh n,.,jrntr,t., ilcnrinrlin'n b kmen de.$ de o'r 8uvlnrut sirn x tri,ii\ ui,ii\Nn\ ii'dlidor r.epiiDd n[p&]rea solicrlritor. drr rlri r rr i,Lr.;ri d.qrh,t ?\urrici d. r se aDrelecr ii rrbudtc sltc

si muiE niobilti's firi ti da imfrna cl a.fom'i cu x.q'*ivmr I'npuhiofd dc .oma'&it 1 i,iltu slrnjruL !.ordar Cc I sugun. vizefd cl Po'i.ra E trzl si i\i 'dng:itunr Ncot.irl. Rusici. Ccnnadir r dL.hd \i .r d/b.i Fturcj(P!:l Poi".,ri cn rcncir. C.itrtr ci !i"r tlrru ui l'h., lf,.xr Fntrh fu !i I donv puter li in mon lmpeJ. trnncdii nnLpn Gc.nmici. ..NicioJrtii nu a Io! primiri cu mai mulri \atisafictic o drc]ritic d. riizboi presuri diplonuricc lx .m r ron suptrsi. Marer ln ciuda Brirmie nu i'nrensei r lud nici un ms{mcm, nici irli Llc Fr.mrr. niri h[ de Rrix, cele doui 6n N (rc smn,6c rdmrc (r.odtrn dc.oltrhoturcl in uma carorva.scun, Grey r incc.cal si si convin-lii cabincrur ..
nL se

vr Jitura conflicrului cre p

cea x populxlei. a Franre' (ve7i

D.fl.

rczolve..pericolul si,h. tnptarula respins a.$t f\J,trr\ 5i. p.23 iLrlie. r de.kxr dzboi. t,rDFnd nn&Lid boDb nma frf r!rrlLlLi. rapnarr se,hiei
Horirilr

!i

iin'd.fB.qio
dii

pini

pe

I xusu! ct'd

bxpele

semfe

pre;rtr

pac r3 ra) in acsr

solidari hct

Rnud,c, carc rtrs.sD |339 sI sustitul indcocrdei\a llcllici.. rlcclinr alzbol

rcL, Mxrca

virirn $ rnrl
[ {.
Lhi :.cnLir

intr . lriri. ne.r. o tliiuirsli.lsmuh. la '" skr

:flml,

piLirii. yo]di din ptrnd dc vrduc dlpkimdi!. riJ.ni nl.iun mlin cvci,r,crklc rtriop.tr..L.sr(l,oltrL. nme du tu ^u Ciin.r rtr t!un\ la rffa. ei ru conms! ci1 !r,M nftc l5 i 19 n'lic !c,.:ruuori.. lnr nrrDrrt tnnc

.i,,,..,.

Atrlro.Unlrrh. pftocrprlrl de crmlrrnir din Serbi( nu I dr.lrl on.ial rizboi Rusici l.car pc 6 a03u!. Dopil cun ldin rccc c itrdii ht nco. .ic limpcde lil izbucnier iizbon'lul mondirl r fo! poribiLli qe r s dalonri ho&erii 'np.nului vEnq sne Holge. lrelyie. rctuuu riSro uonii si rc.ete.i pnrru citoni lu' sndpfrrt si {,r?a ,ir srh/d! Ipdjnuri si tuler d hiril 1b! .eilrlri bligemmi au suslnur la dah resp.crivi cii s ru an-qrFr in izboi din mriun deteneve lI ler, te 2 augu{. r ro$ cr 1rn s3 ..nebuia si s. iinplicc ru dor' |jenru a ,jura o tsrl vccint Iserbial. a!a.a.a ni niod rcdtort. ci 11 liou a salvgarda omarc4 dcntrirlrca si inrnerca Rusici. 11 lcul ". Pri e'{r.: i. I \.|d. .c.r dt

lr trflrrtuclc ,1. cv.nnnenrele s ru p'rcLpn( i .lcs h rrer d, rr F. lq nli. rmda nsrl a rn{nobiriTri FaLal. nc'rn, a n pF riir| \iitiur. S.rbi( pnn drc ersr ireid. trordc! a lmperdur

Ll.

d[ocl7ii iele' voinrc. crr! t mxnLreni de multi ani im Ninr nurdir |inpdnntr LnplnulLLiGDi,mn lntun rizboidare'
r.um
se

ncrc dc inn"cr'i n' Bal.0i(Etr'o

Dupi rcin'Crrxolwlbclnr rlx L.r l.rinllirtr.r dh n, Idr.rr..l p. Bninn k. ii 1390. iirurlir diplomrlicii s r :rhi'nhd dtu fr. lr

i rrrr L.ntr' lr rcccn\l

7i, f,tsedBrele Poii.aij a declamr c, (;cffrnjcila gnn(i csricir Frmrei. F- dara de I augud, 11r'!LDlr .n, iRodr di rtu \r Je\cnhr .,ob'edul unei agr.siuni h'uure si r r ni rdc. nLdilftl cu insolcnli leeLle internrrionalc Si ir Fr r\!LL rrr pidul miristx tr1 M.rii Bnhiii. rsusrinur. i. ziu!d.6ausu$, .i Lm !r,.\D luprii cr si rtrt parclpiul o.Lmr cirm $.tre nc'

ciudr

{iii*ld rliliidc

famlLie pe

rm

le

.orsid.i.r lii nlada dc prlernic cu tdrh Ccnniili. dc rc( | rctuud \ii r

rvcr h.mLlirnp:iar r nr iD . rx anb,rro'

tc. re of,.

.,b,

L,

d'orre.
\xL ru

crre srnlDazt btrna credintii

.- | Fn m.x iJomi. !c suvcrtreazi legile intc.

Au ton ac*re prcte$e exEesin uior rrti tfte de Erolri auntjc. to! n\re plldoanL Dri sp.cirlc Gri .l'Dr nste min.iuni) mctur. e ca{'se adeziunca potulr; penh idcca dc '67hoi'r Probleft v'noliili.i v,tr icvNvitieip.arc fi t7. tr'luic!.nmenrelor din lenoad|Ll'e atrgd l9r4

u..' ,. F nlii si rudnh ltusie. strlrinul dc IiL.lonnl.L !.lLr Lldtr! i;r rlLi dc hrnle ccnur]8 lcem:d'i. Au\tria n rrrlrtc, \itl! o1!!irir Du.r ni.i ricuri dc F Dh ni en r)mrL tutru\.r /\ldi ci.Niir cn nir

I t,.-n{,n..rhil

o rruLle d. c@ era n,6idd nr pcdordl rnilor 1310.

'rui

puknrici nori. lra Dri

p,

.ind er rler ..r .rtrd ..!iori i. !i.cl mri Dtr. irrpmtr x roruj,. liiri{ iicluiar nL! lr

4. De ce a izbucnit

rizboiul?
CG iusi d.rensiunerremal'odari Fl.men p,,nh izbucniH rtboiului mondfl 1

l*OU,nu'r cHE[]

mai rcsp.ns$ilil

i,rc idliiirgcci bualor in lnu Lc sud (r1199 r902) s x dov.dn o 3r1iLtri! irrnqrr! df diliilii; sLl \i cm:ur o depiiseru t,' c.r c tnL.!! purlc.'r in&lnrlii:1. (tL nri l]tr s.'nf. i( 1393 CcmMir lm\as miliurc .ao Mcninla p.zilir ei fn, ari.. prid.Lank in.hriad dc Cemmiactr Jrpo,ix. ii lq)2 s..cd,nx nndicn nk !nulatiei nrFlff M:trii BrrxDii ii, 0.!trrtr1 Prtillr no

irl:".It-

Biri.in.jn!.

1r,r

lili ru Drd in rllzbll penh ci Iicuseii aliiG milirare detensve pt lito s ru sintil rispunri.ort si le reiFcle Prima dLntE rcene. cft Tritlr Alianri. .odri de un Ion cancelm geirnan, oto von Bisntr.rk cenmnia i iiviis Tdrobnor F.mlu ii l3?l int unul d'n rkiiiclc dzborie !m au dus lrc,emr lmpe.iuluiCeman Bismtck
Mrno

scd

Ma.cx Brnmrc fmrnr\c \i ltEi'r rreu(iilc Flnrr rrilulc asupn {r(urtr, indep. ed md trr.iuD MRr jn schimh,i aonor\

stu ,nr'ds._\: ... ' d ir-hrl'-n/ pcnh mcrcx de cibe Gemar'a x unor provincii vllorcxs, Akacr \i Loani. A\r.i r negda( tarat cu Austia (13?9) \i l'alia (lli32), l'.n 1" l" ,.1'r' lap.Al."nl -'"1 '"n- ' nn P-re cm c i. ..ntlir cu Aunlh da

i,.,, ..1.,i r". nr.,y "ltrnr $nmro irteleser limildr lio 3rr rlrrd r vcdii, Rrrtr. in t'r07. c. r Tplir'"-ri \ i ir. I'.'r 'du ' !., di a'r.u,t.t hi.,,-,;F Ltl
c;iG,i!;ide di.ntmc eijcmilri, prt(m c Loyes Di.L,n$, ni rudiul sitr Th. /nk'dtd'rl rr.r.hr lr916). ru roridenr cii diPromrtLr. .u nnul Di sid li s

Eu'o|a a iirii dc ncjn(cdcrc ti o{iliri.. ce a dus la izbDmr dznoiulu' Ene adeliim cll tiliLc atr ron arar in r;zbo' druir, .rgarrnefrelor mutuale si a plrnuilor nilirarc cae le rL trnnxr. lduji. ini.la a utrof avi,po$ui milirre in sine nu sehxcii ctr rscesnrLo rilzborul: dif nr{ .lc podc Jtrce la nedllncra prcii conducitoni holtuisc ce rua de adiune ele .el Poriv 'n.i nii Dietrl drt. ln rc{ }e1. pi'nul l9l.1ci ltalir rr cra obli8di\ si sfijj'tr. Ausnx s cermanir ina-un .oiflicr lsu|n Rxtcmilor, pe ca8 eL rtr il consideia . fi ,.un r:zMI dc eararc" Pe de:lri pane, CjEy a promis cii Marca Bdunie se va nnpftr nlli.! d,ir drci nL e oblisali la rcedi d. ni.i m trtn Sn rigun.iE( de asemencr, .i prcmisiun.d dccondiloiad r:cut,

ia$icr ir

si Rrsici r deF5ir rurer insemnr neciir

'',p'J. cu mtrlt oblisr

r L l{ii

rvcau antcl cclc nai Dei, mperii si rpmrpe ci intraseii iD codfl,cr und.u ccalallr dc .aEva ori. dii rer{i prnini, ptni sli {uiglt, id 1904, si-i delihirezc popiile G oii Alre doui Mtui Pdni, Imperiul au! dcrinuri dc Rusn mpsi din Euosa (Jesi enom $pdratl dD F a.oFe ri p:4i din Asia). Anindo l d@au si e driidt r iD Brrcm,. mxrea reg,ure slari din EuDpa Je Sud En, undc cxi{du rrie .ac ifci m,i tineatr de lmp.n oron:Ln, rlrt in dcdii. Aunaa in,i rles d.la si c4rise o $pnlili de oali mdi ]1fu, h M@ Adnxric,, 'n linp @ Rusia vha st ontol'e c Striimbdrca DadanclD ii dc aii in Medrenna A:nindoLLi pucnlc sc lemedu cii ifrpodile lor sd puro d' c{nic. .n!c strb aur.nht lor si xr n inEnsiiicd rcriunilc pcnn a sc
Cclc nai rlncrc ihte dr Emp4 lblir si Gemmir, s au lonsid r in*lare de crft Mril. Pu19ri )i ti.!u cctut.,lGUl strb \oG" AmbirLr liatinle a lJiei e.r sii-ti aub @k ui iirirria in Mdirm4 e@\d fii'd us iiin modvni'le penh ctre sa i:lud Tnpti t{ian(c. Po)iria dc .xDd\i$e no i:li a Gemdrq, aa:nGii Welrp,liril; a i,ih! ii ..inid ,_n soc.ixl cu pretentir Mrii Bnbii de a li ,&s. cond0d.narc surnni cm r.xnh ir.odxtt'rl

l .bo'ldiiir'nei

ci c.rman'r

b)

Rivahtff economc$iinpriale
.linft
primclc

cryrcdri asuprr cnzei rpintre in l9l4 ? foe orcnd d. iidc,xl comuni! ns. bnin in paDinetul s:u intiblat /rp.,?llrut ialtn1t .?L inah al upinnin lri (1916) el a susiinur ci dnle 'nar txfMlLie crau obligde sii v mlajdD itru o compttie penh .asdlM ,1. ddi picr. r lmsn de inve$idi Rildiorca mpoali r n dus inevih6il lr itnoii rc.spoliabnipulemici o luirir. inarmrlr pani in dinli".
una

Intuiv,E6b
trfu e

r1 iq!e

en hodlafi si si mentini supemalia ihpcniU, loiilidul rr8lo Sennm

-"opc'6iah nd] "n Ve ptuan-l

u.fo p?1.: ,l, turi.iin".i.' inLelegcn.d Ju r.! cxuzele rizboitrlui ri cmcrerul siu non'lial. h slii^nul slcolultri rl Xlx ler cea mri m& pdne a Africir rr A:ici sc an.u sub.oiducem sru,proreciia'linbr din Eurcpa ldeea ' if p n" ie:ncF c oonnn n"
d$i

'1, I

' Berli', pnn conshntnopol spre B.sdadi lolqi.

Fq.

ii a. r. . " l !. rl uemdri r' n{r. Lk''.L

Bri

IIn.ivLif

dlctir Nl]nl

' Bnuntr.

'{ tolosirl de KipLidg. ,.povxia omulu, cxrrcse si aduci.ivilizrdr la popoacle supuse in a.sre.uenn ah bnbnibr nideninrte mai e yorb! ji de ideea de rvemuri tipic masculin{, .xre ii fi,cer pe.u.enrori populd in pxEie Mrea tsrihie ti FGnt!

'ip

l,'trilc cuioncnc Niurau

|..

ir

rceeasi

nisuri

sii-Ji r''r5toasct

iluNd duFo Alb" adici obligalia

puta

eR rooii posibill @pcnrca Deli tricln'nile din inrcriorul Impcriului aunr. uDgr nL au dus obligarodu ]a lupE, pdcolul &csb a 0leid totusi mereu Tulburiinle din inbnor au ontibuir la accentwa.nT.i din l9l1 Artudiner m !an1i1adoputl d. Au$na fati de slrvii di', iDEnorul impriunLi. ron sided(i .crpul riludtilol', a fcr dothd ri de Mra BndG. in lpon cu suptrsii sii din colonii. Aifel de arirudini a, .vur \i clc D mr n

pF'p rrprim.Li'{bJimonl..I J lonu7!

roab

Mrile

puren au avur .tr

slgranll

ldnc

dc

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rr

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rillo

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, Ir."t .n .f" slrii

rirncrTc jn lro5. cind Kaj. penrtr

Tr.Ln. d b- .c! n.n-.

cnla

deplrsezc navele spre Mcdirerrnr' Pe brdrl cnTei de h Ax.dn, Itrlir

'l'.

nond d'rocrtr Trngcr. fMjjrind

indeE

{duu

o' ' |''\' " n.n''i impcnalnt n$mrc sufi suleirc ii rced Ji$df xl printrld1 'nrirfl rl lrri.i c$wni Col'ni. dind vonf,$e despt ri.\ihiLele .r cotrsade:
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ul

D li'ito\,..

d. r r inbncri in hehurile l\,rrrturlL,i Atr trmd ,.diitogd., ,nrrm Nunxr Au$nr. ttc rcrn !i alid rdrptnsrhii. I suiiiut inreresctc crmr cr

v.f. B

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o' ol teo

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rn nlercsul lbliei 5a deram fciu? sidaci, dupe ce aracrm Turcia Barcaniincepsassagre?

r!

I.For

''. tutbuiniL.dtn ne.jn r()03.djnd

n Ru$, {imne si dccle tut . panii caid Krirnrt i sDlrciht RNq sr a.ccflc acorji:ncxrE tD.ri:liibiri dupi nri,alcEr sufeifi nj i'ulnur ,u!jrpom? o90r te0j) sitialni de spriirj dtn DM* F.rr I NIr Bnhrii, R!!ir a rchuir s:i ple.c lqut Numi cidavofi|, d,i Runr dN horn:lr sli nu h* sil s reFrc rcea{i rmilirri rn dn,l l9tL ! nai rpi,( m nou po\ibil fer de r:2boj. cand o

si Hcnleorim (N pm In& rvur.sc pini tr,tri.j nuDrj &par tr. r. Dnftuar) Areana I dus ta &dmr4i uno. rcr\nrd iDft Adrir

8$M

lur !uoltrr .J0.,,u

Aulneio.a.a

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de
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r6sponsablibleadearidatlocpralu u depusca?!
Accn dis.uis,linultu xpilie 1911, s I doveJil a fi exftm dc lo,aric, p{ dc rlri prc. cl suserr, dt scncDer, :i idcea de vnii .oicdrvi i.r{d""i'. d,pr ac",$i ,.ri""c. R2hmii ru nrepur sii 5c ..trsit" Strb (hii pmtec(on ai Rusici. Sllni4 Bulgda Muntn.sru si cr'i' 1912 To c celc patr tiri au ca{igai renroni dc la rurc' dd.cL mu mul{ a bci.ticiar Serbia ir riizbon'l hrlcrnic lmc a urmd tu l9l:1. provrd dc ronullumi{. RulsMe, Scrbia a creni linr mul13ttloni. deri nu incltrd.ru rcna dc.oani I slav r fon xpd penpur dr Atrstrir ( . 3m.ninrm la rdrcsr inlerc\'lo' sde im*nah Ocmdia a tobsn inlriiigccx lirlici drpi pr.lcxr 'r strimidio misiunemilirtui$bcommd. gcDcnluLui Llnri lonSmd'a ei!ru a olen coisilL.E in pnviN, modeniziF anrtci ht! hi 'iRh ;bieliilor romulit de RL"i\ eci.rtrlul r r:ms ieclind in c.idtnd no@l panii h izb!.niEr dzboiului Prni ii Mi pun. bqi, !.btrie rpus .i .ln aiclc dii Brl6r nu du rmv ar'ciedEa dinrc cclc doui blocu.ide puicrt'.:mc'prli dc ilioliti Dc l!p! Grey ] tuu\it si convoet tqi mbrsrd.ii Mdlor hlri lr co'fsinl. dc h rindra. p.o!r aplmtuca co ntubi wffron

d.r'4rr"',b

I i,1i.

,.u'or. ialionxlc
I

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1,..r.,r '..tr,',..,o-t.,. 4 0.,n , t. ,o.\4

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r rp'iriiut Atrn.tci de

ivfutu.uluL

r[r{ trrcrcsctor cfrnari nr r ec!{er \c(LL pr \ nLl ro'r mnai..'r Nn NmLja AdMu cordi.ti Nrv.tc ensrez..veau .urur dc I rpnr canxtul i\,riin.cri \L Mrrer No,dului tunde qJ

ht li!i

.ft rub pr.recro.u lirnrz o,kra noidtci de:o6ri i rconldii Spxiici) j si sc dc lliin]anr dr, congotrt irancez o mai nur. am.rinlrre rl
L

li,i.

'lcasci,

h,Rh P r'1!. pr ''o{ ' ' l' \4 i' bnr " "\i ..Pri'nivara si roamor lul l91t xu foj nacre dc o !r'

i de

excepronari' r sc ptft ct uruL u'mE rEumenrerc p.dtu rlci ll]pr r rb{ r.ch.i ii.iRusir. nL.i Ccmdnia nu si n,chdrsc,i palinint
L,fisre

mobifte^ miliome dc lrlLhli iNh'! si rc?rra. - r\r .( \ I i nrCl.r cu evi.rr iD p{ioada iuLLc auSun l9lJ DeTroitNr..r mli sp!(.lloni r a\!r o flor cc'Di n ]\rLnrtrL

rvrl. in l39S \l 1901) ort.D .on\hiur 55 Je mv. dc in Rpli.ii.i': Nlrfr RririnrrnrxtrL 'tboi Fshci lr con.e]ror n. Drlnotrsh scump n ilibim dord cu fmmcnr dcca,r onlrre ddt ]lUL(Edrh
i,i riicq lui Bemrd Shlv ,ndiol o'rdc.i nn nemlmr.. si Lipi de s.rupute crp.d
in mudbn si cnmr.l

Bd 'c si Orrurlr (ii trr'l .elelrxs nden mvale) cinc coninic$ n i lt rs. dc trP Dli noughr .i si sub riic \L vae dr
sdc cdtr,Fnria.u rcum inlft ivlrtua
sc atu

.rtrouc" La ,uicdul lin\nor ci .Jilzboiut vr ti rbotlr da.i vd ov!! ! p'ta dnrudiv " cL Fplica ctr oierihle .ru cit trjxi dnrnrdiv vr fi tuboiul, cu ari. rni frscind va n ,i,{asri conrov.Ai c{c si iir;izi Lx lal JD suaLi pe car en ii 1905, .ind indtrsris p(rucm cchipmknl dc r,tibtu ror mai sofisn!.. mitrrliere, ro.0itc, ganudc. monieE, r6e si rviorrc dc tuboi ctrD roaLe 6nle ru iiic+lr rii \c inlfta.li inft ele iicaDdl si ro! hai md depozirc de rmq fime oEhi Nobcl, vicker, Krupp. skoda Ji Creusot s au inb.girit din vinza'n lndujctor cie rcera cric r..umpirau,.hur d.cli acenia erau dunniniistr!enslor l,r Am simplilica prca nutr stu3.3 dali am spo.e ci i eresete c(nomilc bi acerca @ ru dtrs lr &noi, &r ct. ru inftrinur ur ltinr bclicos si cu sigudnll .u .onbibui! pntr .niclc pronuse. ta mfta !tr-lcd'c proyNrli de dzboi. ui all aspecr d cscj inmini a io{ .oNituira unor :mde rft tu6! MrronraEa 6nld europene atr rdopbr, in dntN bmq sfliciul nnhh oblisaronu. dcj acsh nL a r.y in bare c,mle t p.pulm D! f\emplq ir Frot4 omenii ru noifciar diu reznEnti hi, dc pldul !trvemului dc a mtui duah coiccnktuii de tr doi h h1lni tnciil, {o q rn ri,Iorul a inceput, fi\ura .L' tuses inci aflicarl Amlr mutr' uni' , r. s l,,i ru1, , , d Fc apndP '.. sordrli rnui ai Rusiei nu vo'au si1{i piri\eNr sdete f!6tc in lyrma Rnrtrdlc, .iircvr gweme su.ccsive atr retuan si .i$c (liind!:i r fi pErdur v.lun). p.nh' r inLnluce la nilelul inftgLi r'Jj. *flidn'l mnne ouusd ronl. id ciuda pRsiunnor eiscnr de penonatirili !(sum Kiplin! sciaic,ul frililr a lon cel upr eftprat ii ccmmi( rici lmrla 'nai si Bpd Dd rodc Meite I'urc! bu.udiduac d. o mG influcnlil Nu - r, " vniBrid u

29 d de Cenrni., crrc alDa 17)r crre. paai! tr c.'r xcnra si purDrca florci ccnnDie,, tr inrheid rlirnL! \i iireh-!{r Lamarca noikr n.v! dc ltr|li, Dpo

in.ll

Mru

Brib''c (ru

rric!'r.

niri tn'lr

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robs ii (.opiiin.o!Ln de D'nri'rL. \inn un dimrt brlilos in sitrLl ofirei NhlL.. rn

L

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nr

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i,g!

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v.$rtr\ri

timpede la

'nir !:isfolr]]jm

chemrri, ci

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dont d

Domnurursi mu'umm neaa

/r(e krlondr dDq,lo rro ieft ccn.anieifiri si sc fi dcstanldzboi Chft Coq,L c\FliLn{Ltr b rnLc rta notr si mic cmr crr, rvea

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tr'u rnrii.rrciir r! i lluu bilnu dunli.fi.R dinre noi.tr li.tur r:i d,orLc rebuir' inuG'ncnrare rllcdc si deciziite 'nnntk i,poddc 5 r F{l(( r_n l9l.l /\usricr cotrtn sdbiei, p"li ul.r.rRAic on! a Auldci \l'nobrl[Gr Ccmoiei pc 30 iutiei r cemm'c1
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'ni i', 1i"boi r 1itr.ici. Rizboi ,nrffri cdnbi!. r dtrl ll|]lele si p! rinrii uil. rdlr. rlc lniFauluiolonm. Iroa r lxloii.i de r { Espcch iliidr n'.hcirli ]n 1902-cu Mma Bi.Dier qnr\ p.n..lultrrLi.onnnr n, P.dlli sin' orcnrul lndeptut.
(rxrc d! rcr'n vor li iunite Al'xrii) m kod no( !a dc(hn in nordul kr L.i ( nal Brlgmr \ tr rlinrl nicnbrC.ntil. ii o.r.mhrie 1915, r lt.dltrir r tc.ur Llc Fner Alirdlor. jn iului 1916. Brlcrnn au Dc

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L$

9r3i.vdrr p L1i

shrtr rr4rrdrn@.(Pcreur re57).p70 fdlNon.7I! lr'rol'jtr (A[u] LDq rt43). r sj

,\sr Nn roD demonjrrin ( olL,l6. Jou: dctttr luate ir l9l7 xu {himbd cuGLl f:zboiLlui: horiirrir!r ntu5cditrrcluL sUA. woo&ow wi !',. Ll. r sc j,rrlu in lLprii. d! ri.x Alidil.4 si cea r noului

i1
5! :
:

.'

'& Obiectivele qi resursele beligeran{ilor, 1914-1917

;E
:

\i
1914 Japonia dela'A tizbo Gema^i6i Gemmia pclan'E Pbgtamurd n seprembre Tuca dec ara razbol'i or alials D{ ffari. olicla: a obid ve ot mi laG ale Franli

:a

t=
i

-1

!3
9..

r91s a6!rr@un6c
Lla a

obiecr v o Fusie in
a

strimtoaE

Da'n6nL

declad rSzboilrd or

iale.

1916

P anud e Auslde de

e&ans une in Ba
ra

laliiEunosc

pranuire Rusie

in@

ani
at

TGraru sykas'Ficol piviodG

lmpan rea de calrc A

i:
E

ralia

d{lard rrzb.i Gemaniei.

,3

r;i:!

Podusafa si Romania se aElur, A iali o, 1917 A iali @unosc prcienl il6 Japonii d n Pad'f6.

P&lana@a celd,l l puncld ale pr&dinialui suA

]n(ruswoodrcwwhm SUAdari l'bo Gemn'

,.Rizboiul eie

cotrdnum r potli.ii .tr 3he mijloa.e", $na-6cricunuL

\ \.. K"'\

rpn,.,t g r., cotrlrrduLri si atr \d\liiu rcn pnrtcipil rnD d. pah ai l. inp c $l.ra!Ls..rli unii pe rldr peie r... td rm\eG noroioasc lth Flbd.a, -. ,li ,rn. J r. t{. p ..im !"t .. iJ . |
dc nrtrrilor Ilaljcij in dese'tunb Arubi.i.
dc
pe

fi'Lnienii

rc.tr's

r.rhrrjn

sun l9t,1,i_n i(rrcsul tiJilor tor Dc

,l-qu

U Pute.ile Cent.ale
PROBLET A CHEIE Ca! de adccvate qau Cenhle penrd realias mbiti:lor lor?

ll{. if id !i pe rlE. otrDcnii (1. $r si diptoDlli dtsuku ocsprc lildul dodr rt ricrorier Dii citdd in cind luloi.te nr.crau si oGE jLsriiidn Nnh pretLrlnea tuprctor anunrind, cu nr6,icic, c&e enu ''.b'" L!- -o @.i ob'd-,h.\rR
crpliorie dncudirc dcslru rclu.iic riizboiuttri *nitnr conli,ie. tiind rncomprib le cu asl)n{iilc dia{i10. ln r.ri ca0irol sunl tDaliab retujle ori.iic ii cerc sctrcr. ir. n{odiirii riirlof ..rnbaknre dinft l9re I ni lorelr fin ctft spe.ru ac.sra
o

pnnimut de$.nic al Alijcii

Avind. armrti nunercrsi si inshni si unititi nd dc rezcaitri h-f dnl- i| o -o; de ';7boi P cdmmir s a angrjd in dzbd o flot6 aeriani jr plini duvohre. nr.o.ide-rd ne r "r : pl"nil.- lo o.i,c, mJ '::1 "d.?.
crectivelor pe d.re si

.l'

' '.\.1r.-

r'n,. d

le-r propus eGu suslinurc de o aericlkurt pr.drrv:. industii dhdladurice neiit@ut &.er dc ac.lca llc SUA. ui sjiem

Dilih eii*nte

in colonii Obishvele Dililtue indrizncre

ti o populatie c0 o iapidd crestcrc demogmfi.i T.arc acrea ftccau din Cemdia un ira'nic rcdurabil T.rlri. chir ink-un su! encienr ca accsa,.nu .xhrau rici un f.l dc plsun pnh un zboi lslungir.r Nu cn lidpcdc cun ui Suved nede'ncn.c s birocnt putea ftusi si asigure trupe. si hireasci poptrla1i. si si1 pldteaci impozitele o lonei perioadi de tinp. Nu em nici sisur cil patiotisnul eulonc din l9l4 vr coniinu si ma$heze divizirile p.liri. ce, relisiue si Egionrle p. cm DU reusiseri si le inliture cei 43 d.
de comunicilii bun

tr,d-a,.e1Jacen u ei Tf..rF b,,etu

pen FrF

6rm.i,i

Phul schliefien (vezi pas lrra)

Anb\ioasele obicctivc rlzboi rau bucrrd la nicepor de o 'ic cvidcnr, sustjn@. Elc au fo$ fomularc pina daril in ti'npul torDft', dc hccldl Bel\lmn Holleeg, cu pilcjul lmilrii .,Pr.era ului dii scrrcmltiC', poSnm coOfrma! apoi dc cond0choni polilni { Dilirad In 6cnti, $ viza fonNie uicl uriuni vahale ti ccononie ed'l FL'oFne unJu e de G"tunir 5 AJ ir . .sdi -' .ub .F t, tr./ig,'p, a sk ip ib 'u. porlin , .r/ Dn d'n I'J t..J1hl'Tptru"w"rN-rbuJE!|, ..uD'J BFIgE' L . 'offd \ub cond..eFd,u d J4J1t' afdl'tM4.tui. jrbelai de ']1i 'Lre . brqf I d Po d H. s i h ,nFr {o, \rb r r .F r ' I nie! ll! p!!r! e!4n6q r nds la besEmonia CeMiei in Alnca

rtrrfly',r(r Cdrdtrcit({ii Diltrfi s{mf

i4 :

u'

dlf ( krij c tr jf rNrudi de rco( ca i.. , ,,. D r. !i ,,1 ,.", i_. Lutup,

prcpuncru obiecrive mujt

i- dl.r'.' . ' r J, ,.i n ,Ob+i.,r. RitboilL ui. crtu p'.|urcr ch I riri Nlr. t,r limp ce mutli socnln, xrN I
r.!ertuxDr rc/i!rc
.L Atidito h.,nitiknnntr glmaD . conliu,rcr .iizh.rrttr

liontied. Un sol'lat ihlian avea sii'i aduci am'drc cuDi nnsau, h 1916, trupele austri.ce, aune pe v.o creash r monllor Dolomili, cu satisalirir hrnptunrluir..prlle :dlucir.re rle cinp'e' Tk\.n P3d d si I LPnnd ,. tr' rjunild
'le

5i

lontribljnd

lrl InD.dul nuslro{Dgrr

c1rui populrtie e.i do reli8lc musulmmi, a scDD' o alidlil sccreri cu Puterile Ccnrml., Pe 2 rusun 1911 KaRrlcdrir de mul! ac@sri priebnie, chid daci Turcir era in arcast rclatie ,.onul bolnav al Euopei , din cau?a suxanxrului siu corupr 5i deseon (ud.
Sratul Turcici,

rreArl .limd co crmdir Dc (ca objcdii rraj n! obrecrivctc de ,4r\ .L c U!m[r!i chnr dncli unele d dr r$rr] \c rnau ii connrr cu dcrckr. ripcnalcr t'.pusr..etibe rci a potodt.inre$j. d. exemptu. ,r I prtrr tr.wn ruthurri in \:iDut ccLo. t Dril,aLn. de \eqi rubne7l ri Ar{,i!i. s .cLclrll. !n'pL'i clri.e etutr tr, \jbiar ce siinea qr du..,r dcinnri cu \t,,rii(.are itcnoiru,16lr ui din Nputara n Irrtrr'), !rii. r.D,iinii sirxticDii(re sj\Ntncr! drepNrite oanonajc nu er n ri n]i.r \i!ur.i xnxk imrcrtrhi (,nde ordhoLe se &qeu in ru nni puri,, dc li liDtrir r riiniDc toiali coidullrii in rjmp d. iii?h.i. r'c hnsi rc.!r, p[ i. e invc{iriilrnrn *dotul $ilft, tuurc mirc d. riTno inrmrru .il Mnrra !a rGl dorari. hr nob de riTnoi
rrpr

$i, I
N
s.

rtlr ii

pd!'en'L m'
pDTirx dc

j$

I lomrlr

in

oo'd de ' 'nok' o+.' | ;.J * ;*c - p"""L '. i. cdc cateva nrve ci rulk.ul abdul Hmid c.l Prcscns a odont( s.'cs ri, i i:-.

