PT.

PLN (PERSERO) PUSAT PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN

LIGHTING

13. LIGHTING
13.1 BACKGROUND
The major objectives of energy audit in lighting system include: Measurement and comparison of illumination levels at various locations Measurement of total power consumption of all lighting feeders Calculate the installed load efficacy in terms of lux/watt/m (existing vs design) for general lighting installation. Compare calculated value with the norms for specific types of interior installations for assessing improvement options. To suggest ways and means to optimize the illumination levels and to optimize the power consumption at different locations. To identify energy saving measures and quantifies the energy and cost savings.

13.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING THE ENERGY AUDIT

The steps involved in conducting energy audit of lighting plant are: Data collection Observations, measurement and Analysis Exploration for calculations energy conservation measures with detailed techno-economic

Report preparation

13.3 DATA COLLECTION

Collect the single line diagram of electrical drawing pertaining to lighting Obtain the lighting fixture details for each section Typical format for data collection of lighting details is given Table 13-1

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LIGHTING

Table 13-1: Typical Data parameters Fixture Wattage Section/ Type & of each Department ballast type fitting Total Other energy No of Room Feeder Illumines Consumer connected fixtures dimensions required details wattage details Remarks

In case if the details are not available it is suggested to conduct a survey and obtain the above details. In the above table under other energy consumers column provide the details of fans, air conditioners, computers, photocopiers, etc which are connected to lighting circuit to be given. For illumination level required refer Annexure-13.1, where recommended illumination values as per IS: 3646 (Part-1) 1992 for various areas in power stations are provided. If the plant has separate transformers for lighting circuit, provide the details of transformer Details of energy saving retrofits installed in the plant (such as voltage controllers, sensors, controllers, timers, etc) Details of on & off mechanism of lighting circuits Details of energy meters provided in the lighting circuit and sections served by these meters Details of energy consumption monitoring of lighting systems Energy consumption of lighting circuit

13.4 Instrument Required

The following instruments are required for conducting the energy audit of lighting system Power Analyzer: Used for measuring electrical parameters such as kW, kVA, pf, V, A and Hz of class 0.5 accuracy Lux meters Measuring tape On line energy meter instruments (calibrated)

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LIGHTING

13.5 Measurements & Observation to Be Made

While conducting the audit carryout a detailed survey for the following Monitor the condition of lighting fixtures Lux measurements at various places (Number of measurement to be carried out is given in the following sections) Measurement of power parameters kW, kVA, Current, Voltage, power factor, harmonics, frequency of all feeders Room dimensions Counting of installed fixtures Vs number of fixtures in operation Maintenance practices for cleaning, replacement, etc

13.6 Observations And Analysis

13.6.1 System familiarization and operational details
Detailed interactions with the plant personnel have to be carried out to get familiarization for system detail and operational details. Pre visit to the plant can be made to get familiarization of lighting system

13.6.2 Measurements & Evaluation

The summary of lighting measurements and calculations are shown Table 13-2.
Table 13-2: Summary of lighting measurements and calculations

Location/ Room No

Type of lamps

Measured Average Lux level

Standard Lux level (as per I S 3646)

Measured Power (kW)

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LIGHTING

Observations on housekeeping and maintenance practices Interactions and surveys to be carried out on House keeping measures in up keeping of luminaries Failure rate of lamps and ballasts Replacement procedure of failed lamps Procurement options Maintenance practices Operational practices (on / off controls) If any energy saving retrofits are installed in the plant then the operational status of the retrofits can be assessed Identify the areas where poor illumination and excess illumination is provided Assess the various alternate lamps / luminaries applicable for various sections Type of panel lamps or sign lamps used to explore possibility of using LED lamps Observations on other loads which are connected to the lighting circuit and their energy consumption

13.6.3 Exploration of energy conservation possibilities

While conducting the energy audit explore for various energy conservation measures such as Look for natural lighting opportunities through windows and other openings. Derive way to improve natural lighting during the day time In the case of industrial lighting, explore the scope for introducing translucent sheets Use of energy efficient lighting methods / products / equipment / retrofits Maximize sunlight use through use of transparent roof sheets, north light roof, etc. Examine scope for replacements of lamps by more energy efficient lamps, with due consideration to luminaries, color rendering index, lux level as well as expected life comparison. Replace conventional magnetic ballasts by more energy efficient ballasts, with due consideration to life and power factor apart from watt loss. Select interior colours for light reflection. Assess scope for delamping Assess scope for re-arrangement of lighting fixtures Modify layout for optimum lighting. Providing individual / group controls for lighting for energy efficiency such as: On / off type voltage regulation type (for illuminance control) Group control switches / units 4

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LIGHTING

Occupancy sensors Photocell controls Timer operated controls Modify switches / electrical circuit Install input voltage regulators / controllers for energy efficiency as well as longer life expectancy for lamps where higher voltages, fluctuations are expected. Replace energy efficient displays like LED's in place of lamp type displays in control panels / instrumentation areas, etc. Opt for better reflector in lighting Cleaning of reflector at regular interval In power plant, locations like HT/LT switchgear rooms, cable galleries etc which sites / locations are rarely visited, lighting circuits may be modified in such a way that keeping 25% to 30% lights always ON and remaining lights controlled by simple ON /OFF switch provided at the entrance of the room / hall Opportunities to reduce the power consumption/ improve the energy efficiency of other loads which are connected to the lighting circuit

Some good practices in lighting are: Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of "Conventional" fluorescent lamps. Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps. Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps. Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for applications where colour rendering is not critical Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps. Light Control Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility in lighting control Installation of microprocessor based controllers Optimum usage of day lighting Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional ballasts

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LIGHTING

13.6.4 Recommendations
Each energy conservation measure should discuss

The back ground Analysis and suggestion Energy savings evaluation (Estimated before and after) Impact on energy consumption after implementation Economic feasibility Investment required and payback period Monitoring and verification of energy savings after implementation Efforts and resources required for sustainability of energy savings The vendors/ suppliers/ manufactures details

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