10.

INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION THROUGH TUBES Problem Description Assume

Steady Incompressible Axisymmetric flow through a tube

u = uniform inlet velocity

Hydrodynamic Considerations: Flow Field Regions

Two zones: (i) Hydrodynamic entrance region
uc

Features:
(1) Growing viscous boundary layer (2) Non-parallel streamlines (3) Uniform core velocity uc which varies with x

u 0 x

v 0
2

Length xe for laminar flow :

u D Re D =

xe D

= 0.05Re D

If Re < 2300 laminar flow If Re 2300 turbulent flow

Assume Re=2000, D=0,05m, how long is the entrance region? Length xe for turbulent flow : 10D to 60D Usually for x > 10D fully developed turbulent flow is assumed

(ii) The fully developed velocity (FDV) region

Features:
(1) Boundary layer fills tube (2) Parallel streamlines.

u =0 x

v =0

Velocity profile doesnt change along the tube for x>xe. Its fully developed.

What velocity to take as a characteristic velocity? u not a good choice it changes in the entrance region Mean bulk velocity u defined from the flow rate u(r, x )dA m & m & = u A =A u= 4 A A

Maximum velocity at the center: umax Circular tube =2 u

umax u

= 1.5

Parallel plates

Hydrodynamic integral characteristics

dp D dx Friction coefficient (Moody or Darcy) f = u 2 64 2 f = Laminar flow in a circular tube Re

D

Turbulent flow in a circular tube f = 0.2 Re 4 for ReD>2.10 D

0.184

Thermal Considerations: Temperature Field Regions

(i) The thermal entrance region Thermal entrance length xe,T Features: (1) Growing thermal boundary layer (2) Uniform core temperature T Entrance length xe,T for: Laminar flow:
TV i uT i
T Ti

T Tw s

T T w s

r
x

t
L x t e,T
fully developed Fig. 7.6

q & w wall heat flux

xe,T
xeT

= 0,05Pr.Re

D
6

Turbulent flow: D 10

(ii) The fully developed temperature (FDT) region

Features:
(1) Thermal boundary layer fills tube (2) Fluid temperature varies with r and x (incl. the core) (3) Does exist a fully developed temperature?? T Temperature keeps changing heat 0, ! ! ! x continues to be transferred.

T =0 x
(r) = Tw (x) T(r, x) T (x) T (x)
w b

Cant be used as a criterion for fully developed region

doesnt change along the tube

=0 x

Tb mean bulk temperature

Mean Bulk Temperature Tb (x)

Define:
& =m Q & cvTb = ucvTdA
A

Assume constant cv and :

T = 1 uT dA b uA A

Remind: Definitions of Tb channels

u= 1 A

A u dA
8

and u apply to all regions and

Heat Transfer Coefficient

Newtons law of cooling: Fourier's law:
q & w = Tb Tw

T q & w = r r = R

T q &w r r = R = = (T T ) (T T )
b w b w

Heat Transfer Coefficient for Fully Developed Temperature Field

T q &w r r = R = = (T T ) (T T )
b w b w

Tw T T 1 = f (x) . = = 0; T T Tw Tb r r = R r r = R r x w b r=R
f(x) = const = r r = R
Results from boundary layers merging

Unlike external boundary layer flow

xeT

10

In the fully developed temperature region, the heat transfer coefficient is constant along the channel irrespective of surface boundary conditions

11

Temperature development along the channel

Distinguish between two principally different boundary conditions: & w = const Tw = const q

T T
w

Tw T
b

= f (r )
x

ln T T ln T T = ln[ f (r )]

(w

) (w

) b

Lets differentiate

and making some arrangement:

T dTw Tw T dTw Tw T dTb = + x dx Tw Tb dx Tw Tb dx

12

q & w = const

q & w = Tw Tb

In fully developed region = const. (Tw-Tb) = const.

dTw dx

dTb dx
T dTw Tw T dTw Tw T dTb = + dx T T dx T T dx x
w b w b

From:

T dTw dTb = = x dx dx

13

Tw = const dT
w

q & w = Tw Tb

q & w decreases

dx

=0

From:

T dTw Tw T dTw Tw T dTb = + dx T T dx T T dx x

w b w b

dTb T Tw T dTb = = dx x T T dx
w b
14

Forced Convection in Channels How to determine Mean Bulk Temperature Tb

Assume:
No energy generation Steady state (no heat storage)
P = cross section perimeter

Energy equation: & E & =0 E

in out

After some arrangement: & dQ =q & dS = q & P.dx = m & c dT

konv w w p

b
15

dT

dx

q &w P m & cp dT
b

q & w = Tw Tb

P = T T w b dx m & cp q & w = const

)
q & wq
s

x
TT ( x) mb,x

T T

dTb =
b,in

q &w P

m & cp 0

dx

mi TT b,in

x
q &w q s

Tb ( x ) =

q &w P m & cp

x + Tb,in

Tb varies linearly &w dTb/dx depends on wall heat flux q

16

Fig. 7.7

dT

dx

d T T dx

(b

)=

Tw = const P T T w b m & cp

)
Tw = const Tout

Lets integrate from x=0 (T= Tin) to x=L (T= Tout)

T

d ( T ) P = dx T &c T 0m
out

in

Tin
L

ln

out

Tin

PL = m & cp
w b,out

Tw = const

x
Tout

Tout Tin

T T

Tw Tb,in

PL = exp m & cp

Tin
L
17 x

Tw Tb, x

Px = (Tw Tb,in ).exp m & cp

How to determine heat transfer rate

& Q = m c T T = m c T T T T & & konv p b,out b,in p w b,in w b,out & Q = m c T T & konv p in out

[(

)(

& conv Q

)]

ln

out

& Q

konv

Tout Tin = PL & Q = S T ln Tout konv ln Tin Logarithmic Mean Temperature 18 Difference LMTD

Tin

PL = m & cp

In case that a ambient temperature known instead of wall temperature : replace Tw with T replace heat transfer coefficient with overall heat transfer coefficient k (souinitel prostupu tepla) contains heat transfer by convection on both sides and heat transfer by conduction through the wall.
& Q
overall

Tout Tin = PLk Tout ln Tin

T = const
Tin
L

Tout

& Q

overall

= kS T ln

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference LMTD

19