.-mbnr, "'u b i. J, tllc, i orn{- i tie folosirc nnporiva sa. in caz dc rvolri ln l9l'1itsi, el r in$ inlitunr dc la puter. ir lirtele slu a fo$ obligat si impdi conduc.rea ririi cu tovolutio.m Mi$e a Judilor Turc| o grupG cu vtd.fl ma' moderne dar tru nai puiir rurdcdrl lncepand cu accri; pdioidi

ro-.'..udJ'orcon'lF.ironou.nL_Irrrj1 i i.'.u : .
r,cl nide imbunirdlin

r'.

IutL,'

la nivelul zmdei. EsE dificil de esLimd cdt cB caprcihte. mdci mobiliab i. octodbrie 1911. canJ Ture a declarat rizboi Alialilor k.tric, roreti., ,.dc.ld,tf ct r ii exisbt 17 mO dc oficri t' un sldn dc milion & dilirei din rlE gade era depde dc adevf" c.i'ir si .vreii enu renuuti dar nu li se permitea st sereasci decliL in

hr 1916. r.rcr iileDnDtr cii inamrtrl s. .na in roxr. pmolc: serhii ,l Romin[ li n e{. rritir ]r sud ven, Ruja ra

in

,.Firr son.

i- Ir.r' .! I
s:L

riunD
dc

se t1,nc.rr

$r
d.

r qDllomr ALbii in prokom habsbuqt., S.rbia sL dr . J,rctur zoia do corna dji I',n{enegtu Dt h lrlLr. conduce'tr dD ta viena Dtr dotoa decer rFg

I ricxr Jurlirde dif

muibr frurunlc

d7}oi minnhtdcexame c. impe'rr ru voir d.rr si sup,a Bxt.rii Lr jmu ie t9l6 luvemul

d$i

.r-!.

cr. ..,

dlmla oliciali de rilzboi. Turcil r drpuns soticitiii Gelrruioi dc a dposb pdn lonificaliilc aiiplssatc in Skamroarcr Daldanele inporriva taNpofrurilor Alialilor O dart oslilirililc ponib. Rusia a Isr nevoir{ s6 $ Flrtctio'e? trup.le spr sud, penh lupcl. pD@b in C?uciz rici T!rcia dodnd si si Bii$'rc britoriile pierduc ln mii stnori. szre obieclive dc rlz,boi Mai via st @tun8! Ib la englezi Esiplul \i Cipnt. Guvehul lurc i anuld ca pdr u .llzboi srad 0i,24 si iarincr
prdbleme Al,ailor. Chnn inajnrc dc

nm pM. ddon. NJr

ei

!69

rtoAla ld{.u rsen,urie!4mr conlonn cto6 i i. cl nitrd des.eDdenrurru6fr rLi Nr,h ned s

Krs'ul cn du!'l

bxL.iurr

ur

tlnr

nr

du t l9t5 rcersri rspi' ic r-d.o'npli!d, duDci ctud (&rllitrrl dc s I arnud Pdrnrf cufde. Fnrari sis de

3 Ali4ii
PROBLEMA CHEIE Eau

,n'sr l\renlo' ccrtrrlc ti

.\'ftle

.omune alc Alhlrlor irfilicnre x le implini

n)I.rer llillnicsi inperid

snn

Etrllvii erN con{rcr! cll llnritir regrta dcc.rdcdri' din Eduard al vll lctr s iflr ni d.dii. niatr ins:' ci rlr tor ou c.r rord piedurr, nli ddiner i,n|Dnrnlc vdoa. muxe fi'rd ohri,rlrc in condirii potiv n'.c. comperirir cu Cfdm $inrulffc dczvolbe rorci, desi araM nL Nrer rpita pilni in runcrclD \rlc cclc mai indepitute 'dpenuL NexreDh.cl. pic en din in,pd rizb.rlui uu buni, de tr inceptrttrl 'i L' p'o.o! F'
n'xicn.icdil si mri bim echipati dc ilri !Jnc. e rderirar ci p.ov.cr.c! nnpu:il de GermaDr ti slr\ ni sc.l.arele indu!.iare ru frovo.!\c modemiz:rij ctr excepFa (,Ilncliilo' rrvrl. ctr (!rc r!$lca, NIma B.irriec6 un sar bqa( cr trf.oDrn pnxNi i.f l-ondn cn.rpib] fimrclada lumii. ToaG prn' iLc \lan Bnlrriitrvrlu \ii \c doledeui valori iN$nn.bile in

guvemdui de r in*itui seniciul nilid obligatoritr ch,ar h inceptul rtboiului, in seprmbne 1914, prfr d,vizii din lDdir ru sosir 0c Frmul de Vsl Soldalilor indieoi nu l*a rixi usor \i indur $p'i'nd i.in4 utr morimp cu de cifli nSon nu cou obisnuiti. Dc ai.i ri iuniiol nnr c v'crift, inrcgxbd h lupli Aprcapc un milon !i jhirac u volumm indieni ru *nit i" enau bdroi..r in tnpul dzhoiL'Itri, pe Frcnlul Je ve$. peM n' 1915. Dupi !.os d, ,u lup[1 mai des in Mesop.h], cSiuE dh oriemli Mijrdiu. Domi.io.n.lc. rvind sp.ci6c snrcnul ruogtrverni'n (caia'la. A!$eliaj Nou z.landi si Atnca de strd), iu .onribuir L lmda 6nhici cu pesb m Dirion de soldari. ruFaM id Ftur., Belgi4 TLrcia t Anicr. Regineorele sud ah.me de p. FnntuL Je Vei includeau si ,.Co.rincentu dii soknli ai populdiei de culom. .re au avut un Fl viirl in rmsFtul dc provizii, itr slipdl tmrelor si curirma teEnului o jmihb dc milion de soldati recnlrli local ru seflit chir in lu$ele di', Arf'cl rcri! opid $nriiul pdnoric pLrhl mmi dr m'nisdl de exre.ae. lordul Ktrchcic., cxl]ntr'iitrd ,i| t& pli.it prejudecitile timpului. sir mdi|shr iclinsca rfii dc .,itrl0l1.rrcr pe cimpul de lup1i" r hpelor tu nclaca la..glmaicr. dd,adililtii,' Numai din pricina cria de roft d. lu0d di', 1915 au ro{ tr.c+ra,i vorunrd,i de cuLc 0rovd,iid di, Iidiitc dc va( pcnh lupl.le dc pe Fronhi de ves! p.Dd ci allfcl ci c u fol6i(i numai in bahliotserc de

It

Lmpotunri i hogil'ci tiirii venea de lr colotriitc satc. ctue un nan dD |Dl)u .\ia slobului lmperul sru snq ca oalli h-nrn p' oJ tr{lD ,nxrurldudere. . r debuFu trdru invcni0llc d. capitrtl ri cx \uat de Darni pnnc un dr awurai rl ,,PtrLici MMfi i en reela
i

o pdc frc^m&

' ' na | !tu .

(\!ntr'.J

-b, de urti !^,n. \.

otutu.

. nui xles nntid codr dc retuzut

Pend .j, @nrm eladni lncurc dc un oiirer d]b. .olonelul wod Hill, dzboiul eE ..o polcsc $Aicro&c dcsprt umilinri si JezilLLzie'.6 Dr penru Mrre! Briknic, unde pcn o ftime Jin lona de lupri o ftpftanhu nelri, condibuir veniri din colonii en vi6li In cea ce privsre obieciivele de *h.i. Mara Btiudc n!. acuno$ur ofici.l cri r mri fi nr Eritoni. Dhmsunle portrre din l9l,1sc rutctoN la rcele obiecrive cm adusesed Mar.a Bnbtr1c ii dTnoi: mcnlneGx supremalei navale, resraoruea nxtururui dc ii,l.F dcrtt al Bokiei ti,;dbbirea milituismului prusc dcjiin ac$d priliniri ensbu dilenb pireridesp ctrn s d fi Fulur iiftprui. in umirorii doi' ani dep enta Angliei de dominioancle fi Aliatii riii, cr si propnilc tmbilii impenrre. e rinansu orsunr. au d{ nasreE ta noi a.rnla nrenre secrere A$rariei si Noii zelaidc li lau nicul promisium ..

nsutcLo! !.,r$t din strd!Lhcili p.oDinMr 0 \nnil:tr; ir ro! fiicdi A]iL.ji dc strd ii ..cr 'runrllil c. p.ivcnr Alllci n. rd v.n lenn.ni c ntr era lr:jurur do ifio ciintrr trtr i v. ole e o rc..oml]tD\i f.dtu toidrne rf .c!r r Pnv.ne \ i'PLdr.oLdri. l'!.mn' \)iiitrl lor. lLxliei I liponic ti !r ofrdlposluii narn{e i !str', oc lrezi prsiir! 23.10) hi.rl'u Trrhr ui sylost,icor iLi 1916 diplomdr c'S./i:i lir0r.ziru riiid in \errd Nn t|il inttnut rsdi. iLTuori ivff.r Br 1 . roix q lr.c : ..nrolut rsupn MesG r ihhLl s sifi. trr .i :i Rr\i.i ti s ru rt.cxr

or l!

ciR

'

ii''''|n'\''''[

*bn.trl D.,v sbs\otr. , d.,;rlr dc rrne\: nij.biti(erdcjonucnri DL .'i u boli rr $nirri' I lirno! I ir.lur revoLh rjnrrc nrqn t. rsen.mi o confcdcnle i,dc rr.cr Ri,knir si lirrnh ar fi r,ur
b)

d''i !i

Eclpenee Ah.cici si Lorercr |c.irc strvemut lrjlg ! lons err tsnriiji. iu.d susdnud comprcr d..lift Mz B'irrii.(tudesJj{ji frinrezi) dfi catrz mcrnonierii dod'tel lo.uiLonlo. di'r r.c!c ^nr t)lre doetr :edia li ic tmEi sau gcmmi r in .e3 cc pn\t$ rctL.e ro Bcl:ici. alid mtr in onscns, dr Fmd D! d.u li y, rbbE Aqqlici

i rezolve. pnn rttrri. iuajLrnsunte, N cum s l 4unler olicirli I .hi!.!ivcld sde de |i.boi. i,r dcler . Df rici Alnri 1.ru viizur dezxvritrir!. inrrcir ffpiftbr. F nFi nu s ru do!.dr rord rc.eprrbil. lEilnr Nlrrr BmxDi. chr.
Frunh inrnriona si
y,'zur o dxri cu brie r9LL1

Idone dr. pe c.lupbte ..Driuau. tip$ 'nn\urii n umrr a dovc m de,2vrd4 lor nai Dmr

tte

e\u6. c.oro lc

$dn' i in.urqa pEreitiilc Belsiei asul]n I urrmbu.gului, rtotrt ca ins:Li lr rea{, rcgiune. Ir ccQ.d rnvcic.oDrpei\xri,tc t aiile de r pune cap,t h'lilmsnului Scnrii cri![u s ]ic lonfovese chir h
neputul tubo'ului, Fnrk visr h reibnib gemane de lc mtLrt niins 7e idc umF)D rici. o i(l( jnrlrp r$iri 0.nrru Me{a tsabrie r.a di^rid ri"lFiutri a..!c displ re entr

rrnnf . ii nnpernrl snu

FaDh

(;c'ii,(.i

li . rvc'ir

dr, inli:rn-rc.cr \urcf rli iD llr7t, dri padel Dc dun.ietr nifi.trr xftr \ qroiii, i $lnc.u dli,0uc
repedc

pr.

d.

L,

vdsillA

tn

v'lldru r *israr

.er e

o inreleser

pnvcn. imp:direr prj,jtor djn onentul F.ttri r_nft roxE gurmete ?\nrffbr

hxl'trl i llim.czl \d deTvolrN\t .rp dr riL.u nn,tr mai pqi !,u ild rii dcriil rex r Nru ri \itr o\u Linur difr! irolive.n r.er: .i F nlrt ii Lips.x! rt.\nsr'm rlumh ctnLirh preun ficn1 ;i

P!nrn inami.1, dcpherea nni'rdrii

I j.tr^!luf.

\rtr a ..Llivitugutur

'..
cu o

dr
Jnr

]ir

LitrDftr decitr ccnrM r. Jr prr.tr^ut rirboiutuj. I htjelo.

riinrin
F.nrru

rfirc..trc

trrbtr'r

!rL.! a( $mpimtic.u dor j0 ti nLri trj crnnmioiFr I dcpindca n nr \i dt rjidntrt dt 600 000 {lt peForr..iil rumirr rtrpclc mld'rlc din Aliicx J. donlside ve{, rttri hnto.hinr trilczii (Viet
!rDr, c$'bonSir si

\i i!(urczr

r \i ..i{tu o xm rti mr. guylnul nrjc.z tLpnqr s0 h :ulti dime bnbilij sflpelor dc lrt^lil

n!rl.!! (n.rer d.Dr.3(ll.i .rr nL Djtrlr ,nrr

Eic Lx trtiln!.rea

troopu.idln.'. o ...r "",. ,x".., i rm i rea\ri hri punea in umhri oi.xc nrc purere d.vi(r'n'.Dri. lil utrut dinrR n.clc rva Jl! nu r $lvar Rtr{. dc
sa de

'icicare

vccinul cinilL

nic

din en.

Jrpoii!. in

1905,

in.oro ru.ri\ra{ carva r,trmc politice. ..r.rrcR c.onoDrLd fiiil 0'cdcnr i imbunidfti al[e ratuLor &irr. $ric'.Db lt ru l pune AvrnrrjDlc Rtrsiei Dtr au fon inlordeaum la tcl de imp,cs.,ftc cum pieatr in shiL ob$ntrronbr srii'r Nout pdrrti! Du,n( rver nalc Ntrne puEn si qre lode $C l)Ii.cipiile der*r{tci NtNLe

Lr.t

F.trirr

I i'rftl

iD

r:uboi uDiri si sigrril dc

n,Jl.au r\tr muhe nfLotrtrrd\icc ntr doreu su Jtc codur. rlr Rh4 Mriornnler nopolreloi N BniLau de fe!trcx e.oromi.i a ririi. riinratriaud iaxn. !ri.c. tr rc{$ s rcrir.a ad lr rci 30 k nLli din

clpii5iurii rtrlri.rc in Brlcmi p.

zsomoroasi vmilera Lentri di'r.iu7tr icutr.Lirirl kiLLcr. m4ori'der populxriei e'tr recu r:sboi ctrremul coDseflsto' xl nlmpulul,.oid's d! Anlonlo $ Jri. eri ngar \i du.i o l.riri;r d. t?.1? .!,'r o. i ilii sii frci cex.. cn in inb,sur rixrlei NcSGicritc cu rctc douil piini. in pcrioir lql 1915.lau orviN |r 0nntrl friiirrru rip. minirn'l Lle cxlcmc !:i dl O
desi

f,i'onkr.

drzlohdc i'nrRunii. ro& x.c{e ,r.blci,! N jro}(ar h ince0urul s..rlului XX o proliJirarc r gtupUn.r rcduriomr..ln conse.inri, lixklitui.lc crc ru Nr Lx LtrfL:i pcft,u lfnr l'rl,l entr d.iruirc dri
dornici sc tuloslr!-:i dc udtul rflndci de un re'ei dc "i m{..o irii r.rnurc prcpritr i'r prn( lor lvezL prSirirc 73.751 Tii!iihgtrl D\esc aver sirhr d.ii!i3nr. 1r ,nlxrondre,iicn,rc: cs. rnitnx iD inrti[.xrii. ! id |c di,nptrl dr lL'pdr D hen ti\ild ri idr r'.nnmia siircnriedc Atr\rtc,. N rslome r din crza hr\Ndunbr {c cJ penN.r!Je'ie. tr .d iri prscserii inci speflr.lc c.m4trhotii .tri .i CoicluTl! noni!ii r lL,i Nornxr srotrr ci! d ..\.rili.{ea rdomorileld |ttrir cft ci. o cd. c

iircro\lrrirmi r mLtrb.r. niDoni

nnrhi{i

' u , ;! u ,r,', ., J Ln, n'n" d ' 'l! d. h liiii!ft. dr dr rymcnea p (rn! Dal'niiei. ceer cc i r fi ofcnr conrLoltrl Arnn AdritrnciL Nd \ r dncular dcl* duspa o cventualii orgdntne , unDr plebncrc Fnrr r s. vcdcu !*! orau dorinrdc po

I P'..', t.

rmli

co(lrrrinopohltri \i tr tinnuLlor.uroJtr \i si!1i.c ilc sliinlorir Diidirrlc Alit(ii atr \pnjirir r.cn rucru r_n Dra,nd 1915. tr vftnrea cdiprnicidin Peniniuh calLLpori tv.zi prsdrlc 75.73) Lucnrile se

de., inh r,, d7_borul din t9l l ! Fk.um xlitrditi,. Rusir.d in.rczil Ecompeisc O v!.hc Npi.die e.r rcecx de r ufL t.pdnrl poloncz (i,4i' irrcenm tr.Auinxri Ru:jr ifrDred.IrboL),.strbiopln,I lnGnuhi nn, libr ir laJlnrii. rimbi.a rulosur.iiatu j ir noicmbne 1916. F(dt. ii Nlrer Brimie ru ac.cr,br d. tur.i! \ii rcslrtdc ac*r fhi, pcnru r line Rusix in riuboi L:n rx rl rl Ruiici cra mermr

vonnudivcncll'nbi. L? lclcde mi Gcmmici I,e 26 rpnle r c 15. firi s:i \e .oNuxc tu coinucnoni |miLei {u o rNmbni pdrnc ului, S,rr m I senEt Pi.ttrr de t! Lo il o luri mai Liirnu l(rlia r d{lfd rtboi AusM ljriasnli. Ltrr ii au!

fi1lru ituliunilui

'r! lhrlF'kEnLr'' Je lap, donfrr.r hxria si riDiiDi rcuti ''' f,l 1,,.',q.:i ''r'' ',oodn.'/,,
Asa

un lu.nr

.-r

ru d i
no'lrlli

lnslezii .i \D. rrco(rrlii r{Lc!lin'I. sau drca tutn or lua coDneino]roltrL'

tr1 ,J

zignlu'il. d, .dn{n! .J! Ilr .l .

' rimpul ptu.r\ulu dr unifiLft d.la ]3611,lLrLlir s x Ji,, mnluL [ini. in i,litrtrd trruliimLc ui.o llnnde dnelhnri.o'rd Fnnlli i1 l9l4

l"i

i':h

:l nl' !\nordrm Dupl .c

nic, utr duriju l0 privnta.biediyetor de r.rbor xLe llJrei, ,r conducrrorii e1 .mu ta fct dc iicrezlibn !r rei li oi.inq Ld, bcL!{rrr r_n fa pnjE n,rafunca br. lratir ?vea cea nui rpidii dri de rcseE tronomd do E(opa si fime pa.um Fid vtr trrclL' rnu foinc doriicc dd a fmia dnimnrftnr sivehilllc Dryrnlrdr sr dD ,nCodul de ctubune (mai ales din rvl:D Bdltrtric) { rs,i.trlrui\r t,ixfoili 1r ii covocd Ptubl.mc . r.ui"uI l:rau !i nlliculriili finrncixrc d! rscNn.4 inrucir drdii unaJc at5iu*ri din Ficinr r:izboiu dtr dq{ul dc numctuarii. du tu rP vdin crark o dsdc mar dc!1rbi m 0. .! annni posomoririi, in'

ci

nu

D:lriib.ri. \t&r mahiNri. stulsi dc lingli ciiuiincl. si cinpunle br, ca si lupr pe ui l)'tr6r sfiin, din pncm de tuinrlcJ'.I! Lip\r de enturasn era xceitu{i1 ri dD faplul ci mjodufsr

cia niiln.\ri

la rol prsur

ln,p.lor din rnmr lidic p$eDcau din ludtrl

:i

a- uJ...

cu tuxrc r.c$rer.,\lirdr xu nLd lii xnccic^ ine'vflria rlu,e, Dmfli ci diliziite r$trrc3 r! ,r,nd btdde in fteino riiului tsonzo \i r ouillor Dolon ,. fidiDd in$cnr] si tie ! Drar d.penJenr de . o rla tr', .t t , .,..'.n, . '. atr\rLa. $ c$ '. Adndic4 ift n.iflrnnL iiiCid,!{ narcLc dfi r rnur
vrs.lD g*'nmc dD Nredtreiri!

i.d, r,.'

..h i

ftii.

rln

,,-.,,.tr.

De

lovtri dc

dc l;Tboi 5i diD puncr de ved{e demosr 'ir. drir dEi d! \c ntr n' tr considenrs.oloflile iaDceze ri engleze. Supcnorild!r Ali{ oi a to$ l|lilni maidepane rdius:lnd( i s riimiis:r!lc lm,icld

idii'r.i

bdliMli si sftbi. npoi id 1916 Poitsxln \i RomaD'r. dci n,u uu .linre fte!. liii nu r! rccuroscuri priit o deo\rbiri !lprci (. nilidi Pc dc rlLii nc.Bllgrnr.u

,t,.' Pu'.:. 'r itrnruirli de ju'ni1ralc

,

cconomic

'....b. iriLior dc o Alialiicrau sutcnon rvetru rvaarie strpliinenrr. obdiuic

n'J. L,L! l l'.
\:mpl 1'. io

,'i.

'no'u,L- 'oo

. r i" i", r

'

J]porir lrcycni\. o Mrc pur,e ra urnft I unei .rprdc d,lltriri Ddus! irlc \i outcmiz:n jn.iDi'id .u I 390. dr vidorir $ x\trDi F.ule iD leoj tr unril hn.r roru! in rglr bin",,r*",r"," dc :tt(ul iz,r,di,rr) si rnpsiorm[ sa iloti xu ","r,;(",i*di J-cur dnj cr m
aennriici. i\l.aa B'ntnie se reme jp.cG1 fi arurJloodi.ironentuttndqridlr ..pcncorur 'on Srllrd'j,urci si puni ri Fncol.hir irnpenut cr!..totu. in uu u Tcdrile brnxnrr s au coilnmd in 1915, c d Jn0odr i x prezeDrar Chtri.i cclt ,.21 de .erci . dq]i m rcuir dr. rdlk,Jfoncz rupra fNvincici cft rpamnea ccnunici krtu Dxi ac.Nadin u. r I r.c d. auncr !r n rjun-\ cr jrNtr.zii si rcnrrclez. rcbullc c.onunice si polnLce r,ahiDei rr fmr. guvcmut jQo'czr roncorviN\ili rhodniaceErite. ! in r9l? AlLxrii au ccunus( orlcirl pdcdii|c *lc rsLpl insulelor scmur din PrcLic, p. utre Lc supf,*. sid'rptunlc !,tc cone.ciaLe r tum K,rochotr, in d.r'lyoaca i.etolx rlc ccn,micl

t. u "o-'1. a soldarilor vu tr m)
Dtrlnconcftri
TL

Uncon. inrplclc sbristi.i utr cv

d!nl!3ri r!L'li'rt.r Dc^.diDnitr

ndrrlL,i Rc,i,lr;Lltrl a ft,n d.ris di fiiio L Dd

lbtrr.inlc din sin

rxtr

, r . rr' i . i ,,,bmmre;, r -r"..-;r.""*. '", ,"". ..' ;., l. n-i, . r..zn.r n I n-L o .,r -iLl")'r-'
ir
ve d t

- 4,.

nFd evidetrt. fdLc,prex Amencii, dfpli

i
cu rrupe

{du n.

' in Jelavodr 'null. w,,ru^ w'l

erilic l9l7. r rorhr noftlul /\lii,\ikn skiolD ljid. ru Dou ibmrE o nofi iprecirbilii ii o crpr ilrrc !lc'n.S! .ll.li.

i8'ra me ,p'.. L rD. rl.

Putnlor Ccftnlc (czi l)rgm

lr5)

l.'l'

Pft\edinLcLc

prccr, in &1r]Incmul ohlc.live rrcri,rli! si ruF pii7tr dc Aliuli ii pruccdcit i doi rnL, i,nrtrrer ir joc r staElo. UniLe ntr

, '.Jd n in.' : ' cg.nmuLlL si Lntererlf pDpii D.ri tcnc 10 t' -, .''r'' r.

enimxr sunrrc (|arinr 20) ci cr nuDrir arlokrriLo. r narelor

r;c.iLiic aan{i' $lddi 0cun AA Milm (cm slaea inn- unibre iiillirttr'rc'llczii Jc hmrfri\idii 0. Fm ul dc v$n rotul i,' e'a..nrli
ve.hnLl .izboi siinlcRJ{' l

.rL

R6t

otr rnt

ri!r\\'r'hlrrdr r,,rt tsqnsnh{. rr) rza iirtr anri D, (!P. rq$) (o . r(\ r , dr. !,/r .rr'ijrn I

rd/r' nni.or52r G Ddy,.Jno

|

ttt.)rd P6trt

geosrid sup.norir!r.. Anri'$!i-U si lu{i ni .rl.Ll ii l}lu '1Lx puiur Jelul i, cm rtr J Irrilor asp,,clnc. inrruciL a.csr. tu fi i'rfluEirr
cro !.cALa

b: Folosiii scheDa reutrmd de laprsinilc 34.15 c.5ircxrtr! coEspunziror pern r dla nLD si ru Ibnnuld obiecrivele db.lc piiti b.ligcmte dupi inc.perea rizboiului cun lhimbat in ddu*lL (D luplelor lnfomariib prczenr in rcene risptrnsun ar rrcbui dtrci h.oDcLuziiLe din inhbarcr c

Inrftbrr"J

ii !i

i.tr"b,*"

!i' rr Dr
aio!rri
r

", explic tun'izegz:

R..-*le ."d-t.
ii

rccesxre"le

ceNmie, \i prbl.melc r idilor

ic

\^

opune si propnik reluri rle

'l nld r,liadlone rjurli si expliciun dc .c

rrl

Nrh. (lmorur rldru

!rii)

ni ctunid. rp

/r!

4
b)

ln

Em;:Ul;tau deo:is1srcere
au

cums
oo c.

sdr mbdob

stve

ddoui pd,[

iqeEnedupa

i@pee

c)

Gcmd a nu pulea asl sa dsar int.un rrbo de sdrd doL si cu'nau nluenlaldufaraab.iuu 16lui3sa3s'aLeadvGaiorsEi?
nl mcniLc iii vii oriutrcz. lr!

tr!.d

sliA.nc cr (oD.luiilc rll,t! t" trriDeL. irftbini.

dc

inhtbxroi r: Fooslll{$d'ctr

lr prgim

20

sinrlomadb dh rcrr

vi lir lin'll']c ( --'\d,\cl. j.rr.r rL r\tu j or crr'J!; vr rrbuL. si horiri!

'r.D r ,. T,.b-. ., mdrimte xle Alirrilor eiu nai i'd declr

crli de semiicadvii

o
o =*....,=.....
=,. .".,

Impas pe Frontul de Vest,

ChriricrJ', urndc dc umle si raiset. id diniierh zil.ide CiuuD. soldarii gcnnrn'. .nglui si {'nai rir) holczi rL b.Lgieni i.\cru o 3n i
' pnii an nci rdvc*di iri\ltngeru miinile..hitu i'r rntl{rlu' no(,du de l cnnptr1 dc lup!i!. 0. car il nuDie ..rcfilontrl nimiiur' OrL:lt tesu. ir sotddii. !a'na@l si adver\M dcopodvii. rEru forlid. li.cxu lorB if n 4. '.o d J(|d ^'. . ,_ndlzanli spincu Jn a.clasi ri'nP br ei org.niatr ccrnoii' llnmrc conune ptntu rovlririi de ltrpti mo4i. un slLdtrr cnsl!, dri .rtrd unuifgLmmt de cavrlsie indi.n $na d Dtr va uih nl.iodrLli i'nxsDer .,'nutolui m(n inamic dind ntna ctr iuPele mrj( dc i'di.ri h anumtD lmuri rceie se$un plii um6c liind de dble, speilicD sin idii Boxins Dry (zn'r dfunor)

t9t4-19r7

1 4!p.. J'. d

rr npr

1915

Bnarade a Neuve Chapore

o

osesre pr ma dati

san

$hijc, si ru de dlin od dc boditro cu pnne. CA i s a pove*ir de rce.iil ldnlonrl fdizrc dcolicirli. ." ronebr |mrle bihni.c. Sn rohn Fre'ch. a dd o(D rmdnl 'ndr&Drd ca drcl de lfrun !i no s. nai rcpeb.{ cx aubnlil:lc semrade s. 'l disuri si impiedi.e rc{ele ds tden,izm pe riilG. .,Dormc sn e. t ciclaDat unul dinte soldllii gDnari care didr$ ;m .u nndlii i'dicni. de c nu pdem sil avem Fce si !i mrgcnr k)li xc61' Frr o

in.r. .u-

,,.'

