5.

TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Simplified Model: Lumped-Capacity Method Kapacitn metoda

Basic assumption: Neglect spatial temperature variation: T = T(t)

Criterion for Neglecting Spatial Temperature Variation

Consider a wire cooled by convection:
h k

L ro =
1

h k

L ro =

= heat transfer coefficient = thermal conductivity

L = r o = radius (characteristic dimension) T = temperature drop across wire

Objective: Neglecting temperature drop T across L The Biot number combines the effects of , L and :
L Bi =
2

 Criterion for neglecting T in the lumped-capacity

model:
L Bi = < 0,1

(5.1)

Physical significance of Bi:

L/ internal resistance = Bi = 1/ external resistance

 Application to other geometries: Use Bi<0,1to justify

applying the lumped-capacity model to: (1) Plate of thickness L, exchanging heat on both surfaces: L L/2 (2) Sphere of radius
L = ro

(3) Irregular shape of surface area S and volume V

V L= S

(5.2)

Lumped-Capacity Analysis
Consider a body which is exchanging heat with the ambient by convection S = surface area = heat transfer coefficient T = ambient temperature

Objective: Determine the transient temperature Assume: Bi < 0.1

T = T (t )
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Apply conservation of energy during time interval dt:

& = energy generated E g & = energy added E in & = energy removed E
out

& +E & E & E = E in g out

(5.3)

E = energy change (storage, i.e. accumulation)

Assume that the body is losing heat and assume no heat & =E & = 0. Equation (5.3) becomes generation: E g in & E = E (5.4)
out

Neglect radiation and assume that heat is removed by convection

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& E = S(T T ) out

(5.5)

For incompressible material

dT E = c V dt

(5.6)

= density
c = specific heat V = volume (5.5) and (5.6) into (5.4) dT S (T T ) = c V dt or
S (T T ) = c V d(T- T )

dt

Separate variables

d(T T )

S = dt (T T ) cV

(5.7)

This is the lumped-capacity equation for all bodies

exchanging heat by convection. Valid for Bi < 0.1

Initial condition:

T T = To T

(5.8)

Solution: Assume constant c, , and T . Integrate of (5.7) .

T T S ln = t T T cV o S t = exp T T cV o

T T

(5.9)
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Introducing new dimensionless temperature:

= T T

To T
cV = S
=e
t

1,0

And time constant: Rewrite equation (5.9):

1,0

Higher accumulation capacity higher time constant longer response to changes

 This is the lumped capacity solution. Valid for:

(1) Bi < 0.1 (2) constant c, and T and & =0 (3) Q zdr (4) No radiations

& = S (T T ) Q

Objective: Determine amount of heat exchanged between the body and ambiance in a certain time interval
& dt = S T T dt Q = Q
0 0 t t

[J]

Q = S To T e
0

t dt

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After integration and substituting for time constant

t Q = cV To T 1 e

T T

To T

Heat transferred for time t

Overview of formulas Characteristic length as V/S

=e

St t L t L at = = = = = Bi.Fo 2 2 cV cL c L L
t

=e

-BiFo

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Overview of formulas

=e

Characteristic length as L=V/S

= e -BiFo
Characteristic length as a distance where maximum temperature difference occurs Plane wall half thickness L=/2 Cylinder radius R, L=R Sphere radius R, L=R

V Bi = S

= e -BiFo = e -2BiFo = e -3BiFo

L Bi =
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