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Ultracompact 2g Dual-Axis Accelerometer

ADXL311
FEATURES
High resolution Dual-axis accelerometer on a single IC chip 5 mm 5 mm 2 mm LCC package Low power <400 A (typ) X-axis and Y-axis aligned to within 0.1 (typ) BW adjustment with a single capacitor Single-supply operation High shock survival

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM


3.0V VDD X SENSOR DEMOD XFILT 32k CX XOUT SELF TEST

CDC

OSCILLATOR YFILT 32k

ADXL311
DEMOD

APPLICATIONS
Tilt and motion sensing Smart hand-held devices Computer security Input devices Pedometers and activity monitors Game controllers Toys and entertainment products

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Y SENSOR COM YOUT CY

Figure 1.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

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The ADXL311 is a low power, complete dual-axis accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs, all on a single monolithic IC. The ADXL311 is built using the same proven iMEMS process used in over 180 million Analog Devices accelerometers shipped to date, with demonstrated 1 FIT reliability (1 failure per 1 billion device operating hours).

The ADXL311 measures acceleration with a full-scale range of 2 g. The ADXL311 can measure both dynamic acceleration (e.g., vibration) and static acceleration (e.g., gravity). The outputs are analog voltages proportional to acceleration.

Rev. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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The typical noise floor is 300 g/Hz, allowing signals below 2 mg (0.1 of inclination) to be resolved in tilt sensing applications using narrow bandwidths (10 Hz).

The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using capacitors CX and CY at the XOUT and YOUT pins. Bandwidths of 1 Hz to 3 kHz can be selected to suit the application. The ADXL311 is available in a 5 mm 5 mm 2 mm, 8-terminal, hermetic LCC package.

One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 www.analog.com Fax: 781.326.8703 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.

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ADXL311 TABLE OF CONTENTS


Specifications..................................................................................... 3 Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 4 ESD Caution.................................................................................. 4 Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions............................. 5 Typical Performance Characteristics ............................................. 6 Theory of Operation ........................................................................ 8 Applications................................................................................... 8 Design Trade-Offs for Selecting Filter Characteristics: The Noise/BW Trade-Off.............................................................8 Using the ADXL311 with Operating Voltages Other than 3 V ............................................9 Using the ADXL311 as a Dual-Axis Tilt Sensor .......................9 Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 10 Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 10

REVISION HISTORY
1/05Rev. A to Rev. B Changes to Specifications ................................................................ 3 Change to Pin Configuration.......................................................... 5 Change to Table 5 ............................................................................. 8 Changes to Self Test Section............................................................ 8 Removed RBIAS Selection Section .................................................... 8 Change to Design Trade-Offs for Selecting Filter Characteristics: The Noise/BW Trade-Off Section ............................................... 8 Changes to Using the ADXL311 with Operating Voltages Other than 3 V Section .............................. 9 Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 10 Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 10 7/03Rev. 0 to Rev. A

Change to OUTLINE DIMENSIONS.......................................... 10

Revision 0: Initial Version

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ADXL311 SPECIFICATIONS
TA = 25C, VDD = 3 V, acceleration = 0 g, unless otherwise noted. Table 1.
Parameter SENSOR INPUT Measurement Range Nonlinearity Aligment Error1 Aligment Error Cross-Axis Sensitivity2 SENSITIVITY Sensitivity at XFILT, YFILT Sensitivity Tolerance (part to part) Sensitivity Change due to Temperature3 0 g BIAS LEVEL 0 g Voltage XFILT, YFILT 0 g Offset vs. Temperature NOISE PERFORMANCE Noise Density FREQUENCY RESPONSE 3 dB Bandwidth Sensor Resonant Frequency FILTER RFILT Tolerance Minimum Capacitance SELF TEST XFILT, YFILT POWER SUPPLY Operating Voltage Range Quiescent Supply Current Turn-On Time4 TEMPERATURE RANGE Operating Range Conditions Each axis Best fit straight line X sensor to Y sensor Each axis VDD = 3 V from 25C Each axis VDD = 3 V from 25C @ 25C Min Typ 2 0.2 1 0.1 2 174 15 0.02 1.5 1.0 300 Max Unit g % of FS Degrees Degrees % mV/g % %/C V mg/C g/Hz rms kHz kHz % pF mV 5.25 1.0 V mA ms C