Bil::3depeSomnc

_2i

Ter o.ii

(Atrigatc, in 1914

al

ea

rr.l. ederaYpe(Passchendaere)

a)

Gernanir invadczd 8lsia

lntroduc.re. C{D s r siirbitoril Crnciunul in t9l4

de crii.nD du ler-r, r. irsDrlr di,r NRlul ^iutrLui s. pdcru aLzi jn inruner i.ul srihitur d. u.ld \inii. rioftrL!ohnl.. li(& in I \r.1,1 . Llr, rlLl

i'i .{.r ,*',1,c | F rici ! Ii.ls,fi

{ldrf
..Sri

lt

Amald Gcnnlrici, cu un elecliv dc un ili.tr si.umlirah de onn.Di. .mrinv dBcLeir0:rxugfi.conlomphNluLschLi.ffcD sesr.pri iDcFzirdrc lr o vicione pidi Nici .tuFl.lintczc .m milr\i url zeloasc pii Alsrcir \i Lorenr, in combinarc.u boDere ri ptutaloni rosii. fu se indoiru dc succcJll pc c c il vor rv.' atunci cilnd iii lor ccLina vechilc Pr.vLtii. Si n'cr

c.'Nl.$.di1roDr '';i' ' in.

brituni., rcitLrn

dii

160 000 de

m h,i. ras \
deca

.,rcphi d I pirlc: bcuriitor. rnsi

nrenri

:crm$ilor. b:rrii lrc bromc. numirii S.r,?.tr. .ir. ci nu r;urir si darL!. ilmn.rcl. belejs'o ii si irfriinlii oncc rcTi*c i in a.s$i Lrii ..Iori lti .r'r {c *rtr ii crt. tbuis si sup.nc conscinEt., , ia rrenrr gcncf.! trI ivlohkc pc 613icdi. avc4nmentul {u dtirind Alndbf

ctr .junn meto,. ci de ercmptu .! ..die c,o$e tsenh.. si at ,otiricii

Nlr mr nire

se

cpuiudil de oboslali si tr.i,n'care Se Nde spue ri de rreer n! r reuit sii nJ faci ra\i .hcunld co'nurc eDelcT n hincTr de r lLd!trI riului Mma (612 *predbdol In rnod rca.!.cpEr. Psul r_to( iili dno' roc.2e seno.nilo' Je , i Rr..a Tn.orl. lo orc-u ' "

.",r.

* i --J" *. ".."*.1. -"{ i" ",'",n!,,"., no'l de ru aLne o Doz,rc R o DUk..-..Ddi 1.. ifu
-a
-'e
sr

'lc

!a'e,ru fJxeinryn r ro: ncvo'

c)

r t!,o. rJfl

'rpr'nd

u rrtrnnd
atr

'r.':1''
n
L

'1r

rn'p.

Jr At\cr. \j Lo,.n(
atr

^'L../0 '","c"",','..
arrcd lor ajcjdsudrc

/|:.,

P.ioabtlnlie

de lu

Ypfts

I', mrombrie sennmii ru incercar st i suarindii p, Ali.(i ldsiitrd ui

ntr.lr

pkrd.,; \i

,,.^. -1.vu.
.r da rm..-. ., nii 1
Toarc

mi
au

fo! rodM \ii s nr.sii. Fij,xl sior dc d gaji1, { Fn({ Mo|&. ; li r

LLF'.r,,.tr rj

r p-.
..

"rr ,.-,dpto.o

;",,,.r

trnu

'l 'r,/'

rpird linia frcrtului, lupriind cu dispcka i'rjudloattrldi YDrcs card,la slirsntrl lL'i noiembnc. s.r in.hcrl blillili., du0l cc rmbd! pidi au ccdal, riipusc dc cpuizirc. dar ri fcri.r dc vcitrcx icn,.' Corpul expeljitjonr bnhi. eri rprorpc Jeimal Chiar un cnric lr il o'dinelof comandamenrului briranic prccum is(on{'l ru!n'li$ J.hr i uni.a e1L'1ic dc I b|cr nki'iarur
c,'eiunul s rpopiq cei Joi dvc^d sc rna, bla.\i n' hd\c. mdevx p Fmntul de ves. Ctnmir, ctre .ucc,iv tun DM! tefit riu a BDlgicl o aci'ne din !c!i!i1dm si lupE ri Ir Frcitul din E$ Ainni. dupi.e srlul\eri P.tri!

.. - 'ptr l. oh''.rl'nJ'r.t\1".rD. " J l.' puline, fonclc englca (cc cupnn&au li iidlsi. !cr'r.3 idd")

rclc

tunurtr 1pr!r'i 6r). uidc nlurrzii s..tcldLe

Lnnni .c

,nodijtcilri au avu peDi ra s r inlilnpt , Po Hda

ir

bir ii meri.mG

nr

(r ttr

e.o,n,,,., r

r.,,

..i

ln

{N

:':r/'irr'r' | ,r
srLrru r|n,rrc

riiu Pm$l r.inrs.prexp! g.t.civitiL ft

tusir tu dre prnr.

ir

tusplngc pc gcnn0i 667 001dc {uc\i ii ritriti), pc meTi 995 (x{). lF enllezi 'nlihn 96 Ol0. . lrGrici a picidcdlor uinoic dc n.i'nxgintrt imi're de

ir

.t o,r
zL

Ccmrnir
Bnhnie se

rNn\tnri r !{rdc riul l\,tau. h dor

brinr. dqr ptup'iJ srlrtrc. ia r,i( dc olrsiLi sidc nrfo,nerati. mai0uroau ri iicil in vdi,.r ...!. ntr ar.r{r ge oi nti insi. c r 3r?nsase ronrinuu t3 de zil., em n {d

]r

d. kilonjcln p.

l)in asio. yritndl.j.

40 Je L(o,netri de

1t i.., s,.

pdis Mlrunui ofiler

,, ,.?.

trupc

l,.l p.n1u i" tr'i'.' r" d" i ' compusil dln I dili.trfc d. .trm a lnsr ,Nou Ah!ii".

ba

Frmk inolN

conrinud votunun ri rcrcdLr! Mrrex md depde pe voLunktri. ir Kil.hc&r r Llotn fti'n.f,\x

i'

.irb'

ri':i

ur mDi'r c.dn,n ii prorecrie . rd|[ Lt$.mLL r.r{c 'le\i s/rdnl(/ nnbunrii\ni. p.nrru.i voir !a rDp.h stc \ii lie Dereu lrr dc .((. satr sc filtu bL ncir adiNi (nrai:lls Jc lrLkc sommj), u]! r!!ud proreric l!(ii.Lc poie.ritc]c !.nire d nL.rc orlcru r.e\ soldrlilor, ?ici cmtr rhjlzihrc pnrL . i Lrisitc p.nh r;di. ti\htr rpor rbrcsle dc zrlii ri pund.lc d. l)a,n rrqlL Ml]dirdcr rJieeloi cRr flanr. id Zls zrs m:i rt i fulii
d'n \ac' trisip -!i srdur d. simi ghDnri Nutjf \. polr vedc! o scrnri exrtrsi dlnju.rdul \trbtdorne duL nd. H.don. !d! infinslui snbnd dc L.drcc dert Ati[n *G .ct], 1^, ! ,nbllrjLc if dra se vid ii{c rokrdi .rmdicii. in tupl dc h ps{h.ndrd. ltD 1917. dc mJene diDi slLmr.ii rcrtLhrcr ctu denutd. d.|!nc dr rr.{

rofht

ii.au,a,ea mo,

ane

ia,F it,5

a3

rxdi.ii o{ dc r cinisa rcirorn pnn rc(iuic! orcnsvi. dcti considerrri dc llai3,!er mii cfici.ilicxledin purct de vederc rrili'n oi rnie. d. a rezolvr o siru4ie cft pii.a i'nto\ibili Pe

!c$!i

''

i i ; -J rii Lt\ . du{ re mnd - in iumo: . tu-a.fii JIin jn n miii mjinLti r. !ruab,rc ,;nin-, rA ni,c, d- i; n". J- i " ru. r" -"; ihi*;:.l sdriffiT Dnno-ifir! (\clnl .fii{innjb;"r.-k in intu; 6dhin.el cnnn@m ci riiiltiltiirtod ria ns,aiE dd hd mulr diiidj mbain .u ,rac6rr
,'tr

--,'

..-,..."p"fr,,,,"ntut..e,,.,!n.,,

\.rJ .ir i lr r 4 ' D ,ri jpdcrc ,r.jd"I fior ,t .",].,tr,."^d; an!!jc,.onrdrd

!,rthtrL \r F.im.

din

r,Nri

on:db .anditi d. ciplotv dc Lue ru cliidritc imnjicc ori in dncu Lx idlentrt \-r vorbir dcspE ncccsirdlJ ca de corp ri cili ncuJice.u vno.. dr n u u oituri dc orcl. in rcqji p;odr

'luoi rn i|rig sustinu( dc anile.ir dc i',rrnlerie brnaiicc si irdiene tu aracr dc r lurgul uici I'nii Ll. li1cvr krlomcti r ftoituluL Plmd n'scsc rx hplc . rvrlln.i s:r c. rhii mediar.c en inctrd $ipun la nijlocul perioa&i d.erx.. srnLl n'ini!Nctrve Chrpclle ! l n linii !l. rnnselor !(manc ii scronLl nodic. tor'si. torl. h{cle de xrac (xprorpe lO00de omeni) au fo( ucise in lihp cc rltnN .lc'irorul nimlin i". slu tiiau sardul d. sifta shinparil. IhLg (.arc \c rni L alr de kilomLi in spa{ele linici io.tuLli pll*l confotubii la diil)ortul .enltuluide commdi) a iNistr cr blillll si.ordruc.indifcc( d. ,.r'j."' l J grea a

l0

p1J.i ld t

' ' dc meii din renrodu. .tr cuccdli agorpe lmo

Lrnul din@ rcenia, un

...( J't '.

fmul vidli a
i,rtr umdin

l' .(ri

ufii '"' ' L 'ull' 'r lui '.'. HaiS I Dlinurnir ci1 .,Atrsl'r vr trcbu ri !c din conra0drmentul pie cn mult m.i rui decir .ea dc lx Noult ChxNllc obieuiGc! !u r0 A rvut drPde biiriiLiilD.x'c ca si ,lsbersci,mara s.nmni. 1BU o'."
Nru

loldl i'dim. m:dunsci

\!nwr

LqrLi \xcipoi. h.xni pcdru czun ne rcctrdl, c!!pd I J' 'f' u' , -': . , rn. ..p o ',.-ri\ .i ...,. :b..i r . ,.( .!r .rnur,rD.i.itrd tsr dn rdscr ii sc dcprar plnr rcrunul de l)c

ldrihmLrr

si1 udicTe au durir dii inuft si P'erdedl. au ros Ln.onrrrlr Dai mltri D!r. ata cun I re !(.t Scnerah'l,Auonbv. ns .lrtrd . trtunci cind a fo$ xvenia( cii in unniro,E btulilic,la Ypres, s r pu'ttr si iie pie eri nuLr mi md,..Sj @

.r.

r.t

r.., | "rmi nut(on.ftte

r,.ldr d..n ( 4donrt .dc.r.L\jlor \j trl semnrtelo.IicuG !u ft!!.ldr.ID niridnabi biirliiitrtr dc pe Fro ul dc V.{ mai Djtrtr trr|r.rL ron oc\. i' hirDlt drtrluL deii r,j rpiim
c)

in uullrcc unor ,llcrnativc, l915

PFOBLEMA CHEIE Exisrau \r rjuE la dcpiis.nca mpasLld

m.dbr

sru rrcri.i

dlreii

ve

crc

() bntnlic lipicii: Neurc (,haDe

l9rs
nL"

,. ..

. | | rt",e .,. , i. , r. ,.k.

r!:r cr u!t!rr;xic

lupE|'na

pc FmmLLl de

';

cu rcvol!.rui. mri desnbi I nim{et'li. ni iEmLc. d'n .rb'n] rvionun'i. i" l9l5 alirrr rtr ibs iriridoni mihLi.ti.u rnl drerori ,' pri., | d d.' o- D o' n'- 1n, p' ' e :.i r 3 -" A' _ h. nf b-," ' ' ." :.u \i ri imbnniriiteascil IDhdior 3i lDrforrmre supen!{3 in b.hb.i(

trrli

dD

votr Rl.hrhohn. a.cdi foflnli dc ulioxDclor. precum nminrcde 1918,inhcar nid unr lL,pri Du r devenn u. Iador di' Ei4i nu *r dovedtr \uperiorr cek'ldle. R:izboiul pudat ri subtenn. dupi ce baldioa'clc bnfutrLc. r! in.cpur sii f!.i a|cl la mDen Fnh \iprea unor tu.c D pc sub,.re'ro puteru I' rn'l nimiinui". Irn!tu a 4unce la rnn\eele 'namtrolul. dsronarc cu rj drofl l cxllozibilulu i r\tiel pla\ar I liniEa t cotrllniuer kcicil a dls de a d.vcnir o 1ri\:ltrd lrNrenri a rizboiului, jnlricolarolr Irnete scvcnre de lupti $bterdi cltctc alc naLxc on h erploziilor polo.dc itr mca itl, p.ccu'n cele de lr llesincs R gc din 1917. pul.rrL fi llmrir chia lr Londm MiDeni ensLezi (lrcriiron' N $p:t ru loi tunc.ar1.nti dr |u rL furlr dctenn'nr o sbiipurlcE

iininr. Dff, N

roarii

hiiclna ldmosul b.ioi

den

crt

(eNi

i t'u.r'. bi'. i Aquiln. de.ike pnm bd d Arnnrliriill. ws{on chmh l...rr& rcE ctr xbln avind rusarc.i!i .diJ!i$ hli"Jr. n uD .,anem de clD si lhcinniit tictrlt dc un. r Idea d..rbc" aium.lc imcni ti i,itcriktr 60l ,,toMe BhimFri O.r".,r.r''t !F
care ene dat acentri

$cl)tlcnDi,

dr

sa

vehi.ul.c.bip.ric'0 . n){ pririri cu dc{Ll p.nit lucn'l1..!cv proior ni MiEi B'irrnc. suh

coordonN inlcnbrorului siu. Ern grk pAnI ni 1916.]t cind au lN railnxre, elc .rN niic vclil.ulE geodc $ {Licnbih Au intn in lupri etectiv prima dadi h iic.pdul biiriilici dc h Crnbni dir .v.nrirrl hn(nb iu f6r satr ru o mni cre x coDdu\ lr viclo.e.

....','nn'.I'

r-

.-a.dr-c.'l'.rC,..

'k

fon ref.xckfi

l. rc.sd nb. ti a Cql

gntu

doborar vor

muj

fti

$ldari

ti

ezi. Asdet. Frmh v. Ii ,,sieiri

: ;: "."'.'.:'.: u on.rhr ,n .. , ... JF.'.]@ I ":,..t":,, n, ,nF a ,. , .,,.,:.,.,":1,,,:lu.Fni.r..,. -, ",;, .,;1 "," , ,,,,;. : . ' "r "
.

.";. " ,i;;,1"":'1" :Ji:;: "l"i'""i.1'rrLo' .' ,,::' ::. t '" J" ".1^ ;,''l1l-If" 'p r' ' ,re\\' 'u. nd " 4"..' .', "';,, ::'' ,:-'.'t::1i"," 1"" 1' :f,,.,:l",i r :r . .',' ;'"; .::.i--:i^l'.

"r"

cu prma pre$puee cm*atul a avur drepere Dupi cc ru to$ supnre dc un xrac cumphr (unlr dt,re p,rmele in c!to s au fotosir arunclorcte iticirt) p 2r hbru.rie. dupi ce xu Dierdur Fonul 'ie zitc zite mr larz;u. g.ncntut Dourlnodr, pnrn :ona a ou, sero-t vedutr sub conmda seneratuttri pdr"i.. atu *cu;*m p.*",

Parii. arernr devciind parot!

i.,.1

'a., l.:t:: 1i;',:; r 'l :l; ilil',-l':r1Tl; ';

..;',,
.

,. "...,n

."

.,u
J,,

tehrudie iuliclrupck si prcvtine pedn

mli'esrie dc .erdoDaror al luBetor defensivc .Nu vor rrc.e-. a dectmr de lupd a fmnceTitor. @noada

"-

o rlril

i,i'i,,;,""1,.,'.."," *i. lr.:".i.i',""'j:-

r",ili iHdln i{#*]ri*'i.r';ll il#iil :i:#

5 Hirtuireailantcutui, I9t6

lutr'ihre de Drilion Je lirclri cizu! nr tupli si mai ,rux & 4m (xlo dc gcmrri Conlom airmdicii sni3.roae I dzboiului dc uzl,i ae<,D( iisemni .i scmDii ri,iu fi.ur jyoj .atcutcle Dtrp: Vc.du ci tru ntu laDlar rlrc ofesivc p tsroDrut (jc ves pAnii in j9t3
b)

',r .u sflrr- ii FFd.1DU.s . tudad., o. ":,*,1,-, or:, -d-.F . , , nu. . in b.m.. r;*,1 e. n,.. iu ..:,o, vb!'tre r.i '6,rj. \,.4trJ.flr... , .. p,,rr,u,, ',- :' bl.rl." o.'",, . ' r r pr.l1r h ir,

n Je o,tu ntr/,.In

lontHd l! io.d de vcdm, Fonut vaur. dupi cm .u reurr sa aliropien caiv. kilo-neb ds fonreF vsdtrr, unde enu adrpoj,n
.'u

ro$ i;dqulc .orV d,n.b'J'io.,.'d..ni.d nid. o..-,cn rur tni' . n"' oru .."t" i ..n,. smJ . tu)i a..,.Lr-_,""

ftrnc.zi

ii

At*,;. *-r"g* S"*;;; cr r pbvo.:r..vi.ri,nc

aninla

de pe

Somne

innfle,,

,tr. .. bi 1iiJc lr vfldln . " 1n,.r. , " ".n.cp . D, , ( ".el.r'."', sdnmc VorD.aii dr .AmDh Noui" u rut rir.r.nc. pe r!,, d. vr ' ,H,o "u,".re 'l ; o iiiq. iJi u rd.ec o.Lr.n r.n,Nroi
dontrd o siniplt lupri de

hd

L ve J i. J r, -.n1,.

hr:i
i.

Din caua eronutui

milib j,ptincnw

pedepse

'naj

nrici. proponionale cu numiirul ofccdvelo. frrdcczl

CHEIE cud .0 r'cA{

hFti

J trd!ru

Ntr

Duirl in un,Fl

blilliLiei sc

moa'i din pricrm !.zului roxic dc rupr; *u sil fie ft.uli btrcirj de ! shiii. n. o miii {u o bombi N.apre{ prdu etc er rin*(Ds!ru tii /) ,.re'nornJ nimi'ui,.r si rdu. tuoriiis2u rryir.lisii riDiri. sli ,rtrrc nmxnldlrl. si stoiczc immrcul. sii ia p,7otricrisatr s:i eic

|'"

: 'a.'|

i.P-htr, r,,L

ronf.trntu $ldarii cu |]cn.olul dc

.'.,d

.!l(it i nincftr.u

\.bolnnii. ani,tule tunibm nc bori, !{, j. hrirrM cu trrulumea dc c.drvre rflarc in cufthclic Lr rcejor f rriiusatr I botite !eicn.c dc.1trr sufcr.u mutrinrld,ri. chtu ii iiq{., hirdnioi, cm.lnscsc rlcniztrr d. Knchencr si.!ynr or.e r.uu
Ditr cruzr ruiuft ntbnh dc sotjcihr. .. !p$ dcsom',zgotrjotul ru,7id
at

dtcflc.iei sru..tcbreide tiD\cc,, pLovcar. de coDdrii[ nnzeirbjtc cir ri,au sufereatr de labrii dlndi cauaui de niLltrct, .tribnnj ii 'n hdne. pdqu sli n o i"t!!ric fu+i.i, cu,oscuri .J ..t,i.ior de riisr!,,. r'piinri drodlil trmyrl| \t nudutui. s.ldadicnu Dcvoiri sii { nrpnli

nr. I i,ti.Ai

*nhiit.aElmatele.caefic runib l6ui. s fieru lnisritii

D& nljoautca tiienlor cre luphu tn amata, peniru ti]nlc lor, i Mma Bdbiq au eesit cii de ,.a se imbtubiu' Compmia veseli cu .an@ii. donnF nerbinte d. a plsa ii pemb'e. dnhcdi simple pRcufr concan.le. filncle ri meciurile de lobrr. incurajarea oferita pin nilul de coiduccrc al m!l.or ofiten nnen, padolkmtrl. en{gir imprimaril dc otrimnm, toare a.e{ea riurru la susti'erea nonldlui hpelor in cca md mm ! lmpului. Muld 8a\eru mangtea in inv4ireile relisiei, mi rles in ajunul uDei bii.{ii. in timp a najoriE.@ sc ba:tr m'ljt F inttuirom pRcum romul. cd le didca ,,cunjut unui olrndez si tirir de a infrunta pcricolul". ! Mrncar.a ri i.ca int-un badion miliunr au vohi ca dotri dinte medrub obrinute datoriti suce*lor in luprl st rl. obrir btrcirailor Compmiile producitore & ris:in oleEau acc$c pr.duse e6ruir totelor, ni nqo,ihre soldrrii funrind foanc mult ii ac6d 0erioad.i. Urii tlinre soldrti conside.ru rtboiul .htu inrdsaii, descnindul lpoi pe co nt Ilft avmtui a vietii lor ExisG mrdun' ci Drenbliuta,.ttest, dr listr si pe cel de 1ins, tine s:i djasi"
Cemmia. Franb neoti.iJe in rimpul micului dcjm
posibn ca in

Dup[ cun sri, iii jumalul siu u! tinrr ofitei m si vcn..ariir nooiul cat !i stlele .''

te*o

altrrs.r, r.ol{s p\ibic.

pcnn|li rii rxpc de

pneretr(or. privclivitc insoznorre si petuotut o h.oli1crrc cu ri'r rl

Dhi.ii si lt.i cLLnert{ mirrli.rcl04 . | 3xp toTr l.r. pi{r.km

lonjrrr. utlimlnxi
I iiuN q

rrtr.c.

rjc trtrmra i un rnrancnr e.vd j\lLili soldM i niod sdu vEo bor li !m $ ,. Ciriva \i-xu lrovocxr \jrluri r o

Dovrda ci soldrtii din Jifeilele mde a! cxpcicnlc !i emohi (Acedin .omplexe vine din suse vdide teni aparc ii inrEbli' e*u
precum cea

tu

la

siesft'd S6s@n,

Fgina 39) u {ditor ensls,

aduce om.giu bdalio.ului siu.

si rrtrgiiin Irh plLtuntrluidc c\ccde Drarc Henr s..rcntn arryr sco\ h lumini c renh a 3 030 de sedhle cu rnorncr i.oide sord'rilor bir,ricL, deri noDi Tccimi drn rccjea u fo{ qnrurdc nr r\,ndi !rni.: celetaxc armare de nc Frc.iut d. v,{ tru .frdor

e'rlroddmm

dc

nnc. mtmrrl

d6 posr6 roi din lmel6 Ta'il Gariror on d n ^d o.6er6rcoion Mdand.dnlabici magazinasaudnmin:,aurecui r.sr pusa a inerdr6 sia ies r ldumraoari cino ii Poal6 l,sPa
Acesri oamniven

au dal dovade

s penrru arda

vesor e ca @

bd i ftirrsea? Monoonn

vorbx dcspre sroul pin.iFl, care ficer pade diirun bahlioi p! rronl. hucurindu se dc o scun:i periddil dc rcsPrc

rhr

" "' "1:-* pahan u ur!ae,isrenrsoneneasra

r).'..h' d, tu'irotul\sidN
dc

'i\pnde !.. ub:!'

fnLn.s rild BrbNc r rol6ir cr su^r] iuniJut si! dc cm0rric pdin, ,oDjJod l2 rir ,\ r.n m

i.|,,p,,,tr"J,,,

h irrf l]}ii \olJ4iinin

1 in acesi rer o wme aveam cee murrumr mancae bund s odihna Nu prca mull daca sIal sa $ oan;edi. cu c6liva aniin mma ne_am I dispreld I mul dace am fi ;ndur a asa dova. Dar acum dam reiclli E o chssli6deobisnulnla, s :hiff rapru cateariinfl marine.obsnunlaeexp calasrpeni,uce uiEm lucru imoodante a9a d6 rcped eliei6nsublrultocuui aszin6 pudh nisle n6bun, me'sdd prn sale dupa mancarc meinosud6miarinlran*e.oerapr,cuad6vaEl,nuuir6mnmc oar

badiontrl stu

trr.di

de

c \rpnj.j^oirt:

1o.. cn6 ste pe noic ne maiasteaptE? saoo- 1. a aal an i "n rd

sE

neracemculcuiulmmd

' ca s5 nu p erdem vrcmea viala scun;

.Da da irebuiesEostcemdeai.i n ooroood

.ar ceciuFnnoiai.rlNU

. , r'1l 0
ru r,zbo u

'o, ",;

,u"i qd _

..

jn Muhi d'ntc conrbdami si au dcs.jn exprienlele jdi,'ale si rub bio$trtii. iuun jmalcre nu a ro$ dar publi.irilii. Philip Heath it' na iDtei. de klalia pc cm a Nut{.u omnil sii. d avand atu'cr l3.ri Pe duci d m i. x.el.si timp si subordond. ds 5i set ftbuind

Acum, va'r ucrurue atlre,

sunrmaiinoidubr.

ui

eramlanararunci

r
5

,Trobuiesi i/eipelotiasacumsun|i

maiinlanil pe nimgnlca e in companie Erau un stup d6 oamenicanneciop ri dar imlp iceau p6mtu ci erau veseli simnhi cesopunaucucrdules bunAlarocomine.demulleodimioxpiu cum so lac rebutre ca si m iie maiusor Dfl dsplah eu ad devenil un penrru c, maiodrdea erau ana rabri.'
Nu am

Una dinte

lrlc mri

i'zbolulli slc Gd,/br!

t n/l7rar, s.ristin 1929dep]rcnulrictm . .o ,nltu.Fob, urF..ln..l -.1ie Arommem

cidh

tuimoase aulobiogntlL rereirtoat la p.no?d^

rf

nu;J.s sl i\i a'nimci! de\prc pdrulclc dc ioapre,

1916.

$riironl En.h Ma.ir RcnE(ue, duci

ii vt{i d. ri

anj,

'-11'.. scxer. r.,nrn

."d';az-!"
lbs publi.d io re2e in prajut dr

6runc roalrr n@pre6 ca s5

rinilii d n diviziile Rova we ch lrre

cr. .

nrip\

Middesex,pedeidnAQylls SulherandHshandsrsrcata'asAd

d'n lEnsee.

Ge.frani au bn gn6

umeoase soc. conluze piedrca vodn i. isreie crdfrpe, de|ns ared carcamnorarinmodspacardsb ibreamihrlinbeirlacal sdenee odbiledecamaquinmas5dintunereeintuneteaehnu u, rognea
dadaweror zddbire o'ib
r,

bne tn rur;apo au tras careva impuscaiufdeavensment,dupaane aDofi Lhrrrenudoe

neala

a ora aia so pulea vedea

r0 conliitrar s: re interelrlo'i doar carva do.a noird au tosl n I in

pde ca

Nltrlri

ir b

didr 1rtntrr
de

h:lillid

jmesnrlnnrintc 0drnun'i dvbor ndirltal dli. Ul,!k Burlic dcane condril. dn hnselee'ge! nr d,q4

\i

NliLirarii

r,.,-J |i . D-., nu FeFrr".

$'jiotrcr .irdi n[i
jos.
s

iil4i in k'plii pe toxlc

fronturile atr hm,r rcr\ii celo' dirgi

lr Ptr*.hcndrctc

rimrbil. In

tr

1 Poarenuvrrmaginar cunarErau

l9lr), n porelene sore'

sxle delp'e rovtr.irli caru

P:*dtriltelc tlc 26 oronbnc l..u codsolar in

ceva reDinre in ea se prorinOda! pe pre[ darc de benzine Si bininr es ca {rin aceas cauza o d ale dar let,u au sa bea liclr du|a bod. co dii.r-F c,I of , c oo " frag nez agonia un ui camarad re sE{e. veme de douilz eci si oauu r0 de 016 insrcpal panS a b.au in noro, inceda.d. cu doui cut do conseee sa 6 apidnt ogauradeobuzcarelusese ldnsrormari
scoro zisinoapre llmp d6.proape o s5pl5mana. Asra era vala rd.
Mu

inGcam sa

ne impafttsim

neUd e
ali un i arrora sunl

Bieiu simrie! de shoiy, unu din imiporeslea brurdespre ranam d

oamni

pe a ci.

