Japanese particles

No Particle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (wa) (ka) (ga) (ni) (no) (wa) (ni) (e) (wo/o) Meaning / usage Indicantes the topic of a sentence At the end of a sentence indicating a question Indicates the subject of a sentence Indicates a location Indicates possession Indicates a contrast between 2 items Indicates time or frequency Indicates direction Indicates the direct object of a verb Used to connect and list up multiple items Used to connect and partially list up multiple items Used with (ya) to partially list up multiple items means too, either, also bothand, neithernor Indicates the indirect object of a verb Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place Indicates the location of an action Together with Indicates an apposition Indicates a starting point in time or place Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20) Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity Indicates an approximate amount Indicates an approximate amount Indicates an approximate amount Indicates a means or material

10 (to) 11 (ya) 12 (nado) 13 (mo) 14 (mo) 15 (ni) 16 (ni) 17 (de) 18 (to) 19 (no) 20 (kara) 21 (yori) 22 (made) 23 (kurai) 24 (hodo) 25 (bakari) 26 (de)

27 (ka) 28 (wo/o) 29 (wo/o) 30 (ni) 31 (ni) 32 (ni) 33 (to) 34 (to iu) 35 (toka) 36 (de) 37 (to) 38 (yori) 39 (yori) 40 (kurai) 41 (hodo) 42 (ka) 43 (mo) 44 (ni) 45 (wo/o suru) 46 (demo) 47 (demo) 48 (de) 49 (kara) 50 (ni) 51 (wa) + (ga) 52 (ga) 53 (wo/o)

Indicates a choice or alternative Indicates a point of departure Indicates a route of a movement/motion Indicates a point of arrival Indicates an entering motion Used together with a verb to express a purpose Used when quoting someone Indicates the name of something something like Indicates a limit or scope Indicates a comparison Indicates a comparison Indicates superlative Indicates a comparison Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence someone, something nothing, nobody, nowhere if used with an interrogative word Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice Expresses an occupation or position Indicates emphasis Together with an interrogative word it means anything, anyone, any time Indicates a cause or a reason Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective Connects two sentences with the meaning but Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion

54 (de) 55 (de) 56 (dake) 57 (dake) 58 (de) 59 (demo) 60 (mo) 61 (demo) 62 (bakari) 63 (bakari) 64 (tokoro) 65 (ga) 66 (kara) 67 (nagara) 68 (ga) 69 (no) 70 (kara) 71 (node) 72 (no) 73 (no) 74 (nara) 75 (nara) 76 (to) 77 (ba) 78 (ba) 79 (ba)

Indicates a state / condition of something Limits numbers Indicates a limit on things or amounts Indicates a limit on an action or state Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something Following a noun, means or something like this Emphasizes in a positive or negative way Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one Indicates an action was just completed Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause conjunction meaning after or since Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously Indicates the subject of a relative clause Indicates the subject of a relative clause Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason Indicates a strong reason Indicates a modified pronoun Used to nominalize verbs & sentences Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1) Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome Used as a conjunction to express a probable results all you have to do Used to enumerate two or more actions or states

80 (tara) 81 (tara) 82 (tokoro) 83 (temo) 84 (temo) 85 (temo) 86 (tewa) 87 (nomi) 88 (made) 89 (sae) 90 (sae) 91 (noni) 92 (nagara) 93 (toka) 94 (tari) 95 (tari) 96 (noni) 97 (no desu) 98 (kiri) 99 (kiri) 100 (tomo) 101 (nagara) 102 (shika) 103 (shika nai)

Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery a conjunction meaning even if Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives Together with an interrogative word it means no matter what/where/who Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion Indicates a limit (similar to even, used to emphasize even, used to emphasize if only or as long as although, in spite of the fact that although, though, but Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive List of two or more actions in no particular sequence Indicates actions or states that alternate Indicates a purpose or function Asks for an explanation or reason Indicates a limit to an amount Indicates the last time a certain incident occured Used with numbers and counters to mean both or all Used with numbers and counters to mean both or all Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning only used with a verb meaning to have no choice but to dake)

104 (shi) 105 (shi) 106 (tomo) 107 (ni) 108 (ka) 109 (ka) 110 (dano) 111 (dano) 112 (nado) 113 (yara) 114 (yara) 115 (temo) 116 (tomo) 117 (wa) 118 (to) 119 (nado) 120 (kurai) 121 (hodo) 122 (hodo) 123 (dake) 124 (dake) 125 (to) 126 (to) 127 (nari) 128 (nari) 129 (koso) 130 (koso)

Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states Used as a conjunction indicating a reason Indicates inclusion Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon Indicates uncertainty about something Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka ) Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states something to the effect Indicates two or more items of a longer list Indicates uncertainty Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of at the most Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence Indicates examples Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to gurai Indicates the extend of an action or condition the more the more as as the more the more about to do something, trying to do something even if, whether or not either, whetheror anything, anyone, any time Emphasizes the word preceding it Emphasizes a reason or a cause

131 (tewa) 132 (ni) 133 (ni) 134 (ni shite wa) 135 (ni totte) 136 (ni tsuite) 137 (tomo tomo) 138 (ga) 139 (wa) 140 (toshite) 141 (toshite) 142 (bakari de naku) 143 (dake) 144 (nomi) 145 (nari) 146 (ga hayai ka) 147 (ya ina ya)

Expresses repetition of an action Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast Indicates a generally agreed upon standard Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing about, concerning something or someone cant say whether or even if, whether or not Emphasizes contrasting elements Indicates status, capacity or function Provides emphasis in a negative sentence not only but also used to express not onlybut also used to express not onlybut also as soon as as soon as as soon as

148 (ka nai uchi no sooner had, hardly had ni) 149 (bakari) 150 (bakari ni) 151 (sura) 152 (nado) 153 (tomo) 154 (tomo aroo hito) 155 (dokoro ka) 156 (dake ni) Indicates the only action left to do Emphasizes a reason or cause Emphasizes in the meaning of even Expresses a humble attitude towards an item no matter what, even if To express that someone did something not to be expected far from, not to mention Indicates a cause or reason

157 (made mo nai) there is no need to 158 (mono no) 159 (tokoro de) 160 (keredomo) 161 (keredomo) 162 (ga) 163 (keredomo) 164 (ne) 165 (ne) 166 (ne) 167 (nee) 168 (yo) 169 (yo) 170 (kashira) 171 (kana) 172 (na) 173 (na) 174 (naa) 175 (naa) 176 (no) 177 (wa) 178 (sa) 179 (koto) but or although even if Connects 2 sentences meaning but or although Indicates a preliminary remark Used to soften a statement or refusal Indicates a desire At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men At the end of a sentence to express a desire At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women

180 (koto) 181 (mono) 182 (tomo) 183 (monoka) 184 (ya) 185 (tara) 186 (yara) 187 (ze) 188 (zo)

At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse At the end of a sentence to express an assertion At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men At the end of a sentence to add force to a sentence or to express a question to oneself