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@ Pin XFILT and Pin YFILT 32 k nominal @ Pin XFILT and Pin YFILT 1000 Self Test 0 to Self Test 1 2.4 0
Rev. B | Page 3 of 12

1 2

Alignment error is specified as the angle between the true and indicated axis of sensitivity. Cross axis sensitivity is the algebraic sum of the alignment and the inherent sensitivity errors. 3 Defined as the change from ambient to maximum temperature, or ambient to minimum temperature. 4 CFILT in F.

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1.2 1.8 3 5.5 15 50 0.4 160 CFILT + 4 70

ADXL311 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS


Table 2.
Parameter Acceleration (Any Axis, Unpowered) Acceleration (Any Axis, Powered, VDD = 3 V) VDD All Other Pins Output Short-Circuit Duration, (Any Pin to Common) Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Rating 3,500 g, 0.5 ms 3,500 g, 0.5 ms 0.3 V to + 6 V 0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V Indefinite 55C to +125C 65C to +150C

Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

Table 3. Package Characteristics


8-Lead LCC

ESD CAUTION

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Rev. B | Page 4 of 12

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ESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000 V readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. Although this product features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.

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Package Type

JA 120C/W

JC 20C/W

Device Weight <1.0 g

ADXL311 PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS


XOUT YOUT NC

VDD
8

7 6 5

1 2 3

ST NC COM

NC = NO CONNECT

NC

ADXL311
BOTTOM VIEW

Figure 2. 8-Lead LCC Pin Configuration

Table 4. Pin Function Descriptions

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Pin No. 1 2, 4, 5 3 6 7 8

Mnemonic ST NC COM YOUT XOUT VDD

Description Self Test Do Not Connect Common Y Channel Output X Channel Output 2.4 V to 5.25 V

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ADXL311 TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS


16 14 25 12 30

PERCENT OF PARTS

PERCENT OF PARTS
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20

10 8 6 4 2

15

10

1.37

1.41

1.45

1.49 VOLTS

1.53

1.57

1.61

0.167

0.171

0.175

0.179

0.183

0.187

0.191

V/g

Figure 3. X-Axis 0 g BIAS Output Distribution


14 12 10

Figure 6. Y-Axis Sensitivity Distribution at YOUT

110 108 106 104 102 100

PERCENT OF PARTS

8 6 4 2 0 1.33

SENSITIVITY (%)

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98 96 94 92 0 20 40 TEMPERATURE (C) 60 80
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90

1.37

1.41

1.45

1.49 VOLTS

1.53

1.57

1.61

Figure 4. Y-Axis 0 g BIAS Output Distribution


30

Figure 7. Normalized Sensitivity vs. Temperature


30

25

25

PERCENT OF PARTS

PERCENT OF PARTS

20

20

15

15

10

10

0.167

0.171

0.175 V/g

0.179

0.183

0.187

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0 0.163

0 150

200

250

300 350 400 450 NOISE DENSITY (/g Hz)

500

550

Figure 5. X-Axis Output Sensitivity Distribution at XOUT

Figure 8. Noise Density Distribution

Rev. B | Page 6 of 12

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0 1.33

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0 0.163

ADXL311
0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35
XOUT CFILT = 0.01F 3 VDD

CURRENT (mA)

0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10


0

V
1

0.05
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0 0 20 40 TEMPERATURE (C) 60 80

0.4

Figure 9. Typical Supply Current vs. Temperature

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Rev. B | Page 7 of 12

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0.8 TIME (ms)