I sodalise

imbo niivaau d6 dveree boti prccum.picoarede

camarad a avul,ebra mare ir d;de

d

zenl6ie dar ava d areo conlinuu Pi. Gre de lranse erao b@H muz

s crosevnicuape a mine sia sa voire dinnemnjEmsmaiEd:niccdalSberu mtrpiisrs .MaOends ds6or a l bidu de e nu cred ci aG un momani. cred d za@ p6 10 unrlM pe mp. Totusidga ne s.i iria'* cum ne aium rci ra E minunalsa fiprolen ac. Alu[i.mt Doadne ci nu o s: lreace mui panS se lemire rizboiu] asta simrc:irimpinqeminap. pe hahlnurFdrz nu cred c5 ma @zda mu r in tara biliel or islia engrezi si apo o *t incecim s o sE avem s s no un crm n rtuhos, rcum sliu @ inseamna asla.l .u ea cadd
p

eaci de

ci

t{

prcz nre s rie. MatSa sa lad cu

n*z

Aproape

ci ir

putrczeau deselee in5unttu Au

nurrma

murr din

Filete nrdL.ol. alc rinpului \ud si cle blo\irorf. li!trrL isro.cr. Md jos su lnrrc iindude trtrui .hntrrg ser seflnxr lrrc .aponx

O dcricr ncdi dc pde sem Nludd d.9.c dtn,o lizrer inrmictrlui ntr irrix rorul .nccri I', , omrd ,'ronui /. ptrblcrL t!{ Lri\mne em.!tr l{.ci pc clrc I bnl o h cubrn tu l9lr:

,rl

{r

Bubuiluddeldznel neinsoleau pdrun

n spale p usri si mitaliere. zullalur. s0nren doja mu r in rara

Doske. Din lMto pddite suila qtoankre in luru| caeibr noasr 0ore sau ss zbesccu p.cnet de margins lEnseoi. Apoineam
riniiror

abc LupracuEenadadneniGd

I'tubrbd

d
ii

c\pnm,r

'miulu',,whd

clt mri de\ iditdn jn riTnoi cne.to de p!cc. .linrtrelc soklarilor, cr acal ciinld eriric cimd p nEodrd x Fn.od we Hrvc in JesuJ.
s.nrimeDtut

o:Lrri $'sii dc umu o oNlnoial zmlc dc rnnse pa.um r]rdtr.1cr ,n.m.Ir.{unb tu' Bru.o Baimstnner fi( hz de ilciu auronl

tl {l
d,"' 4r 1coo'1 'qo' od, r ;' .' 1' r4 d q 0/e.
'

lrni dii rmala enslczl Exe'npld dc maijo\ (crrc I lircuta' \i\,b Ibnni dc cde p.$ilil iluinia) ah8c arenria xsun und sfir oranL jn
sc Eferi nonlr t. o.rrd,,rd . o ! nner.r.oa c. desc . tu povcnncx T/ir 5!!.r. E!s. scdsii in !rD\c. dc scrjilorurbnhic HI|. tvft,nro G,ri) !! pudn dft iijinLe si mor:, in

-P- drt..t.,,

um.rr.i

.r,rc

P:n.dr dfi derr

'n '
1 can'lcinevasegend6slelanoo aruncisesandeslcusisu,an6rao carena la o esbnner.. o eshDrher esre un te de baraci. cevc nrE un masaz n de Mnu.tsio ca'enea, tu un mc barinlr on cott, .ol dind oF9c rn..o d r'"o4. i, 'n<Fo"1 5 seneGrcucatevarafiudmicidebscdnieascdnseinspar s nru

cad/ dd

impoho ii in norcais, rs17

Prccumptrurnegrua uneirele.penirucAeavieazEciaicinu.s Sau ca serurur ee unde un saF srA ascuns.!

Z impotmolili in norolie,1917
PBOBLEMA CHEIE De

si cu ce frer r cortinuri blmrjul lx

l9l? . roi a(ul uior imle$irL Deinftnpre p. ftoniul de Ven Din cnur pie .rilor 'DDgnhre t', luptele de lt sommq nemrii si au scudrl

li'nr de hnsq ErigmJu $ ctr 10 dc Ulodcd din panca cstuaE a rfoDiulu' sp.e o reter delen\ivli supene..niz.rl situalA La 10 13 kilomeEi in dincime .J-inia Hinncnbu!' lJi klit6 ALLalilo' au rvrr l shimbini In virl ln Md. Brihnic. dinaincul Dinnrtu de rizbo, Davd Lloyd Corxq a lGlnumil pnh'niniso iii l6ul luiA,tuid. 'n 1916 ln Franra genenlul Nivellc l{ nrlo.uit pe Jorte n' tuncrir de

N loi Ibde dificilc pcfuu Allai. Li Rtrsix rver roc o Evorurie. iar su^ nu inrse in.il in rrlzboi chiar dupi .hcl rir de rizboi a amencuilor, din vnlie. rve.u ri nai ta&l Diulte
Primelc lunirle anuhLi

hhiuruncp;nd6 ampe.ro.umltil
A.est drun orrivit de bonbe

lu

intntc cr hpele

Lor

\i

fie prcgiitib

ii

luple pe FrcoNl dc

vc$

r) RebeliDnile arancczilor case de*hidc spro bb5G noa*a . uide voh dohitu si. s pdn
pnmun'inrinnrru cii Alillii !rc!u st rjuig, cui;nd,,lx BeLlin" ln a6r ch:npagne. ln $op, el a ladet in .pnlic o nxrc olcNivi t" 'rgiuEr r nurtutrlLLi .nda rrcri.li nhbuiti!ln!. a narclu' c'otr trlo$anlor i'ncns dc !ldim..!u lon clccd[ du aa$&lc dir FDi]liDie, pozitiile delensir alc lonrmilor fiind prua I &n'nc t nh a n captude. spe r.naele nrdi p. .:trc lc nimise Nivcll! nnpami.u cotrdiriilc trvrnbile de lupri ru dur,jn lum mai.la tb lrmcca. Mii d. soLdill. rua.nufrilii rarlr, ru dc.I ftr' ii si'nplu dir ranse. ftluzend sil sc i'purii onliiclor ofirdnhr dD a reveri lupri.

,.'

.n nou.

14.

u'_li n''o '_n rt.';i,; ". cind N.villc a fon dcn N.ul c.mrldDr, P6biD, r lini*ir risculri
Tnp t,p!iFr".

impohoirih norcais.

isrT
e

61

.ui. 6 'd

.eoiviindu le pltnemlE siin{rur;idd in

,t,

r!t.di

dnD o

da.irtin:

Nnri
sisura si a cares-arPutea alunqe e{sclive puiem ce. si da.i ttrPo 6 q

rlacee

dor

iina

s:le

mai

-l ,"1, ."
(lttr a

..

| ., p".n, r.1.r

. on,.,. .o,

robabi ca obiecivu nostru d

drg

fo! limp.dc.ii Drk tnLner iu lver nojrtut n-...sd Enrru I intrr i,md ( in & paah a dcrr, lri er jj a{.:'Pri F u;!.u, !

n.rnl

io esrecoaslabes anisal o be
Lloyd ceorse rtr doL.r

inrdngeriesuleile.relrupele gomanoseduce acoapsullor'

rr

rcvoc dc 4uotul
la

rd.ujtu

t) Bltnlia dr

PN\.hcndaet.

del( ! io$ betilLe nr zom lonilcrd Ypras, Oncn lAto.". .. 1\ 1i -ron'u.J' .".. Jr.t-' dr in n'nic \i r dd rcclNl Pentu

nl lxNlor lrglc?x nu srr trrdirijd ..re d. rtr.iirir. & Fiontul d. vcj. dd\i Biitlft d. ta vrny Ridge si GD Lic teji) tu ro{ rnmo -s'erc TDlet. mmdienc. cre.rdnd; ^ms rsNi h y,m]. nnc8ntrn ailel o vicroric \!rzrtrotrtr li. ru ln{ impredi..re si

iii.

CaDdan'e]lrarrctrl.I':3l iulie,avuseseledcjautrh'nbrdrmenr p.elimiiar. i,i crc lusu{ri roloiie peie 4 ni[oaE de obuze Ploilc rorenli.lc cx' r,'ztrscfii,.clc mri md in 10 di. nnp'uni cu clddtrc si devini o adclldn nhiLni cu rolc bombclor firu\e$ .a ^nx n de reztr1l.le1e obiiuE n' prima I dt r.en.a, HaLs err mulld

"'".':'
d.
sNner

'

',

n'J

n'

h'pli'" lolu!unpnncn. ficd de ofilcnrl s2sRx)n ctue. t5 !ruu, ^exru dupir liii,criin ltr|)la de tr Atus, a ii.( o dcdrD(ic rc
.i
i-:7bon I e{c ,.in

/zis.a munctbne.Goneru

Gough eslimeaze da a tual pesre

Tilr

'. .1r'tu r

pcDh :csr

md ltctibsl

tr .',

'd. de \6Jre rbicdiLlii r ilionrib, .i

|rctL ngit dD cri

Dtrbtr:i. n, !.u! cm ru oucEl

ALan FLslchers

slr srcsdeQeman moni ucisi pecdronoul RyanLa pundeled6prmaiutor M a l dponal numercas ezu uioare malor hlea prcwcate de $hte Ren[ auunmora buninrFadovar.. I'mspusluiG.ushcarclnem
un

hms h spik'hl d. crmp ic cnielocthd Aliird de atlj olire! ..tr J"mibl. \imiu", pndrc ca! sipcrulwitricd owcn.I0,i.ri1l xDjcDr uHk n. ,. An.t.o, sx\smtr I loi iulccar \i .lLiheur rlii narljd dnLntu,.tu decsnu,c ri re! rimr. !cne lui Htrig c.r o0rimij, ..cr cc comrcrl .spuDda I dc, rigi,.tr. rnfu ||inc.4. dcsp,e (ru jj Dorenisc

jr

b:iilic, rcm$ ! din$ umedi, ploaia lonliiurfd pini p 6 c. tlanul lui Lloyd Ceollc $ iu Frle fi nonmbnc. ...r .c a ft respechri { ,ndr n,ai,ac dc lum NLeDrbrie. cn saopnrpbai,.nonul eri tM dc dtic sidc moulc iicit o ren' s cai sc nulu ir el, ir tin]p.c r.hrulcle si lunudlc cntr inghi e complcr lecTi i'mgifo de '.J^ ne D.7i' -. bu. Fts- i
dmpuL

'

insmril@re doua in de tanseedela nanic in acesl alac, darcu Dnprclinsptimanrstorde

Pleded
in O

slal pentu apeE rca

nioi

mla ed 9iu^a

do up6

au losl

inpdr'o I h redia

rerT

63

ti,rx.

r lj.r!:|on. ci lr c nn ' '

.m

'

n/L

r.:|asr trio.ifii. nr sc poLr. i!!. Ier]r .ii brliililh din 1915. r Droxner. dt+i!!oFr, o,brtr r Diid. riN. rh sirtr 0,nL( rlbmrc miiiirc. ruin !! rulburin pihicci dlar bioq,ihr rl Hr! John Teir i.. ui \ciiror prLn de rc\Fcr lxlli de subic.rul \iu. !iinl d.\me Icdi Fnordii ! riizboiultr' de trnH
o,ire
Dtr4,viL

.n. dr.ii nlernl {urd

pc

in mod

!0!.irl

de orrnsivel.

bndnce

in. \ii'iirtrii

poliriilc

..d!

ri

Lui Haig susri'r

.ii ncm(ii ]u tutcrr

deren\isisi.ri

rndx iranezi

ri ri

\c rpLi^4 i'i.mLcul dclir riizboiuidr !^rii Dq,ii piir.'cr hiCr,ry sl,!rrirld. pir.derle L,nN entr in skr. rn'm.rn qurgc lr (ncruTir ci Htri! n{rli r/eorl fotfl .LoLr.ir sr inriirrririiril' \i .ii et r ulL' ' lorrine iD|]im(ne drcrer r!, Hijg.onnnri .irch vid.nx
cdtrcile D,ri \.o1iD elidcmlr rllDrt cil Hai!cdo lfr rc.e s 'idr. ltrerri \i. duF tilrerr lui Kcr|tr{, ..ctu nepiisitd tari dc sulann{ele olnenil.''r': NlJi mtrlr. cr DU \..r ti ldaprd strriclem repcde h

'lc brxn,eri. n' dcriw)mr Drrri.,ri ii . pu{ii ruron'xre A xdoprn o r h -q'ru hd'.llc hurlc p! ifi.giRr dire'iei t'r ufl. inf.dr.ne" c.F purlr \,1llr rldic narlrn $tlldi. in \chinb. rt I insild r dtrlr pe lnl.\ ri (ruiRrodc i.i,l\pime. condu.ii,rrtr piedcn Drd. NEer tr. rb.uil., (nr.nLnrc Je J lligulumi rm.!iDs' x rr.'tulri D.fir lrilni Nrc u/nL dr ..Dcgl$rir lnmindi' ,, Cctu rl dD Crdr , . udeci nxi ri'trr'. .fnr dndu r ,.rn produs rl s..LcriitLi ri,rNl'r'; 5' ,.er r brn.on'ddrn dii ca\i exnhu dq idauci 1. ..r.u{a ne sPunc ryr Hils insusi'"

\. ijmse h d.g{icri: rDtimp:trd rl Aulro unsri.i. crru1. i mccrcr \i srj*! un ffmlincnl ( Fmflai R.ichlrsut (pfll nennrr lcmuD r vorir o pentr! 1)]c!: papi BeD.did xvj
l$rru
a

D.nh,.x,'d ui,. Pr . r' \n ii wq,J o" s

Pa.olk

(.dtror),

ce,

rt!

ov*ten Fot

r r 4 r
9

plblicitili .pclun poku I se puD. crpiir r'zboilluj Din picnb. Itrvciruc nu eeu prcgilre pcnh coic.siL. ncccs:ne cr rls p.elrDnntrf
au dar

'.zoltrric nltez,

As,(6lot. vor rNo 2 P6 J wFu & B Rrgs.l.71? Crdr Mr lPcrgri" Bmk\ r9!6). P 6i Nr c lb!n. rtn worl./ tre (wcjdc r Ke,!o../i( /ru ttdzw4.(l{mdiNoi, Le3).p r42 4r!rrolwolr wdr o,. (^r@ srtur.
ArP

lLdctotconumr,trr Lcdn

liyroi,

tu ru tr

././

tt

r(H!D,sh

H4ilror

rr)63).

r 29

'1,.'lrhccvl LrDierc' Depohlilor cii jtr co jnum unno !i fic .rizboL sj ninn. dc.rir zboi" t_r!ryJ ceoBc a dstmr .ii N crili,!,!d h iLDibrc
tftc
Le

ll'-

"'.,"u"',

- \ourr'trni' uu"./
c.rrhja, td rlindcibu!
si

.r"

D o nN\j.
Jnn

fi1JiJ,| 0',r
iqt

R4 (M

lt L

\. hryr

vicr.i ic

\i intnieerc"

15

in

Ltrdcidor[

1/l?rrl $tidedeLd

||atut: f^. Ll! a't 1rt!: '[ FiLLMa ihit v''!wr & NrcoLq, rr9r).]r75

los c.cu :ii kcaci pare dec'ir Rctlhjrsutu Air .i nisi lrl de rl pfuola c.rlcitri i rizboitrlu ru r rdus dorltr t .p-rrn 11. - Prjoor.. n" ,.,1, I t. elc. spoeDdu-i cli si a tcrEcn cridiuDul tuprtrd. bc,nlj in r.cdl7i i n r I'', r,..',. r,n '
'.b.
rar

16 P wi&oP Gdiro), ctrDdi sr/f (McdiDr 1919), p. 219 2r0 D4!d .r'/E 13 i E

r R Brdo Gdiroa rrn@ r4rr it ,i!(/4' iilir (Fjro & slDnNro{c. rei2) Pp r51 & Ls1 (o,rn.!! ,r(r(rees)
czd rtu
(Porcoi Books.

&

dc urilcde

rtrptu

b.
lu

',',.h''.'''.
metato de ore din viara

'

Lsr

1 A rost c6a ma cumpriri

ma, pur n oe paru

Gditr) ?t(

frea Au oe[rmur

|irt htr ft 'sdryr (Rohr$\ rqr7l P 2lJ 3q kqth. ||{ta" Fut lBc^ tetl).
p

" b,no

s" ipo.o-o.

camen a cEr.rcapiusesrezat.

poarek,,!

nu.h

rac grlr asaca

n0{,ace nic

T ! $.** rh' - Bri ,/d "d*tr R tsd Dxvh (Frbe.& her. r rr B{hussq Ln.tr F .1Eycry,irfrLibi,q r$q).@ ldlT rr E N1 Rcn4u,. n' 0,r, @' ,rtr sk
lr r G HdL! rid! rnr
?1 R cnks 6,di4.

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(FuMd{

reze).

Ls+r55
Nrs,rc
n

raduru d

dar s' nor

io zuadesodii.Amom0lmcdelisrt sto pipi

asup,aE,delamaru P n6.aminlart. Dum ntce a

am

ro ^,t!4 nr/ r,,1 (Peosun

docd.unu v ro,os;

ste6 iul rdzboiu

riniqiA

srozave, asa

haimurs

c, sunr poaEca

Bdk re.O nD :rr- r1 ! 1r7 B@r!.ltu Fna \|,,] v( \si'J!\|ttk

In'rprorr, cl

.dea

sn i".inre d. cr;ciunul rui tgrR

2sTNqh,'EnnjuDgaslonI'dr ri( tg nais..hotr (rlo CoPi rs6),

pp l? i 2?2

l':
r:
s

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Aldo n

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koE

n,/ nf Bqrq!r

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19 J lrtune

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s4s (HtuhEson, r$:rr

D 18 |

14

c 6 crer

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roi3 (c,wm Hyoao,

aJ

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16 M&tandt, vat6 akt rMs{

I
4
Sr

ur

b'r' or o

drrrq dd nF ,osla"b|n
LiFa o de

b) s,.db1_ r, an,r or

oPs.nena6.ddriro'deret6nr

,,-"d'e

i;a$6

Fronturile de Est
qi de Sud
.

t9r4-1917

Noemb,e,coilinuaFevoutad n Ru5 a stapungcrc ausl, a.i a caporeio

i'i

xJlre ,_nxNirii r dooii rnndt nr$Li ni

rcbdllcniilLg. din \n.lc j,tdLr. tlr trL*I. Xrnc ii oli'sirii. in rlL n 19r1.!
p

tr.

rs14

lnccpe.amptr a ausr aa nrngera FFie in prusaorenraa

In.epe.anrpaniadetaCa

19ls

o Nmen.L opriLDc d'drilli ru [rL d. tuL t|].1 J]i ANro Ungi:t lg \ud.tr sdbrL ii lL,lir si !dr Lir nortL$L (

ilii

ri l{l !d
R!!,.

o]L i i o f r

Ru!.,

r.h! r

nL

nr5inr;zbo

aurqarid.

td,,j.fru rhtntntc Fnr!lde l*1. rre Lc !u.r

OLLr,in'iif rcin, ith.Lrum r lrr lnlt'ii lin or b!k!c,rr! ru ni'sir fllnl i,:r,r \L rLr|o qr!n.l.trl1
t,, tr

o,

n,.',i !irLo\vtr.

au o.cee patu bah depe sonzo. rn,rjngereaFuseiinGa lt3

nfta in razboi la

i..

i li

li,nL'ri

diD

iilc

ptuile,

Arcocc.nlednlaAlialol.Jeacl]anlilV

2 Oprir.d ,,liiriilueului : fr'i'runh '1, lul,li Jir' Ru.i.'

se desti soad orens va a Brrtadi in m unli Dorom ri oransiva ui Brusi ov imootriva Auslnei

1917

nliihrizboiRomana

PROBLEMA CHEIE Cc ri.itr h priibn\i--r Ru\ cl Lmlc'

Made.incepeFevo utia djn Fosia

rlricnirtisi

din

catitir, l9l4 l9j5

ri..!ru'riL Leirhrr!
r00 000

i L\olLrLr i rt

rn

d.

rLin..r n\$!r:i Jiq,l, pnrotrL.,l

MDrri(r0.iL K.fsrric tja,r

prin riirle n,ssL.:jprr 0.nlL'dl! dD in d*cre tr \r dor tr lNri(i. dl

.0a.n5ni nrflr i eern,ru,.rr\rx.:i.Ll.irei tr, c,.i i,irnrg.,r.L JciniLriirRx\11. Nsr

0.n.rd.L.rux
dr ulimlir.trr

J..tr!r. r

turil.r

I
sD.i

rilLv; ill.ri Ir rrlftrln,\ iirlLr ioDr ir

J,r

Ll..onlnurnr, I lklnf si \. rcrrli Jm c tltr Polori i trtr cu.hr pc 5 r!!sr !

.rdn,l

nr !

sdrei

!fu Ri],r r. h (ir (. \i ulr.

Dnf rd.i.L I i)n nri,^a u

rnfo [!run

Ndd,LD

shrt j

nnl pLrm ttdN

ri

ntlri !)]drL.rr ur hturj.

r.l)f

dc

rxi rjrc.

inmlicull.
ate{i. drr

LLLnsrlc

ro[i.

Li{e dc bolrn .denoft]nrr.x N \.

ru

rl tLL

rr.(i n\[

]. ui

!..n1 \ u]|l.1[ \ h]. ! (tL.r/i

Cramno in dzboiu ,na? Doaii

Cu ce se

vor. eqe a sJ;Gr

ill

ldsi. ni dda iDrNdr v..ijcii: 7j 0i)O de idm. \i r pierlcdi (u' rrb,r dc.11X) ki. Rsn I cusn sii o inue ruth o druj ctr rcoF cn m.jnenr !l:m Bnhie sirniF iD.drii \ii ftdr: l(\iurer drr sp{els rkdr trilor Frmind ahcut6usd |ui!f in I'erir{rh cdtiFti(rc, prq tc 75 r8) Ntcnri de aaftKEJ rrJr (ii r{e orBni r dd m 0utfrtc eli.r trlgNjy rsuD! murer
d.!( t .
ritri al.

dilci,L 3.,Drri liLir irti un ',!lrrt f!Libi Nlrjdrtl o6rcilor rx\i (rrlrL dinft c. onic'i biitiiriir in rtRtr\.'i de :.uD'
rc.cixre de

Mririni\e\e Lou^ dn.vr rmbLli.! in Ru\.r uD. I luii!trlsi demonnt4 ci Pxtia luL crr trr rlr! rlloft. rrnx n rr'ci !
nslilsirc \ii nnbu:riirtr.i nr it .o|sclr'1d. nx oilcl trkTtrL pnmul riltioi nondid li !n'dx liL ,lu'
L

BR'siLov u'usiLov

tri

..niid

poEstutuijirii de tradrtDtutdf \irdiite fotur de Djii.& h rutun 1915, rjr lrLl Nid,trc irtn hi ri.r $umd.u n{hib7!. inlii..fnrh n prcDii I unre nrc. nu r nd cine ,a jt\ invinsi.or d,n r..{ ,:tlroi Ebnldle diptoDlrtlc licft !6utmuhrinc puredtc CetrrrL..,rc I iirheir lllc .u Rtr\i., nu s 3tr fintLljar.u dnnic mDcEL
b) I

Rtrsic. ua\r daronlii \otdljjorcre ro\cne dir dnqw Dllnultri D.7drftx !i pr\tma h nr.mic enu ,nanir.estu ars

.i ntr rlti JrM oorsf ! !tri \lil tlii Pe rturruLl! J' nrd

rcn. elen domn si rofrerrii DtrF i cnsc prcli,irL. xruns!.! s.ilr1. )L.trpii r rutrii riit; i,: cm'domr! | rniL.,ri inlinlca.', rl!ir in.cNl pltrul.;" trr'. F-. ir.Drul d'n Cdi,i,, c.lsmxim$ vld..,' xk tubon,luL. rerii\r !iinlnu? p/rc I bno lui

()f.n\ir.

lui Brusilav, 1916

h chriiltr. din FinLr. in deccnb.ie 1915. Iqma nnrJic. F:n!.I(dir \ Rulia xu d.cn sii si co.rdoneze sh+tri brre
conterLio df xrtr puleate C.dr.rte Rolut Rusier um de n N.i m!eq! t imp.!rv3 Au\trieL Altel de plriun \ au do!.dtr i'Ji n\or d. discdar dccijr dc p$ nr aDli.m

,.lxltii lurc utrl,tr ( dnkL Itri!i hinii nu c'a o prnn[r..:]lrstrultrr I I pulcr.onpcisr pi.nlsLLc seiosc. irneli:rl |iiDii ir r!cL itunenr
dacifu

li inlcaoiir

dII c!.omadr.Lril!
pNic r tritrlui.

lui lliDdcnbtr.q.
d tL!

or!r vr. ir tcr

LLU

d'tr1

rvmrs'l.ln-!xl
dc

t.r Crizr de obua Jnsesc dlpilsirr, dcn ofireni rnli h.o,n jil 'lc petrrl oricc er! ntresisrd u |irn, pe'nd.l! dc inxr! trc tnrr:r Rtrsir r!.r in ronbDurr. lsd nn ,.,
nord

o,.q tri,

dizlert

de

5!lverduD rlon !Ll\r Al]oi. r intr i'i liThoide pdc. rprtrDc monrLr tr'ilre' rrt.!t

!d rj

N F$aLl

ven. p., kL r orar

I
l.L

I t.trlibtr
tstrll

'h.r
L

irnid id I]d Rofm. d.

i;..
de

J, R*i^

d,r r hudn,r ".

rrerird.d,r

!! I

d.!m

ddl Erq{'.

h soni{i. i,i rre

i.e si sillniiprcnNjukr

I9l'5. h tr&rurd neno.dei de dclghc{ rujiau po.rn lf fnntul d. vcv. olcniv: p.oj coDc.ftrlil. vduritc infinE.iei tu\. xu r^,

uro I,t

' l\'r'.'n

ti.uti trChmdty Dnpi ce ccmann

Dtr:c inchc

t trr nxi.iFcd. u

\ii

fi'.nonL'

.) Pribusirc! Rusicitriste, l9l7

Dnl.

\oLddilor ru! \emiL (r i,i 1917. sold.(', dn DndtL N.lDr

r.r

cr x miljo'ik' lrri.., ( 't

sru

II

fnuDc,,

rni.tu lirr.zii I to{ itri( miri .tr m:Luirc nde 'utic dc plhinl F,r.roDl..u.itrl r& r dtr\ h vhucnrcr fcvoheL a foi slrrr euno. Dr.i rr{i D.^ol[u indstici ]mputlio.ari d. .iizbor : .ozotvrr I o nDrcmj.li infldte. Ehctul cq 0a, !,.'r i'nhr ct r 10{ iletr ci rillLnijru rroLlir;ir Drid.gnbi \a h.i n{Ln c c,rtLlc ddn si te vr li pc bxjj devrlonzdi iD .onkc,n, .rrirfu,L.rc rnrytii c. tt.cd, s|.c lioDl a \cirizur. tm si\reiNl tnDsp.fmLo. nnbnrin t sidcfi.nr, rtr a\ieu,i nrmic:ttuvizionrrl .limpu
(1.

!ft s afl& Jt& tunitiitc tunitjitc lor donnd prc. DN ce vblrDr ftF]b ni linut rmr{cirr* (cr rr*. in io di l9l7 rqri in rinp.e
tf

ti

sDxrcle

lLi nc

riciori rLrl.

15

Ln

'n'l

B
!
Dl

o!

drn bardome ru Ibn arir de loialc Prcrm ..hauLlimJ monli 'o''ptr5 femci, conduse dc Nlr.ir lorcek ftll'ssu ni vitczi di'r Irk fi'nclo.lnr. golind srtlc n' d saf Ii Jorcdir ncc.sr h,DBlor !.nn c si ad{'o unlrc. '& Lc unnr3 mil dincolo dc nondcd RolLLl dc combirut rl Ruici se in'l'''af d'

s-.

dfi hi" rovlisii sii rcvolurio,ixri.li.tilui

l'

"

ri

'','.

llprji \au in b}iL.i,

tin

Nl.el usor.lc n.olir

de

c&c

I-rpluirc de

bruhlizrnL L'l

rc'rur

"
ri.L

,1

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'
ru*
smkr

-ri

rdmpar rdn tus$e

pd*!b*c"rr

,.,,

.id,-,

;;ft @u,
li coilin

a nesodrilor

d. pa.c ,lt

li

tsrtsr

i Lr ,l! tr ndo. iiLrmol oltoritr.lt i pftlLBr lpoi

l\,ttrLd

L-.n.,1 . .h,.
dLd(:soldxrjtrtr

connrLt x horirir

ll'-t"*
\ii ier Lu

,!ru de tDdlplinil sxfiii mi]ir]D. ctrc x r-ijiinhr svicrs i, dndi, r r,iNlc dc ,cnrice d. adresrc ! | decltr,rr lii hEtc qau 'nt(|s \ii i' ctjrcrci obl'-rxr ordi.rtc guv.rn,LuiDm.iJri.rc;tr inrou ii (,n,d d -lr ile sv dds Bn^ilor a x.uzrr ..blrncmarut,

, , ^, o,t" """, runci rtrdirul utrLr ic did.r mtdabld (trcflur lqncnesi .n!i nu

roDlr!('e na si pnriTlid.pqu

.j..,,.t "r,r tondluquu

.t. .'r" -."i.i 'i tio; .". "".orc de nnnft oneni': ivltJ purttrci J*l! nx.er cir sPen'lr gtmLr'iror pe r'prc lor \ii : dmirc dupil cliciun .cr nai fl[r. pdc I rrpcl'i

de'e brit sehi bun rusur'a t rn'ep'r "n rm nr p'rirt nrte pe p:im'r si h ne

Lilo!:L |e

12

Raporlu'ile (u..micil, putcri

: Iunir \i lhlani

.) Csmpanitde taCrlliPoli, 1915

,,Lr$ti mi si nni pun Jliclrii laF in lalir

r.1 \i.hi.r !i fum.7. r.i. trrcxqc.. ll n,.cNl tsrusi].! r rpriji,rir .J..iziih hate dc \-r r'(.- Ir nL,,i. olerL* Dtr.ri .iomml!mnl" Gumeji..um numjr tsfrsilovr r yttr, lirlib fiD[lui x lrd cii hpetc cnu drlordizre o\ble faGi si

rurui nr

'n'ro

des'h'i '

Fli. rD.! d b.' n

r r
d

+,.t.",i,.r,"
.'llan|.i Pureri

caE co'sdenu

por jnftitrge

u5urin\ii

lin mr'

l$lul Kirrh.u..rc nu:(otr {(.ii un 'Mn'. peacLlo\. r trclrns dor udc' \i,,strrc dLvLTLi si pl.ce \pB F(ito! de veii in rfr.i i.

nepotivie iu loi prlgirrfilc. el. DU fon frrLtnc Fii pe lj rprilLe La rcesLil ddii crttr !x[ n rrcn ii d'm]Ntrra r.elei ziLe. drpii In bombrrtl.,ic'r d. pc m

Esipt

bi

.1 .-n.

conidcrati ..d.rul d.

p.t viu" 'Oncir d..qribire

dc

coria asirticii. ftgimcrrclc cdel.^ r ]l]r pc p tLjtlc d. h *pLLl p.ii'nul.i larpul Helles) si arzrii (!ud cntr norecl't rLtrrLfrn' s
rcozc.irndezii)
se

xflrtr lx

l6rmJ

c.trlolru

lrlhr

l]rDrele rbn'pte si pn(nl. dc nc6uliix plriclor rut!u trcidc intrD,nd E minLri.e tuest. u.r p! ustr .flilt lon /i' de liigi. scric ir cipitm rd lirn. .!n' nicrdur .ammn. ,r c., [i. ]loi ril dulcru dr!,lc ru ivur ce Jace' Lr ila,.itr'l ^LeL..1pudn lci 3rr 0tr0 dc ..nrlrtrranr . e tuorrrri r,N\ci: dolrora[. lJ] un. lrc tru u'm]llup.lc au luphr cr sii cii!i!. Ji nx, mux rctoi .n

', ,. -,. i ..e., &.rtrm. de rccan:i darii D,ri in ndnl. ni C.lnLl surlr c.riirl
Stupltd. ..u, o[id tl.

!:],{i irrinrxli n n' o irc tr.hodr]rii ' n' n,trtrxu iri m Busi( sli frtrr./c lur\l pnD \uen c!.i s rLci r um Din rc.! inndrlu[iL ru Dnmrintuin,cd.loui ntu lnDd
lLLpLii

'Lpro4t i

tuic Lnenhr llLrrll'ii Kcmt'1. nft iri iidritr o.ursr \i rtic d tmr .h rturi cind se intimph \i i lupiau \i enslezii. lrm(zi' !i rw).!i. di, indicxiil. Ll!. dt geFrL' Ilamrlror si n'bordondii \ii'. .f. .o.rJotrr .Npml. d.lr h.id,..r' ina, |trtu diDuire deliL rlc 1L'i K lui Hmihon i rcildt. h'p.l! t.l,J siinidf(.1! iNuponrlril.Le didi vli. dc ufde \i o lerii caur Drii dr ornenL DaLnnd.Le di-nr.nc Pd,!x soltldrl Foi!( l-r_c
caE Tile

dt gcncr ul

gcnn

l-Lmri von Srndc*. si dc ui ro$andd tanitr

oirir"

vuld dinlp roveisiisiitrtr siNur

rrc$, uo!. dr

lr" $dd xtr{nlm r\rtri i| xre!. riidrrt.uDl

r.Lf riLLf

r Ir

ritrbr N uamsni

iiralu. N 12 austrn 1914. sisure cii Ncrtr .-si1ii foncTc , l^,r..,, \u, r,", , ".,b,i.,,r n inteiorird. D,u!.ci rL lr nircntrl rtr foi lLrri pe nepregine. df gemrrLull\rd r u: iirini. ri cui rnd lrusit si spinga p. rlacxron '
unsrc itr

ma

s.unp.a.e

dirol.
de irnqa no

g,miui In luft scplciny'c. lon.lc oai. dcn r 6i Deloi. sii fi. pal
de

rNljrc

trL

txcar r dour
ve$,
au

BclgnduL

a.:'r dr \ilrbii. pnJniod dc iccrli

Ji:i n'l:n'i di"

!i
de

Pn)i ir trrn:i.
Lrn

iMtr)rbru. |].0rlrr I nrr rlrlr.,r, i,i h r!.r!!

cotrtdacd. rednilinn cxpirali ii iund..c. \p.e nirsilul tsrlL'i Sr.dicrlc ru

pdrirtrr:..1rm
rL!

run.

Dittr.G.

\iir\iLll tu ltRDh'tr. iinJ. \jJnrnii r irg \$ \i \ri,trc.irr ulujr Chuqu! dq., d.ras(^r d .!NU i i,) s.frn de prd$L |Lji d. rolcljt Jn !G
dcrr.,
Ll.!:ir Lr

idi!..!

i0 ,Lrrr.ih ic

. a Ldrrjr !j,!c I

r..,i.
LLu

e stubi. ir de.nmr inli \i i,ii ,nuLr. v'.ti l0 l9r5 Cc'r,rrLtr s r hofnir sir i fin rcc,llir,rnc..rc t, hlmr.omrnicrer( Itrti. l'.lldlit a.cs plrn. sr\coul3c'D,rD iec{Lx o dianlicu Eulsdr.. caeitousnr l ar li irrLd \i n,.sctritrsri serhir c;nd cmpmir de I C.llipoLi ddca Fur.rilor Cfn,.,l!, GLdul S.rbl.ir.

Jan

x sa.b'Io., o cpnL.mio dc riiot a

Fn

rr onr!, !r.r. l0 0ui Lt! LrrrzL.I i00, ({rrLi.D n I

t5o

E!

runned j bulgan au mlrhlS.$i3 Pdi'i L $lduisidri.iD,rsiin rnli! n,iide rfug'd, cilili s itr rctrA rlDd.lo dr Dnntu Albaniei. Lnde Jni iftrcui\i dc
dari

tr

luiidd nFi.ondLria
n
5i o ptrnc

din

lm'r

de a

p.ini in srhinb Mred.n,a

-qennxn'

lrn o r), 1 mcDrtr uur!\r J. rr.s:j !,rrp.ri! t| Df J,il..tu, Bnitr: dc tr (janjPotj ru x loi rD .rri\.l dc rrc Nsl./i i l'r DiirLlri t).\t noii Arond
':rnroi

r.Lrrqr .r .Lrpi

\l!nr

,L

Kftrr,rt. r.trr

lrur r d tr$irNul.L nri (L

rli

srupuri de lo.tLLrni
de

o{il if)ri. bmu \l bllii! {' if:'d:,!r ..Miriilc i.!agc.i Lo. h find.
planla

soldJrii ru gisiL

fr.i

rn dusiLL \ig( I (m slili!lihr--/ Ltr

o,

LLr.LrrtrLj

j rilti r!tr\r..1ftrr,r

ri /;LdrtrL.tr J. r,rr ir &,1 lw, trrbdL i.i lt. i r\r\ dar dr ld' nq u

$.nuer rD

.r..

i'ndi.:tnd

srclJiriu r sirbilor rnrli n, l 'ttrrS coiduTn ruii on "ui!. Fondc [ul8rr :i ]u $bilLl o pozine jodificrLii in n{(li Mtrcal.tuc'

JL:irj.,

. , d '.r S or'. lrih x' irdecirla r rfir :i soklaLul NC Po{cll..r.de{ne

i'

LDtrr

d. J \njirtr

dda ubi{rlcl! tu |tnntor AliJtrtttr. lr cxl|0olj. I i\ ..d3 s{br..trit N rnslr. i,iri u((rrii

p.ncolclr lupE, F rc*t Fmim deo tumusclc ..ilnibltrnJ , .Johmr Bul!.to dr r trrhr cu o -qrmi lrsii Je lo.uri. d. h obu7. dc tri\e lx srcfudr. gloriic dc mtrr.rlien:i cirelr rtil. p{6oDrlc 1.r.Ie!.r, combindc.d D,rltrnx. ru iiicur rivrgii crinte noi'.1'Bulsitrii lc a, dr de n'cn' Alirilff t. tronul dc Lr s:lonic, pinii in Ntinrbn. 1913 Ccr dlu trrir bri balcxDici ire r inrxr in lerii a lon Ronu,a In rimrul . rr\irci d. suc.cs a lLLi Bnsilo!, din rusnn 1916. accx{i

trlrlitrtli,ru!ru ungr. ctrrdd n l lii lrr,{rrrii de ve.Lrr \iirJrr, Lr. !!,r itrii fd! a ban.rdc': h h i re..mb*. inircrr gr,fur\. rrrierc st bLLsrc ru .rtrpl
retr

.c-lirNrrld

dc ind'cni.

trDJe

.cr rnxiDr.r. pxr. tr,l,ii. Li!tu\n L.rtnmlc p(oLrrrc -!'itr. tux'rc u! c t| i.c.' NnorifL

! urlrrlc

!.mLLZn,rI i,n.
rullLi

dc

'rPon

mL,1i' I'ivJed'.ulnr lru

srorir ctu mi srvi nrr rl.s,r dt dea(nr 5iliNL { borl.r.tu ixpr! i pr boL,Ltri dc don'l Ll. .au r

\rldird vfrlt

r|Inl*\crirtrnr 11u0..,'s.nitnri:cdincdirrDu.,urtrl!'trruigc

Cotrndr.urirc nrmiimlL di r9r? rr rii'nNii fii.:i ri or d$ p.c'rJ lj.risLn' Rsir i'nii\iRomliDr rriD^ {i!trii i tohlil Lr slirnul rD u Rofrt,ir . l,ori'n iircrr!.1 lo.ului \i \cirji!r rmisriri"ttri
i,,

ktrNlo.ndicnc ,+.c7.nlrl dor ur \fu1Jn r!cr il. roldi Lor bilr,n,. iLDd hPsiLc d\ .ri. pm\piitr'r ! L\:!D.! L tr o dd i c|litr rp,ori'ririY ll5lr!r l'tr1rr ^ d. n. rr lli f:i! r.rnspodd dirr Ithtr) \:itr:'rd3. \i tnlisih lr iD LL]lii ni..rur \i lic ('ii blDt in 1917. Iii iihiurLe l9lr orglc/! rf u,i{itlr s.non,l (rr. i{ii. i', n

ltorir'I.

r,.r ".nfl.r

hoLiirir

i cr.n

tii

\c.'lir!r ArLrjto..Tn!!q!
a

prm.r NLLrli

lrsrtr cOnidnr.

tFn(hrdo\ viDtrelo\. !{c .,r nfdftL trwlirmr in rirhor Reqel. fu tr Ddlur \r urf\inii .r \. r i rficdi.r p. Aliri ii oupc srlotrLcul Ar{Lr nrloscrr zom 0 btui Nfn' iniprrir Lo. nlPolln I Burlr ieL i,i firtrr, .u spniir mlto lirn.er vdi dc 0filr i \i I a lnnd rpor pe rtcl y] rtrc dr t .r Alidiror m
\ r ri rrxrde.,rr xir r,]I r 9]3 rr :LtArrl hi telT t\bnb c'r irr.ii rotr'r.Drc n' nroN dc !trd.E!. ccmnh

j ilr

,r\ of de qiill x l0o LrlrJ PurnL u \ftii rii du inrlu sii r ri!1.7 Li r ni\ ru ecnefrlL'lALL.

r !,

o.i! obLinra

lr
L

Pin:]DtrLLsriitr \a
Prxu

dL,j, L

lirhtr,l

syrirs P,J.( ei-qlczii 5l

l.r!r

rn

dc

tr lLLl]tll

!, Rr i r l.dc dc.r\rler. dlglt/c \iri7:cr dr'ti' !1. i"td.nt. lrc r\r'oi!.IrjLN dn p,d'$ tldeircd.r. lu.tr J\[ i oJro']'.] sh.n.l,{ N1i\cln' ALnh. r triD..c\ri.ondu! dtT l, llwtuft. (cui.\
l9l7

enllc/lin tL.iu\c'i,

r)qi rri,:ftor ,l[lilor di| fcnnntrLr

,

c.,LrrNr,.

rui.,

DiD

d.!.nhri. t(|5

ui kur-tc
cL 1i'rcru

i \l ftrlcr t:i\trrr ndl rr:Nr i de nrusi, in Doiq.bnc lB ljii h \chnbtrlitrrriultr diiLii l,L uL!i ge,r (! rLl,n tr b{ l^.lnl,di,0rii De.LmLir Irrlftr'.

rrll r\i!u,iL'.i 'r bli\ir

li

n'b

,,iLu\\fi sli,t Dinrm. clrrmrli lrr lilidc tnanr. Lr rlijrLl luniis ru nFdr ru'tl0: u,r i rd JA iD Dr5 onrl hLbnl. llDh FnoDimdc :izboLd Atrroh i,, M\,{$ro..rrsrIdrc
nr r]rriric r,)16 tr:rLrLr,

duLnlt bc.,oi(

ntunii

pierir

500

d. Ddicr
du\ rr

c\iril(tr ,\Lrnhr...t$! i,!11.!c tlinll flcu hosirhllilr.r IrDLc r \l ptrtu ii q,LL.rt Prnu rtitrL .i\rgrL lrtu\xknuLL, ir lL0i \qr.D,bnt. cli aut* or ir \p!!iuL P!.r'li'1. dt r $L'lrr p..un Slar' liP llorw..rDt$tr r.r\i I l$r .u' ron
...
tr

*i trriorri

.r ri nar.mtr Nrifi r!

i . i!,:i. .,.iit- p !,1

itri{irncr

motuhllLi frpelor rtitrre

I c!! oxnHii hi

ALl.trbY

c'nl

rvrnrrjxri dLn r.e{ fDd dc {de.u. aer ce i I ajurar si si \i croir$: dnn sprc iortl de Gua.\i. jn dcceDrbrie, si 'cus.Nl capru,rTc

C.:iciun..ft s au tnur rn rci!\alLfl siB!di!qn. Botrscr si .rm&zii slii, rvind dtrnci mirimea ilc a tla\d cbh'n de tritrr'isnri in de\en, Eusir si indol].a\d o dnsii fDrivii. chirr i b1\culi. o lorscnii nc lme de v..i II ni pdn' pe ome si D cule de geD lr \rprcspezlrc tumcni".
zitra slLlbclor de

Nlmr ,\dnatuil si rgiuDci nir6i' trrLrrc ru bn de pdn' oi nr .lc'sivi i f LtrDile mxi si no'dDbnr !li. de rs.m ddii picrzind iia Jrtr\i.rDcrL J:'i \:i cii\iig3 n!, rl ncdu ld Drn'c 1916 rhcu.ilc s o relL'd \i d[.]irii ru...\cLd i't
nitri pi.rLi rr itr provdde dc btrciillL. r\.rLiLr r!tu r dcsIiftt xtr Lhbnrii &.id!tuek' Llin $n.i Ci'id a lo{ iinr wloD ru lon exase 4 d. tugh.dc dr I

c.lrDclc'j r'nb.lc En'.orbdxnt N !,lcr(

n.r..,i,,,,.

Dc

Rori,{ Dl'] Qiur drLtrilor), ziur udou ilo'. ru(tr Gcu b.ncfiliind

: unirp:ni

',lrd-f."

.P

.,

iniiDr inani.ul :'Un xh din oJi1d, Eirlb L!*u, r,r^'nd ruvLnle inprrl h r& \c rjLlrr
..Nn rnr

i,i

(il$r

4 Ltrp6nd prinf. nori: Frortuldin tlsliA

IiN rlllevr J.!Ar iL cqntr sirurdr iiD,;re Des.himbdii " Un \puDca ci dr.i murele ciomr I

ir

.int!

dc

cp..i rl nnl,hnntr

!) Bntnft k depkonzo, 19151916

inspimrrii pinc dc incfdcfr n' .ui Arjdiloi crc cxnh L nr.eputul .xDiprrci lr (;rnLpol' lJi (cl 'Di'cnl A('idr.r: iinplicari senos ii rtrptclc 'lc dln scll)ir si cal,!tr ! du \i ttrr\ |1 frtu sii rrinifi mn mulr de ctreva dLvri sii apcr gnnikle sale \d venL.e llxr trccuD rtrrcil inndd' tr!adlIoJ pc inlilrimib reniNukicrllit.li. si aun,i!cii o.upNer. o pu?ilic pnr eski creiele.elo. nui imli trr'iri dii Euqr( Munrii Dol('Dill !i Njunrii lpi It iceie tonifE MrmrD c runrxtr nilrc simpti i!trtr|,..m in udariviliietutrin DUe |[rc rinii. vcn dln \ud. nN nkri orircri. roral neobi\ntriri .u lupt ,_f rutrri Co,nard.ntul lor. scnfllul Lui$ cadoDa, cn, i,, .itrd. rc{ui fi'p(, rilur ci va purel

h) Luptclc din

Nluntji Dolonriti, l9I5-I916

Dedix rblnid. i dccr:f

dnlr A!!n.iinmd t9l5rlo{

Ui rlt

rl ulnn or c,r ( run r 1 rultr ui artrr..hln drri lcuhnlo sii vorlrrrl (i ro.brs. irdi) li! !r rrii. lir m 'naro,ndlr didedloulnunirl.Lh FioNi.'r\r!.trilrrlbtrLdift inMLtrriin'ltrni' I lon |dme fru! {tirrii id lL)i5. dc r.fr irrlitri' r Ru\ir !i i" d{
obLcnL!

. ... n..,.1 ,' l I L r" au iu:d SoLdrii iLlL|ic0 ru !d.c,L dr aL tui .dczrmiisiri dc .i.!r : t

'

hcunon I'cnh ulLi.L. !r \it{,tr1 Ainiiri drpuhrc polirt. ..p.i'nrl ,liTboi ReTrtcrb rstrn.ii r l(\r |ndili.d Fmir ordin nr a.cn s.i\

"

r in! D derdu!

un're rushedr

rlc\ rr. icn no esdci a lrtlEr. prrouire tnr(c .tc Mumclui Cruso derslpn lilii itrluilsoizo Pnft obncivrrc iblic'ilo'se al]] Tneie, pon la I'enh
pnma sr conianra, cl a

supNri

ru\aico, rtr apins 15 rtrrjl iou bLdr. iDtucill rdvc^,trii { []j, iml'c .ji jnl m\h aru non .rlnd -.'s inn di' su: Fr.r d ne $ tor noi . s.m Prlo rvlonelli, cipiLri, 0r rlnli F t. di" iDnude
Luhe

.J

, ,

...

ci4i itr'psunii vu fi.cau vbjmbun in@ !i, dind,

pc

In rgiuncd Amp.a, solJaLii iuLlieni ducru m*qe pend ci dsii4 tn impLn tu rdvcArilor lor .lin tmrh puteau qunse 6uprde' ibliene. nu rcrsi in pennsie La un nu errbu asenienea pnedii. toturi CorFd n un 0. rbrLcd1

lm

tz?p, (onie)

de exenrplu,

.derur

rsrir:\

.r.e zgudu'e un niunre . rfl0le ru{i..c au .3prumr iirulr! ncnc \j toit|on. IkLisnii, ce pnmisr:i ordln si se rini de ,.liecm bucari de E'mtn!.u dinrii\iunghiile , au rcuir si limirer inaimmx imnxcuru, cu 20 lm. l' ! doua pane a mtrn'i aunriecii ru alLrnr si E.rlige o c)Sdpnneere reugiddaustrieci: Caporrlo 1917

DLF un b.DihrdrmeDr F

cft

Lu

( ll',

h.n,.

iff peonn'ile rsr

de

trc i',cir s.ldrtiidi', b.i8rdr lu,I ustr tr!.Ju,{ lr

hi

tclulim,

nu

ri. inl).mdi dr.i rii'n

\rtr

nd.,ll,ri, !)l'llii nu J*r Lrrtn u' \ingur ntm dc .omrDnr. Jl d. tr\pon rcdn! l)(N /ii !d:ini. tr..,iingeatr {tubtrii\i tdr rorir dc.hu/q pnr !i\ol! gitrdd drui'uld.ebr { i. -uli': | 1. 1': l r in ur, diNiror(" $iru r * j,ol.jtr a' & rci'Fntunb .c .obontr pidl h 30 gndc Cclsitrs ii ri'npul noprii" Ofitni d. li ed n! $iau adiliurtul cl sold!\ii !fl4i dc o pde i de ,lb
trll*
Llo

.'rpri dc

lt'rki llDic

P. na'ib

peDN soldari ch,r drci du ,_,i turnin. s'isurtr o'rvcdcr rcJcn.o4 la bil\i urii. h jn ppd, .nis li inrnl! .Lr blliille. itrnid n r4,rrt4 Fdru ri ir ricQ pc JoLdni sii melrlti mrideprne. s.lda!' riLru n' xh'oJtc( ldui ...csnn dc o dtriLdc liirii mrginf. i'npus dD onlc!i rlc dor nicrodc il imikr pc Cadomrr'. Dircrc dtuu'ncflD hcn\iorcrzii cazun Je crecurii $'nrre pelBde in prmr ll'ic circoddi vhcr nn.rdin de h.,birbdii aaia.re lx pode. nxmos

er

irE ni

zirL!5

.r .s

s '.'. 'bFina . .tr|

r ' l rLvriLin. Cn'pdle .& ftbu Eluau J*eori eei o in. Lusu p. . J 4lar F- r up'i..p".lu' . acoLk cift diJ's&i ordinele O dli

. .

pederpsi r

ion Lesftr

soLdrtilo'

r &triudei

se

inrillnis.i

de mulre on intinre Lle

r.'boi. \i cir.dLrt ru.au

ic lr 7 dupit drui lipsire Je ni.\c\ pt rDnrle nlrnrd in Fimiryaa !i !.dii. murr ihtirii s I ntd i,ir un rlks dd. h Nsrli prrF.d:i .u\!.c( ii (.rE p nnilrd in[inn dr' o:n.x hlx|d lcfMno r! l.!\l .llnsi ursrtr. Li c{rorctro. tu !r/ r)in & n'pLii iliri d!.rr ru ry.xtr niLo.L!..rr rrcd tr. c\rodit t{cmi( :i n! D.mc [jrL! trqirirc ! mn.lr.. tr,f.rr t..nnt,Lhnd. /1ltdrl,4Jr rtr LLtr RurnrLj jrJjjL
21r

luntr DoLembne, p

gtupu'ile de

ii.ilcir 'r "trJ-.- inn ',r".0&' dc orc .c ril iicarn satr te bem
l!.D

pmde n'i l{orrc GraplD. l, lrrlcle DoLo' ilor. ru ren{d cu incipiiild&c. opDindu e orcliicl r..pin:lntului e.n ,l llili.i. Bdrli.nul lu, Pr.lo !l.ncLh.

rrr",i

tron!D' \in, D0l,ini'. i,tr o .,1 i pi krs.ii n,.'tn N ru:r.ielr PL.rt ,hr
.,rror

! Ir lt .le rtr to$ irrrtnsi !4!i ru,l)j,,I rn' f'r's. tr lii dirlrnri de vrfl,r s r lirur
L

ptuni Sodr a das i'r lGul ioslx csrelulirtrdicdclaSaDliue.uidecric'unulixrdLs .pnu\n'edc

C.imd a ordoMt un nou aft, prumirand hPelor \de ti vor sllrbirori Cli.n'nul la Vsnc(ia. Ad cal]lrtrr i]nnl Cor d. Ro$o. drLn da. irdian,$ncnir in Ajun dc Cd.idd. x h.ut.x p'$r de r2l{r Dcln si rcviiii in finar rc
Pc 23

bnc.

u I d./.tu fdr r.tr,

Dr

v 175 (Xx) lte nr

tni

t0 000 dc

ri!,!,

r.crnii deTenr! tu r']\;L

crro.

onll'

s!! r .tr nn,llii der r(c dr Lm*r H.n f:\rr i rDmrrul ,r(r r,,tr Er.!r \Jd (trnrnrind inrtrc.l pfnord:i xLr,niliii l\.i.r de nrxtu i" rl.(ii Ltin 'nf!r nitl'n) (:r,.rtrr. .rr)i fugc tr lr cr.xbitr !f ij[t,rir) r.un.iitr!tu \f rn irroLra rl ,itr T:g im$Lo cltl.mr.L rrii( d.zsnlde l: ( r0otudo rnn iri\.iplir crk{,rii r f,itrdLl soldril.' li fiD ildedlnlLl Lor !.xr f . ptur{f,l ,u. d.

cdedrxh

tu.ladrc s anli u' se'nn cre xdu.e minrc dc u' .trc r c{rlorld c' 0 l9l?, d. rrpr o rdu.m unft a tnpr'lui ci ik|imii!a, rild h $ pt
mcrn dc obuz du$rhc

'inp" sd \1r.o Lt cadvi

'l i,r'rd

I PFOBLEMA CHEIE

cr

de

puntrr<tupuni.

l fltr

lr"
k'

iui I fl,Li.. LLn.plrrr LJix lt. nofl

\i.iinpn'.ar
de

dar

iqd. rr ptrrur

(!on,L r irrq,Ltrl lLr nr\,nb.ie

a,lddilo nnbuf:ir.rnLr c !,ntirjLlr ri In ete.t trt hr, ir df I r'riirtro i t\' iff r ri A iitrL \ r, i,iiliir h r.!ho. lr|ntro r n dq, {r,rr!ir c. iloftul rL' llr ir ir pr ci. ilrnrr r iilunrr |j rnrpcl..nsleTe n I'rin . r lhr trD . i.$r

de sftiroar !iirri!?re! I.,!srlmul le,even intuci Pulcnlor Cefi!trle nin Eropa Truo.lc ecananc t'lci mupru cer mri nm pk. tr Bcl-qiei n no.dcluLFiinti. cer mai m8 pdc a Ru:i.' (indusiv lolonra ra \cr!ci) r rfir lie in miinlLe t{le

5rir\nuL trduLdi

l9lr. Alirli rvau

pittu.*s.ii

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nc?"

j(

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rroDtrr nrLLtrn

J.ri

liezllhtrl biillilici nu lr (|{o r d. lupri. ln.i dc la inrcpuk'LrtboiulL,j noh hndi.i r trsir sil hk{h.ze. ponu.ile Pureiior CrnttLlc. I'e .li.J llicuiloai .nsclo' Redin \ritr. Rudrpe!r. c.n$nrionopol si Sofir, !r ri did rht o,xse siorilscl.. .4 min'. i /. u.r detr muned de lotm. rrmN sii vin, jn vdun. 3r!c, rcvohe provoore

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i

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ndturr oe

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31

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Lx mulon
eseu dcsprc

u iNcbinlr

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).

in ciuda condiriilor

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se arlau?

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69

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nr

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.rtrd@! r rrr (wso.

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.D taistuur Geman ei . pedorsi@ angiei ftsl rcrun erau sunjnft .e propaqanda swemu u in loare Ed e be seranre (vez pagtnirs 1 I7 i rel. so dar EGda Fdsc pareaii a nalonari pobab rDcntru e in senenrdrHu o v aci bane qa Disc p ina mi'lad m rnp.danra,
ex nau pedepse

potuu dezedan si penru reruzu de inrora. odr un

in ce inis$i njo ja I lo{ ltrshuri (olre dr r!.n! demc . i,r bde rtnddc rdr dudlirrtor. dro ou ,-dor. : zrator de Lrcmiz renelof { dirc^clor Ji)nk de rulbuiln enr!.iltr xcrfl.(. o dr !! rrrcutrg'ar rtb.'ulli Dftii situliiL ns mri\\ 5c nnLr.n n! ul

ir !ond!Zi.. |drcri \ii vi iitrrb(i

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nrpodanl muza a dezenai,

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d)

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i rigtirinrf

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d!di!

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Hart; frzunal
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de

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ra

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Loyd 6.orsedevneprimul minisrru a MariBrran

Eiqez

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L

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,) [.ctorii politi.i: pc6on2t6ti

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lid to.ndo .v:i riJnrdLii nILL.!.I rEa.!.r[onhh lhitrinn]rjlii., i Lud.idorii,.rq!r purere tuuc'a cu bft turlci h in.lL,tr{ei.hmg ,tr . q nrdnr tona o0.rilici ncj o.lrfjnr rcu\iiLl { roreze o Rr/.lLtrLc dc pee h dLe A uDr o..nfn,nrxk rrfu lci n i |lrmj.r dl '|7. k corduclE..rc, d's tr rii trurrtr lui tscl]rDrf II.ll!e! su.r!ru !lu,.rdidtul Dtr"iir p.rtrr i':Jtul conrddxtrjcDr. Ceo,a l\ti.htrd6. j
]\.e!L dli
rjhdmbue n loDd d.

[j

pruL!on rrj,icnbu.! t\rlLi ainnrarrDH dr Ludcnd..f (cornxnhd rrord, rcsr lu.n 41.
tLr

Tfo{ demr doui ruri mai frnu .nid RoichrBul I dnh Srvrmul dm nou, voriDd o rc7!h[io prin ctre \oli.ih o reronni sup'i suf's8iutui sub ioul .Nc.lir. con(ere vonlrenti'g. ru.!dri'ud nr RcirtNag h "n..p n - ld ,- ro .-f oL .', c J{.n.i \.1r . n n l ', 0c fro'lurile din ef i dxbln: Tnhrulu dc La Brei Lilovst m acoru .vilnd .arader expaDsioDnr concepur $b innuenk 1ui Lud.nno I Ccmbiei din wn lu l9l3 ccmanir r b* HindenburS

Liuloi.c d sdifu\r jr{,!

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L LL.

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Fronlu,irc dc

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31

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re{d \llnficti (c. \i idm\rlc pro!aE d \n,gml de tuboi) tru folldophr. rni'sun prlcdiy! 0!&urn ijulo.ul penrn cei sepxrdi reDNrd. plrb uior chnii ni!i. i.onL'e unor lubvcdii pcnru conlncrii. F:nrtr. .ric !!c! o popuLarie mr rnicii si pie'duse. nue pde I mxren'lor fli'nc. $ .onln,dh ( problenc si mai mrd. dependenk c1 de aluro'rL dii tmr rlla[nui c] de dLnc.t. de Ctsrlul \1itnclii fin ror DrL r . Pc tu r avDo soldrti jn nu'nllr sulicienr. ea I oryrnrd E xreer r 6r lr \uri dii CoptrLadr adtrlri mrttrlinii. ir ojumiLd! u! mLlioi di'&cll.r timir in hbn.i, coibxtul dd Spa dcosbne Je l\'lma Rntuie. cG avea deja mpo.r mad 1f, v.4irltri. FRnh a irrolus in,|Dnd dEcr ca rr. o Drisu.li de l'hoi. tipdnd bani suptimenrq ea cc a du\ la rivelun pedculo\ de
Plnrru cr popur&a ac.c0rc lode

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c)

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de nrnsn si

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tr

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,nni nM, d. mde o prsFnhr mj mm Ritzboiul picnLn Todc Fite belLS.nnk ru in{ idvone sl caue sp.lin in reDdul lemeilo4 pcnh' ca :.eqci \li rinii l{ut nunciroritor ,iFLariin luor, pcntu x prorlua muniric Ji alre prod$c pentu rirb.j. p.nlD a s$Ljoi leniciile pm $ni!iul de asnren medicalc. 'nilirft .licierer srujlJctorj tu r.ica de siriri. c.oduciind drycau 'ran!iic lchi.ule dor jn Rusir tu ton sitf fronr, in tupd cf.di! FeDcrc !m au indcplinir a.ene tftcini ru lenr in ge.eot dc l. muncr pur |lllilirc, p,tcu[ uoiiom i]! munca de hri jn casi. etr .u reyenr k rc inrLitue dc.i,iilonc Exnd mniie cG suseDT.i cil ele rtr rihir cu bucu.ic rlcdi wsi .c d w 'nhn, trce urirr Dtu tu rodc linle tu cac ru ro{ risrjrlc l.emer ii ,ccne srurbe c c ru Id ptnnc mui purin dc.rir colesjj Lor bilrbd. riird ulu \i,nrDc.gi ci slujhdc tor rveatr sil durtze cir riizboiut (vezi de rseDiedci prginite L?3.t31) ..D^olL'rir' Imporui x ]nun.ij (respon\trhitiLdite ponuatoru ror .p,a lx tilr{ ,jc Presi! ! execu raitului) s a ii.ur { nner siidi. vx!.h'l penh r.xri lndu$rir. nr t9t.1. prdul iu r suDmvLerDir L.ou
de

rnCare

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nu a adus ntrmx1

Pe de rlLii pJi.. in cemrdir ti ANar bLoidx.\i proNL dhtafe aL dtrs monxltrdc rrs.trri lkntru t'rc sn'p.]. n.