1.2

1.4

Figure 10. Typical Turn-On Time

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ADXL311 THEORY OF OPERATION


The ADXL311 is a complete, dual-axis acceleration measurement system on a single monolithic IC. It contains a polysilicon, surfacemicromachined sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to implement an open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output signals are analog voltage proportional to acceleration. The ADXL311 is capable of measuring both positive and negative accelerations to at least 2 g. The accelerometer can measure static acceleration forces, such as gravity, allowing it to be used as a tilt sensor. The sensor is a polysilicon, surface-micromachined structure built on top of the silicon wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide a resistance against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure is measured using a differential capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates and central plates attached to the moving mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180 out-of-phase square waves. Acceleration deflects the beam and unbalances the differential capacitor, resulting in an output square wave whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation techniques are then used to rectify the signal and determine the direction of the acceleration. The output of the demodulator is amplified and brought off chip through a 32 k resistor. At this point, the user can set the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a capacitor. This filtering improves measurement resolution and helps prevent aliasing.

Setting the Bandwidth Using CX and CY


The ADXL311 has provisions for band limiting the XOUT and YOUT pins. Capacitors must be added at these pins to implement low-pass filtering for antialiasing and noise reduction. The equation for the 3 dB bandwidth is

F3 dB = 1 / 2(32 k ) C ( X ,Y ) or, more simply, F3 dB = 5 F / C ( X,Y )

The tolerance of the internal resistor (RFILT) can vary, typically as much as 15% of its nominal value of 32 k, and the bandwidth varies accordingly. A minimum capacitance of 1000 pF for CX and CY is required in all cases.
Table 5. Filter Capacitor Selection, CX and CY
Bandwidth 10 Hz 50 Hz 100 Hz 200 Hz 500 Hz Capacitor (F) 0.47 0.10 0.05 0.027 0.01

APPLICATIONS

Power Supply Decoupling

For most applications, a single 0.1 F capacitor, CDC, adequately decouples the accelerometer from noise on the power supply. However, in some cases, particularly where noise is present at the 140 kHz internal clock frequency (or any harmonic thereof), noise on the supply can cause interference on the ADXL311 output. If additional decoupling is needed, a 100 (or smaller) resistor or ferrite beads can be inserted in the supply line of the ADXL311. Additionally, a larger bulk bypass capacitor (in the 1 F to 4.7 F range) can be added in parallel to CDC.

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SELF TEST
Rev. B | Page 8 of 12

The ST pin controls the self-test feature. When this pin is set to VDD, an electrostatic force is exerted on the beam of the accelerometer. The resulting movement of the beam allows the user to test if the accelerometer is functional. The typical change in output is 290 mg (corresponding to 50 mV). This pin can be left open circuit or connected to common in normal use.

DESIGN TRADE-OFFS FOR SELECTING FILTER CHARACTERISTICS: THE NOISE/BW TRADE-OFF


The accelerometer bandwidth selected ultimately determines the measurement resolution (smallest detectable acceleration). Filtering can lower the noise floor, which improves the resolution of the accelerometer. Resolution is dependent on the analog filter bandwidth at XOUT and YOUT.

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ADXL311
The output of the ADXL311 has a typical bandwidth of 3 kHz. The user must filter the signal at this point to limit aliasing errors. The analog bandwidth must be no more than half the A/D sampling frequency to minimize aliasing. The analog bandwidth can be further decreased to reduce noise and improve resolution. The ADXL311 noise has the characteristics of white Gaussian noise that contribute equally at all frequencies and are described in terms of g/Hz, i.e., the noise is proportional to the square root of the bandwidth of the accelerometer. It is recommended that the user limits the bandwidth to the lowest frequency needed by the application to maximize the resolution and dynamic range of the accelerometer. With the single-pole roll-off characteristic, the typical noise of the ADXL311 is determined by
RMS Noise = 300 g / Hz At 100 Hz the noise will be
RMS Noise = 300 g / Hz 100 1.6 = 3.8 mg

The ADXL311 output is ratiometric, so the output sensitivity (or scale factor) varies proportionally to the supply voltage. At VDD = 5 V, the output sensitivity is typically 312 mV/g. The 0 g bias output is also ratiometric, so the 0 g output is nominally equal to VDD/2 at all supply voltages. The output noise is not ratiometric, but absolute in volts; therefore, the noise density decreases as the supply voltage increases. This is because the scale factor (mV/g) increases while the noise voltage remains constant. The self-test response is roughly proportional to the square of the supply voltage. At VDD = 5 V, the self-test response is approximately equivalent to 750 mg (typical). The supply current increases as the supply voltage increases. Typical current consumption at VDD = 5 V is 750 A.