\ir

nhn

\r*1r I d'n'e E\nd iniinln\ni ,L rscmenfr dlih il c L{dniriiLlj'r vtrra i\laitrtes..urr {.irtrtr oto in !' ir ..",r1. *.*,1 .1"-.. '; .,.r,nibiL. iol$ird l,L u\: nrPir' i:L rnrim$. dr rorner ctK- ru \. Pott Acenc loidilLL DixtnJc nrh{:n(e nc itdi \i*Pl'(ni r r. mrdr
.ivililor iii rinle rLirrc r n){

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Au!

Frclorii !.iholoAici: pf olrAddn si prtifi sDul Uo rh Jidor i'nponrn tn fltminttu o nccru su\emcl. ! rgenuiL;niqrrd.rre (Lt r'i'i A.cNr lr|nNx indrznrbLle ! .nr rr!\i,i.lFziri!. !f. \i rund(! ' N' ii,roiD,
'le n, slubr cireir 5c rfltr DtrtiLD... Pr

la.ma.reLor. n rAilor. r dd l.' po.{ e iui,r! n r ob.nd... de h ciiii dc beE ru.h l]trl lu' tuL.h f n Ihrdenbre [il':r l,'iNuq r. hblc lr tu .opii. i,i r'dr b :iil L. llr t'n.nr I Un. hr L. Mnti r,"" t *-.i d,",,.,.]itr.um ln!N! I d.ft sPnirrii I 'ir,i <Dutrtririlof. proi.Rtrr i F..ol,i 7'dliiLs clitLuL'' dr lrt.tro rtrri 6.iigem ier& opchri.u rlir. Dtlsr.ie luin. d"l.il iLt !!!lul .c ctcl Fli.losic N M rnre rtcnc nnLfl,u.i 5i \i,nbolLtri Buul sirit I ri i$o.icii rlStcrzii .li P lonllnm.ccx & oorcDtr der \inLc lif. \ubcnidrn !dinro!' dili ii !od\idrrin nnl. itiitulatid ptuU!trDJci Cr!dr!.r lri l'di Liddlc. d. cxonth'. i' r ri r:! p rc \nllrLi \i . fLi d..pourr I crisrd d, \c i cn( spoibtr de prLno ,n J J. u.cls !'i\!le cr rc.nll riTbon'l . p\ irrtr ti'r cl \. !. r'd{ru o

miierl.rj rle Drui.iro.ilor

iroir J '. id cenanLtr. iLunrnoni

.bicei d!

Frxnlr rlc

rnur\ii. in lrcnorilof din indui.r diitii. rle c.nnrucrorlq, L. I rDr,t-o^ nni ..

di'r roa{e

de n vapotft. di'r rxhdcilc de

i,l,-*i

ii F;ma ! I \ t.. rt ,r. tJ., i. hmp .c i" G.nnuir. uide rtuxlia err mulr rhj g,rvi. Ld*ii ru fos in.h,\, ir grevi{ii lntrr\t Pe froDr c.r. fui \eaorse dzm.nr 0n af:d de rcekr dn Rusix) rtr rlu ro. ni oitrcLc atrine.. 4dc rcdu.cdtc fiitue de strvdm tr nritr dc iriDi. rn iiilde t9 t, atr provcar u ! dc aEve si rlolre AllaLa indtri sio avmlrj mm d. .m s rtr h$Fdcivilir nsic.zi sie,gte?j: c iiisure nrih de hrani srjrisri.ile r5q{a poDtrh!.i. in ri'rp o dcr!:in'ie crcr@rca lnl roti.i i ntui nrtult.irii h !tr.di bitrndi if ri.ir. b.lissrne. ,nlirirezi nre nibnniriidre perru teme, .i biir6rtir biltii di' Fmk Ji yea B.ihnic. pilni la epid.ma de eripri din r9r3 srandrdele de iurririe s au imbunilri[r in aDoeE
dc prcfibrii dc r.izboj

..!ur nnift r vdii \i

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conrinac

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inceptrL

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sr

tinLc.ul)

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i nror

punri. DUiL!r! p.nrn l,r. [' Nrral '! Ritrmie !ilna *.dL!isi sfulr,.tr non.onlnn'LirLld s r] or!\ riz

ljr

Llc

trlri p:nc. rldi.

boiului

ir!il lc l]

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rpnr'trtr1

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urr (n llrfi de sur\ de dqri rqr7,.rc r e!no{ur d,c|)n,t cdirciito, dc I se opuDe sctotduur (nd.u kzdl prBod Dnrc lrte 11 :ru&e Jc lupril, doxr I 50u ru irr uLdobi..riL.i Dodrb$rL ..oltr7iDd.nre s&ni avr t.siitu1, { ii^oiul \i!u lnn. r | lmrlc. rhLsc ]\rrel. tr cir d*cri! o! /ir! rir!rr! td,/d . du0i o jntruri,e ! N.c f Lx.ri. r rtnn un dr(trs Rs0riJ Ru\se|. ni t916. cr,.. trdtrnlitun d. tr\i,,nu \ ru .|tr! ii riri trf fcl cori' rr ii/botrhi dc cilrc An-qtn, ddvdind di N' rnt ne.e\x' !r lie jLLdco' !! dih rlpn'jc r, ilrini birbarj 3 ja,rli tru pu! ta

A\odr'i lmirlnlr Rectu'ii'r tNon coiscripdon F.llotrslLtpt. (N cF). (r(.' r lurr fiidla Ltr \rirntri lui 19t1. !t .iiEi p.DcLpiu cr.L liara enc rliimi ! cNcmele Dtr rd rni un drclr lii obligc pc r(ncnj si po3flc rnne Dc\i [ \6r.mut an'hr ]915. Grinria rv.3 t)cjc lm d. nliatc, ex fu 3 n!'r 5i imticdice i .hu \N \i ful clplir rrboitrui cu

marnrrilor din arul

l9l?

Majornatr sentriilor inccPu:eri si rr

i, r :.c!.r, Mtr Edlrie I forL i,srtu

i5: Concluzii
solddii rustieci

de

ev{l.iinomehnnri(

tup6u pc Fotrrul Jin hrlir in rafrLri' lntr nevoilisi srp dupi rciu'ilc de

liiiessdi

l9l3 end

;--.i,1" r.-" " A"d"l de i"ri-plli ilLLtldi cm

rle..rizboitrlui roul xu inl.aclonrl itrte
erc

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rit

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ni dc extunpLLL :.nitorul Ro'nrin RoLt,jnt. care I ron rr!oir v \c ,, ifr I. t, , cd .,, /,r , ":' nrlxtuq.:i dc pe torr' t.'iir.lp(ul ltri L9llJ. dardqri!a I to* j,unJ.
r{reLd. iiriferdtr r!
tLrn

frinn.iriiL

dc

iprijD n.drtr cri ru sefti'rcde amrrb.ioicc. cru]

liisd ni.i r;ftr de iutti E\c.unle lr { \iJ!.nc -pnr I dm\PR .uL

inlt,npLndc in rizboiul naval i ru

."* m*, ,i i".lr" a*-*"

" r\ez' Al,rtrlor

t"lanla de J LJb.lu FsmJ r15)

0ftni $ononri't ni Irvorer

stitnr lr:.ii rudftnrutc,n ordrdnje!{u 3 unr0ie si tj.rDh. n, ccnniiJ (!

orsrrrxrcicr\ii\auirrtullLn. Lrdurlt .nihitine...xpii,i(cpd perr :i .ifi!{. de ubld. {,lr|niri rdeo c,i rrboiul cir tri LLr.n proiufd dntr ..rc dc rvriatriii nL $r{r dc.iil in ciirvr sur de

.iclusi r i.roda C roaniei l'.zL1ix pdcn'i.i pe !*e o avlr 'n beLglr \L d'' I nontd Frnil.'. vicbnx obriDuri as$ra Rrsiei $i pe6,H!vr umr v rl in Eumpa dc Es. ordrser d irei fcmri:i putmirl lrndis' p.porului sltr eran .L roli racbn c

^.sr

cni \ au rdtrM ,n ntirrmut stuirtnr kd Liebk,Ehr n' sr,nr: ..Jor r;rinLll lor strv.rnrLl .. .Ie rNi I to$ rrc{a I ancltl. dn ccmria uritor t9l7Lql$ xL hn ntrr n .rdi.:tp.ciNr de.tr xcltcr din F, ! n n h.Nrr.'d de dFi mtru spnji. Tori. Ludlin! f nu I xvur nn e I tte&lltri.L dc p{e alteichlasun,iL
dc

\.hi\ I'tii

rlsr,"ull..c^,*l,tucr*'t

FeB$\ r,4 otrvu

PP

17

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12

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Cum a

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vi
1or

d ihrFbtriseu

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I r{,rrrlir' rirr

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in

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semifial

e au

of

iacdeinlelTdellvemu brrai'.rari

deanagl

p couduceroniind eni? @ e

carde uli suni

doui ral5i

aitudnibnl.niciorin@sce pivetlepesupds oraridnil d) A-r rayror a 6l B u aiunui 'o 'i' cadeludIcarr6le rcnasaii umM ree:,civ ialavineinArne
voidesp dzbo urd n m onii?

Ultimele etaPc ale

rizboiului: rnul
!.
uuiL' n rsra ldenr (al rror

1918

-^,J lare:

'J!noir

A ar

''

ir

c-d.

ar ei..renivasermin(Lreo'A5n, idepe M.mar racre.silr.etrianr Lr l de ltts a AmL) mi trr'r.:!ei^ i'rep.rr

AbdG,eaPrdu

L13x i I

r3voJra

r t:ei

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Abdiea Kahetu u

Amisriiulntrcaid siGermania

2'A intra in rlzboirr icii dh rnzboi

c. tr,isuri

i i'nlL,n(ir i.:nu ni unLi I 1Atr'ri. L dc^diinidrl $nll dtrLuij

in.re.cnbnc l9l7 M.uicc Hatr(clL nriDism in crbidcrrl de nzbor rrrrr0ic, s a norr ir]tundul p.'son! ae citr ditj.trtrtrjte.u crrc sc

.) lr.ralul dclr Rr$t

Lilovsk

FGaaierr

pEctic, d n

l'bo,

hri

d d'1.o

q.

! p..c,sa

rin crc.hcDrx bxr. ..poto,ncc brLileirnrc si 3!vcntrr! pr.c ttrd !itrNurrici ln'; In.riri! $Dinlnr L. l\Iloi. !| l lxon 1tu$i (imprni .tr , qnr7.dr.nrl' r loldtuq, D[iririr.]. rtroliLonLr \i riirin or tusi) st |Itri.t tr rr!(iuile d. 0r.c.n \c dcrir!{ru ( cc.nrir \i Au{nr. t.' RN.'! LiLo|r /\[t

in:'rurul An,ltri Notr. llbre.hr votr nlef, ldtrl diDlD.6rcij in!,urur comxDdtrd,c , sdir nr jumat:

i.''I

'.

El

lraiNii si munctu \i xrtii, jniitnri

elc

F nrr xfl.trt)c ,n co,Linutr,t merint cometul

/dtubno..

rtcic ruc.rii ld !..r. \i'izDie,irc d$.ivr lirrirlimrmc. ). '.D naii nrcii f i a.lnlL si r.(rpre ..iitliit. dr drLDsrtrx dr pr!.orLiriL dn d. rurtrilr r,icir -rL \rd rhittr ri F r:]rirtr crjhn rt .!t.!ljeL
Fuluin. picrrnd rnlelo Fi'ncdi,, Ntu rilir\. ii mi flrlrrLi uinnrc ! 'li .a..r!7i Gcnirir \i r EILLt ir Lutrr rcliruiric. inlktrrr l\aLri A ft!. r/nlcrrii di Je fi.rrii d I Fn.r ,u!l( i'nn hrpcl. !{ ur. r, irr\ r l.l1r krn ir ci|d 7 k aru\i,nl rirct \ii i pL Dii irr ,Lr[.rc.na

i,,,.....

Dc\t retcrsi r! for drru lrdrt. ctr,! u provftl ii Fsirnnnrt lui Il}kc), \i oonr o l tui Trtrrr. iili dd 5odr dnju tor dt a la'srjsa riThon,tdcsi. i,i ruLL\eD ncdiy. 1i

lrl

dc t']

d.Lc.,tr Drcrirrr.La

r.

(uni

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dnDlt \dft omflrir in rldlliaiLoLD. trd, ptup!\ \i rlisptrtrd.tri jdrlbat n si rniin urn sc.Lnneibtd imb.ld $noD:rtjrirj
dc

l;odLr! m nLF

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fuc dreFrc

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uun .!rrd.nblo'

dnosfr.r ac.tor lu'idhpeor

bjrbiile$i.. .lc btuitiiro., dttr

ii.q(-l

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l'ed.ihi pdq

:"'",.,''

l'l

utuidjn sepr.d,bne. JDr tnpu,!E,

ro

1 Oarecalez eaveausanairerinurii.qa!aaiiluneoda?oeoftra seinlre Nu aveau n c un dd sa Eraunomdoar,nu..rpl:tdopa e.ar sa r e aruncala d 'o o 'oo va I rorp a

'rnc P! |in!i trmli.iir r.,irrr o \i so h ndrltRr modttrlu cmnrui.i ,\ dtrs h ciisri-Q4r

rlu'dti.'i; Fh

s
unuL

cum voia I ecare. ,S daca o s.o p:iim aideajos, aspus.rlarc

rrniin subsurr

Ambclc runcrc dr y.d.rc nL.lv,,lrhilc rtatk \icn. t!.1' litr\l enLimd;le an,.!clilc pe.re r! tliru dncni !...crni. r.rnclilLiLi

penh ng.nl. vidll

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, . i.

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de prcc

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libendc r trctedinlelL'i

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j dc b"i-d,u "nuu.li -, "on

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di$trs io{tr in ttu C.isrcsuLuj:

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. t., . r.. ..i n.,,ti!n

, |...tuDt-.ru 1," ' ,,..,;..""dc.hr" ivlrrr sc lirul lur Schlrencn. .arc doEr utr rrbo, 'ldiasc nu ..(-'N r (r in rhlia. l,|iennrx ri strtoiic
b)

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diD otusel.

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r'

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5

Part'ciparc{

ta

rirb.ia Afrc.icii

nrc.z ru rcopdn lrirlc

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ri.r.Jtr. u'!f/

aDr.iiun! Crvi'r.|. Lriwrlnii

derabi drrh rlid. jd sNriDri. Fruli d! roin PorhD*, comdliluL Dilnr !'r'sn. ti .lnn.lt sfus]{ I Ir

,'1.

sazi

oe

cinsr.t.

r'i ' lcl a\a 'po' ' \ii llc Uill.il llt dir\ pistr{ir',\.$r ideniihtr hbuie vEl, iii l9l3 singeF! dL l. FroDtrl dc

iri ..' r ;mriL

f\oll-'l(mP. arcru de tecut prii cxcrcitii de iDn.ure -.. I nii: tr-. " ..n . l!' neoficiar rlrxr
r .re
giseru ticarc0clc, nrg:zin. d.

su0lrn.ibr. nr rrbcftk
bonlcluri. pentrx

I s.t.nr |'c\!ltnr.hii ni . n,L diviziilor trnc.z. 5i brirrnice. wilsor I rroi^L r..Arii nindi lcmporr n (dtr|)i cu aw' \i scne iiut rnb.\ on,LL i rrgllr) ,.id arllc puune DnDc[c fulerete brlaDrsi u ;].trrd in .Ldrro cx
03 1913.

ru L{ m. uq in unidnrc t:rncnre al. atidilo'. p. tunl. nesi inreDrir rr.\cdi c !i wirson tu\c\c (iD !irta presiunilor cxc,.ir,(c dc Niari) cr lintu E\xltl bond Amcn.Mil {AEF) si nu ir panc ra lupri pini rtr.r3 rqrii \l rom'czc pmpnit d,!ir' i'dqltulcnls .eer ce DU s I i'fi'fpd pdr tn l9l9 Lrdourzile dupt cc gcmmii ru txtrsr Drnvr krol.Diivr..

,- p' ,
mri

\uvcnni ti

r \nistr.c

.loi, dudi

ce aL

t.. 't. ' d a.f .unolinre.

2l miic

rN)rsrdorul birmi.

Pcffhin!,

.re.oni.len.li lidiic'au dc! ,.rmrirdii. { opu\ nza rc.rni F(r crrcicDri rllxr
nr

Nuamavur decarfeioamn dnir s srapns6 asacavez c5 aD avur n

Siau ptrs mEsr eratinp, argazurn

9ol.ro,' d oro

1 .ii on6

D..ii Perhir! r ll iid dc roiii scr $x'r ft ll !.Rrtrrxr o. (d r rnr DDI (nd ru r.e{c n&r.i dclar orie dr.o'n,hdd n.iirn)..t d.rDd .a rivilii muicrii { fie liluli derure d. Dii4nit inrpn{, dc Irb.i!l nr hn$t Aclrni do,idrl ri.r nknrinuro chLar.irrnlLnpd! dr AFF I au implicd nr grtcle lupE dereisivc din lunilc D[, i irdLc Dujil lum s. vr vedlr. rnipele srk xu Ltrprd cUnN dev.LiDr it !q.! t{L'i ltu si rormi..lr rontb.n pi'rnl pnr.iprlL'lui i{.n! Jc ,! Lrs Army CeDref.f t\'tinrr! Hi$ory. .,nrboiuL \ a nichrixr nlrie !!
tui adapbu ,rcrodele de lupd

nrvihr ii Lrdic

e rtr

ren4ltc

lL,prdor

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jtuni[ strt

$i ome au

loi dnhsc. r.u

]rlxdur m$q

Rolklc N nn

t'
'

'fo1un, n, rcla{ rinp, Cemnia isi desft\u.r dad'FrLx surrnrmndof \i pe uscd piinuisc o oreNi|i Pte.er 1ui Ludd'dodi cn ci rcsh {op d EDrernuL c.l mri dlicidr rD de rj,-l}ri tn ..echip.Ll diviziile. r dclFmr o fti'ne din rrupelc dc !!lav.ii. si lc rc \l tmLn r.pmlilarin .Bdrlioir! c . rhitutre din hp:

r*r

:'1

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: '.'i
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,.

a r oro"l0oo 1 -n; ,,. _..

9r
p.

Pd

.q .induile linici dc .Cira,. r 1itrD,i.ului Ar$rc rniriili rtr Jn{ Prmr llli ftnosiG nr.onlriolensiv. scruDi dD h crnhni. din J.lc,nbfc l9l7 (ve7i prsintr 62) si um i.,n ri ri.l,!sc lx ircKft LLn' r0!. ttr prilcirl mlui arac. plmificarlLih mxnLe r9l3 LudeDdonl.ri opLimnr: p.libu\ u 3nnxtlor ftsi si ird irnli in 1911

. ,pir ..,

rd$tr

ato|sJi^rr I iNr

rh,r

I Lr|d&,nr

iupu\.

rJ \iLnli..iercx i,nring.,:i.. r se t,arc

i ttriph n hxn..zilor, rcum cii k{tlc 3tnntrE e'xu mn.entd! F' Fdrul dc vsr Acexnx inrM ji $dre r L$diNr Kesm spm cii crmdir dqrun.r de ,np{o

rttr\

Durl.L

!ornlfito,

in ?d.re

nhrcNmetui (l9ldediviziisprcdcolchirrdccl. lr8ale,^LirriLon. Crrirkc'i',e ene h lil de \igLrri.,foncl!.c1ir.lcifDcdrn ven kprc zcihu dotr B0 lr suri din cel. dc Al lik,i' Ad'M trronci $r de rord d ce.nmh xver mri |u(ii d!l'Fn.m irilnrr decilt h!tr lr

3 Jrcnnd ntrnn. (x.b: rrronrulde

[FRosLEMA

Vest
Ame aulorole
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inranloi.l

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,':

Itincipd,'l no{l! $rc c{flici r.ese derrienie ilEp.!z.rr. blotiJr AL'dilo.. din lrrn]nr.i]nitr li$cru pnf.iprLele pDdu:e t nrrcnr..

.{

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pii i si .rii d.r$isri ii lur r{rm x hcrr din .mrh !.nr,' i .4rnHrd lmkol ComrndrRJr

incn.ro. si vini r(une ,_nrrb cr i nrai numcrorlc 'tunc de Adridc A.eara eo ,rlrift canc' ? rc,ilil.'

de

dD.otl

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umt

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n amazanu maidmascaor. jn picioa.e decal2 orilori s nouE soldar, igra dnlri cum venea i uAa

"nq 'd deci.ror.teipu$ La oE5rlupa

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monf sfr nisilul

cu prilcjrr trrrim!hii rrc rnpod.n1. d!nirl,r t. ritrl N,trrtr,\ ti pNNcr l"n'i'dLe. ScnnmrL xu rt.dop.ril.ii Aln\jt mu nul, Df rc-1tir(L(inprlesi ncdn,riirilNrl rrrjt.lenniuLor cl:d!/fltrl rc!.ii) /\r .on{ l cit venisi sL klntc mre.i.l! (ft nx.ru dl
o mcni. dc 250

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pe Luni

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unidinredeima buni si mat cuGlosi camaGz vreodaraau dnasde a unaddul nuvorr n codata u rare. ee iac pdd
Dc

Der|oIi j'cDdo' a |obrbll .:l !,r.den nurv,d \i'.r.ur.nri i'rrli. ci ts7 r. Lnndci lin \rL. st.ur
rte. irr !irLttr !,prdd.i i,n]rcionnre trnnbn,lor.i-{L!(c C.rmirii irj petLDcn.,ri Lifirrcr!pri \i!rlsfl J fonifi.di. dcsi q,lncrdbrte. rr. in rrelrsi rmrl,. r{,\.rrl 0rdm rc pr,$ir3 n, nJul eienivLnui, rl echrpncnrrlui ri I .riio. Krlrl

rlslii dri trrNtc -!inm l lihru'r A Llir(tr ! $ ts iul[. finindu I ]r InrLraknll \:i (ru r'rndeTe rc!trr.r ! xL tt,r'ili[r ]rcrhL rcln rcx Ftjnt DD
't

cn'me,j lii
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Dr.nd de d.rr rr* luri.ladtrl rmreL scnnms , .l.l niliofu dc ojn.r , Ludfll.dt ij.r r{4 iciindtr ! ah.arii si nnrc ni rd! p'orrcnnju le nL.d.n scnor\.. dtr \idom Li ron

irt u

r..f[l bol'r\L (t]trtlr pluir D |:i $d n,,d. o i't d.Nrur..n \i t tu|ft lr 'iNncDL'r rnr hr i'i r.rlrii po otrdli d. g.i mni. itr.nc rsi d. doLL'd rst '!rL (r\deri'rrc d..sri. rl m.rrlrllLi Lor .hir i\uLctrl Jixll Frrs$or
s$re|Ltr.

\i

dcTtncTe sau

5i \c

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erczi !r

Ali.lilo., ruAUsr noicmbrie t9l8 Der ru\!ia.iL |ilnc Dtrk. Aljrr ru xu( sidc |lJtil,( LLin exjsicdc]c I'prco' frn'rircni rtrL r91s: o !r!(u.ii dc loD.ddli mirti ur !!.tr mr ruf (,k' rlcs itr.r,irh litcTit \i trn lntrl dN I dx d.!xli, dc
h) Contraotdnsiva

k silluridi DU n simpl'i dt ri()ltrt!r' rl\1' l ni0trl! ilr 'i ",1,1 ' dt flcisivele n:lni rtro.i p's$cii \crios lr if'c(r' iii'rtr ddr\i" !.nrmi. ei rfiidu sc n, situdii si lizirli ['ne dincih n'Pd:]nd \i \' irnlde $!hnn Lro'rbtt * " ".bcDcri. "li"t,r" "p-"ti."-.,-' kr. \i h oenrirl si llc rtimri d

lrio mi mft i|ilirliri ncinDri Tore re{! rlhnirixu ln{ ntrnsc

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iul

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mtoaE raNpod
Lanadadevesrpenrrurc.oradqrau.,

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odd.n ni ,.qtrDa

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i,,

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r,1".., " r,",.;.,,.r"r*

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Itr

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s nqud p.opozilie: N mic nou pd F

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in

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DATE IMPONTANTE

-E 45
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.ondusdedannunzo FvouliaspanaksEdinGemana
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rzbucnsia ct de a do

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Inrperii vechi inalinni noi

Fa2bou turcp%n
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p@ui o rr, c

poak

sa

co na..tesiarrrs

ntu o.nutrtrdilele pooom strb. JlsrE dn Europr F c $.r crpnndc rjli de parirti pstu mlt dmbe rdcni rvoheidc Pani diD trt..dr, di, t916. tr,! dinrc ilrlrte,r\dl

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cu

Ligii N?liu,ilor puiru a n.rprtrtur ro$.l])irtr|:] litur]nDll. vLLD$.,n

Lr cel

de

10 puncl

wiL\or

F) ar{

hrinre ctr r( conriiScd( de ro{ s0 ror. ciircr3 l, sc spufo NeslL Ji SnjTujt Riizbojut .ivit

tr.otrru4

'pLilor remoriu o legue de dezetori hi, recmo{uri olici dc ciikc ALL4j. atr pus brTele une' mirc:ri irdependeme Lr I'ngr Spre slirsilul lL! mroDibrie l9ll o noui ndiune cu rmrle cehonourir sc niLscusc ! jncepuse deF rizboa,e cu vecinii sii. I'olonir ri LIn-!.iia. pcrrfr' tucunorncil! Br.iilDlor Ea n.ludd r3'trr.r.u ro.hnon d. gcffr. lunosluri mi rpol drcpr i.8lui!r sltl.rilff (sub'cnul vc{nuLui Aod
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r!*r LL(n' cfi .I.r0r 'l!i dnic !rr. ocupru.!!lJr

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5
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PROBLET\iA CHETE Cih dc nrm rc,L rtrli prili jL6rc si Jutuhire?

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avur

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lc (onsmfr $crc

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n

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de a n

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/i rrrcr

in !.,b'a ca si sltril in rr or Daci dezguiul de.tboi r \'bD,r 5elo c \plie despE rnii dn$t I dc.thoi cixu tude psl$,ir.

di.idM L!ii. n' rdi

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dc

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l.

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tr

i ilii Nr rtritor ti hp\er pu.rei

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rrr$

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c{ntn ni.inrex hri Hnlcr Lorc 'n.r[n \LUo c r:.xin'lihE pc !ft lc.Ncl i rr Fnnir sli JhnizeTc dii 4nr cr ! oi'nei' rsror idrsDjc c chixr arorpuretricul dr odiniofii I. c.dorffr inn d.as dc discaFr ixTi\rii. ofd u i.o,r.h$r rl d./AtrmN m.r--.n x r.cjeir. di,j l92il. de r rlrparr nurcrta ! rclntr de P!.nd d. tr l\,riin.h.( Drpi dn i ftmm{fur r.o{i araM.

r {n in|trdi
,

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rr.!l/ bilr \,i

btrn. brt ! li.ii Trlxhrt dc t: vc^iltei ce.. ce rrrezi,ri rn atr ,no.r pcn!! !re r!.!ii inrclcSr.c inlemlrjonali ntr a avur r!,e p'iburirr onjifii tr,o.Ji:le sri!( s( rt Jatuuu 'rllrhsnbiLu.in r ron xrD.i.iind r llopm ]dii!s,r--'r ndrnd mdr hre.st;orlt -r p'r rm..rode nfuufilc. drele dc.,i jdete njdnbE, lmrc,r r. [c trlrr. ir modehirahn\ rL6r in roft |D]tnldc.,ditrrto$ respnr\l
unire c:rDn i\ | erp icd tui rvilsof ci rneDdrtrbrut r,rpoirei 3f n ..inrlus if truj csr ct(jiLu.i sej. rl r,rclul inr.Sii lurri . ct 1r resfir\ chtr drci a.ch r.jmne !orrr Dijoriririr I
rdosirc

Jr lonJucere japoDix se

dcsr!1\!

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t /.\i, /rir(rii
srorglkr, iqrl). o 1]

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.r {uze pcdtu rnlr.r

Ar,$dt'(d(

Mostenirea socialh. economici gi culturali

L]sMfii''l.b.trIyd^dRLPEtroi

a
rhpc

rizboiului
!a-

rr r K!^h$.rrr4

/3p

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e ree8

r! \Yrriutuii rrird.n43Nanhi

. Fiind vdloa do uilimulcapiol,lGbuie s, v;t lie impede.a tru lor ce oupd i.zoo droroo g Yc

c6criincPnarraoPcm'nd

Sch.n i rezu'.rt Yo{erncr iRlemr$nxli x ririoiulLLi

culiuEle. dar sunt exo otale aici

oora
1s15

't"o*to"ra
incepe m scaeaoada

coDn'dc dr smtrLd nnru noiie naluni \i chi.r ii noile sule

Leoeaoenrru.on3lru readelocuinre 1M.rea Br'an cl

'nimnddh

Es|.d@"hbLou \Cnstu)m a tutne

noua ).

seluae(Nlaca arrin

rl

I{.s.Drmd.
preLerriiro' binoriatc ate trnor.t

alc latrilor invir\e

hri

orcDl de vol acodar remei of de cal u John snser saQenl

o,ss;.rlG,ratl

SunrpubLcalepoezie u Rc\cDri,rcdctc Irdiei

w iiedowen
me'i(Mada$lan'e)

tiri

de

{,dh i\il

icrn sp<rrts e de

Nouapor.iemrcmice(R6ia)

'!i"nrii'i.Ltutr.Lhor pcr ii i, |r,ri. i ftrburdtlL

nzbuc
'alomrntrrrui in C.mmir, Italix siJrp.ril

Porulrihr

xgcsiv

RudyadKP noPubicronanu w IGaEiLe rt1n teze h MEtete Re2bra

1926 GrevaqneraiinMa@aBr

anie

'l honDson r lu$r iii dr h iaLlll ormetrL dcisi. de amb.le piin,:

dnBn

lillL

ii riqrll .i.da

x riuur

eontier urtlerlones atwat lzyond din |jzboil Esr. pub cdr p 6a u F c she,if. runeys End tcapetut

r Amimpuslasade mul

pentu c

1929 Apareca'leadememor aru ctaves GaadbyetaAlfhat talti.

Eslepub'car6manu u Emes teminqway:,4 Fa.ewel/
ro

Aparorcmanu uiEr ch Mar a Fena qre: Njnb nou pe Frcntut

F chard aldington pubt c5 rcmanut Dearb ota Hero lMaare. unLi enu )

1 tui rtoi uNn ni F,ora undr r ..i;Antrf tid:i lx rnLL so'nn,..

crtu

1930 Aparecarroa

Sassoan Md.arc otzn tntanbr' ahEl jnjanteie) Aparcrchan! iu FredericManning Het pivdes we Isorhr)l aparct.nal Jca ne: cat^t.tie ta c.patujnoptii

Anntile ntt

uA

'red ahtet de

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iL

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r.' .r \

c din Strrroft. uDdc

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l( r,rl . tji\i
a

tu r-!'icrlrr,i

!qi* d+ar
boi

lroDoD,iri:

uidererclicd ansciFlde mMa de

reni

ar

ic
Prmurructu pe care

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ul siiu

r l()i r ni\ i| tqt. tr

landlddo. aa.mala. 5

a o

*lbaloare sireasca

s au gandilca mne penltu de imia spG e . ca baiel c6re rus ia c rc s apo descoreri ce a o ec.r. !u, ram desrr.ul s aminrr. Era prin ds.adav Enq ez modi .anoun dupa randu., cu ocrr idescrr s Am Eculcuror

s a[

.reuud

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d3 Iin

\l ri cu .r si rorb$r
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irr

m,

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..lucn,rilc ! rd

acunisunibafan cresc.anide 3

lroDjc. Thompson m rjrne mux. d.spre div.ndc rnoje iri r[ drboiului P.imr darji s]hrim soctrt pe !m I a,v!( in farr lnldnLii inhcoriiottre din con $j i'ftbar car de sftu i !, ij ton si 'e ht.amr,ro.,, L \Nri.,e
tuh,r 5lni

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-pr- L si fi. mli bud deiir fL'ss pin, dunci Ne dtm $mr ci et a pr tn t oirli
dc

I relrij h nomdnft.

ciir si se,rimcnnrt siiu cr vjall rrbtrie

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r si'nrir.

niind.ic Dri tur.micli

fni

de

duird..i! .atEi+i(. r.$rui sir8r on H r a,\ir hsedn bdlrtii a rjlhoiLLri. xrir d..rnbndari dc !:tltu nrorcj..ire pe et lr iiu 5r rL.rcilii Lmibine l!,n.r in cac !nr. Excmpttrl tut Llontrd nrodri^!tr i trchLr $ ie.L urc sii nu si'nplill.i'r pnx nirx cxdiqrer j,nt!.r,tLi r!! (c.iizbo'ur rr c.r r pdripn \icl.

ir fyeni'n nr rl riclii !'le lc dinft tunflfxele eirr o.tiLi.r \i \mLrtc de d,:io u(,i

Rnnlrintr and d.\I. morn.a logodnntrltrlcL. tr r elL'i e' i rd' rtr oc r? i'n pftreni crre ah rboLvikrii I'teul R(itrL dLnre ioL "' r.oir. l:ai nonic. hnenrdiiLc sJrnlc 1l! lrsodni.uuie'. c\p'ndc dc rs[ d.n*r lii inxink dc ] nLn El fun.r.(L| c\'mplLL. !r ( ...rersi bucilrici de plLmb ir virlir ufui iD\ niilu.n dr n UDL 'a !' cle o \imrlil lcgumli' i Dumm N$h de Culkl.ish ! a tddL t kd dhc.i EhL tu. linul din1ft cirr.ro pli'nbmr ficuri ci]nd I u !.rdus li Itboi p{ riiil r. sr .rn ,bun s

\r

im' aduc anime de

pad

ar

rifosl

o[
rnt

Nu am uilal n c odara

s nuo
I

re d mu[or in viara

2 Patrii iti

cirNlcste mii '..Ib!IdI

Di,r .ci . i.L rrli ri rtrm'lici Co.Llvcr crrc Jtr r!nir l'L rinn' drl Ne*ftundlrid dordoi aL rLpri!]t1dir ir Fir\tr. M rnrcdt(nrrdiirt s$a .i ..di riF.ii .lin r rtr nor\tri tru nun tiiitre pnciqLd'irx '' mel. N drnxs viJurc. du ficc jtr nDeil" ri lunrirr hitr1o' r'$Lur
aLuin lEfttr uo lr rr'l i'i d.hu'. dti tru pd'ru ! 'udi. i stru un colcr Nlodca b'$rii I Pr lunsrd L? \im Je l0O Je rni FLurtc Rillidg! eri nrlri blNutri DfP:r r,l7hoL. er a ir{:ik!( un dc;nin&cr Dr.'cD LLl ci non ir

PROBLEMA CHEIE A Ii.trL

frinil'e

!r

'tboi

h ouLr uutur shftr.itor de$n

lra rr

r'iD'..in,,\ r,.,t,ui
men

t.'d..,i..n

|rnd livtoi

morLlj!]. crnd drrc,$c

... I i /pF.,

"

eie tri rD, cn rnrp.o0ru. d.r prnru de$dcrc. mo. (/!crDr pnnoirc dc tLb$tvcmi de tr oxro sicDbndlc \.u -rnpuj comurul Lc LLin cre rtr ron rorrub! ceidLi bMlionele pak,) djn crrc ru pedr nNld ,.p'r7.iNhli 3l sne him fobsn In z4hidi unde l5 la suri JiD di$iftt p. ftunr. scndnErtul . toj Fftrrrh dr.i.uhni cu dre dc $r I'^-oua .i.lfftN o senefttre drn ei md boiriicn i dirp:m.: Pc 1or cup'nxtrl ludii se airtr or'lcni care ii piedlt*it pe rnunL {Lin.d dfugi Fii,dp.tronr..r sod in erhrlltc v,{D, \t.l 'icdicnli

l: l!01ii De ascnema. cxilli coinov.Ae dcsp.c .jr dr i(r$ah *rc. I r$1crz, snoErr.tenerria piclln i,. Lnc,]I. 4r{l

Oearunci a dslimpu(

s mleam cum

dsegandslela hi.e sici sri in ceoqc

aprcp

r.irtl.lk r (riLl.'r dill!

gisit o o,tr!.rtu

!.n{Ift

ou:il chirr li[3j cl. ir rr\d \ i,i 1997 tii x ni{ lr ntunnrltrlullLLi(nrd

urimadaGcandru$sem a modanl in.mft deremnpuseinpaman|acun.in o.uiror'e'au trumoase de mamud sim'am gandr ci era o

Dupi ron ftzuld di' .nxote.le sus, cej ri,na\i de*.n r6sJu coDsoh.c in an'iirlri. in sninrism si irj viznete ta.:mnnerc nc i,uboj. hcui bin. nrmri'!{e. vidNete si.rr!iii erru rjurari. dc tr,!mener. |ens, dc !ar. de{ accner nu cnu ruticr.ile. In nuio,(ar( ririor. pen$ilc crau acodde uDuj frmrr d. lO dc f(trli recruti. ciE rimi\c*.i cu iMmnid |4 viari. cun a. 'n'louc r' p'crdcrei or6ire. Dllifriinii dtrtqi. p,oblone pstrrq r itrririii NLr'nen$relo'. unhu cohPcnsadi n se brrtrru d*eo'r ditr prn.r compfuiorito. lorr tuii LD ,ordar

rri

5i.

ndicde

Fi

iidu{'iah lc ddnobiltft.i a Nliortr. fornuca prorocll dr rointru blo!rdi r Alidrlo.

icstrsclor

I rllir'rgi !

.ft
Di

vidiru dc.ilt chix. ril^oiLLl.,_tr jL! Lt 4i) dc io, !! A q {.mr nr cgili m.i\u.i csimi cnxp.r. \i rs rrl siirrc. rlr hr[:! rc n l.n neuft. rivilisi\olddi. ormcni \:iDlitxi\liini Frlto.l$ lni.di i
mulre

rotui,.u D i nrare n.noRrn! r rtrlL(tr I 9l 3 9l'r tr fd' ni\ldnNL vfts al lipci spmiol. .r. r rlintr! rdii lunei. Portrnj rtr

.. ri d, h .r. D -on

t,

.t - ,;

j.,.u

llrl9.pidenn r tilepur
tuD, itr .res.ur pc tlEU^ut rtboiulur ca a,ulrd rt devotrini r.hnicilor de.[nuxie pl]ni.a Lr Qfe(\ Hostuldc lins:i sidorp. dcdcmplu. .u r{rl.c l1 000 de qrelii, inrrc xrii l9n ji tq22r sj$mr 1.cur r.rcl,n dxr.hi.r -!i rsr m !Eu.

\l

'.'li -{itLii irni..lt l x mLiloNL IDILD \e rr'rqii lr fcl d. misrernr\ duPli Nn'
DrLi .qie

c.u7-i. ,nii Rusir x

lc i !i mr diilr li trr d. $ti.dr ..r

dc rizbol. poloful ru\ r rlhtrn nDlinrnkrc itupur! dc c!olurir. ftbo,ulcnil.

slr

rfc.lrl

econonri.e pnic PFduclir

rrtrdc BArhtirder i:fi1'rini. .liirur. a unorio{tsontai n .iin J:r.i.Ll! gnlr Frmiile n0 r! ful inrordeautu si ij ].4Dre rcrsS !e rcc{, ..ur!ii. Al.l cil mii diritrr ci s ru siuli\ NLcj trlcrlia. uo n e dr \ok ali $lertrdd...vE dc lrotrrbii.,$rc lru \inu.r1in $r40nr :o dr L llc {lnpii tru n'Dr nicl!'\i in lNeL. oficjrLe dc vtdnne rrc iiTboiurui. fti.iin ':trh.r m.DonafuLe de dzb.i E m$i! Je d'ftm cfod.r ri_ri imrgin4t renc crErimre htr. Di[i!r. def.rid$c.ise raa'r. yir jD pL.rrrii sj tl.rinfi p.&! !! i plicdi .i,lxn,rr rd's, in ni.d [npd.. na na,lr, dtrN d{ir.in]s
pe

rdrrpr.ic

r.$lc !.onoin.c iNEPI lxfir r ricur x, . "nl', P, tr'. ' In la niveltrl xclon Je dinlint d. riizboi.

rdd li coi(liril. jiuiih,rrdir tr

\c.di lj i.hNhinlc r s.ii7!r dn\r.. d.rPr rr.rtru

li

nrd(c

nfriDs.r

Le

i.j

picdicdi doar de i'npo(u.ih n. Lrldril diD srdlle UniL. lR rlo l priniior mi ai dec.niuLu' l9ri inll, dc attrlididd [rLl. i]]r.idc.n trv.$ B)bl! nc r rd!\ o ncmr,.x

Lnc 3ru lii dinririn hricnciile \i pjcrderile rn nrncrie de mnlla!flc de hr Dolbel'ce si L! ru.rni ch.ynrne, de rsncnsj j{o lii \o! nnprliti in Llour tbcr Pierde'il. nrr nux rvidrnre tn ord,nel 'n'i r ins.njnd dlo,j rn.'i'di PeDiu Lorrc ririle Fniciprnre. dzboiul uri$e. i' Iir. hlo.mr conc(un'i, dndgcra cbelor. a pimilntuiu

inprmrr Ar-r. rrcmpl. Jr..qttu.c i,nc'mr.rrl:i tr !,n\nrl p. btrlAdL. .tr'. Ll:id.tr! !trL, t,.trttr \trjni"tlj. kn. l. .oidifil. ]lrnivr i,np!\. de Tirtrhl J. !r \t!illy rr.4 t,igsr L6ll
1916. trtr

rtr

plpotulan'a.oi(liliilf gtulc impLN d. hrrlclc Lle prc.. tjrn r,, " poblc.rlc lco.oni.c .1. rtuii Dar Jrpi pic vcr r ll r dr tLl r{irdiu Ccrmbin {r infli mri pL[emicii Je.iL tunii ci rLiri ! rr.r n.i nulr. sansc sil revinli h norn ihre. Relnnul nrti d.nN. ,c

lcrrolcur dtp! RepubLici de h WenMr) I Ecut mull !. si u5uEze ontrcstrl de dedFbiliz&. Drin lumizarca u'or lroiecte de nurce de

i,

11'.t.. si. E;h, somd clmrL {unl pr.slm dinft rodc. almrea de leinl

vnt rurL'i Spft rfi^(ul'ilh.LuLu,. nontLLird( i'rMrili dn ,\,!L!., :lmsese h d mri scil^n nivrl in err .,mri pe.icut\ sii ni h.b.lu srdicardc din $Drn s aisu.I.i.i tilrtrlc itrudonLo. (L!. lrr !i nu rodc d{c rcne' i .rru c(dr1r Jc Dntrr rjc rlii rli rrb.lr ru ddernriid tnrlnEr n i n,r.t ,L n.itrlL'i A!csL.i nnpreLrr.n inri cr roluluiorsrnmliilor mtrr'i$r 'ltr.ur !R inr.pu:.ri I p.riotulit cdw&dLrDi. !i !N N por li ,tihtrir! t" r!1 Lde ,11!LLrnLL'

Rnrru rnvaliz'. viiJrvc 5L orladi dc dzboi Poare cil iu e supri'zitor 'il nr(d r.idfi li s x acordd o drai mm dcnrie d!.tr d.sPisubidLor de r:zt{i A.ea{a a ri&t lx pllira's nndlld $rfrajultri lx o tu'i dlrljD

ani

nles

ktrdii i'limi)

sau.hin si sugfrin. 4\r.$n h.e rcrgNo', cr..r nrcviz,une rl r.{ mai bnie daci C.Drrir r n xvlt ri Suvem ma' a(ond ?rcf, lezr, rjuds !r o cazil ii n ,nai de\rcrne ! De fal]l. dupli .c a 'trul 1o' _dr! i J'cc" c Ii dbEde r pus crp hiF.rirflriiei si nnptu'iuturile americai' rod'e ($fom Plmului Dr$ei u r:cut posibil ca dcspislbinb s! nc ll'tire ,, u ". t,-p btr.. -tuirci da.:i nu 4 n loi a\rlrxli de fonr cnr.miste de dF.pt 5' de !ir$ si mLncdt i" de^hr mm P.mru lrmra. Pnonfuctr econorj

fi{rli

tic

pnvari de froxe rlrc

b.'clicii porenlric

!'i'P''ul

"ole

.i

r condu\ 'tboiul Lr dir\irul rii,hoidltri..orlLu lL,iLlo)d r'r!r-e

.rr

Lupr.,

Itr,L

pdntu etui .

sp.ri(l \i \tr'nr:.i ' NlrEi h r.lrn r ir0.

d,triL

BriLrDLc.

ir Ll!\n.lu
x!c! d.trr

i,il,orE d. lnc ncniN \iq,

hllrcie 11.\fuL L,

lni.
rni
iD

J .l
\E,mrr

ci 'nd d.spig$bic

o -

IUL r 'l: rveau si i fic

dinq

L/rin lu' t"

cuvemul

k.tccz

ndioiali si mri riac !i gcicrind nntli.il o xc'enruare a infl4iei

o.updia

'dd"..iuh

.
Llc$

l-.!.x Nnn'.itr{rnc,L (lr ro$ ,fuodure,elornrc \Nr' 'dlir. lmuifE.dD l9ls. r oftdl irLlu, I rx) l)0lr de cAc. inLtu rjii l9l, n I penrtu soNn. d$ l9l0 si l.rll. r, Ll!\ lr.ir{r,fr brn.li!iilor |d,tr1 munlirorii5oDcn ri hmiliilr 1or {L$ ou(io,L ,gn olL ru n){ crL$ Jin rcei progoD, A{tel de poliriri s&irLc u (dinu.tr.hLxr ii d![, n ..n1. | '
din l9::1. Irer. iir :ccL DDneiL bm :i somsii arunscscii h rnmrpe di^\.. cr! srltrii c. i', brln,lirL ' or'llr. doti dm rwr:il d$|ll]m oLllii lu, d. si,'dLd J d a,.yj -qcEn i chif \ dqriioP(rm
de

d'bunm penh nodrb desp18trbiri1or. nu nur'tr1ci I dri f*re 'ry c.drmir cd mi, dr 1a dovdln o rvctrto$ .olhir'arc si pnlru

idrce, ii

7!na indu\tiali Ruhr din

c.nn

ia (1923).

fi'tt frrtrului Ac.da lnmr .omEliliv.. a{l!lct flonuqia i'ddnJi a cre*ur S|n' sli^id Miloi 20 maiditar p.ponlui namez rver trn iivel de viati n adi.d dccir indnb d. rtbo'. sil$l'r Mnii Bndrii ed sinlai.u e! \tlul dc sinirate si de bunisft crcsdusra a sdmllsr dezrol@ misdl!.r dc 6rbl.

io

1925 PoLncrr

xdus infl4ia sub .ontroL prni devrlo'zr"l exponunre hnn'lzc a ren?bilir inctdca \i I

lr fnxurn Grea!
a

mL

DciLo N u0\.,:i Lccr r i\|h .Drr rL Lrbuin

.L

ii/tun !i )L,ii

L$:

Ce

roru spre

uprar d n 1914 Pina in I se opun ace ora care v

Fcndlo ecmbc i,' .Ispuds ru pa{iiori$ Ia ce.inlclc gfle !c c!rc

ref.ultun iotu

imft1e

.kn o Ll r. m.1.'. ' qe' : i\it"!r si, dc aseftDea, si1 m.ndni itr !d dc luncuonaa Lidsrna sl
de

concesiinn ari inn lnN! tltui nL tr Ii.\i\l]L.dFn l! dt dnrirtrr dc r:7boi t'lc fcmeilor \i p.r\r!.'.nrr Lor Ene o lrdcrli \i in rr'tr cid. jn prili h.nn'!ftlor irncsstrft dc roml nrhr.d n m:ra r th

car rc '.vciexu :t.'1"dedd.%g,

D m.tef-ne lr rcrivildei ne iidet]cidenl:. reruztnd sa revind N dd dovadi.l. mcnajcft, si dcscori pRtriid ii riirnini sotua Arn.trd t|tre 'ei'n ,d".m1, c.,!-,"0.

lemei r crscui cu 46 la sud de Der b'li rpmca .r iaDieilc s: ftnurte h postunle lor in trvomr soldatjlor acrsi de le iroDr si si se ,,devotezc anreioaRlor Lr

muci lonurt db

'.ELomrL

rii bat fencilc ' ' \.1. -,

10

arcru sii

vorv. n,liluduL.j r|lur l! I!n' .dd' rr slr,i'nhrir

J

de a luDrr

""r itr hn. dilr,tr "\Lrcn, inftrhaft lcm.ilor. El! rriN

'. Emtu'ndtoruiile loa ' pc;."p'i"",r r,,"r.,. ',.

r\:
ni

utrLr

'orru'

ft

p$onalnrLc, dupil cum $slinc Rilhkd Bd*el. au stuM rermt 'i ramdd b.'rbaiilor .liror rubn f,'!sdr erpdc 1n rinpd tulxitrlui , "tlc
.

'd:les jr l9l9

.lileneilessnnmccisrigascrlldapttri+:lelavorcub:rbtrli. Bescl merye mai dsprLc ri sa(iic ci Polilici a dNs un ,domeniu rl birbatiloa din (uza domin{ici .cmralici rlzbolului". a 1a pdeR t Prdidului Naznr. !n dlleni'isa.rr ll nu nemiomr,.i un nde ntrfrt ]!n'd..milirsr
Expflietrra ieneilor brirmice din rinpul rtuboiulu' t dupil tee. cn aseniiniroft cu ca a lemeilor semms. Si ii .zul loi. isbncn @ x/ xu descoperit.i se iciul Jin amari nu lc r:cu\. ni.1 un b$c

@}'rcnl$u|xltmi,^Pijnrcuir ;'iir"@ .od"." tr"'"i. ." "ii^hirii \:i in\o,c, \.i o r,trii r':nii ;d " Lr' nrcptrrLl rtliit'Lfi. rrn'.'n lsD smietrle fus.\e ldtrbli r.Diei neninrt \ii isii h .imnr piereni. En.3H d! rfaou iii .e mi'rrii.r.$t N'i olrienfi r d$

$c s a mrnifc! ni nrttloriirJr riilor ni arnpfl uhontlur n dL't! &a' Exnrr o drx,e ptNulfir nnrlil l[i Je dii'ir'l' r'rJtric l nnccai mi, chif daci rLnrin,l.niriilu.r.!dsc krtri NliFriLr o Ni'lor tie.ibi'br!:ru rs..i c rr fui.Lri pur]u 'i. rf| irr
i3j Dcs(ri..ca rtzhon'lui

* !a o;'

Pa

r .c,;

!.esle

PFOALENlA CI]EIE fUNl

Lie ttlcrli.d rl dD 6figu'le ailor l9l3 1919, dtptul lt vot p..h ,enricdild rnLp lemeilor. IeDeilc dc pcic l0 d. .i' ti t \iuni, ru b.nericid mri alcs tem.ilc retenb& h JesRr duniro''d,.trfa di" clrs de nijld Jear, si zicc'n, rineElc Dmctom drn '\nlabih de niun'tii, 14ii de ce luvhul susl'ier ci se nmre xh de 'ltb'irile rdcuiosciror I'i ace{ fel, squiih dldca dovxdi ,na' des'rbi ne llenii.L. dmd cend inreba rcbnc ,Cum tn fi putd sa pmifl r:rbo'ur nr 'i rd rr Jtr";di' a ci pore ar8umcib rco inii drprulu lx vor hmiior Se t1 re$e

sim

d. i.ci,ind opftrr

ri,me

rdrili* rt Nii,L D.r'rr

1L

!r'rf

a
Arr.i.nzboiul
d,ullo.lre.rresoni.!diliiau pnmircu bn\ctcJs$hne

n)

r: l.|.r

cilid oto Dix x mnd in seRiciul rrnia..i semme, de.rc,nFtu. st a tpcr.r ci a.rrx ii r. rhrcc .o exnened0 un6i, i'm.esibitil in viara livilii ": cundistrtwyndhmr Le*n i.i rugd F coleeiisilidiji $ d! cumn,-\i piadi o i$mercr exFdcnrit". Chirr d. ta inqepu. \.colul xx a fon o cpci r erpcnmenrelor (de avDeardi) in dil. ir
.izbon'l r ion vtD| antel cr o nou: tovoce Peftru ]ni{it tutunsd, rre do'eru s! o rupi cu ft.urul si si.rtebreT. rchdotogia nodenjt Iticr nondirt c.a pcrcepul ca un
expLo,ru rcinD

rrn

Lul.

dp(atip!.e p'.fetind lulbmri

si

shnjd i, izboiul

Mulri au i.aar volunbj ii tup1i. deseon aliuladu{ unnau&! sne.irrc ar..di.irilor Abitit:rilc tor efto soiicildc. p.nh br rettrl

di{i

J- d i.,

soLdrni ctr .iinj racirte. ci4c! .rrnurlxl.lor vu chir siDu'n3i Fi.kfta ins.ipriit.rde h crode Maj raziu. uiiidifiaciru lo$ DUniri rnisri ori.iati dc r;zboi, avand darona ., .ur -t r. ,. u i.ui .rD, 0, e"n rcv.r ,rpusc de ordtiic yierii de rrnsc. r df^.. renzura i,nclsit de

n.'f,t.aL'u,rr rirnei, c.Nruncr de misri p.ft(

toft

rnpt@rr4l,rdrrr
do

r'. r rL6

r.. R \ N' h! i
dc ivb']. di, Dqranrnd
L

lx turuis\

Inlonnxriilor

l.blo! e.r intirLrl

ir esp$ fLctrtril. I
notrLc

a dcvenir

dnL

,ii.rl

Turbdkli cmorionat de d*.ctut La ctuc rus{\..Ii mdo.. nju\i ldisri sru si,nrir oblilrri si tiextnrnc experieDb. rnto n,.ie.i ljpsjG rohl dc conprcrn^ E au 0.nir into mniune grc., d.eea de r nodjfica pc'lticdNa etuicii rsupa riizb.iului, rsa cu'n ra pEzf,rbri in.fisele pruprgandei oli.ralo. in reclrm :r ni zirR. \ir abando,I

^-evff.i

abiricre ripia tutunsmului in pidin cd 7 tuF ltdu t:t t.trl nttu sz (1916), in cm ud gn'p de soldrn cpuiari profti dc iigrzut de cirevr d,F ra,nlsiNa drmului (ve7i tagina 133) ceicntLrt tan HmrQ!, contmdDtur dD ra ciuipoli. a $ns frctala h larrlogut sil dc prc/xrrr, penh crl[,ta d'n 1916, crrc, lpmer et, nm \i iL rduci pe sotda. p'.pajlor siJe *IlneDtu *i lum nu r [ l]utur ..Di2L rttupc 'nimr vroddi sii o 'ic pmpiii sli ochi".! ErpoTirix !i brcunr de ,u4, faci r Lzirdori \j lo{e pidu.jte au tos vanduE Mri ato i, Ncyinson a hu Lp!

Cind picrlr r lni c crBil h ahul. clNluR Minisrcrul b.ihnic rle l,rcnie Anisdlor lir r pcrmn:i luc'ee. de\i n{o,ir!.r nu sr xLirir lr i'dicrriile irblliG dc lukfr. |ld.rll Frul Nsl' I ${ |t For ! dr ve$in trul 1917 six hn mdo,trl dezr\trtrLri .ur r mnd RiiftLo trl lr Passchc 3.l. ...cLD i',ftir.silr d.zdri i,i lrls d i {ni

inr{ rrire
slnr
dc lx un

P,re11' 3r,n'r n irrlitsr .rdr\re

zid

ra speranri Am ronunral sd ma i'l peGonae acum su do:r !n preocup* inlerese sl un ariisl cu

care vor ca dzboiu sa

coilinue

masaju meu darva puna in

Liro.r.,D' n.
NL'n'|Pd,'n'.

Curind dupii xccrM Nish tr\er sii !tu./c nruL Llmttr

..b.

.,,

ctl. riL
L

i." -t.,.. .' desDi.rle si are Je $hii. rlc coPrild repturn i nniid!
ir;orii

ronr simboIzc,:i sanlcl. Atc{r. nnPard nL allt.rlri{n fonime'rlc lui Nash, !u tu{ oftirr cenzotului .olon.lIld I fl'

lflrc.

' ' inr' 'r < ;.."n"neitul de Intoi,ndii rtr x ft{ nr*ijo.r di Nrsh tNii ' .c'',''.p.'.," gulcnd bnbni!. pot.eristrLL I Di.di lo si'r!{ St]:'trl. r '(f ' jnliil'{r. r rrr I otr imaaine iol ari( dc tulblnlrorr.. .trLi.i diill i r ruaiisri. pr sokhri orbiti dc !tr7!l lor c nc uPlii in rblotrl trlr (rc7i prsinr lsa) A in crrtr! Ia Rol,l A.rdem)' ni lelq. r' i
Si

nI

nlddcz

wllim O4u Afsrrr i,*nl

apreciir! au }o*

Llditlr

pL.tr,Li

n$lft riztui L'riri'rLri

! fL.rr de\fi{itr{CtnL

prtrhL

n'. or

p..

rokloum'si r tu d0rcsie rced idri tulo.itl i..lr\i .dft otirrt{t al Slrlii O:li',ziloi, dt Nnh rlLli otcri conknh:. nilnllii -v'/'l"u Alirn Ll! 0i sidu ini.'Llni nr drrP.l. {lirutr
dean'pn lor pldcru {ldi l,cnirni la erp.zitia de la Roydi A.rden) id l9l:r. dt J npu'xl (cxre .ofrdidrr 1uc atr) r con:nl.n!. de ncr.!+rl

l' '. ' Toruli. Oaen rj .n.gn siii i,'.(r l

in.m
au

rlrL

Wr \l'trflD r\na l dul

'

lo! nnondizri. lotrlnm nn]Lrininr. lL] liclrrLx. rt (rl x au luprar $i ru NUnr i'itt tiii l9l.l silql$ r\.sriimnriiu rotrtihd Li rt.i rir'0 psrocd'rt trlui rrctu dezv;ltuer trici roi ':ni ..lecrionind dilcr. p$Ju\! !u rnxsinl nc iilbo'. dLi & !!i1 'n ' q!4i po{,]e, soldlri isi expi, u \i ci pr'.r \rLc u1i\1i.!. \rl.' rj rrl
6c imlginile

rt'ltrt.

iii nil

nir

trrlri loLdl Ntrlii d.:iDbolTrl siu rari de,thoi Ojur n tr! r ron rl.i,i liDtrl.li iLl ca avaM de nrdurlr Dri .,lb niln interzis lui Dn !:, expunll si i r' { ftin um!r, r r.ft sprrc !r 'tl

Dr

x mai

pidrr

pi.tod, dii i mne'e DL elon inLcns. umrrraliihLdc p! c nu lb! idflicri dned,'n tbo' iu,o,.riLDl i', Cbude Ntomr. oietn lproFid,,l I

ilL.