(
(

)(
)(

BW 1.6

Often the peak value of the noise is desired. Peak-to-peak noise can only be estimated by statistical methods. Table 6 shows the probabilities of exceeding various peak values, given the rms value.
Table 6. Estimation of Peak-to-Peak Noise
Peak-to-Peak Value 2 rms 4 rms 6 rms 8 rms % of Time That Noise Exceeds Nominal Peak-to-Peak Value 32 4.6 0.27 0.006

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CX, CY (F) RMS Noise (mg) Peak-to-Peak Noise Estimate (mg) 7.2 16.2 22.8 51 0.47 0.1 0.047 0.01 1.2 2.7 3.8 8.5

The peak-to-peak noise value gives the best estimate of the uncertainty in a single measurement. Table 7 gives the typical noise output of the ADXL311 for various CX and CY values.
Bandwidth (Hz) 10 50 100 500

Table 7. Filter Capacitor Selection, CX and CY

USING THE ADXL311 WITH OPERATING VOLTAGES OTHER THAN 3 V


The ADXL311 is tested and specified at VDD = 3 V; however, it can be powered with VDD as low as 2.4 V, or as high as 5.25 V. Some performance parameters change as the supply voltage varies.

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Rev. B | Page 9 of 12

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Dual-Axis Tilt Sensor: Converting Acceleration to Tilt
Pitch = ASIN (A X / 1 g ) Roll = ASIN (AY / 1 g )

USING THE ADXL311 AS A DUAL-AXIS TILT SENSOR


One of the most popular applications of the ADXL311 is tilt measurement. An accelerometer uses the force of gravity as an input vector to determine the orientation of an object in space. An accelerometer is most sensitive to tilt when its sensitive axis is perpendicular to the force of gravity, i.e., parallel to the earths surface. When the accelerometer is oriented parallel to the gravity vector, i.e., near its +1 g or 1 g reading, the change in output acceleration per degree of tilt is negligible. When the accelerometer is perpendicular to gravity, its output changes nearly 17.5 mg per degree of tilt, but at 45 degrees, it changes only 12.2 mg per degree, and resolution declines.

When the accelerometer is oriented so both its X-axis and Y-axis are parallel to the earths surface, it can be used as a two-axis tilt sensor with a roll axis and a pitch axis. Once the output signal from the accelerometer has been converted to an acceleration that varies between 1 g and +1 g, the output tilt in degrees is calculated as follows:

Be sure to account for overranges. It is possible for the accelerometers to output a signal greater than 1 g due to vibration, shock, or other accelerations.

ADXL311 OUTLINE DIMENSIONS


5.00 SQ 1.78 1.27 4.50 SQ
TOP VIEW

1.27
7 1

0.50 DIAMETER 1.90 2.50

1.27 R 0.38 0.20 R 0.20

0.64 2.50

0.38 DIAMETER
BOTTOM VIEW

Figure 11. 8-Terminal Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier [LCC] (E-8) Dimensions shown in millimeters

ORDERING GUIDE
Model ADXL311JE ADXL311JEREEL ADXL311EB Number of Axes 2 2 Specified Voltage 3V 3V

Temperature Range 0C to 70C 0C to 70C

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Rev. B | Page 10 of 12

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Package Description 8-Lead Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier 8-Lead Ceramic Leadless Chip Carrier Evaluation Board

Package Option E-8 E-8

ADXL311 NOTES

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ADXL311 NOTES

2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. C0358201/05(B)

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