!iL riirrLr
(

r SaMe$ h ..cr .c $ ; :i n|)Li"' d$inmtr.{.1.'.idrul(rrII .o!.1 ,_,ihcir liul sitr ! xilr r. ro \i :oldrf lir ntr luro r trtr crsx sr dc lr cnldr" Dtrlrii riizboi. prdln'Li.d.u i.rt(. 'rrtLt bbbun cc i'!(a, fr. ! .otr!,Ittr Ln ddnrr rNrjj i)rrrLc

Tn$atr

:i ,
.r.rn.,itrLui

'.
ghirtLi 1\,:, ui !.r
si !ir.
Lh

ri'nrr'.lL,ph

.h Jiintrc xrumr i iLul!. Ad-:r,/llrl.ll Umd,nt. r. ir l:l.!.,: ! ui;L.!j idi r.ui.tun' Ddi monrlnr\h lLLi Dix rirj dc.ill:rhL.i on i{L r r(in. rirh ip,rr rcr:o.rnri. cr r! ftrf Ii(-' Irc diriic{c lrnpirrli or minftih trili v.rorn d. rirhr
dc sch

f\t{,rrfr,. r,iL. f. koiLr s. rnlfir

N otrcdr

. l)

,,q.: nr , i rod 1 ... "r i.:,, tr r r 1

\NI

rLishrl Otu Dix

'n sutine .i. rii drnr aulciticidiii.od.rll.'rni

,.Lmasxmului

log

tros mdiliduaLil,(ctr

Tdr ir Llvnir s,i,li,idi ri'r t'ri!i. dd

rtrrL d. trn
I

n.i,i,.xa

xL Driscli'ii

nirNiili\re norb.lr.r l

DLFii':zhoi. D

pdur

b) Rnrbo'ol oelindn
MulLi

r_n

litc.rluri iio
\c

.tnpd d!
un volum$

d{1ioh,snutrL ri,csN

lL{!i dr cnu Da lL ri
LLc

F,ii !tuhonlii r\|irlf, trlli.i: irt.r.trl.rjrl

llc

ep,otrPe 2 215 Jc po\rli

Mis rspussamainrotiizonanum morr ve.h . erau sor.Jaliid n Fcq m

'irlro'

" ded.d' .aun.! bprr.ll s allnc

o;oi4ra , ooo,,,!r...

cand atn

rcer$a numri in IJ@r BitrxDi. d.vonE derld sol&\', r,tuu, Llo insanibili de r .if Ll.\P't ri/ro' .el ronmd! sau niltrl dtr' 'lo.trNnlrr. Pmtul l,vonr n. Ll!{,i 'l BRrokc, rl'omdic cirui lolu l9lr rt,r,. /4r. lL()l

jr i r

rnrn

i ni 1.

rccdird de 2t Je oi oliDi r' t920 . Rtr!6i sicmbndsq el fiind d.jr ui Frt cunos0r i,,xiflr dc r!r:L; B(!Lc s aimlarcu ertuziffm dJ iu tr tut prr.DLcn\ldiihlwriipenfr..ixmu'ni' r9l5.irddrnspeci'lllpoli. rn cur !triiyini sinletd h Jro.Drc |Yotrn..Cci honi ct .xpri'nii \Drrnc cl\ rnodce orrnnuir. liirc dr d .n!ri h ii.epurjn ri'bo'. RiDtr,llhcifrii gobcle :i nre pe{c .m.tu .ci bolri '

him tu rtrul

s(brrsir l:.di il.

Nbrirrii\i I frl

fo! 0l.n,i

ii

rriLir. Mtr$.] ,i r

l' ilr ll'rlc'

1.\Jrkrl

cu si

nll

nLLLli

Poclulc;rhncr. d

psD,f l\ nitr' o. r,f

ri..{rr

Lr

Lrl \rL,uL LLr r}r lfltb.r

E ai saval umea e siauviEal rcsur

oemun.:sibu.udi siea{re.esperar senna Pe.are b:liin o numescvact5isipo ceicareairi pdtult

Nu0ft rutrl! Ir L k tr./L r)r!L grlcn! J./r)drnnrtrl r.'rtr

Nian'.r1.

plD

..ln{ere nnorcufr.r
(r9rrr. h1

llpul,,1,ffrfir

rudclc cemire de .eLor disJrirut ru gilr ulLui!m.ni{ry oDd. 7(r/ !i's14,

5i no{r lc,th! !lL( rtr,qrr! riirb.r iwnLrl ! lltrr:i r...r r rn .r. r !.rn!{r.
^bi\i,,i.'.

ia'Li.trrtrl \.:rii lLtr!

L

&!ni riuno.{olide sd f inrok'.i h

In n., ,"' '"1 pFo r k pdirir, iD cxic Ri)inond s. iDo.talLTar p. sift instr\it sufniln
rLetrL

' .I

e{r.: ..sii i \ttrDrl i\isLiel desrre,Jrunu$rcJ.\ruLlni!ttri tft:! A.cfir ei. o !tri. iDlnlilli lipid lolonla jn er mL flft Fnc a
.iu_l;ului sxu urdid dupi tr.ei !@$ulr at exdtirii. imbddnd rcrrrbrca 'h i,, ctr!dc 0f..un ..orom. '. . valorre", ..sxcrii.iu lmrginer lrL BRr,[c J$I)rc vi^h lDcrclir,..rostrl. Jtrrrcrr ]ii atltuDlii nucv(. I n' .*. 1D !0!ic d$prc ..sinsrte
ope

rLrl. | enarif f! rii lLd r. r: LLi'i,! rtrL i, ..\.i, .l! -i! l,rrir
r
Luan'

bo hlrl.o

lL

rd

ruri lro

nr rnnrul

iip nr o\.r i tri

Fnd..de6uD'azb[I$hiree

hi.u .lcluii,r isiPe:P,r.

ct.dJ nfiy slairhoqrelu..runoas

..u

fcc!
55

'iinnnp

' Fr"r' I r Jn{ i:iiir d. ll ori Rdrrh. r.*ror erpeierk ene

: ,(to:oi..,.
.ci
o biiLile

Jrig6

Jiirgcr

iu . luPld llccliv

rLLi 5$iu. ar!a ri lto\rrb.r! 1\rri l,r!i|il. ltq ! ).. f ipo11 rtr r n\tr (^!n .tr rri.L LLf onur rlal

Dfi conll.rLr

''

j6r Lupritinl\ltr 6rc..!r

nor' {ip ile om,

tezi d&l de lr prg o:p.ie nod. sonid s:,

ti0tit. i"

ti'npul rtboiulu', pnh c

'loxre
s au

,bt -, r, ,1 , tt I lu\ri,,. ir i1rru'i.;r ' in 1916 (ve, pagim 52).ln slhnnb. dolr t{ru di( rEuiilc lui Owci ru apinr ind're cr !l sli fi. ucis p. ftud. id pnd! colelie dh pebnc \rle nu r apinr indnr d. 1919. A&i volun irca ptofuh lnsar;l dc iutor. unde el ii pn-ntt crzul diiic. irclai cu rL muhor dlli Ce(i'
,oi Pod
ia 4nq

bu.unt de tuc su.c$ dc tublic. chiar tiLn DrmenhJ 'iifrr rl rpirur t P'n:! si ptni i' zilelc n viT,mer asupn dzboiului An Jon dcton blrn lc |rnru I rr rr'r un Dir an&ilzboi ti x fi ali'nemd pa.innnd (!'zi l,ug 5r 551 Una din@ acudn sullit..i 1d(! 3.st \cncn d o rPRsr rr'
!oAesc despr. crmrrdcis. de \cn(i'ncdrul ddoncL. dc ioiulr. Llc nencm. bii d'i ri 1ia,'tri. dc Ellrtrc dc SluDre. d! fninu{lilr n&!r. de ro.rc lu.ruil. or L au rjurlr F \oldrli * \rFne rizbo'ul chir' ! sffiNn,.&i r Ctnlur repu( p:lll] in l9l7.t(trdeErin Da'\ri'i dzboiuiq isi ani cnc ce fencn r ron ink{J lcrri inrinrc dE Bi i i
slarariinadaposlui e oriiquroase.

!.eft

op!:rc (in sPecirl

oti

6/: Lsnornc

. o
ca

1c.

. b

oizho

'.
5 pa.
oi calda dpnoare p:sleaq

in czd expoziliilor dc ki din crdt, a.riilc lr res volum au de mri n llc fcluri. Unii.o'ncntaroril'.u l,udar pc Ow.tr, conideriiodu l cel mai mrc per il ii^oiulL'ir alli: .! cnricd $rnc veLun.,bvi{c dc soluLdc bli'bi ' Lr zrcc mi nujii arni!i(Lu, conls!.^.1. dcsp'. dimcria rcalist d.cu'n.Dtrli iD opozirie ( .er nGrlijii din lircntrrli ri ani lrr inmu\ir

tor

o c

oad

p ana

desupra mea

':r!x

njmcs'immn'e6-dFiz
PenlunusliumolvssGlm.sm

me as qurau cd nu vo

vreas5miinrocinAngiamainedacam s

ari

..Drblrnri, .rre ru ztr!rlivir rizbonLl inr-o luhini foano putid rrvo b'li Di', Anglia a venit volumul dc ntn,oii d hti EdmuM Dttadtn untelon4 rl \rdr lliaw i dt rdrr,, (1923), pic5a lui R c. Sncnitt Jon.ntr x t nd lcdrntr / .,il.ir,ns) (1923), romanul lui Richrd ldi',gror Drtnli.y'd /r{t lMod,\ (hti tnu) (\eze),
!oLLLmLLdc

srin$ xsm:de difk x.ei ELsr'r ri hla din imdul Lu' sx$QD 'rD dreDrul J.clei ziLe (7 l|'ilie l9l7)' 5trecE i un Poibil risplns rr o rd obicflrie c'i'icii: ci rtne remn'i{.i1c tl. dtrpli ri'7-h. sufr liDvlc

dtl)

\ntntnite ort alit.t tt! ,{.!rcri?)

mcn,oii al lui Gove Oo.ttb\t (1929). \i rl lui srrsoor llarritt

utnDing Hrr P,{t.r r. rl lui Owcn, ( o nrtudu..rc \ei venn Remrqtre cu tumed tt,n nlau p. F.utut ttt v^l \t92r): d\n l,4rlo, du. (1929), si ditr FmDta Loun fe'drand cirme .u onmul Cmdtarc h arntul noptii 1t932).

(1e10). mmrnul lui Freddrc (.touori;) (ler0) ti uD trou volum de Jrxztr

h Att Thdl6aio de td rt d1 hJailrr ofn{

d. rutndcnd. Bin.inkL$ .i.le tr rlc c.!tr mt r ro e \e z.az: Pe eiPcrid c dnede. 'cDalorb. ro{ pe lront Auroilor c-xd tebtrir l0 ril \i 'm' b'nc si .luhhrl penh .i. duti cun \punc AldLigron rcc.$ dr '.o.hcniui. d' i fi cotrDiua I I'rucun d.tr L tle fensirc. onmels.onlii si1Fv.!ri, ri inili'r cunrpl'tt tr'narh

jnto ssisoG. SDb in

boume, merss

p.rto zoni.rprudri

1913. E

oullui,^ldinSlo'. ceor$
dc

wnq

lr intm!

I
5

un deserr ptin de c,alerc d6 obuze sibuce$ ds sarmi sirupl5 Fostelol eEU p@sdraie sche re @ puflau coru de otei. imrrl.ereinzdrcdersudea e unitormei kaki sau 9ri vezui c z:cea omdnadscrmara rc mai srilea incros |ale pe o pusce rupla sirusnirr, cooseartao sheaE.ascaE gipulrez la d n

P;ndnru era
sh'mpatt tuq

iili

de la D,vel intrnaiional sar d.sprc Drmvrele polir't. or dc\ln. {!fteeh m'lirari. Iiindci ruroii I rhe{,uni Insi opftk Insrrc dc oan.Dilor di'i tlecrre ndn,nc. Lln

nl5deexp oz a unuiobuz: cran ul rusese desp cal, si d nlii z5coa u imprislial pe sotut .a ca @si toda expioz e arun.ase disremonedosiun p x chiar intrc oase esolduru 1o si remur Inr un adaposl de beron. lrci scfretere de sojdar qeman srarao pdbul re pesro n trarie or, a c5ri ieavi rscutr en inca

tadrl,$,1' rfln: pe imponand a iTvcrlor | .m lc altnr. vrlftil. i'r rcluL i.' Ti'hDr citile Je on.inu ra st a'bi o ortift ide. d$rE ui r nrr \i luN jn
.ondiln apoalt dc E maSinar Pentn'

rnndnl Ed
c)

Pou0d.

.i nial.e jn*flrni

.ii

tur dn r sl)u: Mr de prdrc sii 1l kiii(,.iii!'!Fi Firi rr

qfenade.u qaz rosroros c6 aBesla tottrt in ca ea ror tac.r,!u

Concluii: Snnamintinr dr*p.e rizboi

in.hs srur descenalc.s isurplnrrasburiirorunz siab,arunsno ru, c! runeru indepidaiat buour taa in In ila rnqhokn sionbm
,1. d':{i!ri fu suft nr\i niri re i e ro,u\i de.n nrno.,rc scci.lip:ire.G scnz!.rrlrd,. $ns de cire vcrc.riide.rlr. \iaptintre td uhoniuilvsi. dc.rddr, prsiDit. t70 l7t :i tu6t su'u rtruor renor druncft suSuu.i lii I'aul Fussel a N( dEprrc ,ui!i coo jr Drai cunlptir de.i o,1cdto dinre &(,dr! {e iau rn* i:curc in rnii 20 sru .10.,.r a0 t c r.$tr rniL lnrirc ru\tin c, e.!ri scnibr dn dni de nijroc tmaio,iurc. ltind rrunci !'en ofilcn) au ofeft..o vcBn,ne tft n b,cr!!ii. crig\-adi si inselirorr.. supm .ondiriilo, crnrcnre p. tmnr l\.cnia r n ,..qio.d .u niuk rnai du de.ir sold4ii mtrnciror ra condiriirc \dii din lnnfe. undc. {,ic un nbric. iu \d llliir n gcu dt.ir ,.i,, r..io.brld JiDt o mtrhrta..! sil I tisiD p Loi&t fton{yD si xfiltri,rc hlil de rsrjrud.r d. vcdet, et src n rpLiiln tijnd.i 'r d'nto iiD,ilLc dD,occ n'lllere,.ar tocuia i'ro cisua uc pnrmc

Anlir

To.rc fonn.le de di. $m3 l'dcr Conrrd. m, fdr idltr. tft de r:zbo' cee.,a modcmizat bru[l si irerotabiL otru r.t " P.0ul]h d![r r fo$ la lcl de co'slenri de &!! lu Ed{iJd agd. r cini munci comrtr\ii n, Fritndr rnr.bli.i {r Plinil d cnE oNinnt si praioLi.c. r :.ns d!tr1 {'u a.dt,i octrhL uolontcr in 1919, p.ntu ! si.r imr \endnenLcle Jc lulbu t \urlctrc. Rizboiul r lo! zugrilr Ji n, suierile ponb.[. mon.n'i\lr rlc uno. scdiroi pr..un nIl Lx\v1eD.e, T s ElioL. Er,! Pourl s: vi'siDil W.olt Prczcntr lui insi'rumrll r lon tudnri c!Or!! d. lI.$nt'liL

ii i . D' " \ D'L i_ ' la lRhi velca Ll.sprc si'u.iderer untri Liniir bolrn lc \x Ll! hoinri. dupi cm er\isptric ,.cuii r ve ! muner drr..htrtr i, r'rkf,d n'Ln..iw6
o

.,

tiild'idli. ( er!, lir; .rializrr rc o disrdri dc o nili. tdi ce \.flc q d.sfc udr in ftnf.lc dc h Gdlip.li: ,.dnr8er'n, N pentu .i Dc .E fticl. ci penh c; enn 4a dc murdffi !l Intu1ii mri sptricr, .Li mcmoriile si r.maEtc nu ne spun i'rd.!!l oetf lorunP o't , c .^

rbnii L ll\r UD rlr sditor c& a rilnms.tr un rnmeit Ditrx reg..hrul poei ensLcz, Rtrdyr,d Kidne. cu rle .ii,!' vcLun dr .rf i iricepor rceriii $'[n\n Ernark \r.n lLrrt (va pasmx 2) Cadvr Mi duPi rizbo' XidDs r rnurdt tot lr.oL Dmtrmd,r. ncnbii trn3i coD,isii pcnru imcujftr uDr p.| .hk pcdrtu rori .ei tuse\eri iD .ii/boi Ciili ni, dt pe l. n i,q tur cupnrd Eu)N,. rcadele uNr Nrel de elbtun crtlutr E{nd r.-q urinc pc

puhic

i',

,nrr'i)

ldc

.&

rni

omF. precun Ypres din B.l!ia. rclonlnilc n' drlnrr if rl L 10. .ar suit locuripenn rducer. rmint.. Dc p! nio{'irLc dir Do dLl Freloi toledi po. v.ds uia\e monument ndi.d. in o.riLc u t \ au tinur bi.aLr !rcctrn lelex de h

d i'.:i ' u lcl

r,

d i

lndruman Penrru

sldu

les

tuferinrr DolomiriiltiF' \N ttriur\.lt \.!ln!u $n$romrivc xle luiConnuLin Brii&!!, dfl

di'r

otle Crimr

, I Brr'' ,'o
1''.''',,t,'

o \r|lril.lu in, ltl]q)i{i lvJ,tr,rk! c pii din Romiinir Dc pc uf lL rld in uorrl&ii i,, t'ltl..!nc ie Medit.xDc,. pa\rgeni pol ob$r nbrurrf {flc llLroft { incmo l.!c dir runinnh Callipoli.

'ul xlt i rLrc riinrii\c norni'r. noi s. t(] gi'. tc'.r':l\d'i, rc \Dtrr 'gi{r. dc n,dri. ir lo(nlt fuci.r !d rttrx. de unmrii rlor clttrli, ne
$r!ir rlrrc
Krltin!

|t.

,b'.1. I

u I $ms ft, l qii'/'

! r nrL lud :i s,\-irr

n,

Jc

'i7bo'

dc c:,u ile ln.ndcz..

i i,dim.c-r
od

DtNiu.i .u n'p.rriclLlii.ni rc{u' noftr cn(:r(dli.iulLri si Llcloriufii

rgn.cftul nde r lupral Jur{.in.i .ii. cl rolosiid t-_oft

rcAi'neDr,

I sric

povcner Dei prs'ni ne

penh' DLDele prbe' x

Fssuso!, Art o/

ttk P a]r

'_ii

': !q\Lr! Jr r:r,ciid,r. n.morii lrcen de li n,lcnih l].noMli n:l'dtri J. NmoNlc piedcn de vi.d de P riiLt So'n,nc lr D,lrdnr
rt!LrttrtuluL

''dKl
o

- Dll i ilor

r,riii ( (izir !izn! tg.h'iBelgi.i r.i un F.l ! iin DUu./i ri..dsi .i ril o anfeld. vialil. r s.
rrc orlri;cuii
prin:inra lui 1919. u dcspidr

-l - n
Iriridrolii

.r .li'.
Din Lorc 161. lL'.tun

.1

".

p rl 'i
/irnLn-

hmc cirLle. riDen aLe u'uorp'ilin,N s. .$ni d rcolo de (inre utr dc la Lcrb'li 0rovrctrtc dc

Bnfi\trtr.! lirm lr
.D.rl

22 J wiikr..'Plitrr rB Mllceoi

2r

P coush.,Jhe E4.'ieD!c or

Bntii

tar splendidu

.ir

n dudta

pinul rizboi nondhl

26

vr Eid4

& HMonus. vdtroD

Ln)

'i
re
E

Pr4dJ (Thimes & Hudsor, 1993).

htu',nxt P.rmr'.Dri |nh'

l0 nnl0rne de

$'

ilLcrunon

Atlid turBr Pnritr rddrf lofli ! nr Drrr dLr Ntr

buni$iriilFPlLdlLLi tr'{l !R*d tlc lri (ftxu.. Nri(i

R4ro^r ?irrzrsl.

(crrr
rd
w4r

(Asahkn { hr{^(y hses.

]r 6idrc',itltr.t.turhr.D e

P.d fPbnEn, rese). P. :r39 r5 s sisdr. rh./,qtk ltq,tr,tcro3.srdrotr (hf.r & Fak', dr!
r

lmdir dtrc! Lr nrumndcr

Hyi*.n 1z,r4ir4 P 424 R. Ard Dsbtr, d,, o/, tdo awtrrd D

D.vrir.r zltlr
d,o4 (ouP. iq7l,p. t?1.

dtrdc rtr

G!+uL,L,r,st,n Urrit
c

F!d.ile in picnl

dLLrrreLe

i!

Flnnlc riragi

drrot Llt \0r

il

vrirnd lti!.
a3 v

FrL u rln'r:l'
rLrd ri.

w!n,r.rr.l,!,r(P{3ui'.
Lqr).p]) ?3&
e3

r925) p.201.

mn.ubiDlruluiildlqttrl.l
Amrc nronde dc lolost
PLogre\

th,doln (!\

(spenmoum.

'n

Schedu

rsum't
a

PicLnco ino$nrci de dn 'nre d. dzboi si I lxr.orsnrtrll riizbon'ld

ivloneincr smirli. econodci !i cukumli

d! f,,iliEn ru Duii: Recuioa{ere siconsoaru duHe p.rhr ramihi ti deEni of.a.. prin 'nonumsrclc memorialc ri cimiftelc de riizboi in,hr : I:e in n'a,. 'mnr srlvedl nNln rtniri dc undc ne mtrlli s+ravieturori
9 miliomc

c$licuri

r:jlhddd h inlsbiri_4n

dcsp'e c'pitolul 3

rn

rnp

ce

d'volrdi subiar!t,
upr6

Lecturi suplimentare
e nu au tosl

Nicioau de

nc pie'der

unitoh sau unvorcar

p,e'0s.4

., :

rg. .oi,".5, o o-o1 ,

n,..r in.d \i ulti ntr PfLicil)irli lr rtbli. i]rcr.sul riLri 'i prinul ilizboi niondial ru lm s; fi {tur Di.i !n .. i'r liecrrt il ctr d. r 3trr come'notur I ri7boii' u ;p",a"d t,
Desi mor

"oi

".i "ii.!i

lD cotrcluziile
D"L

voNr rcbun :i trilrromNrirl! runiDdjlr

hortuiri da.t rti considrl dzboLu \rtr unclc,in.irrv di o jnuuend

lsto.ii gcnerale.lcspre rnzboi (in ordincr aDuluiin

car..u

fost public.rc)

AJF Trylor. Tt( F;n

unrlddLtr cLe Ni{i'n!lrut pc$D:10 de rri dc lar0r.iiie. nudii le tri' ie bin.an\ iri roNl no'L. ce I {r. ( !r.rdin t Lri l.]vbf bogrr ilusd. cr imrgi i cx.cknr.. John Larfi( trnrla d,/ altr/lr /]t rv,z rld ll( t\ld' sdotr 1933) dupi cum o ndi.i n riLlu duE h adiesx ge.cirl'lo' :ia rru1i I'hilip Ha!d,omd\ri1c. t ( rl)n rf.rJ rvar lr]tr,l4,4/r l^nr\ d Amor. lrr92). Du.ne o 6lcdic de izr-r. dtrcdr. .i m d'nn.nlrrL tidrpensrbil d. Lntomirii Ll.!o,t rod. Iltdele iilhudu' Ilev srtuhan r/,. F,t w/'rJ lri| (*tnbireld & i\nol!.n. l99al.

lt'.r

$!!!.' st

rLti (Hmish Hinihotr l'16ll. ds'

iialrj,

dar

pni rcuDiular.r

dc JclrlLi

Li:i o dp'e\ie

aLnLc:i

d!\Prl

prsiom

i r con.cntrui alr.,i.r d
&

xsup,r

lcluldinr.:n lt i tun

Jte.tdaL

nrr

Hueh cec,r

Pc(cr r.lddle (ediror).

F'.in! )m41tJt): Iht t:irr

dc

W0rJ lrilr

intndiorlE.Lqxnizdi

lPen & S I cds cu

cn.ia rler

r 30

1dncn'rn

Lecrur

slp menra

201

orr !i.ii

di\rn\iLolL! llin Drotogix populd. comine Dr e ur8hnjn r,i Nfnn Ltri 'tlr) 7nf lr!t!f' H.rui\j. /rn rl/i,n/ wnr o.De\ dnl,\rath )u!!,,
.

Pekr I

dJle.Ir. S,,/,rr [dr

N'sel Srecl& Pertf

r.lNii !!nc :i

cer

tLr

tt qk! tu cnd wr (cuP, ).)1)1r). Hfwis .u ihLii \pecLxtc lt.ku .idorr dr

i

i\frnrkri \r o(|n dc.\l(.ri$Lr lqxtd

JL,lr Kc!!!r. /1i. r'n1l

!.,(

!i

dr cedrhi l)rn! r
a

ri!itito, iir ii d. sr4s!r

hnslof

l]r,,

ryd rH(rhnNi. l99S), o Atrrc dlni de rnut dDh lct n i b0i noncr tc ctricute 3,siLc tiLc c jurli. tirli
t. generxlj Fl,cu$Lc

*",--s'""1 ,.,,"a1rron LilJl. Lsh i',i-* r*', r"6r "-r", ,,/r /N / /o\2 (Lon:mJ' Mm'n ClaLk.,{, r,i 4 tt b rA'i t t aL *ir' ' r.+.* E '-," lqor) -i i ^noour. n,*"., ," q,.! "in rr. . !b . u- ' li,-,; i';4.;,
corcc1i despr.
n4,

fr'

lF

iL]foil Pn \ Lqrn

D4a,

'

L'latl iv&ru[s rB)

m Pnon.j .onrFverd

-..""

'.

'

'

,l.rF ritrlrr l,r \ r \l d. ns. dJ \i Ltr jo\ irc\ skrrrr lMi!trr |r a\I!\t lth\ftrd n^",r

si rod.s.li

Impdctul rizboiului

ti, (nrP. rc')Al. i.c!

$ltcldr

rnutr'

ron.

DrpoarDre

rl.

r\rtn

at tti

hn

tr.ttd

iJBa""
i

dc

dtL(nriDe

rillboiLrLuj

drr lj .ir.!3

rlu!

esetrn Jespre

i.-,"r'r'a"... '"
ros

a '-'"" ,r''
"

i!i

B''lllon\'
u

tii cNen
oreri

trdk \c bn! J

Nrnrtuluor. t f rrt 4lln.(1[.n Lrjr. ]993). pD tutul.i nlp :r..!r i\trNtrr lr iridritri

i,

u,.d rilu

ri. ooroi l:r qirtl$slii Jin

l)rc

lr]iLj delprc drboi

. ,.. ". ;"t !J i-.^.;,,.a: 'l u nu\Je rnbu' !u ,p,i Fs\. th! u"r x r urrl Jdn rt?''cir roL P i'^l / s." -.H,re d r', '-d l0n0 '^ 'd' ,li'nr (nrd r.' Iuur:Ll 'utriJer!rr r"
L

n\i!lr;'hr

J.M

is !rLrr & rrrlD. tlr9ll. (r!!ar alr rd{r ,/ r,r/. (JondhD cr0c. 1976). tnnff Hf ic vtlttot trt6: ttt p,.r .]/ .;r,^ (pmsuiLr. .dihr o,n

ntua, trnk 1[

tt( trtr0r Ft.,t

v..'r '*: (Mr' 'llm ' '...J'rr.' r. 'or & . rr"

eLlnk

r.,v *,"ri..
r.1"." o.'0.

i0!
oiD

ntn Lan,.1 lt'Ar,r /i./, (,,i,/pri,tr (Atrr su(o.. tqgj) rrnr woLrr,rr LluL)\ r'i.r.ri tPrn. t%t) oi{on\neriexhiritirdc
Dircrsc altc asprlc alc rizboiului rrDrcs JoLt r,1 orJrrrr,fri. rr! rydl, ll].f (rongn.n\ l!r3.1) Keirh \\':r!D (.dnon. D(trrJ/,f lrrf tlrclj tr!\. t995)

'-olL-"" "*n*.

mult lin iri

jT '"' "' - JP !'| '1{! izh''

riirnru
dc
'

5j ExperieDl! rnzboiului

:l

Ac.rui rc i r fon ilushli d. Nnicroxsc nudii irr UnnibNle cohni dc impcrL p.'somle sunr mrl Malcol'n R$wn. 7r? /'u'nir nir. rl'lr/ld Bc'r Itrar (Sidgwick & Jxtkson, 199 l) Rrh&l vm Enden & sreve l lu mprrrcvs. f'kr"r: 0//tr cua, rvo, (rio cmp.r. l99s)

Lyn Mtrcdonrld. l9lt /c/3 Y,i..r and tnlaen ,&,!,t&l (Mi.hael lokph. l9B3) Jon kwn.7)trr w"r/d rd., S,o,trr

.f

the Grcdt trar

Index

'I!uc trcsr. m.nui| romrne, jumale, $nsori ri Fxni suDr Krse & cci .m au Ibr ,_i itboi Sr'dendi p.r coilutra si marend neptrbli.ar !'N primre dc h Impenal wtu Museudr
't0rzcrlJn'r R'chtrd Aldinsron, D.art ugrc (wortd Disr$trio6, 1qj5) '/a llem Brbuse. Lt,d' ft( Gv.rymm\ Librry. 1e6e) Arri Rnfop & ilrk tsosridge (.aritan),I2n$ l.D 4 t.n Cdtrarcn
Robcn
(iprris. Rudyad

r s r,

15 1716

Br[e

(ediror).

P.rdr P.pe^ al D.ust.t tt.4,

lEyre &

vcL Bntbir,landntut .4 /auth tvicror collrcz. 1931) widlon chmhill. I,. w'tl cirnr l9lr I9l3 (olhh,s Pras, iohn Dos Prsos. 7ri2( tlili.,r (Pensuin, t990) rlor.nlt l-tnnboough, a rr'lAr dr rh? nrsiri a.rn! (co'n$k, Rn Cilner, Ur rhe t,k/ k, nNah l he wat padt l,ne$rer, Jon Clove. & Jof Sirkri. T/L p'rgrit BtnL ol f":t wo d tr"t
kahen ataws, aouhy To All fha, (penguin. 19601 Limen Hemrswry. A ar'r.s?t ac 1r,r (A@e. 194) Dsid Lloyd (;eorcc. rr,.tr tL,,rr lodhm\ pas 1933) Freden. MmDitr3, tt. Pnya,er w. (serpetras Tail. i999) fJi. M!ri, Rcrttrque, arr (l!,.r,n w.s.n' ri,i, (hnDifs, t929). ',e sieSldcd s.soon, rtdii.r /9tJr9l3lFrber & Fabef. t933). sicgfdlri SNooq 7r. c,,rtdr r.urns oJ Ceary? Shqau Ft6er

coDndlonHotrendolfi.!c?0

,ra ttu Grtdl tut aD atlrolo$ aI rr,r.r (Mmcheitr univ.sity Pr$). !'iwin vrushri. s,u. DA?rtrd. c/,r) (Mronillan. 1937). Henry Wilrflxon. ,,' D&r /J r't (Alm smo( 1995).
Ttudi Tdre (ednor), ntri?n, M.rr

i:.

ee tr:. tr+. t:0. tro. rrn

Pbiern. pEir,lidet +6. ld

176

?{).?].L0L,ll]ll5,l|].1r0

ffil
rucn r{l

ii

19.2r ?s,r2 75 ?7,

c\. hi'rLirc ( mru\iv h,PreLe d. P$lchtrdrdd 16 re. {.13.

TALON DE COMANDA
I

b!eui!r'didid.de Filidi, .on pbEl

tlt-Ot'lUU POnre
,'"

TI

FOTOCOPIATI

]-expeoiron,

tir,1,,,., t,,l1." t .

+.r,

(,.

Phh.rficr{nmtid. tf i"--d futt'

J,..:li

EDITURILE ALL BUCURE$TI, O.P. t2' C.P. l07

,^"

.lN TAR

l,'il';,1: #l ""i-l:', ,, ":llirlT.;L;::1':